This map shows the spatial distribution of selected iron-bearing minerals and other materials derived from analysis of airborne HyMap™ imaging spectrometer (hyperspectral) data of Afghanistan collected in late 2007. This map is one in a series of U.S. Geological Survey/Afghanistan Geological Survey quadrangle maps covering Afghanistan.
\nFlown at an altitude of 50,000 feet (15,240 meters (m)), the HyMap™ imaging spectrometer measured reflected sunlight in 128 channels, covering wavelengths between 0.4 and 2.5 μm. The data were georeferenced, atmospherically corrected and converted to apparent surface reflectance, empirically adjusted using ground-based reflectance measurements, and combined into a mosaic with 23-m pixel spacing. Variations in water vapor and dust content of the atmosphere, in solar angle, and in surface elevation complicated correction; therefore, some classification differences may be present between adjacent flight lines.
\nThe reflectance spectrum of each pixel of HyMap™ imaging spectrometer data was compared to the reference materials in a spectral library of minerals, vegetation, water, and other materials. Minerals occurring abundantly at the surface and those having unique spectral features were easily detected and discriminated, while minerals having slightly different compositions but similar spectral features were less easily discriminated; thus, some map classes consist of several minerals having similar spectra, such as “Goethite and jarosite.” A designation of “Not classified” was assigned to the pixel when there was no match with reference spectra.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131208B","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Defense Task Force for Business and Stability Operations","usgsCitation":"King, T., Hoefen, T.M., Kokaly, R., Livo, K.E., Giles, S.A., and Johnson, M., 2013, Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangle 3466, La`l wa Sar Jangal (507) and Bamyan (508) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing iron-bearing minerals and other materials: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1208, 37 x 23 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131208B.","productDescription":"37 x 23 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-050490","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282345,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131208B.jpg"},{"id":283621,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1208/B/"},{"id":283623,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1208/B/pdf/ofr2013-1208b.pdf"}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","datum":"World Geodetic System 1984","country":"Afghanistan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 66.0,34.0 ], [ 66.0,35.0 ], [ 68.0,35.0 ], [ 68.0,34.0 ], [ 66.0,34.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd61dae4b0b290850fdc92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Trude","contributorId":29831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Trude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoefen, Todd M. 0000-0002-3083-5987 thoefen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-5987","contributorId":403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoefen","given":"Todd","email":"thoefen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kokaly, Raymond F. 0000-0003-0276-7101","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0276-7101","contributorId":81442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kokaly","given":"Raymond F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Livo, Keith E. 0000-0001-7331-8130 elivo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-8130","contributorId":1750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Livo","given":"Keith","email":"elivo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Giles, Stuart A. 0000-0002-8696-5078 sgiles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8696-5078","contributorId":1233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giles","given":"Stuart","email":"sgiles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, Michaela R. 0000-0001-6133-0247 mrjohns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6133-0247","contributorId":1013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Michaela R.","email":"mrjohns@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70093792,"text":"ofr20131186 - 2013 - Development of CE-QUAL-W2 models for the Middle Fork Willamette and South Santiam Rivers, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-13T08:39:02","indexId":"ofr20131186","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-13T08:24:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1186","title":"Development of CE-QUAL-W2 models for the Middle Fork Willamette and South Santiam Rivers, Oregon","docAbstract":"Hydrodynamic (CE-QUAL-W2) models of Hills Creek Lake (HCL), Lookout Point Lake (LOP), and Dexter Lake (DEX) on the Middle Fork Willamette River (MFWR), and models of Green Peter Lake and Foster Lake on the South Santiam River systems in western Oregon were updated and recalibrated for a wide range of flow and meteorological conditions. These CE-QUAL-W2 models originally were developed by West Consultants, Inc., for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. This study by the U.S. Geological Survey included a reassessment of the models’ calibration in more recent years—2002, 2006, 2008, and 2011—categorized respectively as low, normal, high, and extremely high flow calendar years. These years incorporated current dam-operation practices and more available data than the time period used in the original calibration. Modeled water temperatures downstream of both HCL and LOP-DEX on the MFWR were within an average of 0.68 degree Celsius (°C) of measured values; modeled temperatures downstream of Foster Dam on the South Santiam River were within an average of 0.65°C of measured values. A new CE-QUAL-W2 model was developed and calibrated for the riverine MFWR reach between Hills Creek Dam and the head of LOP, allowing an evaluation of the flow and temperature conditions in the entire MFWR system from HCL to Dexter Dam.
\nThe complex bathymetry and long residence time of HCL, combined with the relatively deep location of the power and regulating outlet structures at Hills Creek Dam, led to a HCL model that was highly sensitive to several outlet and geometric parameters related to dam structures (STR TOP, STR BOT, STR WIDTH). Release temperatures from HCL were important and often persisted downstream as they were incorporated in the MFWR model and the LOP-DEX model (downstream of MFWR). The models tended to underpredict the measured temperature of water releases from Dexter Dam during the late-September-through-December drawdown period in 2002, and again (to a lesser extent) in 2011, but simulations were much more accurate in 2006 and 2008. This episodic model bias may have been a result of hot, dry conditions; lower lake elevations; and earlier drawdown at both HCL and LOP in 2002. These dry conditions in 2002 may have contradicted assumptions inherent in the estimation of certain model inputs, such as unmeasured inflows and water temperatures, which may respond differently during dry years than during normal and wet years.
\nThis report documents the development and calibration of new and revised flow and water-temperature models for riverine and reservoir reaches in the Middle Fork Willamette River and South Santiam River systems. Methods and model parameter values were established for the accurate simulation of flows and temperatures in these systems under current conditions. By extension, these models should be able to accurately simulate flows and temperatures under potential future conditions in which dam operations and dam outlet structures may be changed as part of a strategy to improve habitat, fish passage, and temperature conditions for endangered fish.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131186","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Portland District","usgsCitation":"Buccola, N., Stonewall, A., Sullivan, A.B., Kim, Y., and Rounds, S.A., 2013, Development of CE-QUAL-W2 models for the Middle Fork Willamette and South Santiam Rivers, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1186, viii, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131186.","productDescription":"viii, 55 p.","numberOfPages":"66","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-048844","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282339,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131186.jpg"},{"id":282336,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1186/"},{"id":282338,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1186/pdf/ofr2013-1186.pdf"}],"projection":"Oregon Lambert Conformal Conic","datum":"NAD 1983, NAVD 1988","country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Dexter Lake;Foster Lake;Green Peter Lake;Hills Creek Lake;Lookout Point Lake;Middle Fork Willamette River;South Santiam River;Willamette River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.3,43.1992 ], [ -124.3,46.2511 ], [ -120.9924,46.2511 ], [ -120.9924,43.1992 ], [ -124.3,43.1992 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd54a3e4b0b290850f5daa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buccola, Norman L. nbuccola@usgs.gov","contributorId":4295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buccola","given":"Norman L.","email":"nbuccola@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":490220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stonewall, Adam J.","contributorId":6704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonewall","given":"Adam J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sullivan, Annett B. 0000-0001-7783-3906 annett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7783-3906","contributorId":56317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Annett","email":"annett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kim, Yoonhee yoonhee@usgs.gov","contributorId":4889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"Yoonhee","email":"yoonhee@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":490221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rounds, Stewart A. 0000-0002-8540-2206 sarounds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8540-2206","contributorId":905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rounds","given":"Stewart","email":"sarounds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70055869,"text":"sir20135211 - 2013 - Real-time piscicide tracking using Rhodamine WT dye for support of application, transport, and deactivation strategies in riverine environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-24T11:27:16","indexId":"sir20135211","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-20T08:43:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5211","title":"Real-time piscicide tracking using Rhodamine WT dye for support of application, transport, and deactivation strategies in riverine environments","docAbstract":"Piscicide applications in riverine environments are complicated by the advection and dispersion of the piscicide by the flowing water. Proper deactivation of the fish toxin is required outside of the treatment reach to ensure that there is minimal collateral damage to fisheries downstream or in connecting and adjacent water bodies. In urban settings and highly managed waterways, further complications arise from the influence of industrial intakes and outfalls, stormwater outfalls, lock and dam operations, and general unsteady flow conditions. These complications affect the local hydrodynamics and ultimately the transport and fate of the piscicide. This report presents two techniques using Rhodamine WT dye for real-time tracking of a piscicide plume—or any passive contaminant—in rivers and waterways in natural and urban settings. Passive contaminants are those that are present in such low concentration that there is no effect (such as buoyancy) on the fluid dynamics of the receiving water body. These methods, when combined with data logging and archiving, allow for visualization and documentation of the application and deactivation process.\n\nReal-time tracking and documentation of rotenone applications in rivers and urban waterways was accomplished by encasing the rotenone plume in a plume of Rhodamine WT dye and using vessel-mounted submersible fluorometers together with acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP) and global positioning system (GPS) receivers to track the dye and map the water currents responsible for advection and dispersion. In this study, two methods were used to track rotenone plumes: (1) simultaneous injection of dye with rotenone and (2) delineation of the upstream and downstream boundaries of the treatment zone with dye. All data were logged and displayed on a shipboard laptop computer, so that survey personnel provided real-time feedback about the extent of the rotenone plume to rotenone application and deactivation personnel. Further, these strategies facilitate adjustment of rotenone application and deactivation strategies in real time if necessary based on the observed advection and dispersion of the rotenone plume.\n\nTwo large-scale and complex applications of rotenone in the Chicago Area Waterway System (CAWS) in 2009 and 2010 to combat invasive Asian carp are documented in this report. The application in Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal (CSSC) in December 2009 involved more than 1,800 gallons of rotenone injected at multiple stations through a 6.2-mile reach of the canal near Lockport, Illinois. The rotenone plume was encased in Rhodamine WT dye so that two survey boats provided real-time feedback to shore personnel regarding the plume extent as it advected downstream. Real-time tracking of the rotenone was essential in this large-scale application because of the multistage injection strategy and the numerous deactivation points required to minimize collateral damage to fisheries in surrounding and receiving water bodies. All timing of application and deactivation operations relied on dye tracking. A second application of rotenone in May 2010 to the Little Calumet River near O’Brien Lock and Dam (Illinois) provided another opportunity for dye-tracking support operations; however, application and deactivation strategies were designed considering zero-flow conditions within the reach of interest. Therefore, dye was injected at the upstream and downstream boundaries of the rotenone application reach and was used to track movement of water in and out of a treatment reach, allowing proper deactivation to occur and avoiding unnecessary damage to fisheries downstream. The data collected during the real-time tracking operations for both applications allowed full documentation of the rotenone treatment for archival purposes and provided information for future applications. \nThe methods presented in this report for real-time tracking\nand documentation of piscicide applications in riverine environments worked exceptionally well and allowed the multiagency\nAsian Carp Rapid Response Workgroup to carry out large-scale\nrotenone applications in urban waterways in an environmentally\nresponsible manner with minimal collateral damage to fisheries\noutside the treatment reach. Traveltime information extracted\nfrom the boat-mounted and fixed-position fluorometers agrees\nwell with empirical predictions from a preliminary dye study\n(mock rotenone injection) on this system completed in November 2009 on the CSSC and with previously published methods for estimating traveltimes of the peak, leading edge, and trailing\nedge of the plume. Although the rotenone application strategy\ncalled for zero-flow conditions on the Little Calumet River in\n2010, downstream advection of treated water did occur, and dye\ntracing combined with velocity mapping allowed this advection\nto be documented and exposed the unique hydrodynamics and\nmixing within this reach.\nThe large volumes of data collected during the operations\nallow documentation and visualization of the rotenone applications, thus providing feedback to planners and archival of the\ntreatments for future reference. The methods developed in this\nreport are directly transferrable to piscicide applications in water\nbodies in other locations, including rivers, ponds, or lakes, and\ncan be used for real-time tracking of any passive contaminant\nthat may enter a water body.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135211","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative","usgsCitation":"Jackson, P.R., and Lageman, J.D., 2013, Real-time piscicide tracking using Rhodamine WT dye for support of application, transport, and deactivation strategies in riverine environments: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5211, vii, 43, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135211.","productDescription":"vii, 43","numberOfPages":"50","ipdsId":"IP-045568","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281146,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135211.jpg"},{"id":281144,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5211/"},{"id":281145,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5211/pdf/sir2013-5211.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Chicago","otherGeospatial":"Chicago Area Waterway System","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89.25,41.5 ], [ -89.25,42.25 ], [ -87.5,42.25 ], [ -87.5,41.5 ], [ -89.25,41.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6f47e4b0b290851064ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jackson, Patrick Ryan","contributorId":34043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"Ryan","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":486269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lageman, Jonathan D. jlageman@usgs.gov","contributorId":1910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lageman","given":"Jonathan","email":"jlageman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":486268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70048978,"text":"sir20135184 - 2013 - Hydrogeology and water quality in the Snake River alluvial aquifer at Jackson Hole Airport, Jackson, Wyoming, water years 2011 and 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-06T13:57:09","indexId":"sir20135184","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-06T13:41:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5184","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality in the Snake River alluvial aquifer at Jackson Hole Airport, Jackson, Wyoming, water years 2011 and 2012","docAbstract":"The hydrogeology and water quality of the Snake River alluvial aquifer at the Jackson Hole Airport in northwest Wyoming was studied by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Jackson Hole Airport Board, during water years 2011 and 2012 as part of a followup to a previous baseline study during September 2008 through June 2009. Hydrogeologic conditions were characterized using data collected from 19 Jackson Hole Airport wells. Groundwater levels are summarized in this report and the direction of groundwater flow, hydraulic gradients, and estimated groundwater velocity rates in the Snake River alluvial aquifer underlying the study area are presented. Analytical results of groundwater samples collected from 10 wells during water years 2011 and 2012 are presented and summarized.
\nThe water table at Jackson Hole Airport was lowest in early spring and reached its peak in July or August, with an increase of 12.5 to 15.5 feet between April and July 2011. Groundwater flow was predominantly horizontal but generally had the hydraulic potential for downward flow. Groundwater flow within the Snake River alluvial aquifer at the airport was from the northeast to the west-southwest, with horizontal velocities estimated to be about 25 to 68 feet per day. This range of velocities slightly is broader than the range determined in the previous study and likely is due to variability in the local climate. The travel time from the farthest upgradient well to the farthest downgradient well was approximately 52 to 142 days. This estimate only describes the average movement of groundwater, and some solutes may move at a different rate than groundwater through the aquifer.
