Soil samples were collected throughout Connecticut (CT) to determine the relationship of soil chemistry with the underlying geology and to better understand background concentrations of major and trace elements in soils. Soil samples were collected (1) from the upper 5 cm of surficial soil at 100 sites, (2) from the A horizon at 86 of these sites, and (3) from the deeper horizon, typically the C horizon, at 79 of these sites. The <2-millimeter fraction of each sample was analyzed for 44 elements by methods that yield the total or near-total elemental content. Sample sites were characterized by glacial setting, underlying bedrock geology, and soil type. These spatial data were used with element concentrations in the C-horizon to relate geologic factors to soil chemistry.
Concentrations of elements in C-horizon soils varied with grain size in surficial glacial materials and with underlying rock types, as determined using nonparametric statistical procedures. Concentrations of most elements in C-horizon soils showed a positive correlation with silt and (or) clay content and were higher in surficial materials mapped as till, thick till, and (or) fines. Element concentrations in C-horizon soils showed significant differences among the underlying geologic provinces and were highest overlying the Grenville Belt and (or) the Grenville Shelf Sequence Provinces in western CT. These rocks consist mainly of carbonates and the relatively high element concentrations in overlying soils likely result from less influence of dilution by quartz compared to other provinces. Element concentrations in C-horizon soils in CT were compared with those in samples from other New England states overlying similar lithologic bedrock types. The upper range of As concentrations in C-horizon soils overlying the New Hampshire-Maine (NH-ME) Sequence in CT was 15 mg/kg, lower than the upper range of 24 mg/kg in C-horizon soils overlying the same sequence in ME. In CT, U concentration means were significantly higher in C-horizon soils overlying Avalonian granites, and U concentrations ranged as high as 14 mg/kg, compared to those in C-horizon soil samples collected from other New England states, which ranged as high as 6.1 mg/kg in a sample in NH overlying the NH-ME Sequence.
Element concentrations in C-horizon soils in CT were compared with those in samples collected from shallower depths. Concentrations of most major elements were highest in C-horizon soil samples, including Al, Ca, Fe, K, Na, and Ti, but element concentrations showed a relatively similar pattern in A-horizon and surficial soil samples among the underlying geologic provinces. Trace element concentrations, including Ba, W, Ga, Ni, Cs, Rb, Sr, Th, Sc, and U, also were higher in C-horizon soil samples than in overlying soil samples. Concentrations of Mg, and several trace elements, including Mn, P, As, Nb, Sn, Be, Bi, Hg, Se, Sb, La, Co, Cr, Pb, V, Y, Cu, Pb, and Zn were highest in some A-horizon or surficial soils, and indicate possible contributions from anthropogenic sources. Because element concentrations in soils above the C horizon are more likely to be affected by anthropogenic factors, concentration ranges in C-horizon soils and their spatially varying geologic associations should be considered when estimating background concentrations of elements in CT soils.
Tsunamis are generated in the ocean by rapidly displacing the entire water column over a significant area. The potential energy resulting from this disturbance is balanced with the kinetic energy of the waves during propagation. Only a handful of submarine geologic phenomena can generate tsunamis: large-magnitude earthquakes, large landslides, and volcanic processes. Asteroid and subaerial landslide impacts can generate tsunami waves from above the water. Earthquakes are by far the most common generator of tsunamis. Generally, earthquakes greater than magnitude (M) 6.5–7 can generate tsunamis if they occur beneath an ocean and if they result in predominantly vertical displacement. One of the greatest uncertainties in both deterministic and probabilistic hazard assessments of tsunamis is computing seafloor deformation for earthquakes of a given magnitude.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Encyclopedia of earthquake engineering","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-36197-5_296-1","usgsCitation":"Geist, E.L., and Oglesby, D.D., 2014, Earthquake mechanism and seafloor deformation for tsunami generation, chap. of Encyclopedia of earthquake engineering, p. 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36197-5_296-1.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"17","ipdsId":"IP-054813","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329474,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-09-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe679fe4b0824b2d14371b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Beer, Michael","contributorId":149829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beer","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650606,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kougioumtzoglou, Ioannis A.","contributorId":149830,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kougioumtzoglou","given":"Ioannis","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650607,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Patelli, Edoardo","contributorId":149831,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Patelli","given":"Edoardo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650608,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Siu-Kui Au, Ivan","contributorId":149832,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Siu-Kui Au","given":"Ivan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650609,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Geist, Eric L. 0000-0003-0611-1150 egeist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":1956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"Eric","email":"egeist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oglesby, David D.","contributorId":51637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oglesby","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70193626,"text":"70193626 - 2014 - Tsunami-generated sediment wave channels at Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-02T15:00:59","indexId":"70193626","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1820,"text":"Geosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tsunami-generated sediment wave channels at Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, USA","docAbstract":"A gigantic ∼12 km3 landslide detached from the west wall of Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada, USA), and slid 15 km east across the lake. The splash, or tsunami, from this landslide eroded Tioga-age moraines dated as 21 ka. Lake-bottom short piston cores recovered sediment as old as 12 ka that did not reach landslide deposits, thereby constraining the landslide age as 21–12 ka.
Movement of the landslide splashed copious water onto the countryside and lowered the lake level ∼10 m. The sheets of water that washed back into the lake dumped their sediment load at the lowered shoreline, producing deltas that merged into delta terraces. During rapid growth, these unstable delta terraces collapsed, disaggregated, and fed turbidity currents that generated 15 subaqueous sediment wave channel systems that ring the lake and descend to the lake floor at 500 m depth. Sheets of water commonly more than 2 km wide at the shoreline fed these systems. Channels of the systems contain sediment waves (giant ripple marks) with maximum wavelengths of 400 m. The lower depositional aprons of the system are surfaced by sediment waves with maximum wavelengths of 300 m.
A remarkably similar, though smaller, contemporary sediment wave channel system operates at the mouth of the Squamish River in British Columbia. The system is generated by turbidity currents that are fed by repeated growth and collapse of the active river delta. The Tahoe splash-induced backwash was briefly equivalent to more than 15 Squamish Rivers in full flood and would have decimated life in low-lying areas of the Tahoe region.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/GES01025.1","usgsCitation":"Moore, J.G., Schweickert, R.A., and Kitts, C.A., 2014, Tsunami-generated sediment wave channels at Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, USA: Geosphere, v. 10, no. 4, p. 757-768, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES01025.1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"757","endPage":"768","ipdsId":"IP-053463","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473319,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges01025.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":348118,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Lake Tahoe","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.1739501953125,\n 38.92416066460569\n ],\n [\n -119.91577148437499,\n 38.92416066460569\n ],\n [\n -119.91577148437499,\n 39.25671479372372\n ],\n [\n -120.1739501953125,\n 39.25671479372372\n ],\n [\n -120.1739501953125,\n 38.92416066460569\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59fc2eace4b0531197b27fb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schweickert, Richard A.","contributorId":60107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweickert","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kitts, Christopher A.","contributorId":77345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitts","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70192195,"text":"70192195 - 2014 - Hydroclimatic regimes: a distributed water-balance framework for hydrologic assessment, classification, and management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T11:40:25","indexId":"70192195","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1928,"text":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydroclimatic regimes: a distributed water-balance framework for hydrologic assessment, classification, and management","docAbstract":"Runoff-based indicators of terrestrial water availability are appropriate for humid regions, but have tended to limit our basic hydrologic understanding of drylands – the dry-subhumid, semiarid, and arid regions which presently cover nearly half of the global land surface. In response, we introduce an indicator framework that gives equal weight to humid and dryland regions, accounting fully for both vertical (precipitation + evapotranspiration) and horizontal (groundwater + surface-water) components of the hydrologic cycle in any given location – as well as fluxes into and out of landscape storage. We apply the framework to a diverse hydroclimatic region (the conterminous USA) using a distributed water-balance model consisting of 53 400 networked landscape hydrologic units. Our model simulations indicate that about 21% of the conterminous USA either generated no runoff or consumed runoff from upgradient sources on a mean-annual basis during the 20th century. Vertical fluxes exceeded horizontal fluxes across 76% of the conterminous area. Long-term-average total water availability (TWA) during the 20th century, defined here as the total influx to a landscape hydrologic unit from precipitation, groundwater, and surface water, varied spatially by about 400 000-fold, a range of variation ~100 times larger than that for mean-annual runoff across the same area. The framework includes but is not limited to classical, runoff-based approaches to water-resource assessment. It also incorporates and reinterprets the green- and blue-water perspective now gaining international acceptance. Implications of the new framework for several areas of contemporary hydrology are explored, and the data requirements of the approach are discussed in relation to the increasing availability of gridded global climate, land-surface, and hydrologic data sets.
