The water-table configuration of the Calumet aquifer in the vicinity of the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal in Lake County, northwestern Indiana, reflects the complexity of the shallow ground-water-flow system. Large depressions in the water table in sewered areas interrupt broad ground-water divides between rivers. The aquifer/stream interactions along the Grand Calumet River/ Indiana Harbor Canal are directly related to Lake Michigan water levels because of a direct connection of the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal to the lake. Fluctuations in lake levels and evapotranspiration result in reversals in ground-water flow near the river and canal that last from several hours to several months.
\nMost of the water from the Calumet aquifer discharges into sewers, the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal, Lake Michigan, and Silurian carbonate bedrock. Model simulations of ground-water flow for the study area indicate that the Calumet aquifer discharges about 15 ft3/s (cubic feet per second) of ground water to sewers, about 10 ft3/s to the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal, and about 4 ft3/s to Lake Michigan along a 25-mile section of shoreline. Estimates of groundwater flow from the Calumet aquifer to the bedrock range from 0 to 10 ft3/s. Results of analyses of water samples collected from wells in five land-use types steel industry, petrochemical industry, commercial and light industry, residential, and parks were compared. The highest median concentrations of inorganic ions and the most detections of organic compounds generally occurred in water samples from wells on the steel and petrochemical land-use areas. Water samples collected from wells on the commercial and light industrial land-use areas generally had lower median chemical concentrations than the samples from the steel and petrochemical land-use areas and greater median concentrations than the samples from the residential and park land-use areas. Seven of 52 acid-extractable and base/neutralextractable organic compounds and 17 of 36 volatile organic compounds analyzed were detected in a total of 35 wells. Only 4 of the 88 organic analytes phenols, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, benzene, and toluene were detected in more than 5 of the 35 wells.
\nA comparison of primarily inorganic-constituent data from the five land-use groups to inorganic-constituent data from sites known to be contaminated shows that constituent concentrations in ground waters from wells in the land-use areas generally are lower than those in ground water from contaminated areas. Abstract 1 Likewise, a comparison of inorganic-constituent data from the land-use groups to inorganic-constituent data from areas relatively unaffected by human presence shows that constituent concentrations in ground water from wells in the land-use areas generally are greater than those in ground water from the unaffected areas. Some documented but unaccounted for chemical loads in the Grand Calumet River are from ground water. Ground water probably contributes more than 10 percent of the total chemical load of ammonia, chromium, and cyanide to the Grand Calumet River. In comparison, about 1 to 3 percent of the total streamflow in the Grand Calumet River is from ground water. Of the four major groundwater sinks in the aquifer, the east branch of the Grand Calumet River and the Indiana Harbor Canal generally receive the greatest chemical loads from ground water, whereas Lake Michigan generally receives the smallest loads.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri924115","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Environmental Management","usgsCitation":"Fenelon, J., and Watson, L.R., 1993, Geohydrology and water quality of the Calumet aquifer, in the vicinity of the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal, northwestern Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4115, vii, 151 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924115.","productDescription":"vii, 151 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"151","numberOfPages":"158","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55926,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4115/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123751,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4115/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"rand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.18406677246094,\n 41.66367910784373\n ],\n [\n -87.39761352539062,\n 41.668808555620586\n ],\n [\n -87.39692687988281,\n 41.76106872528616\n ],\n [\n -87.60086059570312,\n 41.764141783336456\n ],\n [\n -87.60223388671875,\n 41.545589036668105\n ],\n [\n -87.16896057128906,\n 41.544561218705965\n ],\n [\n -87.16621398925781,\n 41.66419207101119\n ],\n [\n -87.18406677246094,\n 41.66367910784373\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8b5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fenelon, J.M.","contributorId":100430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fenelon","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watson, Lee R.","contributorId":83545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":18623,"text":"ofr93163 - 1993 - Water-quality and biological data for selected streams, lakes, and wells in the High Point Lake watershed, Guilford County, North Carolina, 1988-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T10:06:24","indexId":"ofr93163","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-163","title":"Water-quality and biological data for selected streams, lakes, and wells in the High Point Lake watershed, Guilford County, North Carolina, 1988-89","docAbstract":"Water and bottom-sediment samples were collected at 26 sites in the 65-square-mile High Point Lake watershed area of Guilford County, North Carolina, from December 1988 through December 1989. Sampling locations included 10 stream sites, 8 lake sites, and 8 ground-water sites. Generally, six steady-flow samples were collected at each stream site and three storm samples were collected at five sites. Four lake samples and eight ground-water samples also were collected. Chemical analyses of stream and lake sediments and particle-size analyses of lake sediments were performed once during the study.