Measurements of ground motion generated by nuclear explosions in Nevada were made for 37 locations near San Francisco Bay, California. The results were compared with the San Francisco 1906 earthquake intensities and the strong-motion recordings of the San Francisco earthquake of March 22, 1957. The recordings show marked amplitude variations which are related consistently to the geologic setting of the recording site. For sites underlain by a layer of younger bay mud or artificial fill, maximum horizontal ground velocities generally increased with thickness of the layer and were as much as ten times greater than those recorded on nearby bedrock. The maximum vertical velocities for these sites were between 1 and 3.5 times greater. Spectral amplification curves clearly define a “dominant ground period” of about 1 second for sites underlain by younger bay mud. For sites underlain by older, more consolidated sediments, no clearly defined “dominant ground period” was found. Maximum ground velocities for the older bay sediment sites were about twice those recorded on bedrock.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0600010029","usgsCitation":"Borcherdt, R.D., 1970, Effects of local geology on ground motion near San Francisco Bay: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 60, no. 1, p. 29-61, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0600010029.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"61","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":404827,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":404826,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/60/1/29/101559/Effects-of-local-geology-on-ground-motion-near-San"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.37258911132812,\n 37.31447530414411\n ],\n [\n -121.81434631347655,\n 37.31447530414411\n ],\n [\n -121.81434631347655,\n 37.575603207605845\n ],\n [\n -122.37258911132812,\n 37.575603207605845\n ],\n [\n -122.37258911132812,\n 37.31447530414411\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borcherdt, Roger D. 0000-0002-8668-0849 borcherdt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":2373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"Roger","email":"borcherdt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":848310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70226767,"text":"70226767 - 1970 - Variations of major chemical constituents across the central Sierra Nevada batholith","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-10T14:42:25.323858","indexId":"70226767","displayToPublicDate":"1970-02-01T08:34:40","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations of major chemical constituents across the central Sierra Nevada batholith","docAbstract":"A study of 193 chemical analyses of plutonic rocks from 132 localities in the central Sierra Nevada shows convincingly that K2O decreases systematically westward and suggests that Fe2O3 and TiO2 may also decrease westward and that FeO, MgO, and CaO may increase. The ratio K2O/SiO2 obviously decreases westward across six of eight provisionally established sequences of granitic rocks. Plots of analyses of rocks from each sequence form discrete fields that are strongly elongate toward zero K2O at 40 to 45 percent SiO2. The boundaries between fields on these plots and between fields on plots of normative minerals on triangular diagrams are sharp. Compositional trends within sequences are different than the compositional changes that take place across the batholith—rocks in the western Sierra Nevada probably are not compositionally identical with rocks that are present at depth beneath the eastern Sierra Nevada.
Progressive decrease of K2O in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic country rocks westward across the batholith is consistent with the anatectic model for its origin. However, it also is consistent with the hypothesis developed to explain chemical patterns in volcanic island arcs—that K2O increases toward continental land masses because of increasing depth of magma generation along landward-dipping seismic (Benioff) zones. The seismic-zone hypothesis encounters several difficulties, but it cannot be ruled out.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[409:VOMCCA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bateman, P.C., and Dodge, F.C., 1970, Variations of major chemical constituents across the central Sierra Nevada batholith: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 2, p. 409-420, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[409:VOMCCA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"409","endPage":"420","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392724,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.92675781249999,\n 36.677230602346214\n ],\n [\n -117.674560546875,\n 36.677230602346214\n ],\n [\n -117.674560546875,\n 37.95286091815649\n ],\n [\n -119.92675781249999,\n 37.95286091815649\n ],\n [\n -119.92675781249999,\n 36.677230602346214\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bateman, P. C.","contributorId":27851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bateman","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dodge, F. C. W.","contributorId":18755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodge","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"C. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70226504,"text":"70226504 - 1970 - Petrogenesis of mylonites of high metamorphic grade in the Peninsular Ranges of southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-22T13:57:28.692636","indexId":"70226504","displayToPublicDate":"1970-02-01T07:50:32","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrogenesis of mylonites of high metamorphic grade in the Peninsular Ranges of southern California","docAbstract":"A fairly continuous, narrow belt of mylonite gneisses extends approximately 60 miles across southern California and crops out prominently at Coyote Mountain, near Borrego Springs, San Diego County. At Coyote Mountain, both prebatholithic rocks and igneous rocks lithologically similar to rocks from the nearby southern California batholith have been deformed in the mylonite zone—a deformation that is the last plutonic event recorded in the rocks. Petrographic evidence within these mylonites at Coyote Mountain indicates that sillimamte-K feldspar-muscovite-quartz assemblages remained stable or recrystallized (or both) during mylonitization. In addition, a maximum “set” temperature of 580° C, inferred from the MgCO3 content of calcite in deformed dolomite marbles, was determined. The physical conditions probable at the metamorphic peak accompanying mylonitization are: P-T conditions inferred from experimentally studied systems, T = 580° to 660° C and Pxotai = PH, O(?) = 3.4 to 7.0 kb; high H2O activity, as indicated by the continued stability of muscovite at such high temperatures. Mylonitization within this belt may be related to a rise of magma to higher crustal levels from within the southern California batholith.