","language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","doi":"10.5194/hess-18-3855-2014","usgsCitation":"Weiskel, P.K., Wolock, D.M., Zarriello, P.J., Vogel, R.M., Levin, S.B., and Lent, R.M., 2014, Hydroclimatic regimes: a distributed water-balance framework for hydrologic assessment, classification, and management: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, v. 18, p. 3855-3872, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3855-2014.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"3855","endPage":"3872","ipdsId":"IP-044838","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473320,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3855-2014","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":347118,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59eeffade4b0220bbd988fd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weiskel, Peter K. pweiskel@usgs.gov","contributorId":1099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiskel","given":"Peter","email":"pweiskel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":714681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolock, David M. 0000-0002-6209-938X dwolock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"David","email":"dwolock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":714680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zarriello, Phillip J. 0000-0001-9598-9904 pzarriel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9598-9904","contributorId":1868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zarriello","given":"Phillip","email":"pzarriel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":714682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vogel, Richard M.","contributorId":66811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogel","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":714684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Levin, Sara B. 0000-0002-2448-3129 slevin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2448-3129","contributorId":1870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levin","given":"Sara","email":"slevin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":714685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lent, Robert M. rmlent@usgs.gov","contributorId":284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lent","given":"Robert","email":"rmlent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":714683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70192199,"text":"70192199 - 2014 - 2013 status of the Lake Ontario lower trophic levels ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-05T12:36:36","indexId":"70192199","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5114,"text":"NYSDEC Lake Ontario Annual Report ","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"2013","chapter":"16","title":"2013 status of the Lake Ontario lower trophic levels ","docAbstract":"Hurricane Irene passed directly over the Connecticut River valley in late August, 2011. Intense precipitation and high antecedent soil moisture resulted in record flooding, mass wasting and fluvial erosion, allowing for observations of how these rare but significant extreme events affect a landscape still responding to Pleistocene glaciation and associated sediment emplacement. Clays and silts from upland glacial deposits, once suspended in the stream network, were routed directly to the mouth of the Connecticut River, resulting in record-breaking sediment loads fifteen-times greater than predicted from the pre-existing rating curve. Denudation was particularly extensive in mountainous areas. We calculate that sediment yield during the event from the Deerfield River, a steep tributary comprising 5% of the entire Connecticut River watershed, exceeded at minimum 10–40 years of routine sediment discharge and accounted for approximately 40% of the total event sediment discharge from the Connecticut River. A series of surface sediment cores taken in floodplain ponds adjacent to the tidal section of the Connecticut River before and after the event provides insight into differences in sediment sourcing and routing for the Irene event compared to periods of more routine flooding. Relative to routine conditions, sedimentation from Irene was anomalously inorganic, fine grained, and enriched in elements commonly found in chemically immature glacial tills and glaciolacustrine material. These unique sedimentary characteristics document the crucial role played by extreme precipitation from tropical disturbances in denuding this landscape.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.07.028","usgsCitation":"Yellen, B., Woodruff, J.D., Kratz, L.N., Mabee, S.B., Morrison, J., and Martini, A.M., 2014, Source, conveyance and fate of suspended sediments following Hurricane Irene. New England, USA: Geomorphology, v. 226, p. 124-134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.07.028.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"124","endPage":"134","ipdsId":"IP-037274","costCenters":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":347509,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"New England","volume":"226","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a07ed4ee4b09af898c8cd4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yellen, Brian","contributorId":198491,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yellen","given":"Brian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":33278,"text":"Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":716242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodruff, Jon D.","contributorId":198492,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Woodruff","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":33278,"text":"Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":716243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kratz, Laura N.","contributorId":198493,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kratz","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":33278,"text":"Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":716244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mabee, Steven B.","contributorId":198494,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mabee","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":35248,"text":"Massachusetts Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":716245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Morrison, Jonathan 0000-0002-1756-4609 jmorriso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1756-4609","contributorId":2274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"Jonathan","email":"jmorriso@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":716241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Martini, Anna M.","contributorId":192675,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martini","given":"Anna","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":35249,"text":"Department of Geology, Amherst College","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":716246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70192503,"text":"70192503 - 2014 - Fertilizer consumption and energy input for 16 crops in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-15T14:29:57","indexId":"70192503","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2832,"text":"Natural Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1573-8981","printIssn":"1520-7439","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fertilizer consumption and energy input for 16 crops in the United States","docAbstract":"Fertilizer use by U.S. agriculture has increased over the past few decades. The production and transportation of fertilizers (nitrogen, N; phosphorus, P; potassium, K) are energy intensive. In general, about a third of the total energy input to crop production goes to the production of fertilizers, one-third to mechanization, and one-third to other inputs including labor, transportation, pesticides, and electricity. For some crops, fertilizer is the largest proportion of total energy inputs. Energy required for the production and transportation of fertilizers, as a percentage of total energy input, was determined for 16 crops in the U.S. to be: 19–60% for seven grains, 10–41% for two oilseeds, 25% for potatoes, 12–30% for three vegetables, 2–23% for two fruits, and 3% for dry beans. The harvested-area weighted-average of the fraction of crop fertilizer energy to the total input energy was 28%. The current sources of fertilizers for U.S. agriculture are dependent on imports, availability of natural gas, or limited mineral resources. Given these dependencies plus the high energy costs for fertilizers, an integrated approach for their efficient and sustainable use is needed that will simultaneously maintain or increase crop yields and food quality while decreasing adverse impacts on the environment.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11053-013-9226-4","usgsCitation":"Amenumey, S.E., and Capel, P.D., 2014, Fertilizer consumption and energy input for 16 crops in the United States: Natural Resources Research, v. 23, no. 3, p. 299-309, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-013-9226-4.