\r\n\r\nMost stream and lake samples were analyzed for field characteristics, nutrients, major ions, trace elements, total organic carbon, and chemical-oxygen demand. Analyses were performed to detect concentrations of 149 selected organic compounds, including acid and base/neutral extractable and volatile constituents and carbamate, chlorophenoxy acid, triazine, organochlorine, and organophosphorus pesticides and herbicides. Selected lake samples were analyzed for all constituents listed in the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1986, including Giardia, Legionella, radiochemicals, asbestos, and viruses. Various chromatograms from organic analyses were submitted to computerized library searches. The results of these and all other analyses presented in this report are in tabular form.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93163","usgsCitation":"Davenport, M., 1993, Water-quality and biological data for selected streams, lakes, and wells in the High Point Lake watershed, Guilford County, North Carolina, 1988-89: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-163, x, 144 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93163.","productDescription":"x, 144 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":47963,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0163/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":151631,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0163/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Guilford County","otherGeospatial":"High Point Lake watershed","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-80.0368,36.2543],[-79.8315,36.2505],[-79.686,36.2462],[-79.532,36.2416],[-79.5362,36.023],[-79.5421,35.9001],[-79.7425,35.9084],[-79.7493,35.9084],[-79.8987,35.915],[-79.9833,35.9182],[-80.0469,35.9209],[-80.043,36.0103],[-80.0368,36.2543]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Guilford\",\"state\":\"NC\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683489","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davenport, M.S.","contributorId":23553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davenport","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2010,"text":"wsp2402 - 1993 - Biogeochemical and hydrological processes controlling the transport and fate of 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB) in soil and ground water, central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:19","indexId":"wsp2402","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2402","title":"Biogeochemical and hydrological processes controlling the transport and fate of 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB) in soil and ground water, central Florida","docAbstract":"Widespread contamination of ground water in central Florida by 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB) has resulted because of its heavy usage as a soil fumigant during a 20-year period, its relatively high aqueous solubility, and the low sorption capacity of the highly permeable sandy soils lacking organic matter. Two models were used to improve understanding of biogeochemical and hydrological processes that control the transport and fate of EDB in soil and ground water. First, a mass-balance model was developed to estimate the max-imum concentration of EDB in ground water resulting from known application rates of EDB. Key processes that were quantified in the model included volatilization, diffusion of EDB vapor in soils, partitioning between aqueous and gaseous phases, sorption of EDB vapor on organic carbon and soil particles, chemical and biological degradation reactions, and nonreversible binding of EDB to soils. Model calculations using an EDB half-life of 0.65 year closely reproduced the maximum observed concentrations in ground water, 37 and 0.22 micrograms per liter, at downgradient sites in two study areas in central Florida. \r\n\r\nMaximum concentrations of EDB in ground water also were estimated in a second model that incorporated an analytical solution to the three-dimensional advection-dispersion equation for instantaneous point sources of EDB entering the flow systems in the two study areas. The model used an EDB half-life of 0.65 year (obtained from the mass-balance calculations), mean ground-water flow velocities of 0.6 to 1 meter per day, coefficients of longitudinal hydro-dynamic dispersion of 0.6 to 1.0 square meter per day, and coefficients of transverse hydrodynamic dispersion of 0.1 square meter per day. Peak concentrations of EDB in ground water calculated from the analytical model agreed closely with observed peak concentrations measured from 1983 through 1987.