Sedimentary volumes are of prime interest in many fields of geology: as measures of erosional rates, of geochemical balance, and recently, with the virtual demonstration of continental drift, as measures of movement of the continental and oceanic plates.
The Basement Map of the United States, published by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1968, provides a partial basis for an improved estimate of the volume of Phanerozoic rock in the center, minous United States. The map requires correction for this purpose, because all metamorphic rocks of whatever age have been classed as basement. We have, therefore, attempted to allow for the metamorphic rocks of Phanerozoic age. We have made estimates of volumes for areas not controlled by contours on this map and have used such offshore data as we have been able to assemble from the literature in order to extend our estimates to include offshore sediments reasonably attributable to erosion from the area of the contiguous United States.
Our results are as follows:
We consider this estimate to be within 10 percent of the true volume. Of it, we estimate about 3.2 ×106km3 to be volcanic rock, not representing erosion of pre-existing rock. The remaining 56.8 × 106km3, rounded to 57 × 106km3, we consider products of continental denudation.
This volume is so large, representing, as it does, only 5.3 percent of the continental surface of the earth and only a sixth of recognizable geologic time, that it appears to invalidate schemes of geochemical balance such as those of Clarke, Goldschmidt, and others. These students assume that the salt in the sea is a measure of the amount of some “average igneous rock” that has been eroded during the whole of geologic time to produce some “average sedimentary rock.” Instead, our result points strongly toward the hypothesis of Livingstone, Gregor, Earth, and others that the oceanic salt is merely the cyclic salt not yet returned to the continents in a continuing cycle.
Assuming that this volume was derived from erosion of the contiguous United States—an assumption that we recognize as invalid in detail, though not seriously in error—we obtain an ostensible average rate of Phanerozoic erosion of about 10 m/ m.y., about a sixth of the present rate. But inasmuch as present erosion is attacking a surface that exposes about 76 percent sedimentary rocks and only 24 percent igneous, most of its product is recycled rather than first-cycle sediment. An analysis of the broad features of the paleo-geography of the country indicates that a similar disproportion between first-cycle and recycled sediment has been characteristic of nearly all the Phanerozoic. The ostensible erosion rate is therefore spurious, and it is likely that the average erosion rate durin g the Phanerozoic was more than half that of the present, and perhaps was nearly or quite equal to it.