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"309","ipdsId":"IP-052309","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":347440,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"23","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-12-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a07ed4ee4b09af898c8cd50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amenumey, Sheila E.","contributorId":192282,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amenumey","given":"Sheila","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":12644,"text":"University of Minnesota, St. Paul","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":716085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Capel, Paul D. 0000-0003-1620-5185 capel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":1002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"Paul","email":"capel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":716084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70191937,"text":"70191937 - 2014 - Application of hydrologic tools and monitoring to support managed aquifer recharge decision making in the Upper San Pedro River, Arizona, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-19T12:25:34","indexId":"70191937","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3709,"text":"Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of hydrologic tools and monitoring to support managed aquifer recharge decision making in the Upper San Pedro River, Arizona, USA","docAbstract":"The San Pedro River originates in Sonora, Mexico, and flows north through Arizona, USA, to its confluence with the Gila River. The 92-km Upper San Pedro River is characterized by interrupted perennial flow, and serves as a vital wildlife corridor through this semiarid to arid region. Over the past century, groundwater pumping in this bi-national basin has depleted baseflows in the river. In 2007, the United States Geological Survey published the most recent groundwater model of the basin. This model served as the basis for predictive simulations, including maps of stream flow capture due to pumping and of stream flow restoration due to managed aquifer recharge. Simulation results show that ramping up near-stream recharge, as needed, to compensate for downward pumping-related stress on the water table, could sustain baseflows in the Upper San Pedro River at or above 2003 levels until the year 2100 with less than 4.7 million cubic meters per year (MCM/yr). Wet-dry mapping of the river over a period of 15 years developed a body of empirical evidence which, when combined with the simulation tools, provided powerful technical support to decision makers struggling to manage aquifer recharge to support baseflows in the river while also accommodating the economic needs of the basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/w6113495","usgsCitation":"Lacher, L.J., Turner, D.S., Gungle, B., Bushman, B.M., and Richter, H.E., 2014, Application of hydrologic tools and monitoring to support managed aquifer recharge decision making in the Upper San Pedro River, Arizona, USA: Water, v. 6, no. 11, p. 3495-3527, https://doi.org/10.3390/w6113495.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"3495","endPage":"3527","ipdsId":"IP-060539","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473312,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w6113495","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":346962,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Upper San Pedro River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.45516967773438,\n 31.3348710339506\n ],\n [\n -109.84954833984375,\n 31.3348710339506\n ],\n [\n -109.84954833984375,\n 31.9300203139952\n ],\n [\n -110.45516967773438,\n 31.9300203139952\n ],\n [\n -110.45516967773438,\n 31.3348710339506\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-11-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59e9b998e4b05fe04cd65ce6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lacher, Laurel J.","contributorId":197579,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lacher","given":"Laurel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":713764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turner, Dale S.","contributorId":197580,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turner","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":713765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gungle, Bruce 0000-0001-6406-1206 bgungle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6406-1206","contributorId":2237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gungle","given":"Bruce","email":"bgungle@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":713763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bushman, Brooke M.","contributorId":197581,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bushman","given":"Brooke","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":713766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Richter, Holly E.","contributorId":197582,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Richter","given":"Holly","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":713767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70192007,"text":"70192007 - 2014 - Restoration of Rio Grande cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis to the Mescalero Apache Reservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-26T11:24:10","indexId":"70192007","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5373,"text":"Cooperator Science Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"FWS/CSS-111-2014","title":"Restoration of Rio Grande cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis to the Mescalero Apache Reservation","docAbstract":"Rio Grande Cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis (RGCT) represents the most southern subspecies of cutthroat trout, endemic to Rio Grande, Canadian, and Pecos basins of New Mexico and southern Colorado. The subspecies currently occupies less than 12% of its historic range. The Mescalero Apache Tribe has partnered with U.S. Geological Survey-New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, New Mexico State University, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and New Mexico Department of Game and Fish to meet mutually shared goals of restoring and maintaining a Pecos strain of RGCT to Tribal lands. The goal of this project was to assess the suitability of the Rio Ruidoso within the Mescalero Apache Reservation to support a self-sustaining RGCT population by conducting a systematic and comprehensive survey. We conducted three surveys (fall 2010, spring 2011 and 2012) to characterize water quality, macroinvertebrate assemblages, fish communities, and physical habitat (stream size, channel gradient, channel substrate, habitat complexity, riparian vegetation cover and structure, migration barriers to movement).
Seven-100 m reaches throughout three major tributaries of the Rio Ruidoso within the Tribal lands were sampled during baseflow conditions October 2010, May 2011, and June 2012. Despite the onset of severe drought in 2011, water quality, physical habitat, and fish populations revealed that the Rio Ruidoso and its three tributaries would most likely support a self-sustaining RGCT population. Pools were abundant (mean, 8.9 pools/100 m), instream woody debris was present (range, 3.8-45.6 pieces/100 m), and instream dataloggers revealed daily maximum stream temperatures rarely exceeded criteria established in New Mexico for coldwater fishes, however, presence of frazil and anchor ice may limit fish distribution in the winter. Aquatic macroinvertebrate samples revealed a community of benthic invertebrates reflective of high quality cool to cold water. Overall densities of brown trout, rainbow trout and brook trout were high (overall mean, 0.23 fish/m2) and in relatively good condition (range of mean relative weight, 84-117).
Should the Mescalero Apache Tribe decide to introduce RGCT, prior to chemical treatment, a barrier placed below the confluence of Middle and South forks of the Rio Ruidoso would create approximately 12 km of perennial flow and help protect against invasion of non-native fishes. The North Fork of the Rio Ruidoso is not a good candidate for reintroduction because of easy access by the public to reintroduce non-native fishes into the watershed. Lastly, an annual, long-term monitoring program of RGCT would help document that there was no subsequent incursion of non-native fishes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Kalb, B.W., and Caldwell, C.A., 2014, Restoration of Rio Grande cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis to the Mescalero Apache Reservation: Cooperator Science Series FWS/CSS-111-2014, 62 p.","productDescription":"62 p.","ipdsId":"IP-055912","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350654,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350653,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://digitalmedia.fws.gov/cdm/ref/collection/document/id/2070"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6c4c98e4b06e28e9cabb18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kalb, Bradley W.","contributorId":201490,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kalb","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caldwell, Colleen A. 0000-0002-4730-4867 ccaldwel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4730-4867","contributorId":3050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"Colleen","email":"ccaldwel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":713834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70192546,"text":"70192546 - 2014 - Assessment of lesser prairie-chicken use of wildlife water guzzlers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-26T15:04:56","indexId":"70192546","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1137,"text":"Bulletin of the Texas Ornithological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of lesser prairie-chicken use of wildlife water guzzlers","docAbstract":"Man-made water sources have been used as a management tool for wildlife, especially in arid regions, but the value of these water sources for wildlife populations is not well understood. In particular, the value of water as a conservation tool for Lesser Prairie-Chickens (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) is unknown. However, this is a relevant issue due to a heightened conservation concern for the species and its occupancy of an arid landscape anticipated to experience warmer, drier springs and winters. We assessed if Lesser Prairie-Chickens would use commercially available wildlife water guzzlers and if there was any apparent selection between two design types. We confirmed that Lesser Prairie-Chickens would use bird friendly designed wildlife water guzzlers. Use was primarily during the lekking-nesting period (March–May) and the brood rearing period (June–July) and primarily by males. Although both designs were used, we found significantly greater use of a design that had a wider water trough and ramp built into the tank cover compared to a design that had a longer, narrower trough extending from the tank.