\nThe quality of the water in the alluvial aquifer generally was considered good. Water from the alluvial aquifer was fresh, hard to very hard, and dominated by calcium carbonate. No constituents were detected at concentrations exceeding U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant levels or health advisories; however, reduction and oxidation (redox) measurements indicate oxygen-poor water in many of the wells. Gasoline-range organics, three volatile organic compounds, and triazoles were detected in some groundwater samples. The quality of groundwater in the alluvial aquifer generally was suitable for domestic and other uses; however, dissolved iron and manganese were detected in samples from many of the monitor wells at concentrations exceeding U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary maximum contaminant levels. Iron and manganese likely are both natural components of the geologic materials in the area and may have become mobilized in the aquifer because of redox processes. Additionally, measurements of dissolved-oxygen concentrations and analyses of major ions and nutrients indicate reducing conditions exist at 7 of the 10 wells sampled.
\nMeasurements of dissolved-oxygen concentrations (less than 0.1 to 9 milligrams per liter) indicated some variability in the oxygen content of the aquifer. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations in samples from 3 of the 10 wells indicated oxic conditions in the aquifer, whereas low dissolved-oxygen concentrations (less than 1 milligram per liter) in samples from 7 wells indicated anoxic conditions. Nutrients were present in low concentrations in all samples collected. Nitrate plus nitrite was detected in samples from 6 of the 10 monitored wells, whereas dissolved ammonia was detected in small concentrations in 8 of the 10 monitored wells. Dissolved organic carbon concentrations generally were low. At least one dissolved organic carbon concentration was quantified by the laboratory in samples from all 10 wells; one of the concentrations was an order of magnitude higher than other detected dissolved organic carbon concentrations, and slightly exceeded the estimated range for natural groundwater.
\nSamples were collected for analyses of dissolved gases, and field analyses of ferrous iron, hydrogen sulfide, and low-level dissolved oxygen were completed to better understand the redox conditions of the alluvial aquifer. Dissolved gas analyses confirmed low concentrations of dissolved oxygen in samples from wells where reducing conditions exist and indicated the presence of methane gas in samples from several wells. Redox processes in the alluvial aquifer were identified using a model designed to use a multiple-lines-of-evidence approach to distinguish reduction processes. Results of redox analyses indicate iron reduction was the dominant redox process; however, the model indicated manganese reduction and methanogenesis also were taking place in the aquifer.
\nEach set of samples collected during this study included analysis of at least two, but often many anthropogenic compounds. During the previous 2008–09 study at Jackson Hole Airport, diesel-range organics were measured in small (estimated) concentrations in several samples. Samples collected from all 10 wells sampled during the 2011–12 study were analyzed for diesel-range organics, and there were no detections; however, several other anthropogenic compounds were detected in groundwater samples during water years 2011—12 that were not detected during the previous 2008–09 study. Gasoline-range organics, benzene, ethylbenzene, and total xylene were each detected (but reported as estimated concentrations) in at least one groundwater sample. These compounds were not detected during the previous study or consistently during this study. Several possible reasons these compounds were not detected consistently include (1) these compounds are present in the aquifer at concentrations near the analytical method detection limit and are difficult to detect, (2) these compounds were not from a persistent source during this study, and (3) these compounds were detected because of contamination introduced during sampling or analysis. During water years 2011–2012, groundwater samples were analyzed for triazoles, specifically benzotriazole, 4-methyl-1H-benzotriazole, and 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole. Triazoles are anthropogenic compounds often used as an additive in deicing and anti-icing fluids as a corrosion inhibitor, and can be detected at lower laboratory reporting levels than glycols, which previously had not been detected. Two of the three triazoles measured, 4-methyl-1H-benzotriazole and 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole, were detected at low concentrations in groundwater at 7 of the 10 wells sampled. The detection of triazole compounds in groundwater downgradient from airport operations makes it unlikely there is a natural cause for the high rates of reduction present in many airport monitor wells. It is more likely that aircraft deicers, anti-icers, or pavement deicers have seeped into the groundwater system and caused the reducing conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135184","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Jackson Hole Airport Board","usgsCitation":"Wright, P., 2013, Hydrogeology and water quality in the Snake River alluvial aquifer at Jackson Hole Airport, Jackson, Wyoming, water years 2011 and 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5184, vii, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135184.","productDescription":"vii, 56 p.","numberOfPages":"68","temporalStart":"2010-10-01","temporalEnd":"2012-09-30","ipdsId":"IP-042348","costCenters":[{"id":684,"text":"Wyoming Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280625,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135184.jpg"},{"id":280624,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5184/pdf/sir2013-5184.pdf"},{"id":280623,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5184/"}],"projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","city":"Jackson","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.047058,43.400059 ], [ -111.047058,43.899871 ], [ -110.398865,43.899871 ], [ -110.398865,43.400059 ], [ -111.047058,43.400059 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52cbd082e4b03116c9ddb9fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Peter R. prwright@usgs.gov","contributorId":1828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Peter R.","email":"prwright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":485917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70056151,"text":"sir20135214 - 2013 - An update of hydrologic conditions and distribution of selected constituents in water, eastern Snake River Plain aquifer and perched groundwater zones, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho, emphasis 2009–11","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-02T13:21:37","indexId":"sir20135214","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-02T12:49:29","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5214","title":"An update of hydrologic conditions and distribution of selected constituents in water, eastern Snake River Plain aquifer and perched groundwater zones, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho, emphasis 2009–11","docAbstract":"Since 1952, wastewater discharged to infiltration ponds (also called percolation ponds) and disposal wells at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) has affected water quality in the eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP) aquifer and perched groundwater zones underlying the INL. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, maintains groundwater monitoring networks at the INL to determine hydrologic trends, and to delineate the movement of radiochemical and chemical wastes in the aquifer and in perched groundwater zones. This report presents an analysis of water-level and water-quality data collected from aquifer, multilevel monitoring system (MLMS), and perched groundwater wells in the USGS groundwater monitoring networks during 2009–11. Water in the ESRP aquifer primarily moves through fractures and interflow zones in basalt, generally flows southwestward, and eventually discharges at springs along the Snake River. The aquifer primarily is recharged from infiltration of irrigation water, infiltration of streamflow, groundwater inflow from adjoining mountain drainage basins, and infiltration of precipitation. From March–May 2009 to March–May 2011, water levels in wells generally declined in the northern part of the INL. Water levels generally rose in the central and eastern parts of the INL. Detectable concentrations of radiochemical constituents in water samples from aquifer wells or MLMS equipped wells in the ESRP aquifer at the INL generally decreased or remained constant during 2009–11. Decreases in concentrations were attributed to radioactive decay, changes in waste-disposal methods, and dilution from recharge and underflow. In 2011, concentrations of tritium in groundwater from 50 of 127 aquifer wells were greater than or equal to the reporting level and ranged from 200±60 to 7,000±260 picocuries per liter. Tritium concentrations from one or more discrete zones from four wells equipped with MLMS were greater than or equal to reporting levels in water samples collected at various depths. Tritium concentrations in water from wells completed in shallow perched groundwater at the Advanced Test Reactor Complex (ATR Complex) were less than the reporting levels. Tritium concentrations in deep perched groundwater at the ATR Complex equaled or exceeded the reporting level in 12 wells during at least one sampling event during 2009–11 at the ATR Complex. Concentrations of strontium-90 in water from 20 of 76 aquifer wells sampled during April or October 2011 exceeded the reporting level. Strontium-90 was not detected within the ESRP aquifer beneath the ATR Complex. During at least one sampling event during 2009–11, concentrations of strontium-90 in water from 10 wells completed in deep perched groundwater at the ATR Complex equaled or exceeded the reporting levels. During 2009–11, concentrations of plutonium-238, and plutonium-239, -240 (undivided), and americium-241 were less than the reporting level in water samples from all aquifer wells and in all wells equipped with MLMS. Concentrations of cesium-137 were equal to or slightly above the reporting level in 8 aquifer wells and from 2 wells equipped with MLMS. The concentration of chromium in water from one well south of the ATR Complex was 97 micrograms per liter (μg/L) in April 2011, just less than the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 100 μg/L. Concentrations of chromium in water samples from 69 other wells sampled ranged from 0.8 μg/L to 25 μg/L. During 2009–11, dissolved chromium was detected in water from 15 wells completed in perched groundwater at the ATR Complex. In 2011, concentrations of sodium in water from most wells in the southern part of the INL were greater than the background concentration of 10 milligrams per liter (mg/L); the highest concentrations were at or near the Idaho Nuclear Engineering and Technology Center (INTEC). After the newpercolation ponds were put into service in 2002 southwest of the INTEC, concentrations of sodium in water samples from the Rifle Range well rose steadily until 2008, when the concentrations generally began decreasing. The increases and decreases were attributed to disposal variability in the new percolation ponds. Concentrations of sodium in most wells equipped with MLMS generally were consistent with depth. During 2011, dissolved sodium concentrations in water from 17 wells completed in deep perched groundwater at the ATR Complex ranged from 6 to 146 mg/L. In 2011, concentrations of chloride in most water samples from aquifer wells south of the INTEC and at the Central Facilities Area exceeded the background concentrations of 15 mg/L, but were less than the secondary MCL of 250 mg/L. Chloride concentrations in water from wells south of the INTEC have generally increased because of increased chloride disposal to the old percolation ponds since 1984 when discharge of wastewater to the INTEC disposal well was discontinued. After the new percolation ponds were put into service in 2002 southwest of the INTEC, concentrations of chloride in water samples from one well rose steadily until 2008 then began decreasing. Chloride concentrations in water from all but one well completed in the ESRP aquifer at or near the ATR Complex were less than background and ranged between 10 and 14 mg/L during 2011, similar to concentrations detected during the 2006–08 reporting period. During 2011, chloride concentrations in water from two aquifer wells at the Radioactive Waste Management Complex (RWMC) were slightly greater than concentrations detected during the 2006–08 reporting period. The vertical distribution of chloride concentrations in wells equipped with MLMS were generally consistent within zones during 2009–11 and ranged from about 8 to 20 mg/L. During April 2011, dissolved chloride concentrations in shallow perched groundwater at the ATR Complex ranged from 7 to 13 mg/L in water from three wells. Dissolved chloride concentrations in deep perched groundwater at the ATR Complex during 2011 ranged from 4 to 54 mg/L. In 2011, sulfate concentrations in water samples from 11 aquifer wells in the south-central part of the INL equaled or exceeded the background concentration of sulfate and ranged from 40 to 167 mg/L. The greater-than-background concentrations in water from these wells probably resulted from sulfate disposal at the ATR Complex infiltration ponds or the old INTEC percolation ponds. In 2011, sulfate concentrations in water samples from two wells near the RWMC were greater than background levels and could have resulted from well construction techniques and (or) waste disposal at the RWMC. The vertical distribution of sulfate concentrations in three wells near the southern boundary of the INL was generally consistent with depth, and ranged between 19 and 25 mg/L. The maximum dissolved sulfate concentration in shallow perched groundwater near the ATR Complex was 400 mg/L in well CWP 1 in April 2011. During 2009–11, the maximum concentration of dissolved sulfate in deep perched groundwater at the ATR Complex was 1,550 mg/L in a well located west of the chemical-waste pond. In 2011, concentrations of nitrate in water from most wells at and near the INTEC exceeded the regional background concentrations of 1 mg/L and ranged from 1.6 to 5.95 mg/L. Concentrations of nitrate in wells south of INTEC and farther away from the influence of disposal areas and the Big Lost River show a general decrease in nitrate concentrations through time. During 2009–11, water samples from 30 wells were collected and analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Six VOCs were detected. At least one and up to five VOCs were detected in water samples from 10 wells. The primary VOCs detected include carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, tetrachloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and trichloroethylene. In 2011, concentrations for all VOCs were less than their respective MCL for drinking water, except carbon tetrachloride in water from two wells. During 2009–11, variability and bias were evaluated from 56 replicate and 16 blank quality-assurance samples. Results from replicate analyses were investigated to evaluate sample variability. Constituents with acceptable reproducibility were stable isotope ratios, major ions, nutrients, and VOCs. All radiochemical constituents and trace metals had acceptable reproducibility except for gross beta-particle radioactivity, aluminum, antimony, and cobalt. Bias from sample contamination was evaluated from equipment, field, container, and source-solution blanks. No detectable constituent concentrations were reported for equipment blanks of the thief samplers and sampling pipes or for the source-solution and field blanks. Equipment blanks of bailers had detectable concentrations of strontium-90, sodium, chloride, and sulfate, and the container blank had a detectable concentration of dichloromethane.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135214","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Davis, L.C., Bartholomay, R.C., and Rattray, G.W., 2013, An update of hydrologic conditions and distribution of selected constituents in water, eastern Snake River Plain aquifer and perched groundwater zones, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho, emphasis 2009–11: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5214, x, 89 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135214.","productDescription":"x, 89 p.","numberOfPages":"206","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-045208","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280581,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280580,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5214/pdf/sir20135214.pdf"},{"id":280574,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5214/"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 12","datum":"North American Datum of 1927","country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.75,43.25 ], [ -113.75,44.5 ], [ -112.25,44.5 ], [ -112.25,43.25 ], [ -113.75,43.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52c68a5ee4b06d2ed1226481","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Linda C. lcdavis@usgs.gov","contributorId":2539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Linda","email":"lcdavis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bartholomay, Roy C. 0000-0002-4809-9287 rcbarth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-9287","contributorId":1131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomay","given":"Roy","email":"rcbarth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rattray, Gordon W. 0000-0002-1690-3218 grattray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1690-3218","contributorId":2521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattray","given":"Gordon","email":"grattray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70059316,"text":"ofr20131301 - 2013 - Monitoring of adult Lost River and shortnose suckers in Clear Lake Reservoir, California, 2008–2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-04T15:42:46","indexId":"ofr20131301","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-23T14:53:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1301","title":"Monitoring of adult Lost River and shortnose suckers in Clear Lake Reservoir, California, 2008–2010","docAbstract":"In collaboration with the Bureau of Reclamation, the U.S. Geological Survey began a consistent monitoring program for endangered Lost River suckers (Deltistes luxatus) and shortnose suckers (Chasmistes brevirostris) in Clear Lake Reservoir, California, in the fall of 2004. The program was intended to develop a more complete understanding of the Clear Lake Reservoir populations because they are important to the recovery efforts for these species. We report results from this ongoing program and include sampling efforts from fall 2008 to spring 2010. We summarize catches and passive integrated transponder (PIT) tagging efforts from trammel net sampling in fall 2008 and fall 2009, as well as detections of PIT-tagged suckers on remote antennas in the spawning tributary, Willow Creek, in spring 2009 and spring 2010.