The great disparity in volumes of sediment offshore in the Atlantic and Pacific—in a ratio of more than 5 to 1—is consonant with expectations if the continent has been moving westward and over-riding the Pacific Basin on a Benioff fault system activated at the beginning of the Mesozoic, though now dormant.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[353:SVATS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Gilluly, J., Reed, J.C., and Cady, W., 1970, Sedimentary volumes and their significance: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 2, p. 353-375, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[353:SVATS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"353","endPage":"375","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392040,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.42187500000001,\n 32.509761735919426\n ],\n [\n -115.00488281250001,\n 32.36140331527543\n ],\n [\n -111.357421875,\n 31.16580958786196\n ],\n [\n -108.10546875,\n 31.203404950917395\n ],\n [\n -108.1494140625,\n 31.765537409484374\n ],\n [\n -106.69921875,\n 31.690781806136822\n ],\n [\n -105.29296874999999,\n 30.56226095049944\n ],\n [\n -104.765625,\n 29.649868677972304\n ],\n [\n -103.18359375,\n 28.844673680771795\n ],\n [\n -102.4365234375,\n 29.57345707301757\n ],\n [\n -101.513671875,\n 29.57345707301757\n ],\n [\n -99.228515625,\n 26.391869671769022\n ],\n [\n -97.03125,\n 25.918526162075153\n ],\n [\n -97.42675781249999,\n 27.21555620902969\n ],\n [\n -96.1962890625,\n 28.420391085674304\n ],\n [\n -93.8232421875,\n 29.49698759653577\n ],\n [\n -89.20898437499999,\n 28.9600886880068\n ],\n [\n -88.9453125,\n 30.107117887092357\n ],\n [\n -86.66015624999999,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n -85.25390625,\n 29.57345707301757\n ],\n [\n -84.111328125,\n 29.954934549656144\n ],\n [\n -82.8369140625,\n 28.8831596093235\n ],\n [\n -83.1005859375,\n 27.605670826465445\n ],\n [\n -81.2109375,\n 24.84656534821976\n ],\n [\n -80.1123046875,\n 25.20494115356912\n ],\n [\n -79.9365234375,\n 26.745610382199022\n ],\n [\n -81.2109375,\n 30.41078179084589\n ],\n [\n -81.2548828125,\n 31.728167146023935\n ],\n [\n -76.46484375,\n 34.70549341022544\n ],\n [\n -75.6298828125,\n 35.67514743608467\n ],\n [\n -75.8056640625,\n 37.3002752813443\n ],\n [\n -73.916015625,\n 40.111688665595956\n ],\n [\n -74.091796875,\n 40.413496049701955\n ],\n [\n -69.78515625,\n 41.705728515237524\n ],\n [\n -70.48828125,\n 42.71473218539458\n ],\n [\n -70.13671875,\n 43.67581809328341\n ],\n [\n -66.884765625,\n 44.809121700077355\n ],\n [\n -67.763671875,\n 45.85941212790755\n ],\n [\n -67.8076171875,\n 47.368594345213374\n ],\n [\n -69.3896484375,\n 47.54687159892238\n ],\n [\n -70.83984375,\n 45.521743896993634\n ],\n [\n -71.54296874999999,\n 45.182036837015886\n ],\n [\n -75.1025390625,\n 45.120052841530544\n ],\n [\n -76.81640625,\n 43.8028187190472\n ],\n [\n -79.1455078125,\n 43.61221676817573\n ],\n [\n -78.92578124999999,\n 42.84375132629021\n ],\n [\n -82.6611328125,\n 41.672911819602085\n ],\n [\n -83.1005859375,\n 42.22851735620852\n ],\n [\n -82.08984375,\n 43.45291889355465\n ],\n [\n -82.44140625,\n 45.460130637921004\n ],\n [\n -88.330078125,\n 48.45835188280866\n ],\n [\n -89.296875,\n 48.19538740833338\n ],\n [\n -91.49414062499999,\n 48.19538740833338\n ],\n [\n -92.5048828125,\n 48.69096039092549\n ],\n [\n -93.69140625,\n 48.63290858589535\n ],\n [\n -94.7900390625,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -95.2294921875,\n 49.468124067331644\n ],\n [\n -95.2294921875,\n 49.06666839558117\n ],\n [\n -123.22265625000001,\n 48.8936153614802\n ],\n [\n -123.3984375,\n 48.31242790407178\n ],\n [\n -124.98046874999999,\n 48.48748647988415\n ],\n [\n -124.1455078125,\n 46.255846818480315\n ],\n [\n -125.0244140625,\n 42.84375132629021\n ],\n [\n -124.3212890625,\n 41.44272637767212\n ],\n [\n -124.67285156250001,\n 40.51379915504413\n ],\n [\n -123.96972656249999,\n 38.993572058209466\n ],\n [\n -122.34374999999999,\n 36.421282443649496\n ],\n [\n -120.80566406250001,\n 34.379712580462204\n ],\n [\n -118.125,\n 33.43144133557529\n ],\n [\n -117.42187500000001,\n 32.509761735919426\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilluly, James","contributorId":51743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilluly","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, John C. Jr.","contributorId":223980,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reed","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cady, Wallace M.","contributorId":146958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cady","given":"Wallace M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70226554,"text":"70226554 - 1970 - Nuclear methods applied to uranium geochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-24T13:50:13.258481","indexId":"70226554","displayToPublicDate":"1970-02-01T07:38:44","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1946,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nuclear methods applied to uranium geochemistry","docAbstract":"Samples of igneous \"gabbro,\" \"basalt,\" and lunar regolith have compositions fundamentally different from all meteorites and terrestrial basalts. The lunar rocks are anhydrous and without ferric iron. Amounts of titanium as high as 7 weight percent suggest either extreme fractionation of lunar rocks or an unexpected solar abundance of titanium. The differences in compositions of the known, more \"primitive\" rocks in the planetary system indicate the complexities inherent in defining the solar abundances of elements and the initial compositions of the earth and moon.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.167.3918.527","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Engel, A., and Engel, C., 1970, Lunar rock compositions and some interpretations: Science, v. 167, no. 3918, p. 527-528, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3918.527.