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Book and Open-File Report Sales [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wsp2402","usgsCitation":"Katz, B.G., 1993, Biogeochemical and hydrological processes controlling the transport and fate of 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB) in soil and ground water, central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2402, vi, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2402.","productDescription":"vi, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":24,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wsp2402/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":137560,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625abd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katz, Brian G. bkatz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"Brian","email":"bkatz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":144521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29027,"text":"wri934170 - 1993 - Hydrogeology, ground-water quality, and potential for water-supply contamination near an abandoned wood-preserving plant site at Jackson, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:49","indexId":"wri934170","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4170","title":"Hydrogeology, ground-water quality, and potential for water-supply contamination near an abandoned wood-preserving plant site at Jackson, Tennessee","docAbstract":"Hydrogeologic and ground-water-quality data were collected near an abandoned wood-preserving plant site at Jackson, Tennessee to determine the extent and magnitude of ground-water contamination in offsite areas and to assess the potential for contamination of nearby water-supply wells. New methods were used to collect ground-water samples from the alluvial aquifer at six offsite stations at depths of less than about 40 feet below land surface. In addition, 36 offsite wells were installed at these stations to collect samples from the alluvial aquifer and to depths of about 150 feet in the deeper Fort Pillow aquifer. Ground-water samples collected by the new methods and from the 36 offsite wells were analyzed for selected volatile and semi-volatile compounds. The samples collected from the 36 wells also were analyzed for major and trace inorganic constituents. Naphthalene and some volatile organic compounds were detected at low concentrations in samples from both the alluvial aquifer and the Fort Pillow aquifer. To assess the potential for water-supply contamination from the site, four water-supply wells to the east (upgradient) and three wells to the west (down- gradient) of the abandoned plant site were sampled. These samples were analyzed for the same analytes as the samples from the 36 wells. Although volatile organic compounds and elevated concentrations of trace and major inorganic constituents were measured in samples from some wells east of the site, no organic compounds associated with the wood- preserving process were detected. No contaminants from the site were detected in samples from wells west of the site.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934170","usgsCitation":"Parks, W.S., Mirecki, J., and Kingsbury, J., 1993, Hydrogeology, ground-water quality, and potential for water-supply contamination near an abandoned wood-preserving plant site at Jackson, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4170, vi, 76 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934170.","productDescription":"vi, 76 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126655,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4170/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57891,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4170/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8fa6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parks, W. S.","contributorId":99555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parks","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mirecki, J. E.","contributorId":97152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mirecki","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kingsbury, J.A.","contributorId":21583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kingsbury","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29398,"text":"wri934176 - 1993 - Distribution of volatile organic compounds in soil vapor in the vicinity of a defense fuel supply point, Hanahan, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:02","indexId":"wri934176","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4176","title":"Distribution of volatile organic compounds in soil vapor in the vicinity of a defense fuel supply point, Hanahan, South Carolina","docAbstract":"Two passive soil-vapor sampling techniques were used in the vicinity of a defense fuel supply point in Hanahan, South Carolina, to identify areas of potential contamination of the shallow water table aquifer by volatile organic compounds (VOC's). Both techniques involved the burial of samplers in the vadose zone and the saturated bottom sediments of nearby streams. One method, the empty-tube technique, allowed vapors to pass through a permeable membrane and accumulate inside an inverted empty test tube. A sample was extracted and analyzed on site by using a portable gas chromatograph. As a comparison to this method, an activated-carbon technique, also was used in certain areas. This method uses a vapor collector consisting of a test tube containing activated carbon as a sorbent for VOC's.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934176","usgsCitation":"Robertson, J., Aelion, C., and Vroblesky, D., 1993, Distribution of volatile organic compounds in soil vapor in the vicinity of a defense fuel supply point, Hanahan, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4176, iv, 24 p. :maps ;28 cm. [PGS - 25 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934176.