\nTrammel net sampling resulted in a relatively low catch of suckers in fall 2008 and a high catch of suckers in fall 2009. We attribute the high catch of suckers to low lake levels in 2009, which concentrated fish. As in previous years, shortnose suckers made up the vast majority of the sucker catch and recaptures of previously PIT-tagged suckers were relatively uncommon. Across the 2 years, we captured and tagged 389 new Lost River suckers and 2,874 new shortnose suckers. Since the program began, we have tagged a total of about 1,200 Lost River suckers and 5,900 shortnose suckers that can be detected on the remote antennas in Willow Creek. Detections of tagged suckers were low in both spring 2009 and spring 2010. The magnitude of the spawning migration was presumably small in both years because of low flows in Willow Creek; detections were similar to a previous low-flow year (spring 2007) and much lower than previous years with higher flows (spring 2006 and spring 2008).
\nThe size composition of fish captured in fall trammel net sampling over time suggests that the Lost River sucker population probably has decreased in abundance from what it was in the early 2000s. Shortnose suckers are smaller than Lost River suckers, and we are unable to infer any trend in abundance for shortnose suckers because it is impossible to separate recruitment of small fish from size selectivity of the trammel nets. Nonetheless, the substantial catch of small shortnose suckers in 2009, especially females, indicates that some new individuals recruited to the population.
\nProblems with inferring status and population dynamics from size composition data can be overcome by a robust capture-recapture program that follows the histories of PIT-tagged individuals. Inferences from such a program are currently hindered by poor detection rates during spawning seasons with low flows in Willow Creek, which indicate that a key assumption of capture-recapture models is violated. We suggest that the most straightforward solution to this issue would be to collect detection data during the spawning season using remote PIT tag antennas in the strait between the west and east lobes of the lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131301","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Hewitt, D.A., and Hayes, B., 2013, Monitoring of adult Lost River and shortnose suckers in Clear Lake Reservoir, California, 2008–2010: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1301, iv, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131301.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051993","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280526,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131301.JPG"},{"id":280524,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1301/pdf/ofr2013-1301.pdf","text":"Report","size":"900 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":280525,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1301/"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.3831,41.78000 ], [ -122.3831,42.7534 ], [ -120.9161,42.7534 ], [ -120.9161,41.78000 ], [ -122.3831,41.78000 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52b95be1e4b0a747b3e7e7a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hewitt, David A. 0000-0002-5387-0275 dhewitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5387-0275","contributorId":3767,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hewitt","given":"David","email":"dhewitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hayes, Brian S. 0000-0001-8229-4070","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8229-4070","contributorId":37022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Brian S.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":487665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70055710,"text":"sim3259 - 2013 - Base of the upper layer of the phase-three Elkhorn-Loup groundwater-flow model, north-central Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-23T11:24:50","indexId":"sim3259","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-23T11:01:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3259","title":"Base of the upper layer of the phase-three Elkhorn-Loup groundwater-flow model, north-central Nebraska","docAbstract":"The Elkhorn and Loup Rivers in Nebraska provide water for irrigation, recreation, hydropower production, aquatic life, and municipal water systems for the Omaha and Lincoln metropolitan areas. Groundwater is another important resource in the region and is extracted primarily for agricultural irrigation. Water managers of the area are interested in balancing and sustaining the long-term uses of these essential surface-water and groundwater resources. Thus, a cooperative study was established in 2006 to compile reliable data describing hydrogeologic properties and water-budget components and to improve the understanding of stream-aquifer interactions in the Elkhorn and Loup River Basins. A groundwater-flow model was constructed as part of the first two phases of that study as a tool for understanding the effect of groundwater pumpage on stream base flow and the effects of management strategies on hydrologically connected groundwater and surface-water supplies. The third phase of the study was implemented to gain additional geologic knowledge and update the ELM with enhanced water-budget information and refined discretization of the model grid and stress periods. As part of that effort, the ELM is being reconstructed to include two vertical model layers, whereas phase-one and phase-two simulations represented the aquifer system using one vertical model layer. This report presents a map of and methods for developing the elevation of the base of the upper model layer for the phase-three ELM. Digital geospatial data of elevation contours and geologic log sites used to estimate elevation contours are available as part of this report.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3259","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lower Elkhorn, Lower Loup, Lower Platte North, Middle Niobrara, and Upper Elkhorn Natural Resources Districts","usgsCitation":"Stanton, J.S., 2013, Base of the upper layer of the phase-three Elkhorn-Loup groundwater-flow model, north-central Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3259, Map: 49 inches x 39 inches; Associated Metadata and GIS files, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3259.","productDescription":"Map: 49 inches x 39 inches; Associated Metadata and GIS files","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-043054","costCenters":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280507,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim3259.gif"},{"id":280504,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/sim2013-3259_sites.xml"},{"id":280503,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3259/pdf/sim3259.pdf"},{"id":280505,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/sim2013-3259_contours.xml"},{"id":280506,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3259/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -102.4640,40.5000 ], [ -102.4640,43.0000 ], [ -97.2839,43.0000 ], [ -97.2839,40.5000 ], [ -102.4640,40.5000 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52b95b5fe4b0a747b3e7e599","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanton, Jennifer S. 0000-0002-2520-753X jstanton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2520-753X","contributorId":830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"Jennifer","email":"jstanton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70056038,"text":"sir20135209 - 2013 - A preliminary assessment of streamflow gains and losses for selected stream reaches in the lower Guadalupe River Basin, Texas, 2010-12","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-05T13:18:32","indexId":"sir20135209","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-17T12:40:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5209","title":"A preliminary assessment of streamflow gains and losses for selected stream reaches in the lower Guadalupe River Basin, Texas, 2010-12","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers–Fort Worth District, the Texas Water Development Board, the Guadalupe-Blanco River Authority, and the Edwards Aquifer Authority, investigated streamflow gains and losses in the lower Guadalupe River Basin during four selected base-flow periods in March 2010, April 2011, August 2011, and, for a stream reach between Seguin, Tex., and Gonzales, Tex., in September 2012. Major sources of streamflow in this basin include releases from Canyon Lake, inflow from major springs (Comal Springs, San Marcos Springs, and Hueco Springs), and base flow (groundwater seeping to streams). Streamflow and spring-flow data were collected at 35 streamflow-gaging stations (including 6 deployed for this study) during the base-flow periods. This report describes streamflow in the lower Guadalupe River Basin, which consists of the Guadalupe River drainage basin downstream from Canyon Lake to the Guadalupe River near Tivoli, Tex.
\nStreamflow conditions in the lower Guadalupe River Basin were analyzed by computing surface-water budgets for reaches of the lower Guadalupe River and tributary streams. Streamflow gains and losses were mapped for reaches where the computed gain or loss was greater than the uncertainty in the computed streamflow at the upstream and downstream ends of the reach.
\nDuring the March 15–21, 2010, base-flow period, five reaches had gains greater than the uncertainty in the computed streamflow, including reach 1 on the Guadalupe River, which gained 130 cubic feet per second (ft3/s), and reach 3 on the Comal River, which gained 359 ft3/s. Streamflow gains during March 2010 primarily were derived from (1) inflow from the Edwards aquifer outcrop, including Hueco Springs and Comal Springs; (2) flow conveyed through the alluvium of the streambed; (3) inflows from the Carrizo-Wilcox aquifer and the Yegua Jackson aquifer; and (4) groundwater inflows from the Gulf Coast aquifer, which are enhanced by seepage losses from Coleto Creek Reservoir. During this base-flow period, none of the reaches had a loss greater in magnitude than the uncertainty in the computed streamflow.
\nDuring the April 10–16, 2011, base-flow period, three reaches had gains greater than the uncertainty in the computed streamflow. Among these three reaches were reach 1 on the Guadalupe River, which gained 40.7 ft3/s, and reach 3 on the Comal River, which gained 271 ft3/s—reaches where streamflow gains were also measured in March 2010. Streamflow gains during April 2011 primarily were derived from (1) inflow from the Edwards aquifer outcrop, including Hueco Springs and Comal Springs; and (2) inflows from the Carrizo-Wilcox aquifer. During this base-flow period, three reaches had losses greater in magnitude than the uncertainty in the computed streamflow. A reach of the Blanco River near Kyle, Tex. (reach 10), lost 18.7 cubic feet per second (ft3/s). Much of this loss likely entered the groundwater system through the numerous faults that intersect the stream channel northwest of Kyle. The reach that included the confluence of the Guadalupe and San Marcos Rivers (reach 17) lost 155 ft3/s, likely as recharge to the Sparta and Queen City aquifers.
\nDuring the August 19–25, 2011, base-flow period, three reaches had gains greater than the uncertainty in the computed streamflow, including reach 3 on the Comal River (168 ft3/s gain), which was one of the reaches where gains in streamflow also were measured in March 2010 and April 2011. Streamflow gains in August 2011 were primarily from (1) inflows from Comal Springs, (2) inflows from the Yegua Jackson aquifer, and (3) groundwater inflows from the Gulf Coast aquifer, which are enhanced by seepage losses from Coleto Creek Reservoir. During this base-flow period, five reaches had losses greater in magnitude than the uncertainty in the computed streamflow. The reach including the confluence of the Guadalupe and Comal Rivers lost 82.8 ft3/s. Much of that loss likely seeped into the local groundwater system. The reach of the Guadalupe River south of New Braunfels, Tex., to Seguin, Tex., lost 53.5 ft3/s. Part of that loss may have been from seepage through streambed alluvium. Reaches 9 and 10 of the Blanco River near Kyle lost 2.20 and 6.60 ft3/s, respectively, likely as infiltration through numerous faults intersecting the stream channel northwest of Kyle. Plum Creek between Lockhart, Tex., and Luling, Tex., lost 2.11 ft3/s, likely as recharge to the Carrizo-Wilcox aquifer. A base-flow period during September 22–28, 2012, was studied for the reach of the Guadalupe River between Seguin and Gonzalez, including flows from San Marcos River and Plum Creek. During this period, for the Guadalupe River reach between Seguin and Oak Forest, no computed gains or losses were greater in magnitude than the uncertainty in the computed streamflow.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135209","issn":"2328-0328","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers–Fort Worth District, the Texas Water Development Board, the Guadalupe-Blanco River Authority, and the Edwards Aquifer Authority","usgsCitation":"Wehmeyer, L.L., Winters, K.E., and Ockerman, D.J., 2013, A preliminary assessment of streamflow gains and losses for selected stream reaches in the lower Guadalupe River Basin, Texas, 2010-12: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5209, v, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135209.","productDescription":"v, 30 p.","numberOfPages":"39","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2010-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-01","ipdsId":"IP-050892","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280374,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135209.jpg"},{"id":280372,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5209/"},{"id":280373,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5209/pdf/sir2013-5209.pdf"}],"scale":"100000","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Guadalupe River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100.0,28.0 ], [ -100.0,30.2 ], [ -96.0,30.2 ], [ -96.0,28.0 ], [ -100.0,28.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52b17262e4b0d9b325224481","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wehmeyer, Loren L.","contributorId":90412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wehmeyer","given":"Loren","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winters, Karl E. kwinters@usgs.gov","contributorId":3554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winters","given":"Karl","email":"kwinters@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":486300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ockerman, Darwin J. 0000-0003-1958-1688 ockerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1958-1688","contributorId":1579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ockerman","given":"Darwin","email":"ockerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70049017,"text":"sir20135181 - 2013 - Hydrology and water quality of Shell Lake, Washburn County, Wisconsin, with special emphasis on the effects of diversion and changes in water level on the water quality of a shallow terminal lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:17:35","indexId":"sir20135181","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-16T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5181","title":"Hydrology and water quality of Shell Lake, Washburn County, Wisconsin, with special emphasis on the effects of diversion and changes in water level on the water quality of a shallow terminal lake","docAbstract":"Shell Lake is a relatively shallow terminal lake (tributaries but no outlets) in northwestern Wisconsin that has experienced approximately 10 feet (ft) of water-level fluctuation over more than 70 years of record and extensive flooding of nearshore areas starting in the early 2000s. The City of Shell Lake (City) received a permit from the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources in 2002 to divert water from the lake to a nearby river in order to lower water levels and reduce flooding. Previous studies suggested that water-level fluctuations were driven by long-term cycles in precipitation, evaporation, and runoff, although questions about the lake’s connection with the groundwater system remained. The permit required that the City evaluate assumptions about lake/groundwater interactions made in previous studies and evaluate the effects of the water diversion on water levels in Shell Lake and other nearby lakes. Therefore, a cooperative study between the City and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) was initiated to improve the understanding of the hydrogeology of the area and evaluate potential effects of the diversion on water levels in Shell Lake, the surrounding groundwater system, and nearby lakes. Concerns over deteriorating water quality in the lake, possibly associated with changes in water level, prompted an additional cooperative project between the City and the USGS to evaluate efeffects of changes in nutrient loading associated with changes in water levels on the water quality of Shell Lake. Numerical models were used to evaluate how the hydrology and water quality responded to diversion of water from the lake and historical changes in the watershed. The groundwater-flow model MODFLOW was used to simulate groundwater movement in the area around Shell Lake, including groundwater/surface-water interactions. Simulated results from the MODFLOW model indicate that groundwater flows generally northward in the area around Shell Lake, with flow locally converging toward the lake. Total groundwater inflow to Shell Lake is small (approximately 5 percent of the water budget) compared with water entering the lake from precipitation (83 percent) and surface-water runoff (13 percent). The MODFLOW model also was used to simulate average annual hydrologic conditions from 1949 to 2009, including effects of the removal of 3 billion gallons of water during 2003–5. The maximum decline in simulated average annual water levels for Shell Lake due to the diversion alone was 3.3 ft at the end of the diversion process in 2005. Model simulations also indicate that although water level continued to decline through 2009 in response to local weather patterns (local drought), the effects of the diversion decreased after the diversion ceased; that is, after 4 years of recovery (2006–9), drawdown attributable to the diversion alone decreased by about 0.6 ft because of increased groundwater inflow and decreased lake-water outflow to groundwater caused by the artificially lower lake level. A delayed response in drawdown of less than 0.5 ft was transmitted through the groundwater-flow system to upgradient lakes. This relatively small effect on upgradient lakes is attributed in part to extensive layers of shallow clay that limit lake/groundwater interaction in the area. Data collected in the lake indicated that Shell Lake is polymictic (characterized by frequent deep mixing) and that its productivity is limited by the amount of phosphorus in the lake. The lake was typically classified as oligotrophic-mesotrophic in June, mesotrophic in July, and mesotrophic-eutrophic in August. In polymictic lakes like Shell Lake, phosphorus released from the sediments is not trapped near the bottom of the lake but is intermittently released to the shallow water, resulting in deteriorating water quality as summer progresses. Because the productivity of Shell