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"527","endPage":"528","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219587,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"167","issue":"3918","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a98e4b0c8380cd68eb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Engel, A.E.J.","contributorId":52246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engel","given":"A.E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Engel, C.G.","contributorId":18489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engel","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010065,"text":"70010065 - 1970 - Crystallography of some lunar plagioclases","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T16:33:29.368097","indexId":"70010065","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crystallography of some lunar plagioclases","docAbstract":"Crystals of calcic bytownite from type B rocks have space group I1 with c ≈ 14 angstroms. Bytownite crystals from type A rocks are more sodic and have space group C1, c ≈ 7 angstroms. Cell parameters of eight bulk feldspar separates from crystalline rocks indicate that the range of angle gamma is about 23 times the standard error of measurement, and its value might be useful for estimation of composition. Cell parameters of seven ilmenites are close to those of pure FeTiO3.
Concentrations of U, Th, and Pb in Apollo 11 samples studied are low (U. 0.16 to 0.87; Th, 0.53 to 3.4; Pb, 0.29 to 1.7, in ppm) but the extremely radiogenic lead in samples allows radiometric dating. The fine dust and the breccia have a concordant age of 4.66 billion years on the basis of 207Pb/206Pb, 206Pb/238U, 207Pb/235U, and 208Pb/232Th ratios. This age is comparable with the age of meteorites and with the age generally accepted for the earth. Six crystalline and vesicular samples are distinctly younger than the dust and breccia. The 238U/235U ratio is the same as that in earth rocks, and 234U is in radioactive equilibrium with parent 238U.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.167.3918.461","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Tatsumoto, M., and Rosholt, J., 1970, Age of the moon: An isotopic study of uranium-thorium-lead systematics of lunar samples: Science, v. 167, no. 3918, p. 461-463, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3918.461.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"461","endPage":"463","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219507,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"167","issue":"3918","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8f2e4b0c8380cd47fd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosholt, J.N.","contributorId":37749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosholt","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010135,"text":"70010135 - 1970 - Thermoluminescence of lunar samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T16:56:48.940512","indexId":"70010135","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermoluminescence of lunar samples","docAbstract":"Appreciable natural thermoluminescence with glow curve peaks at about 350 degrees centigrade for lunar fines and breccias and above 400 degrees centigrade for crystalline rocks has been recognized in lunar samples. Plagioclase has been identified as the principal carrier of thermoluminescence, and the difference in peak temperatures indicates compositional or structural differences between the feldspars of the different rock types. The present thermoluminescence in the lunar samples is probably the result of a dynamic equilibrium between acquisition from radiation and loss in the lunar thermal environment. A progressive change in the glow curves of core samples with depth below the surface suggests the use of thermoluminescence disequilibrium to detect surfaces buried by recent surface activity, and it also indicates that the lunar diurnal temperature variation penetrates to at least 10.5 centimeters.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.167.3918.713","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Dalrymple, G.B., and Doell, R., 1970, Thermoluminescence of lunar samples: Science, v. 167, no. 3918, p. 713-715, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3918.713.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"713","endPage":"715","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219055,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"167","issue":"3918","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb289e4b08c986b325878","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dalrymple, G. B.","contributorId":10407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalrymple","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doell, Richard R.","contributorId":66683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doell","given":"Richard R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010431,"text":"70010431 - 1970 - Specific heats of lunar surface materials from 90 to 350 degrees Kelvin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T17:34:51.474259","indexId":"70010431","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Specific heats of lunar surface materials from 90 to 350 degrees Kelvin","docAbstract":"The specific heats of lunar samples 10057 and 10084 returned by the Apollo 11 mission have been measured between 90 and 350 degrees Kelvin by use of an adiabatic calorimeter. The samples are representative of type A vesicular basalt-like rocks and of finely divided lunar soil. The specific heat of these materials changes smoothly from about 0.06 calorie per gram per degree at 90 degrees Kelvin to about 0.2 calorie per gram per degree at 350 degrees Kelvin. The thermal parameter γ = (kρC)-½ for the lunar surface will accordingly vary by a factor of about 2 between lunar noon and midnight.