Although we were unable to assess the physiological need of surface water by Lesser Prairie-Chickens, we were able to verify that they will use wildlife water guzzlers to access surface water. If it is found surface water is beneficial for Lesser Prairie-Chickens, game bird friendly designed guzzlers may be a useful conservation tool for the species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Texas Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Boal, C.W., Borsdorf, P.K., and Gicklhorn, T.S., 2014, Assessment of lesser prairie-chicken use of wildlife water guzzlers: Bulletin of the Texas Ornithological Society, v. 46, no. 1-2, p. 10-18.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"10","endPage":"18","ipdsId":"IP-051286","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":347504,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":347503,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.texasbirds.org/publications.php"}],"volume":"46","issue":"1-2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a07ed4ee4b09af898c8cd4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boal, Clint W. 0000-0001-6008-8911 cboal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6008-8911","contributorId":1909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boal","given":"Clint","email":"cboal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":716161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Borsdorf, Philip K.","contributorId":93386,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Borsdorf","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":24740,"text":"Department of Natural Resources Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":716463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gicklhorn, Trevor S.","contributorId":166698,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gicklhorn","given":"Trevor","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":24740,"text":"Department of Natural Resources Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":716464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70192880,"text":"70192880 - 2014 - Effects of tillage and application rate on atrazine transport to subsurface drainage: Evaluation of RZWQM using a six-year field study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-13T10:14:09","indexId":"70192880","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":680,"text":"Agricultural Water Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of tillage and application rate on atrazine transport to subsurface drainage: Evaluation of RZWQM using a six-year field study","docAbstract":"Well tested agricultural system models can improve our understanding of the water quality effects of management practices under different conditions. The Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) has been tested under a variety of conditions. However, the current model's ability to simulate pesticide transport to subsurface drain flow over a long term period under different tillage systems and application rates is not clear. Therefore, we calibrated and tested RZWQM using six years of data from Nashua, Iowa. In this experiment, atrazine was spring applied at 2.8 (1990–1992) and 0.6 kg/ha/yr (1993–1995) to two 0.4 ha plots with different tillage (till and no-till). The observed and simulated average annual flow weighted atrazine concentrations (FWAC) in subsurface drain flow from the no-till plot were 3.7 and 3.2 μg/L, respectively for the period with high atrazine application rates, and 0.8 and 0.9 μg/L, respectively for the period with low application rates. The 1990–1992 observed average annual FWAC difference between the no-till and tilled plot was 2.4 μg/L while the simulated difference was 2.1 μg/L. These observed and simulated differences for 1993–1995 were 0.1 and 0.1 μg/L, respectively. The Nash–Sutcliffe model performance statistic (EF) for cumulative atrazine flux to subsurface drain flow was 0.93 for the no-till plot testing years (1993–1995), which is comparable to other recent model tests. The value of EF is 1.0 when simulated data perfectly match observed data. The order of selected parameter sensitivity for RZWQM simulated FWAC was atrazine partition coefficient > number of macropores > atrazine half life in soil > soil hydraulic conductivity. Simulations from 1990 to 1995 with four different atrazine application rates applied at a constant rate throughout the simulation period showed concentrations in drain flow for the no-till plot to be twice those of the tilled plot. The differences were more pronounced in the early simulation period (1990–1992), partly because of the characteristics of macropore flow during large storms. The results suggest that RZWQM is a promising tool to study pesticide transport to subsurface drain flow under different tillage systems and application rates over several years, the concentrations of atrazine in drain flow can be higher with no-till than tilled soil over a range of atrazine application rates, and atrazine concentrations in drain flow are sensitive to the macropore flow characteristics under different tillage systems and rainfall timing and intensity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2013.09.009","usgsCitation":"Malone, R.W., Nolan, B.T., Ma, L., Kanwar, R.S., Pederson, C.H., and Heilman, P., 2014, Effects of tillage and application rate on atrazine transport to subsurface drainage: Evaluation of RZWQM using a six-year field study: Agricultural Water Management, v. 132, p. 10-22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2013.09.009.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"10","endPage":"22","ipdsId":"IP-041818","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1945&context=abe_eng_pubs","text":"External Repository"},{"id":348670,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"132","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6100d5e4b06e28e9c2542e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Malone, Robert W.","contributorId":10347,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Malone","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":717284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nolan, Bernard T. 0000-0002-6945-9659 btnolan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6945-9659","contributorId":2190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolan","given":"Bernard","email":"btnolan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":721747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ma, Liwang","contributorId":6751,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ma","given":"Liwang","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":721748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kanwar, Rameshwar S.","contributorId":143671,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kanwar","given":"Rameshwar","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":15296,"text":"Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":721749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pederson, Carl H.","contributorId":143672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pederson","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":15296,"text":"Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":721750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Heilman, Philip","contributorId":169768,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heilman","given":"Philip","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25585,"text":"USDA-ARS Southwest Watershed Research Center, Tucson, AZ 85719","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":721751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70193118,"text":"70193118 - 2014 - Groundwater conditions in Utah, spring of 2014","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-22T09:32:52","indexId":"70193118","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":110,"text":"Cooperative Investigations Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"55","title":"Groundwater conditions in Utah, spring of 2014","docAbstract":"This is the fifty-first in a series of annual reports that describe groundwater conditions in Utah. Reports in this series, published cooperatively by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights, and the Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Quality, provide data to enable interested parties to maintain awareness of changing groundwater conditions.
This report, like the others in the series, contains information on well construction, groundwater withdrawal from wells, water-level changes, precipitation, streamflow, and chemical quality of water. Information on well construction included in this report refers only to wells constructed for new appropriations of groundwater. Supplementary data are included in reports of this series only for those years or areas that are important to a discussion of changing groundwater conditions and for which applicable data are available.
This report includes individual discussions of selected significant areas of groundwater development in the State for calendar year 2013. Most of the reported data were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights, and the Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Quality. This report is also available online at http://www.waterrights.utah.gov/techinfo/ and http://ut.water. usgs.gov/publications/GW2014.pdf. Groundwater conditions in Utah for calendar year 2012 are reported in Burden and others (2013) and are available online at http://ut.water.usgs. gov/publications/GW2013.pdf
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Burden, C.B., 2014, Groundwater conditions in Utah, spring of 2014: Cooperative Investigations Report 55, x, 118 p.","productDescription":"x, 118 p.","numberOfPages":"132","ipdsId":"IP-056622","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350085,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":364083,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/techinfo/wwwpub/GW2014.pdf"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6100c9e4b06e28e9c2541d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burden, Carole B. cburden@usgs.gov","contributorId":852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burden","given":"Carole","email":"cburden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70111082,"text":"70111082 - 2014 - Hydrologic alteration affects aquatic plant assemblages in an arid-land river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-12T09:45:53","indexId":"70111082","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic alteration affects aquatic plant assemblages in an arid-land river","docAbstract":"We evaluated the effects of long-term flow alteration on primary-producer assemblages. In 1962, Flaming Gorge Dam was constructed on the Green River. The Yampa River has remained an unregulated hydrologically variable river that joins the Green River 100 km downstream from Flaming Gorge Dam. In the 1960s before dam construction only sparse occurrences of two macroalgae, Cladophora and Chara, and no submerged vascular plants were recorded in the Green and Yampa rivers. In 2009–2010, aquatic plants were abundant and widespread in the Green River from the dam downstream to the confluence with the Yampa River. The assemblage consisted of six vascular species, Elodea canadensis, Myriophyllum sibiricum, Nasturtium officinale,Potamogeton crispus, Potamogeton pectinatus, and Ranunculus aquatilis, the macroalgae Chara and Cladophora, and the bryophyte, Amblystegium riparium. In the Green River downstream from the Yampa River, and in the Yampa River, only sparse patches of Chara and Cladophora growing in the splash zone on boulders were collected. We attribute the observed changes in the Green River to an increase in water transparency and a reduction in suspended and bed-load sediment and high flow disturbances. The lack of hydrophyte colonization downstream from the confluence with the Yampa River has implications for understanding tributary amelioration of dam effects and for designing more natural flow-regime schedules downstream from large dams.