Lake is limited by phosphorus, the sources of phosphorus to the lake were quantified, and the response in water quality to changes in phosphorus inputs were evaluated by means of eutrophication models. During 2009, the total input of phosphorus to Shell Lake was 1,730 pounds (lb), of which 1,320 lb came from external sources (76 percent) and 414 lb came from internal loading from sediments in the lake (24 percent). The largest external source was from surface-water runoff, which delivered about 52 percent of the total phosphorus load compared with about 13 percent of the water input. The second largest source was from precipitation (wetfall and dryfall), which delivered 19 percent of the load compared to about 83 percent of the water input. Contributions from septic systems and groundwater accounted for about 3 and 2 percent, respectively. Increased runoff raises water levels in the lake but does not necessarily increase phosphorus loading because phosphorus concentrations in the tributaries decline during increased flow, possibly because of shorter retention times in upstream wetlands. Phosphorus loading to the lake in 2009 represented what occurred after a series of dry years; therefore, this information was combined with data from 2011, a wet year, to estimate phosphorus loading during a range of hydrologic conditions by estimating loading from each component of the phosphorus budget for each year from 1949 to 2011. Comparisons of historical water-quality records with historical water levels and applications of a hydrodynamic model (Dynamic Lake Model, DLM) and empirical eutrophication models were used to understand how changes in water level and the coinciding changes in phosphorus loading affect the water quality of Shell Lake. DLM simulations indicate that large changes in water level (approximately 10 ft) affect the persistence of stratification in the lake. During periods with low water levels, the lake is a well-mixed, polymictic system, with water quality degrading slightly as summer progresses. During periods with high water levels, the lake is more stratified, and phosphorus from internal loading is trapped in the hypolimnion and released later in summer, which results in more extreme seasonality in water quality and better clarity in early summer. Results of eutrophication model simulations using a range in external phosphorus inputs illustrate how water quality in Shell Lake (phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations and Secchi depths) responds to changes in external phosphorus loading. Results indicate that a 50-percent reduction in external loading from that measured in 2009 would be required to change phosphorus concentrations from 0.018 milligram per liter (mg/L) (measured in 2009) to 0.012 mg/L (estimated for the mid-1800s from analysis of diatoms in sediment cores). Such reductions in phosphorus loading cannot be accomplished by targeting septic systems or internal loading alone because septic systems contribute only about 3 percent of the phosphorus input to the lake, and internal loading from the sediments of Shell Lake contributes only about 25 percent of phosphorus input. Complete elimination of phosphorus from septic systems and internal loading would decrease the phosphorus concentrations in the lake by 0.003–0.004 mg/L. Therefore, reducing phosphorus concentration in the lake more than by 0.004 mg/L requires decreasing phosphorus loading from surface-water contributions, primarily runoff to the lake. Reconstructed changes in water quality from 1860 to 2010, based on changes in the diatom communities archived in the sediments and eutrophication model simulations, suggest that anthropogenic changes in the watershed (sawmill construction in 1881; the establishment of the village of Shell Lake; and land-use changes in the 1920s, including increased agriculture) had a much larger effect on water quality than the natural changes associated with fluctuations in water level. Although the effects of natural changes in water level on water quality appear to be small, changes in water level do have a modest effect on water quality, primarily manifested as small improvements during higher water levels. Fluctuations in water level, however, have a larger effect on the seasonality of water-quality patterns, with better water quality, especially increased Secchi depths, in early summer during years with high water levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135181","collaboration":"In cooperation with the City of Shell Lake, Wisconsin","usgsCitation":"Juckem, P.F., and Robertson, D.M., 2013, Hydrology and water quality of Shell Lake, Washburn County, Wisconsin, with special emphasis on the effects of diversion and changes in water level on the water quality of a shallow terminal lake: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5181, Report: x, 77 p.; Appendix 1: PDF file; Appendix 2: PDF file, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135181.","productDescription":"Report: x, 77 p.; Appendix 1: PDF file; Appendix 2: PDF file","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-045912","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280323,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135181.jpg"},{"id":280321,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5181/pdf/sir2013-5181_appendix1.pdf"},{"id":280322,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5181/pdf/sir2013-5181_appendix2.pdf"},{"id":280320,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5181/pdf/sir2013-5181.pdf"},{"id":280319,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5181/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Washburn County","otherGeospatial":"Shell Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.94286346435547,\n 45.75506798173109\n ],\n [\n -91.86355590820312,\n 45.75530752680575\n ],\n [\n -91.86424255371094,\n 45.70881653205482\n ],\n [\n -91.89960479736327,\n 45.7066587939899\n ],\n [\n -91.9068145751953,\n 45.70929601809127\n ],\n [\n -91.94252014160156,\n 45.70953575956707\n ],\n [\n -91.94286346435547,\n 45.75506798173109\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52b0211fe4b0242fceec8584","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juckem, Paul F. 0000-0002-3613-1761 pfjuckem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3613-1761","contributorId":1905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juckem","given":"Paul","email":"pfjuckem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70049012,"text":"sir20135183 - 2013 - Assessment of water-quality data from Long Lake National Wildlife Refuge, North Dakota--2008 through 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-16T11:05:29","indexId":"sir20135183","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-16T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5183","title":"Assessment of water-quality data from Long Lake National Wildlife Refuge, North Dakota--2008 through 2012","docAbstract":"ong Lake National Wildlife Refuge, located in south-central North Dakota, is an important habitat for numerous migratory birds and waterfowl, including several threatened or endangered species. The refuge is distinguished by Long Lake, which is approximately 65 square kilometers and consists of four primary water management units. Water levels in the Long Lake units are maintained by low-level dikes and water-control structures, which after construction during the 1930s increased the water-storage capacity of Long Lake and reduced the frequency and volume of flushing flows downstream. The altered water regime, along with the negative precipitation:evaporation ratio of the region, may be contributing to the accumulation of water-borne chemical constituents such as salts, trace metals, and other constituents, which at certain threshold concentrations may impair aquatic plant, invertebrate, and bird communities of the refuge. The refuge’s comprehensive conservation planning process identified the need for water-quality monitoring to assess current (2013) conditions, establish comparative baselines, evaluate changes over time (trends), and support adaptive management of the wetland units. In 2008, the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and North Dakota Department of Health began a water-quality monitoring program at Long Lake National Wildlife Refuge to address these needs. Biweekly water-quality samples were collected for ions, trace metals, and nutrients; and in situ sensors and data loggers were installed for the continuous measurement of specific conductance and water depth.\n\nLong Lake was characterized primarily by sodium, bicarbonate, and sulfate ions. Overall results for total alkalinity and hardness were 580 and 329 milligrams per liter, respectively; thus, Long Lake is considered alkaline and classified as very hard. The mean pH and sodium adsorption ratio for Long Lake were 8.8 and 10, respectively. Total dissolved solids concentrations averaged approximately 1,750 milligrams per liter, and ranged from 117 to 39,700 milligrams per liter. Twelve of the 14 trace metals detected in the water samples had established North Dakota water-quality standards for aquatic life, and only aluminum and copper consistently exceeded these criteria. Aluminum is considered harmful to aquatic biota in acidic (pH less than 5.5) systems and most of the copper standard exceedances were collected from highly concentrated waters because of evaporation and seasonally low water levels. Concentrations for various forms of nitrogen and phosphorus generally were similar to reported regional values.\n\nSpecific conductance of Long Lake varied seasonally and annually both within and among management units, with values ranging from less than 500 to nearly 40,000 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius. Long Lake was characterized by consistent seasonal patterns of increasing specific conductance from spring (March and April) to fall (September and October), with levels stabilizing through the end of the sampling season (November). These seasonal patterns in specific conductance were associated with decreasing water levels throughout the summer due primarily to evaporation and continuous water releases through the Unit 1 outlet structure, which resulted in the concentration of salts. Specific conductance of each unit, along with water levels, also varied among years. Overall, specific conductance levels were greatest during the drier year of 2008 when water levels were low. Specific conductance levels were lowest during the spring of 2009 following above-average volumes of fresh water from snowmelt runoff. Comparisons of specific conductance among sample sites that were spatially distributed within each management unit suggested that spatial variability within units was low except for areas associated with local inflows.\n\nData collected during this study revealed consistent seasonal patterns and low within-unit spatial variability of specific conductance. Based on these data results, future sample collection efforts may be reduced, as well as the number of sample locations, to limit sampling costs. Water-quality samples collected monthly or seasonally during the growing season (spring, summer, and fall) from a single representative location within each water-management unit should provide sufficient data to assess seasonal changes in water-quality over time and provide information for Long Lake management decisions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135183","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and North Dakota Department of Health","usgsCitation":"Tangen, B., Finocchiaro, R.G., Gleason, R.A., Rabenberg, M.J., Dahl, C.F., and Ell, M., 2013, Assessment of water-quality data from Long Lake National Wildlife Refuge, North Dakota--2008 through 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5183, Report: vi, 27 p.; Appendix 1: XLSX file; Appendix 2: XLSX file, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135183.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 27 p.; Appendix 1: XLSX file; Appendix 2: XLSX file","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-045659","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280315,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135183.jpg"},{"id":280316,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5183/"},{"id":280317,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5183/pdf/sir2013-5183.pdf"},{"id":280318,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5183/downloads/"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator, zone 13N","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Long Lake National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100.327148,46.658156 ], [ -100.327148,46.773731 ], [ -99.983482,46.773731 ], [ -99.983482,46.658156 ], [ -100.327148,46.658156 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52b0211ee4b0242fceec8576","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tangen, Brian A. 0000-0001-5157-9882 btangen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5157-9882","contributorId":467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tangen","given":"Brian A.","email":"btangen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":486015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finocchiaro, Raymond G. rfinocchiaro@usgs.gov","contributorId":3673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finocchiaro","given":"Raymond","email":"rfinocchiaro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":486017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gleason, Robert A. 0000-0001-5308-8657 rgleason@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5308-8657","contributorId":2402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleason","given":"Robert","email":"rgleason@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rabenberg, Michael J.","contributorId":47278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rabenberg","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dahl, Charles F. cdahl@usgs.gov","contributorId":4052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dahl","given":"Charles","email":"cdahl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ell, Mike J.","contributorId":101175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ell","given":"Mike J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70048911,"text":"sir20135198 - 2013 - Circulation, mixing, and transport in nearshore Lake Erie in the vicinity of Villa Angela Beach and Euclid Creek, Cleveland, Ohio, September 11-12, 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-09T13:00:49","indexId":"sir20135198","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-09T12:38:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5198","title":"Circulation, mixing, and transport in nearshore Lake Erie in the vicinity of Villa Angela Beach and Euclid Creek, Cleveland, Ohio, September 11-12, 2012","docAbstract":"Villa Angela Beach, on the Lake Erie lakeshore near Cleveland, Ohio, is adjacent to the mouth of Euclid Creek, a small, flashy stream draining approximately 23 square miles and susceptible to periodic contamination from combined sewer overflows (CSOs) (97 and 163 CSO events in 2010 and 2011, respectively). Concerns over high concentrations of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in water samples taken along this beach and frequent beach closures led to the collection of synoptic data in the nearshore area in an attempt to gain insights into mixing processes, circulation, and the potential for transport of bacteria and other CSO-related pollutants from various sources in Euclid Creek and along the lakefront. An integrated synoptic survey was completed by the U.S. Geological Survey on September 11–12, 2012, during low-flow conditions on Euclid Creek, which followed rain-induced high flows in the creek on September 8–9, 2012. Data-collection methods included deployment of an autonomous underwater vehicle and use of a manned boat equipped with an acoustic Doppler current profiler. Spatial distributions of water-quality measures and nearshore currents indicated that the mixing zone encompassing the mouth of Euclid Creek and Villa Angela Beach is dynamic and highly variable in extent, but can exhibit a large zone of recirculation that can, at times, be decoupled from local wind forcing. Observed circulation patterns during September 2012 indicated that pollutants from CSOs in Euclid Creek and water discharged from three shoreline CSO points within 2,000 feet of the beach could be trapped along Villa Angela Beach by interaction of nearshore currents and shoreline structures. In spite of observed coastal downwelling, denser water from Euclid Creek is shown to mix to the surface via offshore turbulent structures that span the full depth of flow. While the southwesterly longshore currents driving the recirculation pattern along the beach front were observed during the 2011–12 synoptic surveys, longshore currents with a southwesterly component capable of establishing the recirculation only occurred about 30 percent of the time from June 7 to October 6, 2012, based on continuous velocity data collected near Villa Angela Beach.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135198","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District","usgsCitation":"Jackson, P., 2013, Circulation, mixing, and transport in nearshore Lake Erie in the vicinity of Villa Angela Beach and Euclid Creek, Cleveland, Ohio, September 11-12, 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5198, viii, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135198.","productDescription":"viii, 34 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-044195","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280233,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135198.jpg"},{"id":280231,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5198/pdf/sir2013-5198.pdf"},{"id":280232,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5198/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","city":"Cleveland","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.573486,41.580333 ], [ -81.573486,41.591166 ], [ -81.559474,41.591166 ], [ -81.559474,41.580333 ], [ -81.573486,41.580333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52a717d5e4b0de1a6d2d96ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jackson, P. Ryan pjackson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"P. Ryan","email":"pjackson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":485796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70058474,"text":"ofr20131246 - 2013 - Geomorphic and vegetation processes of the Willamette River floodplain, Oregon: current understanding and unanswered science questions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-24T15:36:58","indexId":"ofr20131246","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-06T09:29:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1246","title":"Geomorphic and vegetation processes of the Willamette River floodplain, Oregon: current understanding and unanswered science questions","docAbstract":"This report summarizes the current understanding of floodplain processes and landforms for the Willamette River and its major tributaries. The area of focus encompasses the main stem Willamette River above Newberg and the portions of the Coast Fork Willamette, Middle Fork Willamette, McKenzie, and North, South and main stem Santiam Rivers downstream of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dams. These reaches constitute a large portion of the alluvial, salmon-bearing rivers in the Willamette Basin.