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.167.3918.749","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Robie, R.A., Hemingway, B.S., and Wilson, W., 1970, Specific heats of lunar surface materials from 90 to 350 degrees Kelvin: Science, v. 167, no. 3918, p. 749-750, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3918.749.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"749","endPage":"750","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219614,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"167","issue":"3918","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b951ee4b08c986b31ad49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robie, R. A.","contributorId":71237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robie","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hemingway, B. S.","contributorId":7268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, W.H.","contributorId":32293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70010432,"text":"70010432 - 1970 - Petrology of unshocked crystalline rocks and shock effects in lunar rocks and minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T16:38:03.739605","indexId":"70010432","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology of unshocked crystalline rocks and shock effects in lunar rocks and minerals","docAbstract":"On the basis of rock modes, textures, and mineralogy, unshocked crystalline rocks are classified into a dominant ilmenite-rich suite (subdivided into intersertal, ophitic, and hornfels types) and a subordinate feldspar-rich suite (subdivided into poikilitic and granular types). Weakly to moderately shocked rocks show high strain-rate deformation and solid-state transformation of minerals to glasses; intensely shocked rocks are converted to rock glasses. Data on an unknown calcium-bearing iron metasilicate are presented.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.167.3918.644","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Chao, E.C., James, O., Minkin, J., Boreman, J., Jackson, E., and Raleigh, C., 1970, Petrology of unshocked crystalline rocks and shock effects in lunar rocks and minerals: Science, v. 167, no. 3918, p. 644-647, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3918.644.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"644","endPage":"647","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219687,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"167","issue":"3918","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7857e4b0c8380cd78695","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chao, E. C. 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Direct d-c arc excitation of powdered samples was used with three variations in the procedure. Thirteen lunar samples consisting of four fine-grained igneous rocks, one medium-grained igneous rock, seven breccias, and one sample of fines were analyzed. The zinc and nickel concentrations in the breccias were approximately one order of magnitude greater than the concentrations of these elements in igneous rocks.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.167.3918.52","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Annell, C., and Helz, A., 1970, Emission spectrographic determination of trace elements in lunar samples: Science, v. 167, no. 3918, p. 521-523, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3918.52.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"521","endPage":"523","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219290,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"167","issue":"3918","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08fee4b0c8380cd51d4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Annell, C.","contributorId":61150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Annell","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helz, A.","contributorId":10923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helz","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010289,"text":"70010289 - 1970 - Lunar soil: Size distribution and mineralogical constituents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T16:45:00.046603","indexId":"70010289","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lunar soil: Size distribution and mineralogical constituents","docAbstract":"The lunar soil collected by Apollo 11 consists primarily of submillimeter material and is finer in grain size than soil previously recorded photographically by Surveyor experiments. The main constituents are fine-grained to glassy rocks of basaltic affinity and coherent breccia of undetermined origin. Dark glass, containing abundant nickel-iron spheres, coats many rocks, mineral, and breccia fragments. Several types of homogeneous glass occur as fragments and spheres. Colorless spheres, probably an exotic component, are abundant in the fraction finer than 20 microns.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.167.3918.648","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Duke, M., Woo, C., Bird, M.L., Sellers, G., and Finkelman, R.B., 1970, Lunar soil: Size distribution and mineralogical constituents: Science, v. 167, no. 3918, p. 648-650, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3918.648.