","language":"English","publisher":"Southwestern Association of Naturalists","doi":"10.1894/JEM-04.1","usgsCitation":"Vinson, M., Hestmark, B., and Barkworth, M.E., 2014, Hydrologic alteration affects aquatic plant assemblages in an arid-land river: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 59, no. 4, p. 480-488, https://doi.org/10.1894/JEM-04.1.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"480","endPage":"488","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-050860","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325080,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"579dcff7e4b0589fa1cbd9d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vinson, Mark R. 0000-0001-5256-9539 mvinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5256-9539","contributorId":3800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vinson","given":"Mark","email":"mvinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":518901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hestmark, Bennett","contributorId":172823,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hestmark","given":"Bennett","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barkworth, Mary E.","contributorId":172824,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barkworth","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70148121,"text":"70148121 - 2014 - Distribution and habitat associations of juvenile Common Snook in the lower Rio Grande, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-03T10:28:30","indexId":"70148121","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2680,"text":"Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and habitat associations of juvenile Common Snook in the lower Rio Grande, Texas","docAbstract":"Common Snook Centropomus undecimalis were once abundant off the Texas coast, but these populations are now characterized by low abundance and erratic recruitment. Most research concerning Common Snook in North America has been conducted in Florida and very little is known about the specific biology and habitat needs of Common Snook in Texas. The primary objective of this study was to describe the habitat use patterns of juvenile Common Snook and their role in the fish assemblage in the lower portion of the Rio Grande, Texas. Secondarily, we documented the relationship between age and juvenile reproductive development. Fish were collected during January–March 2006 from the lower 51.5 km of the Rio Grande using a bottom trawl and boat-mounted electrofisher. Measurements of water quality and other habitat traits were recorded at each sampling site. We captured 225 Common Snook exclusively in freshwater habitats above river kilometer 12.9. The distribution of juvenile Common Snook was not random, but influenced primarily by turbidity and dissolved oxygen. Sex differentiation and gonadal development based on histological examination of gonads established that age-1 and age-2 Common Snook were juvenile, prepubertal males. There was no difference between the age groups in their overall distribution in the river. However, age-2 Common Snook were associated with deeper areas with faster currents, higher conductivity, and steeper banks. Overall, Common Snook in the lower Rio Grande show substantial differences in habitat use than their counterparts in other parts of the range of the species, but it is unclear whether this is due to differences in habitat availability, behavioral plasticity, or some combination thereof.
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2014 - Continuous water-quality and suspended-sediment transport monitoring in the San Francisco Bay, California, water years 2011–13","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-30T11:20:08","indexId":"fs20143090","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-3090","title":"Continuous water-quality and suspended-sediment transport monitoring in the San Francisco Bay, California, water years 2011–13","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) monitors water quality and suspended-sediment transport in the San Francisco Bay. The San Francisco Bay area is home to millions of people, and the bay teems with both resident and migratory wildlife, plants, and fish. Fresh water mixes with salt water in the bay, which is subject both to riverine and marine (tides, waves, influx of salt water) influences. To understand this environment, the USGS, along with its partners, has been monitoring the bay’s waters continuously since 1988. Several water-quality variables are of particular importance to State and Federal resource managers and are monitored at key locations throughout the bay. Salinity, which indicates the relative mixing of fresh and ocean waters in the bay, is derived from specific conductance measurements. Water temperature, along with salinity, affects the density of water, which causes gravity driven circulation patterns and stratification in the water column. Turbidity is measured using light-scattering from suspended solids in water, and is used as a surrogate for suspended-sediment concentration (SSC). Suspended sediment often carries adsorbed contaminants; attenuates sunlight in the water column; deposits on tidal marsh and intertidal mudflats, which can help sustain these habitats as sea level rises; and deposits in ports and shipping channels, which can necessitate dredging. Dissolved oxygen, which is essential to a healthy ecosystem, is a fundamental indicator of water quality, and its concentration is affected by water temperature, salinity, ecosystem metabolism, tidal currents, and wind. Tidal currents in the bay reverse four times a day, and wind direction and intensity typically change on a daily cycle: consequently, salinity, water temperature, suspendedsediment concentration, and dissolvedoxygen concentration vary spatially and temporally throughout the bay, and continuous measurements are needed to observe these changes. The purpose of this fact sheet is to inform the public and resource managers of the availability of these water-quality data.\r\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20143090","usgsCitation":"Buchanan, P.A., Downing-Kunz, M.A., Schoellhamer, D., Shellenbarger, G., and Weidich, K., 2014, Continuous water-quality and suspended-sediment transport monitoring in the San Francisco Bay, California, water years 2011–13: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2014-3090, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20143090.","productDescription":"4 p.","ipdsId":"IP-050934","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294438,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3090/"},{"id":347671,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":347670,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3090/pdf/fs2014-3090.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.01391601562499,\n 37.29153547292737\n ],\n [\n -121.33300781249999,\n 37.29153547292737\n ],\n [\n -121.33300781249999,\n 38.35027253825765\n ],\n [\n -123.01391601562499,\n 38.35027253825765\n ],\n [\n -123.01391601562499,\n 37.29153547292737\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5423cf09e4b037b608f9d3b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buchanan, Paul A. 0000-0002-4796-4734 buchanan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4796-4734","contributorId":1018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchanan","given":"Paul","email":"buchanan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":519347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Downing-Kunz, Maureen A. 0000-0002-4879-0318 mdowning-kunz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4879-0318","contributorId":3690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downing-Kunz","given":"Maureen","email":"mdowning-kunz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":519349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":519346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shellenbarger, Gregory gshellen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shellenbarger","given":"Gregory","email":"gshellen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":519348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Weidich, Kurt kweidich@usgs.gov","contributorId":5922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weidich","given":"Kurt","email":"kweidich@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":519350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70100896,"text":"70100896 - 2014 - Modeling the hydrogeophysical response of lake talik evolution ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-28T11:39:28","indexId":"70100896","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Modeling the hydrogeophysical response of lake talik evolution ","docAbstract":"Geophysical methods provide valuable information about subsurface permafrost and its relation to dynamic hydrologic systems. Airborne electromagnetic data from interior Alaska are used to map the distribution of permafrost, geological features, surface water, and groundwater. To validate and gain further insight into these field datasets, we also explore the geophysical response to hydrologic simulations of permafrost evolution by implementing a physical property relationship that connects geology, temperature, and ice saturation to changes in electrical properties.