\nThe geomorphic, or historical, floodplain of these rivers has two zones - the active channel where coarse sediment is mobilized and transported during annual flooding and overbank areas where fine sediment is deposited during higher magnitude floods. Historically, characteristics of the rivers and geomorphic floodplain (including longitudinal patterns in channel complexity and the abundance of side channels, islands and gravel bars) were controlled by the interactions between floods and the transport of coarse sediment and large wood. Local channel responses to these interactions were then shaped by geologic features like bedrock outcrops and variations in channel slope.
\nOver the last 150 years, floods and the transport of coarse sediment and large wood have been substantially reduced in the basin. With dam regulation, nearly all peak flows are now confined to the main channels. Large floods (greater than 10-year recurrence interval prior to basinwide flow regulation) have been largely eliminated. Also, the magnitude and frequency of small floods (events that formerly recurred every 2–10 years) have decreased substantially. The large dams trap an estimated 50–60 percent of bed-material sediment—the building block of active channel habitats—that historically entered the Willamette River. They also trap more than 80 percent of the estimated bed material in the lower South Santiam River and Middle and Coast Forks of the Willamette River. Downstream, revetments further decrease bed-material supply by an unknown amount because they limit bank erosion and entrainment of stored sediment.
\nThe rivers, geomorphic floodplain, and vegetation within the study area have changed noticeably in response to the alterations in floods and coarse sediment and wood transport. Widespread decreases have occurred in the rates of meander migration and avulsions and the number and diversity of landforms such as gravel bars, islands, and side channels. Dynamic and, in some cases, multi-thread river segments have become stable, single-thread channels. Preliminary observations suggest that forest area has increased within the active channel, further reducing the area of unvegetated gravel bars.
\nAlterations to floods and sediment transport and ongoing channel, floodplain, and vegetation responses result in a modern Willamette River Basin. Here, the floodplain influenced by the modern flow and sediment regimes, or the functional floodplain, is narrower and inset with the broader and older geomorphic floodplain. The functional floodplain is flanked by higher elevation relict floodplain features that are no longer inundated by modern floods. The corridor of present- day active channel surfaces is narrower, enabling riparian vegetation to establish on formerly active gravel bar surfaces.
\nThe modern Willamette River Basin with its fundamental changes in the flood, sediment transport, and large wood regimes has implications for future habitat conditions. System-wide future trends probably include narrower floodplains and a lower diversity of landforms and habitats along the Willamette River and its major tributaries compared to historical patterns and today.
\nFurthermore, specific conditions and future trends will probably vary between geologically stable, anthropogenically stable, and dynamic reaches. The middle and lower segments of the Willamette River are geologically stable, whereas the South Santiam and Middle Fork Willamette Rivers were historically dynamic, but are now largely stable in response to flow regulation and revetment construction. The upper Willamette and North Santiam Rivers retain some dynamic characteristics, and provide the greatest diversity of aquatic and riparian habitats under the current flow and sediment regime. The McKenzie River has some areas that are more dynamic, whereas other sections are stable due to geology or revetments.
\nHistorical reductions in channel dynamism also have implications for ongoing and future recruitment and succession of floodplain forests. For instance, the succession of native plants like black cottonwood is currently limited by (1) fewer low-elevation gravel bars for stand initiation; (2) altered streamflow during seed release, germination, and stand initiation; (3) competition from introduced plant species; and (4) frequent erosion of young vegetation in some locations because scouring flows are concentrated within a narrow channel corridor.
\nDespite past alterations, the Willamette River Basin has many of the physical and ecological building blocks necessary for highly functioning rivers. Management strategies, including environmental flow programs, river and floodplain restoration, revetment modifications, and reclamation of gravel mines, are underway to mitigate some historical changes. However, there are some substantial gaps in the scientific understanding of the modern Willamette basin that is needed to efficiently integrate these blocks and to establish realistic objectives for future conditions. Unanswered questions include:
\n\n1. What is the distribution and diversity of landforms and habitats along the Willamette River and its tributaries?
\n2. What is the extent of today’s functional floodplain—the part of the river corridor actively formed and modified by fluvial processes?
\n3. How are landforms and habitats in the Willamette River Basin created and sustained by present-day flow and sediment conditions?
\n4. How is the succession of native floodplain vegetation shaped by present-day flow and sediment conditions?
Answering these questions will produce baseline data on the current distributions of landforms and habitats (question 1), the extent of the functional floodplain (question 2), and the effects of modern flow and sediment regimes on future floodplain landforms, habitats, and vegetation succession (questions 3 and 4). Addressing questions 1 and 2 is a logical next step because they underlie questions 3 and 4. Addressing these four questions would better characterize the modern Willamette Basin and help in implementing and setting realistic targets for ongoing management strategies, demonstrating their effectiveness at the site and basin scales, and anticipating future trends and conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131246","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Benton County Soil and Water Conservation District","usgsCitation":"Wallick, J., Jones, K.L., O'Connor, J., Keith, M., Hulse, D., and Gregory, S.V., 2013, Geomorphic and vegetation processes of the Willamette River floodplain, Oregon: current understanding and unanswered science questions: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1246, vi, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131246.","productDescription":"vi, 70 p.","numberOfPages":"79","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-049307","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280210,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131246.jpg"},{"id":280208,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1246/"},{"id":280209,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1246/pdf/ofr2013-1246.pdf"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Oregon","city":"Newberg","otherGeospatial":"Mckenzie River;Santiam River;Willamette Basin;Willamette River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.4202,42.9986 ], [ -124.4202,46.077 ], [ -120.9155,46.077 ], [ -120.9155,42.9986 ], [ -124.4202,42.9986 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52a64033e4b0a6d6958823f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wallick, J. Rose 0000-0002-9392-272X rosewall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9392-272X","contributorId":3583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallick","given":"J. Rose","email":"rosewall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Krista L. 0000-0002-0301-4497 kljones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0301-4497","contributorId":4550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Krista","email":"kljones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O'Connor, Jim E. 0000-0002-7928-5883 oconnor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7928-5883","contributorId":140771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Connor","given":"Jim E.","email":"oconnor@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":487109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keith, Mackenzie K.","contributorId":16560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Mackenzie K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hulse, David","contributorId":72290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hulse","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gregory, Stanley V.","contributorId":60528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregory","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70049025,"text":"fs20133080 - 2013 - Origin and characteristics of discharge at San Marcos Springs, south-central Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-05T13:22:06","indexId":"fs20133080","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-03T10:56:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-3080","title":"Origin and characteristics of discharge at San Marcos Springs, south-central Texas","docAbstract":"The Edwards aquifer in south-central Texas is one of the most productive aquifers in the Nation and is the primary source of water for the rapidly growing San Antonio area. Springs issuing from the Edwards aquifer provide habitat for several threatened and endangered species, serve as locations for recreational activities, and supply downstream users. Comal Springs and San Marcos Springs are major discharge points for the Edwards aquifer, and their discharges are used as thresholds in groundwater management strategies. Regional flow paths originating in the western part of the aquifer are generally understood to supply discharge at Comal Springs. In contrast, the hydrologic connection of San Marcos Springs with the regional Edwards aquifer flow system is less understood. During November 2008–December 2010, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the San Antonio Water System, collected and analyzed hydrologic and geochemical data from springs, groundwater wells, and streams to gain a better understanding of the origin and characteristics of discharge at San Marcos Springs. During the study, climatic and hydrologic conditions transitioned from exceptional drought to wetter than normal. The wide range of hydrologic conditions that occurred during this study—and corresponding changes in surface-water, groundwater and spring discharge, and in physicochemical properties and geochemistry—provides insight into the origin of the water discharging from San Marcos Springs. Three orifices at San Marcos Springs (Deep, Diversion, and Weissmuller Springs) were selected to be representative of larger springs at the spring complex. Key findings include that discharge at San Marcos Springs was dominated by regional recharge sources and groundwater flow paths and that different orifices of San Marcos Springs respond differently to changes in hydrologic conditions; Deep Spring was less responsive to changes in hydrologic conditions than were Diversion Spring and Weissmuller Spring. Also, San Marcos Springs discharge is influenced by mixing with a component of saline groundwater.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20133080","issn":"2327-6932","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Antonio Water System","usgsCitation":"Musgrove, M., and Crow, C.L., 2013, Origin and characteristics of discharge at San Marcos Springs, south-central Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2013-3080, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20133080.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-048943","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280145,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20133080.jpg"},{"id":280144,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3080/pdf/fs2013-3080.pdf"},{"id":280142,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3080/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"San Marcos Springs","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98.666667,29.666667 ], [ -98.666667,30.333333 ], [ -97.666667,30.333333 ], [ -97.666667,29.666667 ], [ -98.666667,29.666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"529efd71e4b01942f4ab8b8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Musgrove, MaryLynn","contributorId":34878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Musgrove","given":"MaryLynn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crow, Cassi L. 0000-0002-1279-2485 ccrow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1279-2485","contributorId":1666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crow","given":"Cassi","email":"ccrow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70057785,"text":"ofr20131278 - 2013 - Hydrologic monitoring and selected hydrologic and environmental studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Georgia, 2011–2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T16:45:04","indexId":"ofr20131278","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-27T11:11:04","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1278","title":"Hydrologic monitoring and selected hydrologic and environmental studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Georgia, 2011–2013","docAbstract":"This compendium of papers describes results of hydrologic monitoring and hydrologic and environmental studies completed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in Georgia during 2011–2013. The USGS addresses a wide variety of water issues in the State of Georgia working with local, State, and Federal partners. As the primary Federal science agency for water resource information, the USGS monitors the quantity and quality of water in the Nation’s rivers and aquifers, assesses the sources and fate of contaminants in aquatic systems, collects and analyzes data on aquatic ecosystems, develops tools to improve the application of hydrologic information, and ensures that its information and tools are available to all potential users. During 2011–2013, the USGS continued a long-term program of monitoring stream and groundwater resources, including flow, water quality, and water use. In addition, a variety of hydrologic and environmental studies were completed to assess water availability, hydrologic hazards, and the impact of development on water resources. Information on USGS activities in Georgia is available online at http://ga.water.usgs.gov/.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131278","usgsCitation":"Clarke, J.S., and Dalton, M., 2013, Hydrologic monitoring and selected hydrologic and environmental studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Georgia, 2011–2013: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1278, v, 73 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131278.","productDescription":"v, 73 p.","numberOfPages":"84","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279865,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131278.jpg"},{"id":279864,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1278/pdf/of2013-1278.pdf"},{"id":279863,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1278/"}],"scale":"150000","country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Savannah River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.25,32 ], [ -81.25,32.3 ], [ -80.833,32.3 ], [ -80.833,32 ], [ -81.25,32 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"529716d5e4b08e44bf66fb80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clarke, John S. jsclarke@usgs.gov","contributorId":400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clarke","given":"John","email":"jsclarke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dalton, Melinda J. (compiler)","contributorId":38460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalton","given":"Melinda J.","suffix":"(compiler)","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70048932,"text":"sir20135173 - 2013 - Streamflow statistics for unregulated and regulated conditions for selected locations on the Yellowstone, Tongue, and Powder Rivers, Montana, 1928-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-11T11:22:50","indexId":"sir20135173","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-25T10:29:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5173","title":"Streamflow statistics for unregulated and regulated conditions for selected locations on the Yellowstone, Tongue, and Powder Rivers, Montana, 1928-2002","docAbstract":"Major floods in 1996 and 1997 on the Yellowstone River in Montana intensified public debate over the effects of human activities on the Yellowstone River. In 1999, the Yellowstone River Conservation District Council was formed to address conservation issues on the river. The Yellowstone River Conservation District Council partnered with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to conduct a cumulative-effects study on the main stem of the Yellowstone River. The cumulative-effects study is intended to provide a basis for future management decisions in the watershed. Streamflow statistics, such as flow-frequency and flow-duration data calculated for unregulated and regulated streamflow conditions, are a necessary component of the cumulative effects study.