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"648","endPage":"650","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219136,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"167","issue":"3918","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a99e4b0c8380cd68eb8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duke, M.B.","contributorId":106630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duke","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woo, C.C.","contributorId":8164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woo","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bird, M. L.","contributorId":77176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sellers, G.A.","contributorId":21690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sellers","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Finkelman, R. B.","contributorId":20341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70010206,"text":"70010206 - 1970 - Suspended matter in surface waters of the Atlantic continental margin from Cape Cod to the Florida Keys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-04T14:50:15.728708","indexId":"70010206","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Suspended matter in surface waters of the Atlantic continental margin from Cape Cod to the Florida Keys","docAbstract":"Appreciable amounts of suspended matter (> 1.0 milligram per liter) in surface waters are restricted to within a few kilometers of the Atlantic coast. Particles that escape estuaries or are discharged by rivers into the shelf region tend to travel longshoreward rather than seaward. Suspended matter farther offshore, chiefly amorphous organic particles, totals 0.1 milligram per liter or less. Soot, fly ash, processed cellulose, and other pollutants are widespread.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.167.3917.371","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F., Meade, R., and Bond, G.C., 1970, Suspended matter in surface waters of the Atlantic continental margin from Cape Cod to the Florida Keys: Science, v. 167, no. 3917, p. 371-376, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3917.371.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"371","endPage":"376","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218996,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Coast, Cape Cod to the Florida Keys","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -69.30448487922725,\n 42.4316994974582\n ],\n [\n -72.55464556767248,\n 41.20980515572195\n ],\n [\n -74.87685291353552,\n 39.965583129565516\n ],\n [\n -78.47801633910318,\n 35.29856159140553\n ],\n [\n -82.08981655845598,\n 31.43677885050294\n ],\n [\n -80.4882285968991,\n 26.29286457898407\n ],\n [\n -81.7136812341486,\n 24.206568202367023\n ],\n [\n -79.91183013678796,\n 23.951693165340927\n ],\n [\n -69.30448487922725,\n 42.4316994974582\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"167","issue":"3917","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba2fde4b08c986b31fad9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meade, R.H.","contributorId":27449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meade","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bond, G. 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1970 - Summary records of supply wells and test wells in the Post Headquarters area, White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-01T17:03:02","indexId":"25258","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T17:01:01","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Summary records of supply wells and test wells in the Post Headquarters area, White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Albuquerque, NM","doi":"10.3133/25258","issn":"0364-7064","collaboration":"Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, in cooperation with White Sands Missile Range.","usgsCitation":"Cooper, J., 1970, Summary records of supply wells and test wells in the Post Headquarters area, White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, 202 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/25258.","productDescription":"202 p.","numberOfPages":"202","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291555,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"White Sands","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106.47965,32.656211 ], [ -106.47965,32.873159 ], [ -106.136859,32.873159 ], [ -106.136859,32.656211 ], [ -106.47965,32.656211 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53dca9cee4b0761578637791","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooper, James B.","contributorId":94367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"James B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13453,"text":"ofr1388MP - 1970 - Uranium in Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-17T15:03:26","indexId":"ofr1388MP","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T16:51:15","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1388 MP","title":"Uranium in Texas","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/ofr1388MP","usgsCitation":"Eargle, D.H., 1970, Uranium in Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 1388 MP, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr1388MP.","productDescription":"12 p.","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291799,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1388MP/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":370379,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1388MP/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106.65,25.84 ], [ -106.65,36.5 ], [ -93.51,36.5 ], [ -93.51,25.84 ], [ -106.65,25.84 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e34159e4b0567f27701998","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eargle, D. 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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70230517","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Hartwell, J., 1970, Some aspects of the availability of water from the Everglades to the Everglades National Park, Florida: Open-File Report FL 70-007, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70230517.","productDescription":"36 p.","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":398761,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70230517/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":398762,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70230517/ofr-fl-70007.