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p. :maps ;28 cm. [PGS - 25 p.]","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119517,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4176/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58250,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4176/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db6361d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, J. F.","contributorId":11194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"J. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aelion, C.M.","contributorId":35368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aelion","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vroblesky, D.A.","contributorId":101691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":20138,"text":"ofr93404 - 1993 - Hydrogeology and water quality of the Galena-Platteville aquifer at the Parson's Casket Hardware Superfund site, Belvidere, Illinois, 1991-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:43","indexId":"ofr93404","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-404","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality of the Galena-Platteville aquifer at the Parson's Casket Hardware Superfund site, Belvidere, Illinois, 1991-92","docAbstract":"The purpose of this letter is to describe the results of the final phase (phase 3) of the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) ground-water investigation at the Parson's Casket Hardware site, Belvidere, Ill. (figs. 1 and 2), for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Included in this letter are brief descriptions of (1) study methods employed in the phase 3 investigation that have not been previously described in earlier reports, and (2) results of the phase 3 investigation as they relate to the results of the previous phases of the investigation. The data from the phase 3 investigation that are presented and described herein were collected during November 1991-January 1992.\r\nThe Galena-Platteville aquifer is the uppermost bedrock aquifer beneath the site. The Glenwood Formation of Ordovician age, a potential confining unit, separates the Galena-Platteville aquifer from the underlying St. Peter Sandstone aquifer (fig. 3). The St. Peter Sandstone aquifer is an important source of ground water to Belvidere and other cities in the region.\r\n\r\nThe phase 3 investigation was done (1) to determine the lithology of the Glenwood Formation; (2) to determine the vertical distribution of horizontal hydraulic conductivity (K) and concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOC's) in the upper 150 ft (feet) of the Galena-Platteville aquifer at an existing monitoring location, borehole G127GP (figs. 2 and 3) ; and (3) to confirm the presence or absence of VOC's in the St. Peter Sandstone aquifer at a new monitoring location, well G127SP (figs. 2 and 3). Additional components of the site investigation described in this letter include determination of vertical hydraulic gradients between the Galena-Platteville and St. Peter Sandstone aquifers and in situ measurement of selected water-quality characteristics (pH, temperature, specific conductance, Eh, and dissolved oxygen) in borehole G127GP.\r\n\r\nThe results of the first and second phases of the USGS investigation at the Parson's Casket Hardware site are presented in two previous USGS Open-File Reports prepared for the USEPA (Mills, 1993a, 1993b) . These reports describe the hydrogeology of the study site, principally the Galena-Platteville aquifer, and the distribution of VOC concentrations in the Galena-Platteville aquifer. (The stratigraphic nomenclature used in this report is that of the Illinois State Geological Survey (Willman and others, 1975, p. 47-87) and does not necessarily follow the usage of the USGS. The aquifer nomenclature is that generally used by the Illinois State Geological Survey and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.) The previous two reports also describe most of the study methods employed in the phase 3 investigation.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93404","usgsCitation":"Mills, P., 1993, Hydrogeology and water quality of the Galena-Platteville aquifer at the Parson's Casket Hardware Superfund site, Belvidere, Illinois, 1991-92: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-404, iii, 29 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93404.","productDescription":"iii, 29 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153024,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0404/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49680,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0404/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6251e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, P. C.","contributorId":69117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"P. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30298,"text":"wri934055 - 1993 - Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Red Clay Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania, and New Castle County, Delaware","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-03T08:58:40","indexId":"wri934055","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4055","title":"Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Red Clay Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania, and New Castle County, Delaware","docAbstract":"The 54-square-mile Red Clay Creek Basin, located in the lower Delaware River Basin, is underlain primarily by metamorphic rocks that range from Precambrian to Lower Paleozoic in age. Ground water flows through secondary openings in fractured crystalline rock and through primary openings below the water table in the overlying saprolite. Secondary porosity and permeability vary with hydrogeologic unit, topographic setting, and