\nThe U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Yellowstone River Conservation District Council and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, calculated streamflow statistics for unregulated and regulated conditions for the Yellowstone, Tongue, and Powder Rivers for the 1928–2002 study period. Unregulated streamflow represents flow conditions that might have occurred during the 1928–2002 study period if there had been no water-resources development in the Yellowstone River Basin. Regulated streamflow represents estimates of flow conditions during the 1928–2002 study period if the level of water-resources development existing in 2002 was in place during the entire study period. Peak-flow frequency estimates for regulated and unregulated streamflow were developed using methods described in Bulletin 17B. High-flow frequency and low-flow frequency data were developed for regulated and unregulated streamflows from the annual series of highest and lowest (respectively) mean flows for specified n-day consecutive periods within the calendar year. Flow-duration data, and monthly and annual streamflow characteristics, also were calculated for the unregulated and regulated streamflows.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135173","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Yellowstone River Conservation District Council and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Chase, K.J., 2013, Streamflow statistics for unregulated and regulated conditions for selected locations on the Yellowstone, Tongue, and Powder Rivers, Montana, 1928-2002 (Originally posted November 22, 2013; Version 1.1: June 23, 2014): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5173, Report: vii, 183 p.; Appendixes 1, 3-6, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135173.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 183 p.; Appendixes 1, 3-6","numberOfPages":"194","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1928-01-01","temporalEnd":"2002-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-028451","costCenters":[{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279625,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135173.jpg"},{"id":279619,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5173/pdf/sir2013-5173.pdf"},{"id":279621,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5173/downloads/sir2013-5173_APP_3_peakflow.xlsx"},{"id":279620,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5173/downloads/sir2013-5173_APP_1_depletions.xlsx"},{"id":279622,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5173/downloads/sir2013-5173_APP_4_highflowfreq.xlsx"},{"id":279623,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5173/downloads/sir2013-5173_APP_5_lowflowfreq.xlsx"},{"id":279624,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5173/downloads/sir2013-5173_APP_6_Flowduration.xlsm"},{"id":279618,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5173/"}],"scale":"2000000","projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Montana;North Dakota;Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Powder River;Tongue River;Yellowstone River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.2915,42.7389 ], [ -111.2915,47.9752 ], [ -103.3374,47.9752 ], [ -103.3374,42.7389 ], [ -111.2915,42.7389 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Originally posted November 22, 2013; Version 1.1: June 23, 2014","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52947166e4b01cca2b1128f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chase, Katherine J. 0000-0002-5796-4148 kchase@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5796-4148","contributorId":454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chase","given":"Katherine","email":"kchase@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70048906,"text":"sir20135017 - 2013 - Hydrogeology, distribution, and volume of saline groundwater in the southern midcontinent and adjacent areas of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-22T14:30:00","indexId":"sir20135017","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-22T14:13:24","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5017","title":"Hydrogeology, distribution, and volume of saline groundwater in the southern midcontinent and adjacent areas of the United States","docAbstract":"The hydrogeology, distribution, and volume of saline water in 22 aquifers in the southern midcontinent of the United States were evaluated to provide information about saline groundwater resources that may be used to reduce dependency on freshwater resources. Those aquifers underlie six States in the southern midcontinent—Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas—and adjacent areas including all or parts of Alabama, Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Kentucky, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Mexico, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Wyoming and some offshore areas of the Gulf of Mexico. Saline waters of the aquifers were evaluated by defining salinity zones; digitizing data, primarily from the Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program of the U.S. Geological Survey; and computing the volume of saline water in storage. The distribution of saline groundwater in the southern midcontinent is substantially affected by the hydrogeology and groundwater-flow systems of the aquifers. Many of the aquifers in the southern midcontinent are underlain by one or more aquifers, resulting in vertically stacked aquifers containing groundwaters of varying salinity. Saline groundwater is affected by past and present hydrogeologic conditions. Spatial variation of groundwater salinity in the southern midcontinent is controlled primarily by locations of recharge and discharge areas, groundwater-flow paths and residence time, mixing of freshwater and saline water, and interactions with aquifer rocks and sediments. The volume calculations made for the evaluated aquifers in the southern midcontinent indicate that about 39,900 million acre-feet (acre-ft) of saline water is in storage. About 21,600 million acre-ft of the water in storage is slightly to moderately saline (1,000–10,000 milligrams per liter [mg/L] dissolved solids), and about 18,300 million acre-ft is very saline (10,000–35,000 mg/L dissolved solids). The largest volumes of saline water are in the coastal lowlands (about 16,300 million acre-ft), Mississippi embayment and Texas coastal uplands (about 12,000 million acre-ft), and Great Plains (about 8,170 million acre-ft) aquifer systems. Of the 22 aquifers evaluated in this report, the Maha aquifer in the Great Plains aquifer system contains both the largest total volume of saline water (about 6,280 million acre-ft) and the largest volume of slightly to moderately saline water (about 5,150 million acre-ft).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135017","collaboration":"Groundwater Resources Program","usgsCitation":"Osborn, N.I., Smith, S.J., and Seger, C.H., 2013, Hydrogeology, distribution, and volume of saline groundwater in the southern midcontinent and adjacent areas of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5017, vi, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135017.","productDescription":"vi, 58 p.","numberOfPages":"67","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-043576","costCenters":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279613,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135017.jpg"},{"id":279612,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5017/pdf/sir2013-5017.pdf"},{"id":279611,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5017/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama;Arkansas;Colorado;Florida;Illinois;Kansas;Kentucky;Louisiana;Mississippi;Missouri;Nebraska;New Mexico;Oklahoma;South Dakota;Tennessee;Texas;Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -0.01638888888888889,5.555555555555556E-4 ], [ -0.01638888888888889,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -83,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -83,5.555555555555556E-4 ], [ -0.01638888888888889,5.555555555555556E-4 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52907d0ce4b0bbdcf23ed30a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Osborn, Noel I.","contributorId":75844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osborn","given":"Noel","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, S. Jerrod 0000-0002-9379-8167 sjsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9379-8167","contributorId":981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"S.","email":"sjsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Jerrod","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seger, Christian H.","contributorId":34799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seger","given":"Christian","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70056145,"text":"sir20135171 - 2013 - Estimated nitrogen loads from selected tributaries in Connecticut draining to Long Island Sound, 1999–2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-03T08:17:53","indexId":"sir20135171","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-22T14:00:08","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5171","title":"Estimated nitrogen loads from selected tributaries in Connecticut draining to Long Island Sound, 1999–2009","docAbstract":"The total nitrogen load to Long Island Sound from Connecticut and contributing areas to the north was estimated for October 1998 to September 2009. Discrete measurements of total nitrogen concentrations and continuous flow data from 37 water-quality monitoring stations in the Long Island Sound watershed were used to compute total annual nitrogen yields and loads. Total annual computed yields and basin characteristics were used to develop a generalized-least squares regression model for use in estimating the total nitrogen yields from unmonitored areas in coastal and central Connecticut. Significant variables in the regression included the percentage of developed land, percentage of row crops, point-source nitrogen yields from wastewater-treatment facilities, and annual mean streamflow. Computed annual median total nitrogen yields at individual monitoring stations ranged from less than 2,000 pounds per square mile in mostly forested basins (typically less than 10 percent developed land) to more than 13,000 pounds per square mile in urban basins (greater than 40 percent developed) with wastewater-treatment facilities and in one agricultural basin. Medians of computed total annual nitrogen yields for water years 1999–2009 at most stations were similar to those previously computed for water years 1988–98. However, computed medians of annual yields at several stations, including the Naugatuck River, Quinnipiac River, and Hockanum River, were lower than during 1988–98. Nitrogen yields estimated for 26 unmonitored areas downstream from monitoring stations ranged from less than 2,000 pounds per square mile to 34,000 pounds per square mile. Computed annual total nitrogen loads at the farthest downstream monitoring stations were combined with the corresponding estimates for the downstream unmonitored areas for a combined estimate of the total nitrogen load from the entire study area. Resulting combined total nitrogen loads ranged from 38 to 68 million pounds per year during water years 1999–2009. Total annual loads from the monitored basins represent 63 to 74 percent of the total load. Computed annual nitrogen loads from four stations near the Massachusetts border with Connecticut represent 52 to 54 percent of the total nitrogen load during water years 2008–9, the only years with data for all the border sites. During the latter part of the 1999–2009 study period, total nitrogen loads to Long Island Sound from the study area appeared to increase slightly. The apparent increase in loads may be due to higher than normal streamflows, which consequently increased nonpoint nitrogen loads during the study, offsetting major reductions of nitrogen from wastewater-treatment facilities. Nitrogen loads from wastewater treatment facilities declined as much as 2.3 million pounds per year in areas of Connecticut upstream from the monitoring stations and as much as 5.8 million pounds per year in unmonitored areas downstream in coastal and central Connecticut.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135171","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Mullaney, J.R., and Schwarz, G., 2013, Estimated nitrogen loads from selected tributaries in Connecticut draining to Long Island Sound, 1999–2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5171, vii, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135171.","productDescription":"vii, 65 p.","numberOfPages":"78","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-050762","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279610,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135171.jpg"},{"id":279608,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5171/"},{"id":279609,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5171/pdf/sir2013-5171.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut;Massachusetts;New Hampshire;Vermont","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.62487792968749,\n 40.925964939514294\n ],\n [\n -73.7896728515625,\n 41.11660732012896\n ],\n [\n -73.6138916015625,\n 41.24890252240322\n ],\n [\n -73.5809326171875,\n 41.53325414281322\n ],\n [\n -73.729248046875,\n 41.64418347939748\n ],\n [\n -73.6962890625,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -73.4820556640625,\n 42.15118709351198\n ],\n [\n -73.487548828125,\n 42.39912215986002\n ],\n [\n -73.070068359375,\n 42.75911283724358\n ],\n [\n -72.75146484374999,\n 43.48481212891603\n ],\n [\n -72.9327392578125,\n 43.739352079154706\n ],\n [\n -72.6361083984375,\n 44.629573191951046\n ],\n [\n -71.9219970703125,\n 44.90646871709883\n ],\n [\n -71.4166259765625,\n 45.29034662473615\n ],\n [\n -71.2353515625,\n 45.336701909968106\n ],\n [\n -71.026611328125,\n 45.24008561090264\n ],\n [\n -71.2628173828125,\n 44.09153051045218\n ],\n [\n -71.83959960937499,\n 43.76712702120528\n ],\n [\n -71.7352294921875,\n 42.69454866207692\n ],\n [\n -71.707763671875,\n 42.00848901572399\n ],\n [\n -71.510009765625,\n 41.69752591075902\n ],\n [\n -71.3177490234375,\n 41.40565583808169\n ],\n [\n -71.861572265625,\n 41.261291493919856\n ],\n [\n -72.9217529296875,\n 41.10832999732833\n ],\n [\n -73.62487792968749,\n 40.925964939514294\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52907ce1e4b0bbdcf23ed2b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mullaney, John R. 0000-0003-4936-5046 jmullane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4936-5046","contributorId":1957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullaney","given":"John","email":"jmullane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwarz, Gregory E. 0000-0002-9239-4566 gschwarz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-4566","contributorId":543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarz","given":"Gregory E.","email":"gschwarz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5067,"text":"Northeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":486334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70055684,"text":"sir20135142 - 2013 - Land subsidence along the Delta-Mendota Canal in the northern part of the San Joaquin Valley, California, 2003-10","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-21T12:47:43","indexId":"sir20135142","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-21T12:40:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5142","title":"Land subsidence along the Delta-Mendota Canal in the northern part of the San Joaquin Valley, California, 2003-10","docAbstract":"Extensive groundwater withdrawal from the unconsolidated deposits in the San Joaquin Valley caused widespread aquifer-system compaction and resultant land subsidence from 1926 to 1970—locally exceeding 8.5 meters. The importation of surface water beginning in the early 1950s through the Delta-Mendota Canal and in the early 1970s through the California Aqueduct resulted in decreased pumping, initiation of water-level recovery, and a reduced rate of compaction in some areas of the San Joaquin Valley. However, drought conditions during 1976–77 and 1987–92, and drought conditions and regulatory reductions in surface-water deliveries during 2007–10, decreased surface-water availability, causing pumping to increase, water levels to decline, and renewed compaction. Land subsidence from this compaction has reduced freeboard and flow capacity of the Delta-Mendota Canal, the California Aqueduct, and other canals that deliver irrigation water and transport floodwater.\n\nThe U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and the San Luis and Delta-Mendota Water Authority, assessed land subsidence in the vicinity of the Delta-Mendota Canal as part of an effort to minimize future subsidence-related damages to the canal. The location, magnitude, and stress regime of land-surface deformation during 2003–10 were determined by using extensometer, Global Positioning System (GPS), Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), spirit leveling, and groundwater-level data. Comparison of continuous GPS, shallow extensometer, and groundwater-level data, combined with results from a one-dimensional model, indicated the vast majority of the compaction took place beneath the Corcoran Clay, the primary regional confining unit.\n\nLand-surface deformation measurements indicated that much of the northern portion of the Delta-Mendota Canal (Clifton Court Forebay to Check 14) was fairly stable or minimally subsiding on an annual basis; some areas showed seasonal periods of subsidence and of uplift that resulted in little or no longer-term elevation loss. Many groundwater levels in this northern area did not reach historical lows during 2003–10, indicating that deformation in this region was primarily elastic.\n\nAlthough the northern portion of the Delta-Mendota Canal was relatively stable, land-surface deformation measurements indicated the southern portion of the Delta-Mendota Canal (Checks 15–21) subsided as part of a large subsidence feature centered about 15 kilometers northeast of the Delta-Mendota Canal, south of the town of El Nido. Results of InSAR analysis indicated at least 540 millimeters of subsidence near the San Joaquin River and the Eastside Bypass during 2008–10, which is part of a 3,200 square-kilometer area—including the southern part of the Delta-Mendota Canal—affected by 20 millimeters or more of subsidence during the same period. Calculations indicated that the subsidence rate doubled in 2008 in some areas. The GPS surveys done in 2008 and 2010 confirmed the high subsidence rate measured by using InSAR for the same period. Water levels in many shallow and deep wells in this area declined during 2007–10; water levels in many deep wells reached historical lows, indicating that subsidence measured during this period was largely inelastic. InSAR-derived subsidence maps for various periods during 2003–10 showed that the area of maximum active subsidence (that is, the largest rates of subsidence) shifted from its historical (1926–70) location southwest of Mendota to south of El Nido.\n\nContinued groundwater-level and land-subsidence monitoring in the San Joaquin Valley is important because (1) regulatory- and drought-related reductions in surface-water deliveries since 1976 have resulted in increased groundwater pumping and associated land subsidence, and (2) land use and associated groundwater pumping continue to change throughout the valley. The availability of surface water remains uncertain; even during record-setting precipitation years, such as 2010–11, water deliveries have fallen short of requests and groundwater pumping was required to meet the irrigation demand. Due to the expected continued demand for irrigation supply water and the limitations and uncertainty of surface-water supplies, groundwater pumping and associated land subsidence is likely to continue in the future. Spatially detailed information on land subsidence is needed to facilitate minimization of future subsidence-related damages to the Delta-Mendota Canal and other infrastructure in the San Joaquin Valley. The integration of subsidence, deformation, and water-level measurements—particularly continuous measurements—enables the analysis of aquifer-system response to increased groundwater pumping, which in turn, enables identification of the preconsolidation head and calculation of aquifer-system storage properties. This information can be used to improve numerical model simulations of groundwater flow and aquifer-system compaction and allow for consideration of land subsidence in the evaluation of water-resource management alternatives.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135142","issn":"2328-0328","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and the San Luis and Delta-Mendota Water Authority","usgsCitation":"Sneed, M., Brandt, J.T., and Solt, M., 2013, Land subsidence along the Delta-Mendota Canal in the northern part of the San Joaquin Valley, California, 2003-10: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5142, Report: x, 86 p.; 2 Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135142.","productDescription":"Report: x, 86 p.; 2 Appendices","numberOfPages":"100","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-037140","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279412,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135142.jpg"},{"id":279407,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5142/pdf/sir2013-5142_appendixE.pdf"},{"id":279408,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5142/sir2013-5142_appendixE_tables.xlsx"},{"id":279405,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5142/"},{"id":279406,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5142/pdf/sir2013-5142.