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.47 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR FL 70-008"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.34452175282718,\n 25.92032487251747\n ],\n [\n -81.34452175282718,\n 25.107313769279898\n ],\n [\n -80.46704817507609,\n 25.107313769279898\n ],\n [\n -80.46704817507609,\n 25.92032487251747\n ],\n [\n -81.34452175282718,\n 25.92032487251747\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70230516","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Geology, Florida Department of Natural Resources, Florida Department of Transportation, Florida Turstees of the Internal Improvement Trut Fund, Central and Southern Florida Flood Control DIstrict, Southwest Florida Water Management District, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, and other State, county, local, and Federal agencies","usgsCitation":"Rabon, J., 1970, Evaluation of streamflow-data program in Florida: Open-File Report FL 70-008, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70230516.","productDescription":"81 p.","numberOfPages":"81","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science 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\"}}]}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
In the early hours of March 30, 1867, Secretary of State William H. Seward completed the purchase of the remote and unexplored land known as Russian America, or Alaska. Discovered in 1741 by Vitus Bering, Alaska progressed from a Czarist colony to a territory of the United States, and finally, to its present status as the largest of the 50 States. As part of the commemoration of the centennial of Alaska's purchase, the U.S. Geological Survey published the Dictionary of Alaska Place Names. This paper is an outgrowth of my opportunity to participate in the compilation of the Dictionary. It presents a comparative study of the geographic names of a relatively small area comprising 11,000 square miles in the central part of Alaska lying between the Tanana and Yukon Rivers. The area studied was generally confined to the Fairbanks and Livengood 1: 250,000-scale maps, which are centered around Fairbanks, the supply center for interior and northern Alaska.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1179/nam.1970.18.3.185","usgsCitation":"Sorvo, P.J., 1970, Pedro, Livengood, and Tanana: A study of place-names near Fairbanks, Alaska: Names, v. 18, no. 3, p. 185-190, https://doi.org/10.1179/nam.1970.18.3.185.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"190","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480289,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1179/nam.1970.18.3.185","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":391704,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Fairbanks, Livengood, Pedro, Tanana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.677001953125,\n 63.01510569831989\n ],\n [\n -144.99755859375,\n 63.01510569831989\n ],\n [\n -144.99755859375,\n 66.22702912866016\n ],\n [\n -152.677001953125,\n 66.22702912866016\n ],\n [\n -152.677001953125,\n 63.01510569831989\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1970-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sorvo, Paul J.","contributorId":268803,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sorvo","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":826709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70170204,"text":"70170204 - 1970 - Floods of April-May 1969 in upper midwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T11:44:51","indexId":"70170204","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T15:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Floods of April-May 1969 in upper midwestern United States","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/70170204","usgsCitation":"Anderson, H., and Schwob, H., 1970, Floods of April-May 1969 in upper midwestern United States: Open-File Report, 555 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70170204.","productDescription":"555 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319960,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"570ccab2e4b0ef3b7ca14716","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, H.W.","contributorId":78016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"H.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwob, H.H.","contributorId":23171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwob","given":"H.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70047724,"text":"70047724 - 1970 - Estimating steady-state evaporation rates from bare soils under conditions of high water table","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-17T10:16:21","indexId":"70047724","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T14:33:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Estimating steady-state evaporation rates from bare soils under conditions of high water table","docAbstract":"A procedure that combines meteorological and soil equations of water transfer makes it possible to estimate approximately the steady-state evaporation from bare soils under conditions of high water table. Field data required include soil-water retention curves, water table depth and a record of air temperature, air humidity and wind velocity at one elevation. The procedure takes into account the relevant atmospheric factors and the soil's capability to conduct 'water in liquid and vapor forms. It neglects the effects of thermal transfer (except in the vapor case) and of salt accumulation. Homogeneous as well as layered soils can be treated. Results obtained with the method demonstrate how the soil evaporation rates·depend on potential evaporation, water table depth, vapor transfer and certain soil parameters.