depth. Thirty-nine percent of the water-bearing zones are encountered within 100 feet of the land surface, and 79 percent are within 200 feet. \r\n\r\n The fractured crystalline rock and overlying saprolite act as a single aquifer under unconfined conditions. The water table is a subdued replica of the land surface. Local ground-water flow systems predominate in the basin, and natural ground-water discharge is to streams, comprising 62 to 71 percent of streamflow. \r\n\r\n Water budgets for 1988-90 for the 45-square-mile effective drainage area above the Woodale, Del., streamflow-measurement station show that annual precipitation ranged from 43.59 to 59.14 inches and averaged 49.81 inches, annual streamflow ranged from 15.35 to 26.33 inches and averaged 20.24 inches, and annual evapotranspiration ranged from 27.87 to 30.43 inches and averaged 28.98 inches. \r\n\r\n The crystalline rocks of the Red Clay Creek Basin were simulated two-dimensionally as a single aquifer under unconfined conditions. The model was calibrated for short-term steady-state conditions on November 2, 1990. Recharge was 8.32 inches per year. Values of aquifer hydraulic conductivity in hillside topographic settings ranged from 0.07 to 2.60 feet per day. Values of streambed hydraulic conductivity ranged from 0.08 to 26.0 feet per day. \r\n\r\n Prior to simulations where ground-water development was increased, the calibrated steady-state model was modified to approximate long-term average conditions in the basin. Base flow of 11.98 inches per year and a ground-water evapotranspiration rate of 2.17 inches per year were simulated by the model. \r\n\r\n Different combinations of ground-water supply and wastewater-disposal plans were simulated to assess their effects on the stream-aquifer system. Six of the simulations represent an increase in population of 14,283 and water use of 1.07 million gallons per day. One simulation represents an increase in population of 28,566 and water use of 2.14 million gallons per day. Reduction of average base flow is greatest for development plans with wastewater removed from the basin through sewers and is proportional to the amount of water removed from the basin. The development plan that had the least effect on water levels and base flow included on-lot wells and on-lot septic systems. \r\n\r\n Five organochlorine insecticides--lindane, DDT, dieldrin, heptachlor, and methoxychlor--were detected in ground water. Four organophosphorus insecticides--malathion, parathion, diazinon, and phorate--were detected in ground water. Four volatile organic compounds--benzene, toluene, tetrachloroethylene, and trichloroethylene--were detected in ground water. Phenol was detected at concentrations up to 8 micrograms per liter in water from 50 percent of 14 wells sampled. The concentration of dissolved nitrate in water from 18 percent of wells sampled exceeded 10 milligrams per liter as nitrogen; concentration of nitrate were as high as 19 milligrams per liter. PCB was detected in the bottom material of West Branch Red Clay Creek at Kennet Square at concentrations up to 5,600 micrograms per kilogram.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934055","usgsCitation":"Vogel, K.L., and Reif, A.G., 1993, Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Red Clay Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania, and New Castle County, Delaware: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4055, Report: vii, 111 p.; 2 Plates: 22.53 x 33.08 inches and 22.19 x 33.04 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934055.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 111 p.; 2 Plates: 22.53 x 33.08 inches and 22.19 x 33.04 inches","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348159,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4055/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":348160,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4055/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59087,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4055/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126682,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4055/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Pennsylvania","county":"Chester County, New Castle County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-75.4144,39.8033],[-75.4053,39.7972],[-75.4101,39.7953],[-75.4196,39.7921],[-75.4248,39.7897],[-75.4256,39.7893],[-75.4308,39.787],[-75.4321,39.786],[-75.4351,39.7838],[-75.4422,39.7788],[-75.4493,39.7728],[-75.4529,39.7701],[-75.4552,39.7673],[-75.4576,39.7664],[-75.46,39.7646],[-75.4617,39.7627],[-75.4629,39.76],[-75.4647,39.7573],[-75.4658,39.7546],[-75.4676,39.7505],[-75.4699,39.7464],[-75.4723,39.7427],[-75.474,39.7395],[-75.4763,39.7359],[-75.4775,39.7332],[-75.4781,39.73],[-75.4786,39.7273],[-75.4798,39.7232],[-75.4797,39.7205],[-75.4803,39.7186],[-75.4809,39.7173],[-75.4821,39.7159],[-75.4838,39.7159],[-75.4851,39.7159],[-75.488,39.7163],[-75.4892,39.7168],[-75.491,39.7163],[-75.4922,39.7145],[-75.4928,39.7126],[-75.4954,39.7086],[-75.4959,39.7077],[-75.498,39.7044],[-75.4993,39.703],[-75.5032,39.7],[-75.5057,39.6985],[-75.5075,39.6962],[-75.5087,39.6935],[-75.5092,39.6898],[-75.5097,39.6862],[-75.5103,39.6821],[-75.5108,39.6799],[-75.5114,39.6758],[-75.5119,39.673],[-75.5137,39.6703],[-75.5161,39.6676],[-75.5184,39.6653],[-75.5208,39.663],[-75.5231,39.6612],[-75.5255,39.6593],[-75.5273,39.6571],[-75.529,39.6552],[-75.5302,39.653],[-75.532,39.6511],[-75.5331,39.6502],[-75.5337,39.6493],[-75.5373,39.6474],[-75.5414,39.646],[-75.5444,39.6442],[-75.5468,39.6424],[-75.5485,39.6406],[-75.5503,39.6392],[-75.5533,39.6373],[-75.5556,39.6351],[-75.5574,39.6323],[-75.5585,39.6296],[