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Delta-mendota Canal;San Joaquin Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.5,35.5 ], [ -122.5,38.0 ], [ -119.5,38.0 ], [ -119.5,35.5 ], [ -122.5,35.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"528f53c9e4b0660d392bed6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sneed, Michelle 0000-0002-8180-382X micsneed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8180-382X","contributorId":155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sneed","given":"Michelle","email":"micsneed@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brandt, Justin T. 0000-0002-9397-6824 jbrandt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9397-6824","contributorId":157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"Justin","email":"jbrandt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Solt, Mike","contributorId":88258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solt","given":"Mike","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70048949,"text":"ds802 - 2013 - Water quality, sediment characteristics, aquatic habitat, geomorphology, and mussel population status of the Clinch River, Virginia and Tennessee, 2009-2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-08T12:21:37","indexId":"ds802","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-21T10:40:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"802","title":"Water quality, sediment characteristics, aquatic habitat, geomorphology, and mussel population status of the Clinch River, Virginia and Tennessee, 2009-2011","docAbstract":"Chemical, physical, and biological data were collected during 2009-2011 as part of a study of the Clinch River in Virginia and Tennessee. The data from this study, data-collection methods, and laboratory analytical methods used in the study are documented in this report. The study was conducted to describe the conditions of the Clinch River and to determine if there are measurable differences in chemical, physical, or biological characteristics in a segment of the river where freshwater mussel populations are in decline, have low density, richness, little to no recruitment, and lack endangered species (low-quality reach) compared to a segment of the river where mussel assemblages have relatively high density, richness, evidence of recruitment, and support endangered species (high-quality reach). Five continuous water-quality monitors were installed and operated on the mainstem of the Clinch River and two tributaries. Discrete water-quality sample sets were collected during base-flow and stormflow conditions two sites on the Clinch River and on the Guest River, a tributary to the Clinch River predominantly in the Appalachian Plateaus Physiographic Province. Base-flow water-quality samples were collected in July and August 2011 at 15 sites along the mainstem of the Clinch River. Other analyses included longitudinal sampling along the mainstem of the Clinch River at 10 sites to evaluate bed-sediment chemistry, habitat condition, and mollusk community status. In situ freshwater mussel growth and mortality experiments were conducted with hatchery propogated Villosa iris (rainbow mussels). Tissue from the V. iris as well as tissue from 16 Actinonaias pectorosa mussels were analyzed for trace metals, and V. iris mussel tissue was analyzed for organic compounds. Data collected during this investigation were analyzed by various U.S. Geological Survey or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service laboratories.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds802","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency and the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation","usgsCitation":"Krstolic, J.L., Johnson, G.C., and Ostby, B.J., 2013, Water quality, sediment characteristics, aquatic habitat, geomorphology, and mussel population status of the Clinch River, Virginia and Tennessee, 2009-2011: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 802, Report: vi, 14 p.; 2 Appendices; 1 Figure: 17 inches x 11 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds802.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 14 p.; 2 Appendices; 1 Figure: 17 inches x 11 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-034903","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279326,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0802/pdf/ds802.pdf","text":"Report","size":"753.47 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":279327,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0802/table/ds802_appendix_tables_1-2_4-25.xlsx","text":"Tables 1-2, 4-25","size":"542 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Tables 1-2, 4-25"},{"id":279328,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0802/table/ds802_appendix_table3.xlsx","text":"Table 3","size":"11.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 3"},{"id":279329,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0802/pdf/ds802_figure1_clinch_river_11x17.pdf","text":"Figure 1","size":"984.67 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 1"},{"id":279330,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds802.gif"},{"id":279318,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0802/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Clinch River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.980224609375,\n 37.405073750176946\n ],\n [\n -81.23291015625,\n 37.405073750176946\n ],\n [\n -81.683349609375,\n 37.26530995561875\n ],\n [\n -82.628173828125,\n 37.01132594307015\n ],\n [\n -82.96875,\n 36.84446074079564\n ],\n [\n -83.199462890625,\n 36.721273880045004\n ],\n [\n -83.726806640625,\n 36.633162095586556\n ],\n [\n -83.990478515625,\n 36.53612263184686\n ],\n [\n -84.00146484374999,\n 36.33282808737919\n ],\n [\n -84.012451171875,\n 36.1733569352216\n ],\n [\n -83.94653320312499,\n 36.04021586880111\n ],\n [\n -83.8037109375,\n 35.99578538642032\n ],\n [\n -83.51806640624999,\n 35.98689628443791\n ],\n [\n -83.3203125,\n 35.98689628443791\n ],\n [\n -83.1005859375,\n 35.969115075774845\n ],\n [\n -82.85888671875,\n 36.02244668175846\n ],\n [\n -82.694091796875,\n 36.05798104702501\n ],\n [\n -82.254638671875,\n 36.27085020723905\n ],\n [\n -81.88110351562499,\n 36.46547188679816\n ],\n [\n -81.683349609375,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n -81.474609375,\n 36.58906837139909\n ],\n [\n -80.947265625,\n 36.70365959719453\n ],\n [\n -80.870361328125,\n 36.84446074079564\n ],\n [\n -80.870361328125,\n 37.046408899699564\n ],\n [\n -80.980224609375,\n 37.405073750176946\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"528f53cce4b0660d392bed81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krstolic, Jennifer L. 0000-0003-2253-9886 jkrstoli@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2253-9886","contributorId":3677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krstolic","given":"Jennifer","email":"jkrstoli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":37759,"text":"VA/WV Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Gregory C. 0000-0003-3683-5010 gcjohnso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3683-5010","contributorId":1420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Gregory","email":"gcjohnso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ostby, Brett J.K.","contributorId":42863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostby","given":"Brett","email":"","middleInitial":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70056139,"text":"sir20125208 - 2013 - Evaluation of intake efficiencies and associated sediment-concentration errors in US D-77 bag-type and US D-96-type depth-integrating suspended-sediment samplers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T15:48:11","indexId":"sir20125208","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-21T09:29:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5208","title":"Evaluation of intake efficiencies and associated sediment-concentration errors in US D-77 bag-type and US D-96-type depth-integrating suspended-sediment samplers","docAbstract":"Accurate measurements of suspended-sediment concentration require suspended-sediment samplers to operate isokinetically, within an intake-efficiency range of 1.0 ± 0.10, where intake efficiency is defined as the ratio of the velocity of the water through the sampler intake to the local ambient stream velocity. Local ambient stream velocity is defined as the velocity of the water in the river at the location of the nozzle, unaffected by the presence of the sampler. Results from Federal Interagency Sedimentation Project (FISP) laboratory experiments published in the early 1940s show that when the intake efficiency is less than 1.0, suspended-sediment samplers tend to oversample sediment relative to water, leading to potentially large positive biases in suspended-sediment concentration that are positively correlated with grain size. Conversely, these experiments show that, when the intake efficiency is greater than 1.0, suspended‑sediment samplers tend to undersample sediment relative to water, leading to smaller negative biases in suspended-sediment concentration that become slightly more negative as grain size increases.\n\nThe majority of FISP sampler development and testing since the early 1990s has been conducted under highly uniform flow conditions via flume and slack-water tow tests, with relatively little work conducted under the greater levels of turbulence that exist in actual rivers. Additionally, all of this recent work has been focused on the hydraulic characteristics and intake efficiencies of these samplers, with no field investigations conducted on the accuracy of the suspended-sediment data collected with these samplers. When depth-integrating suspended-sediment samplers are deployed under the more nonuniform and turbulent conditions that exist in rivers, multiple factors may contribute to departures from isokinetic sampling, thus introducing errors into the suspended-sediment data collected by these samplers that may not be predictable on the basis of flume and tow tests alone.\n\nThis study has three interrelated goals. First, the intake efficiencies of the older US D-77 bag-type and newer, FISP-approved US D-96-type1 depth-integrating suspended‑sediment samplers are evaluated at multiple cross‑sections under a range of actual-river conditions. The intake efficiencies measured in these actual-river tests are then compared to those previously measured in flume and tow tests. Second, other physical effects, mainly water temperature and the duration of sampling at a vertical, are examined to determine whether these effects can help explain observed differences in intake efficiency both between the two types of samplers and between the laboratory and field tests. Third, the signs and magnitudes of the likely errors in suspendedsand concentration in measurements made with both types of samplers are predicted based the intake efficiencies of these two types of depth-integrating samplers. Using the relative difference in isokinetic sampling observed between the US D-77 bag-type and D-96-type samplers during river tests, measured differences in suspended-sediment concentration in a variety of size classes were evaluated between paired equal-discharge-increment (EDI) and equal-width-increment (EWI) measurements made with these two types of samplers to determine whether these differences in concentration are consistent with the differences in concentrations expected on the basis of the 1940s FISP laboratory experiments. In addition, sequential single-vertical depth-integrated samples were collected (concurrent with velocity measurements) with the US D-96-type bag sampler and two different rigidcontainer samplers to evaluate whether the predicted errors in suspended-sand concentrations measured with the US D-96- type sampler are consistent with those expected on the basis of the 1940s FISP laboratory experiments.\n\nResults from our study indicate that the intake efficiency of the US D-96-type sampler is superior to that of the US D-77 bag-type sampler under actual-river conditions, with overall performance of the US D-96-type sampler being closer to, yet still typically below, the FISP-acceptable range of isokinetic operation. These results are in contrast to the results from FISP-conducted flume tests that showed that both the US D-77 bag-type and US D-96-type samplers sampled isokinetically in the laboratory. Results from our study indicate that the single largest problem with the behavior of both the US D-77 bag-type and the US D-96-type samplers under actual‑river conditions is that both samplers are prone to large time‑dependent decreases in intake efficiency as sampling duration increases. In the case of the US D-96-type sampler, this problem may be at least partially overcome by shortening the duration of sampling (or, instead, perhaps by a simple design improvement); in the case of the US D-77 bag-type sampler, although shortening the sampling duration improves the intake efficiency, it does not bring it into agreement with the FISP‑accepted range of isokinetic operation.\n\nThe predicted errors in suspended-sand concentration in EDI or EWI measurements made with the US-96-type sampler are much smaller than those associated with EDI or EWI measurements made with the US D-77 bag-type sampler, especially when the results are corrected for the effects of water temperature and sampling duration. The bias in the concentration in each size class measured using the US D-77 bag-type relative to the concentration measured using the US D-96-type sampler behaves in a manner consistent with that expected on the basis of the observed differences in intake efficiency between the two samplers in conjunction with the results from the 1940s FISP laboratory experiments. In addition, the bias in the concentration in each size class measured using the US D-96‑type sampler relative to the concentration measured using the truly isokinetic rigid-container samplers is in excellent agreement with that predicted on the basis of the 1940s FISP laboratory experiments. Because suspended-sediment samplers can respond differently between laboratory and field conditions, actual-river tests such as those in this study should be conducted when models of suspended-sediment samplers are changed from one type to another during the course of long-term monitoring programs. Otherwise, potential large differences in the suspended-sediment data collected by different types of samplers would lead to large step changes in sediment loads that may be misinterpreted as real, when, in fact, they are associated with the change in suspended‑sediment sampling equipment.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125208","issn":"2328-0328","usgsCitation":"Sabol, T., and Topping, D.J., 2013, Evaluation of intake efficiencies and associated sediment-concentration errors in US D-77 bag-type and US D-96-type depth-integrating suspended-sediment samplers: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5208, viii, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125208.","productDescription":"viii, 88 p.","numberOfPages":"100","ipdsId":"IP-027819","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279306,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20125208.jpg"},{"id":279305,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5208/pdf/sir2012-5208.pdf"},{"id":279302,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5208/"}],"projection":"North America Albers Equal Area","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Arizona;Nevada;Utah","otherGeospatial":"Grand Canyon;Marble Canyon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.5,35.5 ], [ -114.5,37.5 ], [ -111.0,37.5 ], [ -111.0,35.5 ], [ -114.5,35.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"528f53c9e4b0660d392bed6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sabol, Thomas A.","contributorId":67186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sabol","given":"Thomas A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Topping, David J. 0000-0002-2104-4577 dtopping@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2104-4577","contributorId":715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topping","given":"David","email":"dtopping@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":486323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70055716,"text":"sir20135195 - 2013 - Iodine-129 in the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer at and near the Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho, 2010-12","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-18T16:26:52","indexId":"sir20135195","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-18T16:20:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5195","title":"Iodine-129 in the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer at and near the Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho, 2010-12","docAbstract":"From 1953 to 1988, approximately 0.941 curies of iodine-129 (129I) were contained in wastewater generated at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) with almost all of this wastewater discharged at or near the Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center (INTEC). Most of the wastewater containing 129I was discharged directly into the eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP) aquifer through a deep disposal well until 1984; lesser quantities also were discharged into unlined infiltration ponds or leaked from distribution systems below the INTEC.\n\nDuring 2010–12, the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy collected groundwater samples for 129I from 62 wells in the ESRP aquifer to track concentration trends and changes for the carcinogenic radionuclide that has a 15.7 million-year half-life. Concentrations of 129I in the aquifer ranged from 0.0000013±0.0000005 to 1.02±0.04 picocuries per liter (pCi/L), and generally decreased in wells near the INTEC, relative to previous sampling events. The average concentration of 129I in groundwater from 15 wells sampled during four different sample periods decreased from 1.15 pCi/L in 1990–91 to 0.173 pCi/L in 2011–12. All but two wells within a 3-mile radius of the INTEC showed decreases in concentration, and all but one sample had concentrations less than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level of 1 pCi/L. These decreases are attributed to the discontinuation of disposal of 129I in wastewater and to dilution and dispersion in the aquifer. The decreases in 129I concentrations, in areas around INTEC where concentrations increased between 2003 and 2007, were attributed to less recharge near INTEC either from less flow in the Big Lost River or from less local snowmelt and anthropogenic sources.\n\nAlthough wells near INTEC sampled in 2011–12 showed decreases in 129I concentrations compared with previously collected data, some wells south and east of the Central Facilities Area, near the site boundary, and south of the INL showed small increases. These slight increases are attributed to variable discharge rates of wastewater that eventually moved to these well locations as a pulse of water from a particular disposal period.\n\nWells sampled for the first time around the Naval Reactors Facility had 129I concentrations slightly greater than background concentrations in the ESRP aquifer. These concentrations are attributed to possible leakage from landfills at the Naval Reactors Facility or seepage from air emission deposits from INTEC, or both.\n\nIn 2012, the U.S. Geological Survey collected discrete groundwater samples from 25 zones in 11 wells equipped with multilevel monitoring systems to help define the vertical distribution of 129I in the aquifer. Concentrations ranged from 0.000006±0.000004 to 0.082±0.003 pCi/L. Two new wells completed in 2012 showed variability of up to one order of magnitude of concentrations of 129I among various zones. Two other wells showed similar concentrations of 129I in all three zones sampled. Concentrations were well less than the maximum contaminant level in all zones.