Alabama beach mouse (ABM) (Peromyscus polionotus ammobates) is an important component of the coastal dune ecosystem along the Gulf of Mexico. Due to habitat loss and degradation, ABM is federally listed as an endangered species. In this study, we examined the impacts of storm surge and wind waves, which are induced by hurricanes and sea-level rise (SLR), on the ABM habitat on Fort Morgan Peninsula, Alabama, using advanced storm surge and wind wave models and spatial analysis tools in geographic information systems (GIS). Statistical analyses of the long-term historical data enabled us to predict the extreme values of winds, wind waves, and water levels in the study area at different return periods. We developed a series of nested domains for both wave and surge modeling and validated the models using field observations of surge hydrographs and high watermarks of Hurricane Ivan (2004). We then developed wave atlases and flood maps corresponding to the extreme wind, surge and waves without SLR and with a 0.5 m of SLR by coupling the wave and surge prediction models. The flood maps were then merged with a map of ABM habitat to determine the extent and location of habitat impacted by the 100-year storm with and without SLR. Simulation results indicate that more than 82% of ABM habitat would be inundated in such an extreme storm event, especially under SLR, making ABM populations more vulnerable to future storm damage. These results have aided biologists, community planners, and other stakeholders in the identification, restoration and protection of key beach mouse habitat in Alabama. Methods outlined in this paper could also be used to assist in the conservation and recovery of imperiled coastal species elsewhere.
","doi":"10.2112/SI68-002.1","usgsCitation":"Chen, Q., Wang, H., Wang, L., Tawes, R., and Rollman, D., 2014, Predicting Impacts of tropical cyclones and sea-Level rise on beach mouse habitat: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 68, p. 12-19, https://doi.org/10.2112/SI68-002.1.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"12","endPage":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057038","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297361,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama","otherGeospatial":"Fort Morgan Peninsula","volume":"68","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c29e4b08de9379b3679","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, Q. 0000-0002-6540-8758","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6540-8758","contributorId":56532,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chen","given":"Q.","affiliations":[{"id":38331,"text":"Northeastern University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":519117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, Hongqing 0000-0002-2977-7732 wangh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2977-7732","contributorId":4421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Hongqing","email":"wangh@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":519116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, Lixia","contributorId":118439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Lixia","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5115,"text":"Louisiana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":519120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tawes, Robert","contributorId":116795,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tawes","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":519118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rollman, Drew","contributorId":117214,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rollman","given":"Drew","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":519119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70148145,"text":"70148145 - 2014 - Assessing distribution of migratory fishes and connectivity following complete and partial dam removals in a North Carolina River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-27T13:44:03","indexId":"70148145","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing distribution of migratory fishes and connectivity following complete and partial dam removals in a North Carolina River","docAbstract":"Fish, especially migratory species, are assumed to benefit from dam removals that restore connectivity and access to upstream habitat, but few studies have evaluated this assumption. Therefore, we assessed the movement of migratory fishes in the springs of 2008 through 2010 and surveyed available habitat in the Little River, North Carolina, a tributary to the Neuse River, after three complete dam removals and one partial (notched) dam removal. We tagged migratory fishes with PIT tags at a resistance-board weir located at a dam removal site (river kilometer [rkm] 3.7) and followed their movements with an array of PIT antennas. The river-wide distribution of fish following removals varied by species. For example, 24–31% of anadromous American Shad Alosa sapidissima, 45–49% of resident Gizzard Shad Dorosoma cepedianum, and 4–11% of nonnative Flathead CatfishPylodictis olivaris passed the dam removal site at rkm 56 in 2009 and 2010. No preremoval data were available for comparison, but reach connectivity appeared to increase as tagged individuals passed former dam sites and certain individuals moved extensively both upstream and downstream. However, 17–28% did not pass the partially removed dam at rkm 7.9, while 20–39% of those that passed remained downstream for more than a day before migrating upstream. Gizzard Shad required the deepest water to pass this notched structure, followed by American Shad then Flathead Catfish. Fish that passed the notched dam accessed more complex habitat (e.g., available substrate size-classes) in the middle and upper reaches. The results provide strong support for efforts to restore currently inaccessible habitat through complete removal of derelict dams.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02755947.2014.938140","usgsCitation":"Raabe, J.K., and Hightower, J.E., 2014, Assessing distribution of migratory fishes and connectivity following complete and partial dam removals in a North Carolina River: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 34, no. 5, p. 955-969, https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2014.938140.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"955","endPage":"969","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051811","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300863,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Little River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n 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jhightower@usgs.gov","contributorId":835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hightower","given":"Joseph","email":"jhightower@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70143455,"text":"70143455 - 2014 - An ecological response model for the Cache la Poudre River through Fort Collins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-18T16:19:01","indexId":"70143455","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"title":"An ecological response model for the Cache la Poudre River through Fort Collins","docAbstract":"The Poudre River Ecological Response Model (ERM) is a collaborative effort initiated by the City of Fort Collins and a team of nine river scientists to provide the City with a tool to improve its understanding of the past, present, and likely future conditions of the Cache la Poudre River ecosystem. The overall ecosystem condition is described through the measurement of key ecological indicators such as shape and character of the stream channel and banks, streamside plant communities and floodplain wetlands, aquatic vegetation and insects, and fishes, both coolwater trout and warmwater native species. The 13- mile-long study area of the Poudre River flows through Fort Collins, Colorado, and is located in an ecological transition zone between the upstream, cold-water, steep-gradient system in the Front Range of the Southern Rocky Mountains and the downstream, warm-water, low-gradient reach in the Colorado high plains.
\nThe City wanted to better understand the ecological response of the Poudre River ecosystem to potential changes in stream flow and other physical parameters through the conceptual framework of a multivariable integrated model. This goal was met through the use of a probabilistic model based on Bayesian concepts. This construct allowed the integration of a wide range of data and expert opinion (as informed by local data) to predict potential changes to ecosystem conditions under various flow scenarios. Nine flow scenarios representing past, present, and possible future hydrology were developed as the primary model input. Both reach-scale drivers such as stream channel conditions and pollutant loads, as well as ecological conditions, including species composition, interactions, and habitat requirements influenced model-predicted ecosystem outcomes. Model output consisted of probability distributions for eight ecological indicators collectively representing the physical setting, aquatic life, and riparian habitats of the river ecosystem.
\nWe are confident in model predictions related to probable trends, relative magnitude of changes and potential ecosystem responses to changing flow conditions, though data availability and the process of converting diverse data types into a common unit (probabilities) limit precision of individual results. Key findings suggest that:
\nEnvironmental flows that combine stable and adequate flows in base-flow periods with occasional rejuvenating high flows that meet target levels defined in this study are likely improve all biological indicators across the system. ERM test scenarios that include both stable base flows and rejuvenating high flows indicate that substantial improvements in the river ecosystem can be achieved with improved management of flow volumes similar to those observed in the river during the last half century of intensive water development. These results underscore the possibility of improving the river ecosystem through active management while still maintaining the Poudre’s diverse economic benefits and role as a working river.
\nThe ERM was designed to represent the multi-dimensional ecological character of the contemporary urban Poudre River. It provides a scientific foundation that can serve as a decision support tool and foster a more informed community discussion about the future of the river as it provides a better understanding of the likely response of the Poudre River ecosystem to environmental flow management and other stewardship activities. In particular, model results can assist managers in developing specific management actions to achieve desirable goals for key indicators of river health.