-75.5594,39.6274],[-75.5603,39.6255],[-75.5596,39.621],[-75.5577,39.6147],[-75.5558,39.6083],[-75.5552,39.6066],[-75.5546,39.6051],[-75.5528,39.6029],[-75.5491,39.6002],[-75.5443,39.598],[-75.5419,39.5966],[-75.5395,39.5962],[-75.5371,39.5958],[-75.5353,39.5944],[-75.5347,39.5931],[-75.5347,39.5917],[-75.5329,39.5899],[-75.5316,39.5881],[-75.5298,39.5868],[-75.5274,39.5854],[-75.5232,39.5845],[-75.5191,39.5837],[-75.5154,39.5814],[-75.513,39.5792],[-75.5112,39.576],[-75.5105,39.5729],[-75.5111,39.5692],[-75.5123,39.5672],[-75.514,39.5642],[-75.5152,39.561],[-75.5169,39.5583],[-75.5188,39.5559],[-75.5204,39.5537],[-75.5228,39.5515],[-75.5263,39.5487],[-75.5305,39.546],[-75.5322,39.5441],[-75.5328,39.5414],[-75.5322,39.5401],[-75.5309,39.5382],[-75.5289,39.5372],[-75.5273,39.5365],[-75.5267,39.5356],[-75.5267,39.5319],[-75.5272,39.5269],[-75.5284,39.5233],[-75.5283,39.521],[-75.5283,39.5192],[-75.5277,39.5179],[-75.5282,39.5156],[-75.5294,39.5133],[-75.53,39.512],[-75.5305,39.5092],[-75.5299,39.507],[-75.5293,39.5061],[-75.5279,39.5031],[-75.5268,39.5006],[-75.5288,39.4998],[-75.5304,39.4991],[-75.5322,39.4983],[-75.5432,39.4978],[-75.5539,39.4974],[-75.559,39.4974],[-75.5617,39.4974],[-75.5634,39.4942],[-75.5646,39.4919],[-75.5666,39.4861],[-75.5676,39.4833],[-75.5676,39.4797],[-75.5622,39.4706],[-75.5539,39.4613],[-75.5508,39.4583],[-75.5418,39.4507],[-75.5426,39.4503],[-75.5213,39.4306],[-75.5027,39.4051],[-75.4887,39.3907],[-75.4672,39.3722],[-75.4678,39.3717],[-75.4678,39.3714],[-75.4686,39.3714],[-75.4689,39.3711],[-75.4692,39.3711],[-75.4697,39.3706],[-75.4697,39.37],[-75.47,39.3697],[-75.47,39.3694],[-75.4703,39.3692],[-75.4703,39.3689],[-75.4708,39.3683],[-75.4722,39.3683],[-75.4728,39.3678],[-75.4728,39.3675],[-75.4725,39.3672],[-75.4725,39.3669],[-75.4728,39.3669],[-75.4733,39.3664],[-75.4736,39.3667],[-75.4739,39.3664],[-75.4747,39.3664],[-75.475,39.3661],[-75.4753,39.3661],[-75.4756,39.3658],[-75.4767,39.3658],[-75.4778,39.3647],[-75.4778,39.3644],[-75.4781,39.3642],[-75.4781,39.3636],[-75.4778,39.3633],[-75.4778,39.3631],[-75.4775,39.3628],[-75.4775,39.3622],[-75.4781,39.3617],[-75.4783,39.3617],[-75.4786,39.3614],[-75.4786,39.3611],[-75.4789,39.3608],[-75.4792,39.3608],[-75.4797,39.3603],[-75.4806,39.3603],[-75.4811,39.3597],[-75.4811,39.3594],[-75.4819,39.3586],[-75.4828,39.3586],[-75.4831,39.3583],[-75.4833,39.3583],[-75.4836,39.3581],[-75.4847,39.3581],[-75.485,39.3578],[-75.485,39.3575],[-75.4856,39.3569],[-75.4869,39.3569],[-75.4881,39.3558],[-75.4886,39.3553],[-75.4889,39.3553],[-75.4894,39.3547],[-75.4897,39.3536],[-75.4906,39.3536],[-75.4907,39.3534],[-75.4979,39.3571],[-75.5008,39.3605],[-75.5056,39.365],[-75.511,39.3655],[-75.5145,39.3655],[-75.5187,39.3605],[-75.5217,39.3591],[-75.5235,39.36],[-75.5264,39.3591],[-75.5282,39.3568],[-75.5276,39.3555],[-75.5276,39.3528],[-75.5306,39.3532],[-75.5324,39.3537],[-75.5336,39.3528],[-75.5353,39.351],[-75.5365,39.351],[-75.5377,39.3519],[-75.5383,39.3532],[-75.5395,39.3541],[-75.5419,39.355],[-75.5431,39.3532],[-75.5437,39.3523],[-75.5443,39.3505],[-75.5455,39.3505],[-75.5461,39.3514],[-75.5472,39.3523],[-75.5484,39.3532],[-75.5502,39.3537],[-75.5532,39.3528],[-75.5538,39.3518],[-75.5532,39.3496],[-75.5532,39.3487],[-75.5526,39.3478],[-75.5532,39.3473],[-75.5544,39.3473],[-75.555,39.3478],[-75.5562,39.3478],[-75.558,39.3469],[-75.5585,39.3455],[-75.5591,39.3446],[-75.5591,39.3437],[-75.5585,39.3419],[-75.5573,39.3387],[-75.5573,39.336],[-75.5591,39.3342],[-75.5609,39.3337],[-75.5639,39.3333],[-75.5651,39.3315],[-75.568,39.3287],[-75.568,39.3233],[-75.574,39.3179],[-75.5758,39.312],[-75.5841,39.3101],[-75.5871,39.3106],[-75.596,39.3101],[-75.6067,39.3101],[-75.615,39.3101],[-75.6221,39.3083],[-75.6251,39.3056],[-75.6322,39.3028],[-75.6394,39.3024],[-75.6435,39.2988],[-75.6465,39.2978],[-75.65,39.2938],[-75.659,39.2933],[-75.6679,39.2906],[-75.6738,39.2915],[-75.6792,39.2919],[-75.6833,39.2951],[-75.6869,39.2978],[-75.7137,39.2991],[-75.7594,39.2963],[-75.7619,39.3316],[-75.7658,39.3769],[-75.775,39.483],[-75.7881,39.6501],[-75.7875,39.7231],[-76.0148,39.7228],[-76.1392,39.7223],[-76.1373,39.7262],[-76.1337,39.728],[-76.1307,39.728],[-76.1266,39.7265],[-76.1236,39.7242],[-76.1188,39.726],[-76.1187,39.7301],[-76.1205,39.7333],[-76.1198,39.7364],[-76.1144,39.7368],[-76.1115,39.735],[-76.1121,39.7318],[-76.1134,39.7287],[-76.1104,39.7268],[-76.1051,39.7254],[-76.0996,39.7285],[-76.0965,39.7326],[-76.0959,39.7362],[-76.0988,39.738],[-76.1018,39.7399],[-76.1018,39.7421],[-76.1011,39.7449],[-76.0957,39.7448],[-76.0909,39.7452],[-76.0873,39.7474],[-76.0842,39.7537],[-76.0841,39.7592],[-76.0804,39.7609],[-76.0678,39.7626],[-76.066,39.7644],[-76.0654,39.7671],[-76.0659,39.7708],[-76.0628,39.7734],[-76.0616,39.7752],[-76.0615,39.7789],[-76.0567,39.7802],[-76.0537,39.7819],[-76.0506,39.7846],[-76.0481,39.79],[-76.0444,39.7963],[-76.0377,39.8026],[-76.0352,39.808],[-76.0303,39.813],[-76.0308,39.8175],[-76.032,39.8207],[-76.0265,39.8247],[-76.0253,39.826],[-76.0252,39.8301],[-76.0234,39.831],[-76.0191,39.8319],[-76.0191,39.8337],[-76.0202,39.8378],[-76.023,39.8464],[-76.0217,39.8518],[-76.0211,39.8537],[-76.0181,39.8545],[-76.0163,39.854],[-76.0127,39.8531],[-76.0103,39.8531],[-76.0091,39.8544],[-76.007,39.8666],[-76.0051,39.8712],[-76.0039,39.873],[-76.0015,39.8738],[-75.9991,39.8734],[-75.9974,39.8715],[-75.9956,39.8701],[-75.9932,39.8697],[-75.9926,39.8706],[-75.9908,39.8719],[-75.9877,39.8732],[-75.9871,39.8746],[-75.9877,39.8768],[-75.9912,39.8801],[-75.9905,39.8828],[-75.9899,39.8868],[-75.9879,39.8927],[-75.9885,39.895],[-75.9902,39.8977],[-75.9943,39.901],[-75.9961,39.9028],[-75.9957,39.9236],[-75.9962,39.9259],[-75.998,39.9273],[-75.9968,39.9282],[-75.9938,39.9277],[-75.9926,39.9