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135195","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Bartholomay, R.C., 2013, Iodine-129 in the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer at and near the Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho, 2010-12: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5195, vi, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135195.","productDescription":"vi, 22 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-044719","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279154,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135195.jpg"},{"id":279153,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5195/pdf/sir20135195.pdf"},{"id":279152,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5195/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.4556,42.0085 ], [ -114.4556,44.4397 ], [ -111.6129,44.4397 ], [ -111.6129,42.0085 ], [ -114.4556,42.0085 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"528b3709e4b031f8c843946e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholomay, Roy C. 0000-0002-4809-9287 rcbarth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-9287","contributorId":1131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomay","given":"Roy","email":"rcbarth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70055736,"text":"ofr20131273 - 2013 - Post-fire debris-flow hazard assessment of the area burned by the 2013 Beaver Creek Fire near Hailey, central Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-18T14:35:05","indexId":"ofr20131273","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-18T11:57:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1273","title":"Post-fire debris-flow hazard assessment of the area burned by the 2013 Beaver Creek Fire near Hailey, central Idaho","docAbstract":"A preliminary hazard assessment was developed for debris-flow hazards in the 465 square-kilometer (115,000 acres) area burned by the 2013 Beaver Creek fire near Hailey in central Idaho. The burn area covers all or part of six watersheds and selected basins draining to the Big Wood River and is at risk of substantial post-fire erosion, such as that caused by debris flows. Empirical models derived from statistical evaluation of data collected from recently burned basins throughout the Intermountain Region in Western United States were used to estimate the probability of debris-flow occurrence, potential volume of debris flows, and the combined debris-flow hazard ranking along the drainage network within the burn area and to estimate the same for analyzed drainage basins within the burn area. Input data for the empirical models included topographic parameters, soil characteristics, burn severity, and rainfall totals and intensities for a (1) 2-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall, referred to as a 2-year storm (13 mm); (2) 10-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall, referred to as a 10-year storm (19 mm); and (3) 25-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall, referred to as a 25-year storm (22 mm). Estimated debris-flow probabilities for drainage basins upstream of 130 selected basin outlets ranged from less than 1 to 78 percent with the probabilities increasing with each increase in storm magnitude. Probabilities were high in three of the six watersheds. For the 25-year storm, probabilities were greater than 60 percent for 11 basin outlets and ranged from 50 to 60 percent for an additional 12 basin outlets. Probability estimates for stream segments within the drainage network can vary within a basin. For the 25-year storm, probabilities for stream segments within 33 basins were higher than the basin outlet, emphasizing the importance of evaluating the drainage network as well as basin outlets. Estimated debris-flow volumes for the three modeled storms range from a minimal debris flow volume of 10 cubic meters [m3]) to greater than 100,000 m3. Estimated debris-flow volumes increased with basin size and distance downstream. For the 25-year storm, estimated debris-flow volumes were greater than 100,000 m3 for 4 basins and between 50,000 and 100,000 m3 for 10 basins. The debris-flow hazard rankings did not result in the highest hazard ranking of 5, indicating that none of the basins had a high probability of debris-flow occurrence and a high debris-flow volume estimate. The hazard ranking was 4 for one basin using the 10-year-recurrence storm model and for three basins using the 25-year-recurrence storm model. The maps presented herein may be used to prioritize areas where post-wildfire remediation efforts should take place within the 2- to 3-year period of increased erosional vulnerability.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131273","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Blaine County, Idaho","usgsCitation":"Skinner, K.D., 2013, Post-fire debris-flow hazard assessment of the area burned by the 2013 Beaver Creek Fire near Hailey, central Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1273, Report: iv, 12 p.; Table: XLSX file; 9 plates: 24 inches x 31 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131273.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 12 p.; Table: XLSX file; 9 plates: 24 inches x 31 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-052301","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279139,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131273.PNG"},{"id":279121,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/"},{"id":279129,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/downloads/ofr2013-1273_table1.xlsx"},{"id":279130,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273_plate1.pdf"},{"id":279131,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273_plate3.pdf"},{"id":279128,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273.pdf"},{"id":279132,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273_plate2.pdf"},{"id":279133,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273_plate4.pdf"},{"id":279134,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273_plate5.pdf"},{"id":279135,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273_plate6.pdf"},{"id":279136,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273_plate7.pdf"},{"id":279137,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273_plate8.pdf"},{"id":279138,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273_plate9.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.67495,43.499756 ], [ -114.67495,43.699651 ], [ -114.311371,43.699651 ], [ -114.311371,43.499756 ], [ -114.67495,43.499756 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"528b370ae4b031f8c843947a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skinner, Kenneth D. 0000-0003-1774-6565 kskinner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1774-6565","contributorId":1836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"Kenneth","email":"kskinner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70055619,"text":"sir20135155 - 2013 - Equations for estimating bankfull channel geometry and discharge for streams in Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-14T15:49:49","indexId":"sir20135155","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-14T15:45:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5155","title":"Equations for estimating bankfull channel geometry and discharge for streams in Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Regression equations were developed for estimating bankfull geometry—width, mean depth, cross-sectional area—and discharge for streams in Massachusetts. The equations provide water-resource and conservation managers with methods for estimating bankfull characteristics at specific stream sites in Massachusetts. This information can be used for the adminstration of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Rivers Protection Act of 1996, which establishes a protected riverfront area extending from the mean annual high-water line corresponding to the elevation of bankfull discharge along each side of a perennial stream. Additionally, information on bankfull channel geometry and discharge are important to Federal, State, and local government agencies and private organizations involved in stream assessment and restoration projects.\n\nRegression equations are based on data from stream surveys at 33 sites (32 streamgages and 1 crest-stage gage operated by the U.S. Geological Survey) in and near Massachusetts. Drainage areas of the 33 sites ranged from 0.60 to 329 square miles (mi2). At 27 of the 33 sites, field data were collected and analyses were done to determine bankfull channel geometry and discharge as part of the present study. For 6 of the 33 sites, data on bankfull channel geometry and discharge were compiled from other studies done by the U.S. Geological Survey, Natural Resources Conservation Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation. Similar techniques were used for field data collection and analysis for bankfull channel geometry and discharge at all 33 sites. Recurrence intervals of the bankfull discharge, which represent the frequency with which a stream fills its channel, averaged 1.53 years (median value 1.34 years) at the 33 sites. Simple regression equations were developed for bankfull width, mean depth, cross-sectional area, and discharge using drainage area, which is the most significant explanatory variable in estimating these bankfull characteristics. The use of drainage area as an explanatory variable is also the most commonly published method for estimating these bankfull characteristics. Regional curves (graphic plots) of bankfull channel geometry and discharge by drainage area are presented. The regional curves are based on the simple regression equations and can be used to estimate bankfull characteristics from drainage area. Multiple regression analysis, which includes basin characteristics in addition to drainage area, also was used to develop equations. Variability in bankfull width, mean depth, cross-sectional area, and discharge was more fully explained by the multiple regression equations that include mean-basin slope and drainage area than was explained by equations based on drainage area alone. The Massachusetts regional curves and equations developed in this study are similar, in terms of values of slopes and intercepts, to those developed for other parts of the northeastern United States.\n\nLimitations associated with site selection and development of the equations resulted in some constraints for the application of equations and regional curves presented in this report. The curves and equations are applicable to stream sites that have (1) less than about 25 percent of their drainage basin area occupied by urban land use (commercial, industrial, transportation, and high-density residential), (2) little to no streamflow regulation, especially from flood-control structures, (3) drainage basin areas greater than 0.60 mi2 and less than 329 mi2, and (4) a mean basin slope greater than 2.2 percent and less than 23.9 percent. The equations may not be applicable where streams flow through extensive wetlands. The equations also may not apply in areas of Cape Cod and the Islands and the area of southeastern Massachusetts close to Cape Cod with extensive areas of coarse-grained glacial deposits where none of the study sites are located. Regardless of the setting, the regression equations are not intended for use as the sole method of estimating bankfull characteristics; however, they may supplement field identification of the bankfull channel when used in conjunction with field verified bankfull indicators, flood-frequency analysis, or other supporting evidence.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135155","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection Bureau of Resource Protection Wetlands and Waterways Program and Massachusetts Environmental Trust","usgsCitation":"Bent, G.C., and Waite, A.M., 2013, Equations for estimating bankfull channel geometry and discharge for streams in Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5155, vii, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135155.","productDescription":"vii, 61 p.","numberOfPages":"74","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-009440","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279091,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135155.jpg"},{"id":279090,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5155/pdf/sir2013-5155.pdf"},{"id":279087,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5155/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.5081,41.2491 ], [ -73.5081,42.8868 ], [ -69.928,42.8868 ], [ -69.928,41.2491 ], [ -73.5081,41.2491 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52860762e4b00926c218653e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bent, Gardner C. 0000-0002-5085-3146 gbent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5085-3146","contributorId":1864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bent","given":"Gardner","email":"gbent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waite, Andrew M. awaite@usgs.gov","contributorId":2215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"Andrew","email":"awaite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":486154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70049018,"text":"ofr20131250 - 2013 - MODIS phenology image service ArcMap toolbox","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-13T15:02:31","indexId":"ofr20131250","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-13T14:59:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1250","title":"MODIS phenology image service ArcMap toolbox","docAbstract":"Seasonal change is important to consider when managing conservation areas at landscape scales. The study of such patterns throughout the year is referred to as phenology. Recurring life-cycle events that are initiated and driven by environmental factors include animal migration and plant flowering. Phenological events capture public attention, such as fall color change in deciduous forests, the first flowering in spring, and for those with allergies, the start of the pollen season. These events can affect our daily lives, provide clues to help understand and manage ecosystems, and provide evidence of how climate variability can affect the natural cycle of plants and animals. Phenological observations can be gathered at a range of scales, from plots smaller than an acre to landscapes of hundreds to thousands of acres. Linking these observations to diverse disciplines such as evolutionary biology or climate sciences can help further research in species and ecosystem responses to climate change scenarios at appropriate scales.
\nA cooperative study between the National Park Service (NPS), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has been exploring how satellite information can be used to summarize phenological patterns observed at the park or landscape scale and how those summaries can be presented to both park managers and visitors. This study specifically addressed seasonal changes in plants, including the onset of growth, photosynthesis in the spring, and the senescence of deciduous vegetation in the fall. The primary objective of the work is to demonstrate that seasonality even in protected areas changes considerably across years. A major challenge is to decouple natural variability from possible trends—directional change that can lead to a permanent and radically different ecosystem state. Trends can be either a gradual degradation of the landscape (often from external influences) or steady improvement (by implementing long-term conservation plans). In either case, it is important to first grasp the magnitude of natural variation so that it is not confused with actual trends.
\nThis work used existing and freely available remote sensing data, specifically the NASA-funded 250-meter (m) spatial resolution land-surface phenology product for North America. This product is calculated from an annual record of vegetation health observed by NASA’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument. The land-surface phenology product is, in essence, a method to summarize all the observations throughout a year into a few key, ecologically relevant “metrics”.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131250","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service and the Great Northern Landscape Conservation Cooperative","usgsCitation":"Talbert, C., Kern, T., Morisette, J., Brown, D., and James, K., 2013, MODIS phenology image service ArcMap toolbox: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1250, iii, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131250.","productDescription":"iii, 6 p.","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-045950","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279059,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131250.jpg"},{"id":279058,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1250/pdf/of2013-1250.pdf"},{"id":279057,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1250/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52849f61e4b063f258e57461","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Talbert, Colin talbertc@usgs.gov","contributorId":4668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbert","given":"Colin","email":"talbertc@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":486033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kern, Tim J. kernt@usgs.gov","contributorId":4454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kern","given":"Tim J.","email":"kernt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":486032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morisette, Jeff","contributorId":20640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morisette","given":"Jeff","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, Don","contributorId":73490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Don","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"James, Kevin","contributorId":106787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"Kevin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70055547,"text":"sir20135177 - 2013 - Results of repeat bathymetric and velocimetric surveys at the Amelia Earhart Bridge on U.S. Highway 59 over the Missouri River at Atchison, Kansas, 2009-2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-13T10:10:47","indexId":"sir20135177","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-13T08:25:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5177","title":"Results of repeat bathymetric and velocimetric surveys at the Amelia Earhart Bridge on U.S. Highway 59 over the Missouri River at Atchison, Kansas, 2009-2013","docAbstract":"Bathymetric and velocimetric data were collected six times by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Kansas Department of Transportation, in the vicinity of Amelia Earhart Bridge on U.S. Highway 59 over the Missouri River at Atchison, Kansas. A multibeam echosounder mapping system and an acoustic Doppler current meter were used to obtain channel-bed elevations and depth-averaged velocities for a river reach approximately 2,300 feet long and extending across the active channel of the Missouri River. The bathymetric and velocimetric surveys provide a “snapshot” of the channel conditions at the time of each survey, and document changes to the channel-bed elevations and velocities during the course of construction of a new bridge for U.S. Highway 59 downstream from the Amelia Earhart Bridge.
\nThe baseline survey in June 2009 revealed substantial scour holes existed at the railroad bridge piers upstream from and at pier 10 of the Amelia Earhart Bridge, with mostly uniform flow and velocities throughout the study reach. After the construction of a trestle and cofferdam on the left (eastern) bank downstream from the Amelia Earhart Bridge, a survey on June 2, 2010, revealed scour holes with similar size and shape as the baseline for similar flow conditions, with slightly higher velocities and a more substantial contraction of flow near the bridges than the baseline. Subsequent surveys during flooding conditions in June 2010 and July 2011 revealed substantial scour near the bridges compared to the baseline survey caused by the contraction of flow; however, the larger flood in July 2011 resulted in less scour than in June 2010, partly because the removal of the cofferdam for pier 5 of the new bridge in March 2011 diminished the contraction near the bridges. Generally, the downstream part of the study reach exhibited varying amounts of scour in all of the surveys except the last when compared to the baseline. During the final survey, velocities throughout the study area were the lowest of all the surveys, resulting in overall deposition throughout the reach compared to the baseline survey—despite the presence of the trestle in the final survey.
\nThe multiple surveys at the Amelia Earhart Bridge document the effects of moderate- to high-flow conditions on scour, compounded by the effects of adding and removing a constriction in the channel. Additional factors such as pier shape and angle of approach flow also were documented.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135177","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kansas Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Huizinga, R.J., 2013, Results of repeat bathymetric and velocimetric surveys at the Amelia Earhart Bridge on U.S. Highway 59 over the Missouri River at Atchison, Kansas, 2009-2013: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5177, vi, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135177.","productDescription":"vi, 50 p.","numberOfPages":"60","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-049424","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279044,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135177.jpg"},{"id":279043,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5177/pdf/sir2013-5177.pdf"},{"id":279042,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5177/"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Kansas;Missouri","city":"Atchison;Ks;Winthrop;Mo","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.121111,39.552778 ], [ -95.121111,39.566667 ], [ -95.103611,39.566667 ], [ -95.103611,39.552778 ], [ -95.121111,39.552778 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52849f71e4b063f258e574ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huizinga, Richard J. 0000-0002-2940-2324 huizinga@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2940-2324","contributorId":2089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huizinga","given":"Richard","email":"huizinga@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}