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2014 - Mount Rainier National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-22T15:53:48","indexId":"70137757","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Mount Rainier National Park","docAbstract":"Natural Resource Condition Assessments (NRCAs) evaluate current conditions for a subset of natural resources and resource indicators in national parks. NRCAs also report on trends in resource condition (when possible), identify critical data gaps, and characterize a general level of confidence for study findings. The resources and indicators emphasized in a given project depend on the park’s resource setting, status of resource stewardship planning and science in identifying high-priority indicators, and availability of data and expertise to assess current conditions for a variety of potential study resources and indicators. Although the primary objective of NRCAs is to report on current conditions relative to logical forms of reference conditions and values, NRCAs also report on trends, when appropriate (i.e., when the underlying data and methods support such reporting), as well as influences on resource conditions. These influences may include past activities or conditions that provide a helpful context for understanding current conditions and present-day threats and stressors that are best interpreted at park, watershed, or landscape scales (though NRCAs do not report on condition status for land areas and natural resources beyond park boundaries). Intensive cause-andeffect analyses of threats and stressors, and development of detailed treatment options, are outside the scope of NRCAs. It is also important to note that NRCAs do not address resources that lack sufficient data for assessment. For Mount Rainier National Park, this includes most invertebrate species and many other animal species that are subject to significant stressors from climate change and other anthropogenic sources such as air pollutants and recreational use. In addition, we did not include an analysis of the physical hydrology associated with streams (such as riverine landforms, erosion and aggradation which is significant in MORA streams), due to a loss of staff expertise from the USGS-BRD staff conducting the work, and human disturbance landcover issues such as the effects of roads, trails, and other anthropogenic developments due to lack of funds.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, R., Woodward, A., Haggerty, P.K., Jenkins, K.J., Griffin, P., Adams, M.J., Hagar, J., Cummings, T., Duriscoe, D., Kopper, K., Riedel, J., Samora, B., Marin, L., Mauger, G., Bumbaco, K., and Littell, J.S., 2014, Mount Rainier National Park, xxvi., 353 p. .","productDescription":"xxvi., 353 p. 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A continuous and extreme rainfall experiment on an artificial hillslope at Biosphere 2's Landscape Evolution Observatory (LEO) resulted in saturation excess overland flow and gully erosion in the convergent hillslope area. An array of 496 soil moisture sensors revealed a two-step saturation process. First, the downward movement of the wetting front brought soils to a relatively constant but still unsaturated moisture content. Second, soils were brought to saturated conditions from below in response to rising water tables. Convergent areas responded faster than upslope areas, due to contributions from lateral subsurface flow driven by the topography of the bottom boundary, which is comparable to impermeable bedrock in natural environments. This led to the formation of a groundwater ridge in the convergent area, triggering saturation excess runoff generation. This unique experiment demonstrates, at very high spatial and temporal resolution, the role of convergence on subsurface storage and flow dynamics. The results bring into question the representation of saturation excess overland flow in conceptual rainfall-runoff models and land-surface models, since flow is gravity-driven in many of these models and upper layers cannot become saturated from below. The results also provide a baseline to study the role of the co-evolution of ecological and hydrological processes in determining landscape water dynamics during future experiments in LEO.
","language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","doi":"10.5194/hess-18-3681-2014","usgsCitation":"Gevaert, A., Teuling, A.J., Uijlenhoet, R., DeLong, S.B., Huxman, T., Pangle, L.A., Breshears, D.D., Chorover, J., Pelletier, J.D., Saleska, S., Zeng, X., and Troch, P.A., 2014, Hillslope-scale experiment demonstrates role of convergence during two-step saturation: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, v. 18, p. 3681-1692, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3681-2014.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"3681","endPage":"1692","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057567","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473316,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3681-2014","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":297023,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-09-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2bc3e4b08de9379b34b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gevaert, A. 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Impoundment effects on fish production and habitat quality largely are unknown. We used the size-frequency method to estimate summer production of fish guilds in three impoundments along the Combahee River, South Carolina. We predicted that guild-specific production would vary with impoundment salinity, which ranged from 3 to 21 practical salinity units. We expected that marine species that use the estuary as nursery habitat would have greatest production in the impoundment with the highest salinity regime, and that species that inhabit the upper reaches of the estuary would have greatest production in the impoundment with the lowest salinity regime. Finally, we expected that estuarine species would be highly productive in all study impoundments, because these species can reproduce within these structures. We found that guild-specific productivity varied both among years and among impoundments, generally following salinity gradients, though to a lesser extent than expected. Our guild-specific estimates of fish productivity fell on the low end of the range of previously published estuarine fish production estimates. Additionally, we observed large mortality events in the study impoundments each summer. The results of our study indicate that during the summer, the study impoundments provided poor-quality fish habitat to all guilds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.3996/112012-JFWM-099","usgsCitation":"Robinson, K., and Jennings, C.A., 2014, Productivity of functional guilds of fishes in managed wetlands in coastal South Carolina: Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management, v. 5, no. 1, p. 70-86, https://doi.org/10.3996/112012-JFWM-099.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"70","endPage":"86","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-053919","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473291,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3996/112012-jfwm-099","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":299540,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Combahee River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.79345703125,\n 32.2313896627376\n ],\n [\n -80.79345703125,\n 33.063924198120645\n ],\n [\n -79.51904296874999,\n 33.063924198120645\n ],\n [\n -79.51904296874999,\n 32.2313896627376\n ],\n [\n -80.79345703125,\n 32.2313896627376\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5527a2b4e4b026915857c856","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, Kelly F.","contributorId":44911,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robinson","given":"Kelly F.","affiliations":[{"id":6596,"text":"Quantitative Fisheries Center, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jennings, Cecil A. 0000-0002-6159-6026 jennings@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6159-6026","contributorId":874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"Cecil","email":"jennings@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70148128,"text":"70148128 - 2014 - Spawning behavior in Atlantic cod: analysis by use of data storage tags","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-03T10:52:00","indexId":"70148128","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spawning behavior in Atlantic cod: analysis by use of data storage tags","docAbstract":"Electronic data storage tags (DSTs) were implanted into Atlantic cod captured in Icelandic waters from 2002 to 2007 and the depth profiles recovered from these tags (females: n = 31, males: n = 27) were used to identify patterns consistent with published descriptions of cod courtship and spawning behavior. The individual periods of time that males spent exhibiting behavior consistent with being present in a spawning aggregation—i.e. periods consisting of a clear tidal signature in the DST depth profile associated with an individual remaining on or near the substrate—were longer than those of females. Over the course of a spawning season, male cod spent approximately twice the amount of time in spawning aggregations than females, but female cod visited more aggregations per unit time. On average, males participated in approximately 57% more putative spawning events, i.e. vertical ascents potentially corresponding to gamete release, than did females. However, males <85 cm total length participated in the same number of putative spawning events as females of comparable size. In both sexes, larger individuals and/or individuals that spent a longer period of time within an aggregation participated in a larger number of putative spawning events. Although further validation and refinement is necessary, particularly in the identification of spawning events, the ability offered by DSTs to quantify cod spawning behavior may aid in the development of management and conservation plans.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps10787","usgsCitation":"Grabowski, T.B., Thorsteinsson, V., and Marteinsdottir, G., 2014, Spawning behavior in Atlantic cod: analysis by use of data storage tags: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 506, p. 279-290, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10787.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"279","endPage":"290","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-050100","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473317,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10787","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":301015,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Iceland","volume":"506","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5570253fe4b0d9246a9fd1b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grabowski, Timothy B. 0000-0001-9763-8948 tgrabowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9763-8948","contributorId":4178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grabowski","given":"Timothy","email":"tgrabowski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thorsteinsson, Vilhjalmur","contributorId":49215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorsteinsson","given":"Vilhjalmur","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marteinsdottir, Gudrun","contributorId":11099,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marteinsdottir","given":"Gudrun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70128306,"text":"70128306 - 2014 - 2011 Summary: Coastal wetland restoration research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-25T10:36:08","indexId":"70128306","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"2011 Summary: Coastal wetland restoration research","docAbstract":"The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) projects currently taking place in Great Lakes coastal wetlands provide a unique opportunity to study ecosystem response to management actions as practitioners strive to improve wetland function and increase ecosystem services. Through a partnership between the U.S. Geological Survey – Great Lakes Science Center (GLSC), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), and Ducks Unlimited, a GLRI-funded project has reestablished the hydrologic connection between an intensively managed impounded wetland (Pool 2B) and Crane Creek, a small Lake Erie tributary, by building a water-control structure that was opened in the spring of 2011. The study site is located within the USFWS Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge (ONWR) and lies within the boundaries of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-designated Maumee River Area of Concern. The broad objective of the project is to evaluate how hydrologically reconnecting a previously diked wetland impacts fish, mollusks, and other biota and affects nutrient transport, nutrient cycling, water quality, flood storage, and many other abiotic conditions. The results from this project suggest large system-wide benefits from sustainable reestablishment of lake-driven hydrology in this and other similar systems.