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/70047724","usgsCitation":"Ripple, C., Rubin, J., and Van Hylckama, T.E., 1970, Estimating steady-state evaporation rates from bare soils under conditions of high water table: Open-File Report, vii, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70047724.","productDescription":"vii, 62 p.","numberOfPages":"73","costCenters":[{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276823,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047724/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":279947,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047724/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52148fe2e4b06d85e08fb4ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ripple, C.D.","contributorId":11586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ripple","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, J.","contributorId":26433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Hylckama, T. E. A.","contributorId":73568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Hylckama","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70260859,"text":"70260859 - 1970 - Data on dye dispersion in a reach of the Sacramento River near Red Bluff, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T13:43:39.750144","indexId":"70260859","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T13:42:38","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Data on dye dispersion in a reach of the Sacramento River near Red Bluff, California","docAbstract":"Late in October 1969, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the California Water Resources Control Board, obtained data on the dispersion of injected dye in a reach of the Sacramento River near Red Bluff, Calif. The study area was in the vicinity of the Red Bluff diversion dam, immediately downstream from the mouth of Red Bank Creek (fig. 1).
The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation is presently constructing the Tehama-Colusa Canal. The canal will receive water from the reservoir behind the diversion dam and the first 3.5 miles of the canal will be used as an artificial spawning channel. As many as 60 million king salmon fingerlings a year are expected to hatch in the spawning channel. Sewage and industrial effluents enter the Sacramento River upstream from the headgates to the canal. The poorly dispersed and diluted effluents discharged into the river may have damaging effects on eggs and fingerlings in the artificial spawning channel.
According to a study made by David R. Minard of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (written commun., May 2, 1969), a 1 percent solution of the upstream industrial effluent from a low-grade papermill increased the growth of the bacterium Pseudomonas and caused 100-percent fatalities by suffocation among the salmon fingerlings.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70260859","usgsCitation":"Balding, G.O., 1970, Data on dye dispersion in a reach of the Sacramento River near Red Bluff, California: Open-File Report, iv, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70260859.","productDescription":"iv, 9 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":485057,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70260859/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":463884,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70260859/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Red Bluff","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.29471110143567,\n 40.21544877916756\n ],\n [\n -122.29471110143567,\n 40.13387956150936\n ],\n [\n -122.15850807790099,\n 40.13387956150936\n ],\n [\n -122.15850807790099,\n 40.21544877916756\n ],\n [\n -122.29471110143567,\n 40.21544877916756\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balding, Gary O.","contributorId":25210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balding","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":918308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70110383,"text":"wdrIN691 - 1970 - Water resources data for Indiana, 1969","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-11T09:57:50","indexId":"wdrIN691","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T13:30:49","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"IN-69-1","title":"Water resources data for Indiana, 1969","docAbstract":"Surface-water records for the 1969 water year for Indiana, including records of streamflow or reservoir storage at gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites, are given in this report and their locations shown in figures 1 and 3. Records for a few pertinent gaging stations in bordering States are also included.
\nWater resources data for the 1969 water year for Indiana include records of data for the chemical and physical characteristics of surface water. Records for a few pertinent water-quality stations in bordering States are also included.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrIN691","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Indiana Department of Natural Resources; Indiana State Board of Health; Indiana State Highway Commission; Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1970, Water resources data for Indiana, 1969: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report IN-69-1, ix, 301 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrIN691.","productDescription":"ix, 301 p.","numberOfPages":"313","temporalStart":"1968-10-01","temporalEnd":"1969-09-30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288282,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288281,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1969/in-69-1/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.0979,37.7717 ], [ -88.0979,41.7607 ], [ -84.7847,41.7607 ], [ -84.7847,37.7717 ], [ -88.0979,37.7717 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"538052ece4b0826cd5016a72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}