268],[-75.9914,39.9272],[-75.9902,39.9286],[-75.9859,39.9308],[-75.9841,39.9308],[-75.9823,39.9307],[-75.9811,39.9316],[-75.9805,39.9334],[-75.9822,39.9362],[-75.9875,39.9399],[-75.9915,39.9481],[-75.9921,39.9513],[-75.992,39.9544],[-75.9901,39.958],[-75.9889,39.9607],[-75.987,39.9634],[-75.9869,39.9675],[-75.9722,39.9855],[-75.964,40.0008],[-75.9628,40.0026],[-75.956,40.0125],[-75.9504,40.0197],[-75.935,40.0394],[-75.9354,40.0471],[-75.9361,40.0689],[-75.9365,40.0807],[-75.9403,40.0989],[-75.9413,40.1066],[-75.9412,40.1093],[-75.9315,40.1138],[-75.9139,40.1212],[-75.9018,40.1261],[-75.8757,40.1371],[-75.8604,40.1464],[-75.8494,40.154],[-75.7773,40.1997],[-75.7724,40.2028],[-75.7602,40.2085],[-75.7322,40.2231],[-75.6986,40.2408],[-75.6968,40.2417],[-75.6912,40.2388],[-75.6894,40.2378],[-75.6864,40.2387],[-75.6784,40.2436],[-75.6741,40.2458],[-75.6705,40.2466],[-75.6645,40.2461],[-75.6549,40.2428],[-75.6478,40.2404],[-75.6406,40.2371],[-75.6304,40.2347],[-75.6209,40.2305],[-75.6186,40.2277],[-75.6151,40.2245],[-75.6114,40.2244],[-75.6078,40.2258],[-75.6047,40.2275],[-75.6059,40.2294],[-75.6076,40.2326],[-75.6088,40.2348],[-75.6081,40.2366],[-75.605,40.2389],[-75.6014,40.2379],[-75.5997,40.2365],[-75.5973,40.2347],[-75.591,40.2214],[-75.5835,40.21],[-75.5801,40.2045],[-75.5796,40.2004],[-75.5766,40.1981],[-75.5724,40.1967],[-75.5694,40.1966],[-75.5676,40.1975],[-75.5645,40.2006],[-75.5644,40.2029],[-75.5655,40.207],[-75.5661,40.2093],[-75.5636,40.2101],[-75.5606,40.2096],[-75.5589,40.2073],[-75.5554,40.2023],[-75.5503,40.19],[-75.544,40.1794],[-75.5387,40.1739],[-75.527,40.1664],[-75.5275,40.1492],[-75.5239,40.1468],[-75.5184,40.1475],[-75.5127,40.1595],[-75.503,40.1593],[-75.5,40.1563],[-75.5036,40.1506],[-75.5107,40.1422],[-75.5088,40.1347],[-75.4905,40.1253],[-75.4729,40.1287],[-75.4611,40.1241],[-75.4627,40.119],[-75.4691,40.1169],[-75.4719,40.1116],[-75.4693,40.1066],[-75.4618,40.1027],[-75.4633,40.0971],[-75.4563,40.0945],[-75.4558,40.0876],[-75.4401,40.0941],[-75.4369,40.0899],[-75.42,40.0966],[-75.3927,40.0604],[-75.3669,40.0723],[-75.361,40.0668],[-75.3702,40.062],[-75.3732,40.0602],[-75.3811,40.0572],[-75.4012,40.0475],[-75.4025,40.0471],[-75.4086,40.0436],[-75.4128,40.0418],[-75.4106,40.0373],[-75.4076,40.0336],[-75.406,40.0295],[-75.4139,40.0242],[-75.4207,40.0202],[-75.4311,40.0118],[-75.4508,39.9958],[-75.452,39.9949],[-75.4532,39.994],[-75.4521,39.9926],[-75.4455,39.9925],[-75.4437,39.9925],[-75.4412,39.9933],[-75.4401,39.9915],[-75.4372,39.9865],[-75.4385,39.9842],[-75.4398,39.9811],[-75.4399,39.9793],[-75.4423,39.9788],[-75.4446,39.9807],[-75.4726,39.968],[-75.4993,39.9557],[-75.5024,39.9544],[-75.5079,39.9518],[-75.5152,39.9483],[-75.5224,39.9452],[-75.5243,39.9443],[-75.5202,39.9397],[-75.5191,39.9374],[-75.5306,39.9322],[-75.526,39.9239],[-75.5315,39.9218],[-75.5366,39.9305],[-75.5427,39.9274],[-75.5398,39.9242],[-75.5447,39.922],[-75.5424,39.9183],[-75.5502,39.9152],[-75.5468,39.9093],[-75.5553,39.9058],[-75.5576,39.9086],[-75.5601,39.9072],[-75.5583,39.904],[-75.562,39.9023],[-75.5711,39.897],[-75.573,39.8943],[-75.5714,39.8879],[-75.5799,39.8835],[-75.5822,39.8854],[-75.5834,39.8849],[-75.5852,39.8863],[-75.5888,39.8846],[-75.5842,39.8804],[-75.5981,39.8747],[-75.5952,39.8724],[-75.5934,39.8697],[-75.5935,39.8683],[-75.5959,39.8652],[-75.599,39.862],[-75.6003,39.8602],[-75.6015,39.858],[-75.601,39.8562],[-75.5975,39.8539],[-75.5939,39.8515],[-75.5946,39.8488],[-75.5965,39.8457],[-75.5978,39.8416],[-75.5973,39.8379],[-75.5955,39.8382],[-75.5769,39.8399],[-75.5595,39.8406],[-75.5458,39.8405],[-75.5307,39.8401],[-75.5152,39.8381],[-75.5014,39.8351],[-75.4877,39.8314],[-75.4709,39.827],[-75.4547,39.8215],[-75.4415,39.8165],[-75.4248,39.8083],[-75.4225,39.8072],[-75.4144,39.8033]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"New Castle\",\"state\":\"DE\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vogel, Karen L.","contributorId":69628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogel","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reif, Andrew G. 0000-0002-5054-5207 agreif@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-5207","contributorId":2632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reif","given":"Andrew","email":"agreif@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26809,"text":"wri924119 - 1993 - Hydrogeology, water quality, and ground-water-development alternatives in the upper Wood River ground-water reservoir, Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:33","indexId":"wri924119","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4119","title":"Hydrogeology, water quality, and ground-water-development alternatives in the upper Wood River ground-water reservoir, Rhode Island","docAbstract":"The 72.4-square-mile Upper Wood River study area is in the Pawcatuck River basin in southern Rhode Island. Stratified drift is the only principal geologic unit capable of producing yields greater than 0.5 Mgal/d. Transmissivity of the aquifer ranges from 7,600 to 49,200 sq ft/d. Water-table conditions prevail and the aquifer is in good hydraulic connection with perennial streams and ponds. Groundwater and surface water in the study area are generally suitable for most uses. Water is soft, slightly acidic, and contains less than 150 mg/L dissolved solids. Locally, however, groundwater has been contaminated with nitrate, chloride, and volatile organic compounds. A model of the groundwater-flow system was used to evaluate the effect of alternative schemes of groundwater development on water levels, pond levels, and streamflow. Till contacts were simulated as specified-flux boundaries, drainage divides as no-flow boundaries, and streams as leaky boundaries. The areas most favorable for development of 1 Mgal/d are along the Flat and Wood Rivers. From 50 to 65 percent of the water withdrawn from wells would be derived from induced recharge. Results of simulation of development alternatives indicate that the groundwater reservoir could sustain withdrawals of 6 to 12 Mgal/d from 11 wells under long-term average annual (1942-89) and simulated drought (1963-66) conditions without causing water-level declines of greater than 25 percent of the unstressed saturated thickness of the aquifer. Pumping 12 Mgal/d, however, would reduce flow of the Wood River at the basin outlet by an amount almost equal to the 7-day, 10-yr low flow of 20.4 cu ft/s.