We comprehensively sampled water chemistry, fish, birds, plants, and invertebrates in Crane Creek coastal wetlands, Pool 2A (a reference diked wetland), and Pool 2B (the reconnected wetland) in 2010 and 2011 to:
1) Characterize spatial and seasonal patterns for these parameters.
2) Examine ecosystem response to the opening of a water-control structure that allows fish passage
Our sampling efforts have yielded data that reveal striking changes in water quality, hydrology, and fish assemblages in our experimental unit (2B). Prior to the reconnection, the water chemistry in pools 2A and 2B were very similar. Afterwards, we found that the water chemistry in reconnected Pool 2B was more similar to Crane Creek (e.g., greater turbidity, higher concentration of nitrogen). Sites closest to the structure showed the most creek influence with that influence decreasing with distance from the structure, suggesting that input water from Crane Creek is not mixing fully with the pool water. We also found that water level fluctuations were much greater in the reconnected wetland due to the influence of seiches in Lake Erie. We measured the nutrient concentrations of water flowing into and out of Pool 2B during seiche events and found that the phosphorous and nitrogen concentrations generally were drastically reduced after pulsing through the reconnected wetland. Fish response to the reconnection was equally striking. High-resolution sonar revealed extensive bidirectional movement of fish through the structure on a daily and seasonal basis. There also were significant increases in both the catch per unit effort (CPUE) and the species richness of all sites in Pool 2B from 2010 to 2011. Reconnecting the diked pool to the larger Crane Creek wetland complex, and therefore Lake Erie, has opened up rich new habitat for many fish species. Thirteen species of fish not previously found in the pool entered through the structure and actively used the reconnected wetland. We also found that the wetland functions as a productive spawning ground and nursery area with notable shifts in the predominant age-class of several species of fish, especially northern pike. We observed no negative effects of reconnection on the avian or vegetative communities. All sites within the connected pool had increases in diversity and abundance in the avian community and decreases in the species richness and Floristic Quality Assessment Index values for vegetative communities. After one year of study, data suggest that maintaining a hydrologic connection between diked and coastal wetlands in Lake Erie allows fishes to use vegetated habitats regularly, reduces the concentration of nutrients in coastal waters, and maintains productive habitats for birds and other biota. It will be important to continue to monitor the status of the reconnected wetland to determine the effect of long-term connection to Crane Creek and Lake Erie. If conditions degrade, periodic management actions involving hydrologic isolation of the rehabilitated coastal wetland could be used to mimic intermediate levels of disturbance and maintain wetland vegetation.
","publisher":"Great Lakes Science Center","usgsCitation":"Kowalski, K., Wiley, M., Wilcox, D.A., Carlson Mazur, M.L., Czayka, A., Dominguez, A., Doty, S., Eggleston, M., Green, S., and Sweetman, A., 2014, 2011 Summary: Coastal wetland restoration research, 65 p.","productDescription":"65 p.","ipdsId":"IP-040652","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340239,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295008,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.fws.gov/refuge/Ottawa/what_we_do/resource_management.html"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59006065e4b0e85db3a5ddf1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kowalski, Kurt P. 0000-0002-8424-4701 kkowalski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8424-4701","contributorId":3768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kowalski","given":"Kurt P.","email":"kkowalski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":519710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiley, Michael J.","contributorId":73942,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wiley","given":"Michael J.","affiliations":[{"id":6649,"text":"University of Michigan, School of Natural Resources and Environment","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":692726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilcox, Douglas A.","contributorId":36880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcox","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carlson Mazur, Martha L.","contributorId":95377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson Mazur","given":"Martha","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":692728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Czayka, Alex","contributorId":191324,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Czayka","given":"Alex","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dominguez, Andrea","contributorId":191325,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dominguez","given":"Andrea","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Doty, Susan","contributorId":191326,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Doty","given":"Susan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Eggleston, Mike","contributorId":191327,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eggleston","given":"Mike","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Green, Sean","contributorId":191328,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Green","given":"Sean","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Sweetman, Amanda","contributorId":191329,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sweetman","given":"Amanda","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70156245,"text":"70156245 - 2014 - Stream water temperature limits occupancy of salamanders in mid-Atlantic protected areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-10T16:55:27.401072","indexId":"70156245","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2334,"text":"Journal of Herpetology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stream water temperature limits occupancy of salamanders in mid-Atlantic protected areas","docAbstract":"Stream ecosystems are particularly sensitive to urbanization, and tolerance of water-quality parameters is likely important to population persistence of stream salamanders. Forecasted climate and landscape changes may lead to significant changes in stream flow, chemical composition, and temperatures in coming decades. Protected areas where landscape alterations are minimized will therefore become increasingly important for salamander populations. We surveyed 29 streams at three national parks in the highly urbanized greater metropolitan area of Washington, DC. We investigated relationships among water-quality variables and occupancy of three species of stream salamanders (Desmognathus fuscus, Eurycea bislineata, and Pseudotriton ruber). With the use of a set of site-occupancy models, and accounting for imperfect detection, we found that stream-water temperature limits salamander occupancy. There was substantial uncertainty about the effects of the other water-quality variables, although both specific conductance (SC) and pH were included in competitive models. Our estimates of occupancy suggest that temperature, SC, and pH have some importance in structuring stream salamander distribution.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles","doi":"10.1670/12-138","usgsCitation":"Grant, E., Wiewel, A., and Rice, K.C., 2014, Stream water temperature limits occupancy of salamanders in mid-Atlantic protected areas: Journal of Herpetology, v. 48, no. 1, p. 45-50, https://doi.org/10.1670/12-138.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"50","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061664","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306822,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park, Prince William Forest Park, Rock Creek Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": 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