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924119","usgsCitation":"Dickerman, D., and Bell, R., 1993, Hydrogeology, water quality, and ground-water-development alternatives in the upper Wood River ground-water reservoir, Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4119, vii, 87 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. [PGS - 86 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924119.","productDescription":"vii, 87 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. [PGS - 86 p.]","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123604,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4119/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55697,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4119/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db69612a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dickerman, D.C.","contributorId":48601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickerman","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bell, R.W.","contributorId":77563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":20140,"text":"ofr93402 - 1993 - Vertical distribution of hydraulic characteristics and water quality in three boreholes in the Galena-Platteville Aquifer at the Parson's Casket Hardware Superfund site, Belvidere, Illinois, 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:43","indexId":"ofr93402","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-402","title":"Vertical distribution of hydraulic characteristics and water quality in three boreholes in the Galena-Platteville Aquifer at the Parson's Casket Hardware Superfund site, Belvidere, Illinois, 1990","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey investigated contaminant migration in the Galena-Platteville aquifer at the Parson's Casket Hardware site in Belvidere, Ill. This report presents the results of the first phase of the investigation, from August through December 1990.\r\nA packer assembly was used to isolate various depth intervals in three 150-foot-deep boreholes in the dolomite aquifer. Aquifer-test data include vertical distributions of vertical hydraulic gradient, horizontal hydraulic conductivity (K), and response of water levels in observation wells to borehole pumping. Water-quality data include vertical distributions of field-measured properties and laboratory determinations of concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOC's).\r\n\r\nvertical hydraulic gradients in the aquifer were downward. The downward gradients ranged from less than 0.01 to 0.37 foot/foot. The largest gradient was associated with an elevated-K interval at 115 to 125 feet below land surface.\r\n\r\nThe hydraulic characteristics of strata within the aquifer seem to be generally consistent across the site. The strata can be subdivided into five hydraulic units with the following approximate depth ranges-and K's : (1) a 1- to 5-foot-thick weathered surface at about 35 feet below land surface, 1-200 ft/d (feet per day); (2) 35-80 feet, 0.05-0.5 ft/d; (3) 80-115 feet, 0.5 ft/d; (4) 115-125 feet, 0.5-10 ft/d; and (5) 125-150 feet, 0.5 ft/d.\r\n\r\nWater-level drawdowns were detected in one shallow bedrock observation well during pumping of some of the packed intervals in a nearby borehole, indicating that the degree of vertical connection between some intervals in the aquifer may be greater than that between others. During development pumping of one borehole, drawdowns were detected in a nearby well screened in the lower part of the overlying glacial-drift deposits, indicating hydraulic connection between the glacial drift aquifer and the bedrock aquifer.\r\n\r\nVOC's were detected throughout the upper half (about 150 feet ) of the bedrock aquifer beneath the site. The detected compounds were predominantly chlorinated ethenes and ethanes (maximum concentration was 570 ppb (parts per billion) of trichloroethylene. There was a positive correlation between concentrations of VOC's, specific conductance, and K.\r\n\r\nThe distribution of VOC concentrations indicate that the low-K dolomite beds in the Galena-Platteville aquifer may impede the downward migration of the VOC's and that the high-K beds and fissures may provide pathways for the lateral migration of VOC's through the aquifer. Contaminant migration is possibly affected by ground-water flow through vertical fractures that connect shallow beds with deeper beds in the aquifer, thus explaining the detections of some VOC species at intermittent depths.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93402","usgsCitation":"Mills, P., 1993, Vertical distribution of hydraulic characteristics and water quality in three boreholes in the Galena-Platteville Aquifer at the Parson's Casket Hardware Superfund site, Belvidere, Illinois, 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-402, iv, 36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93402.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153035,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0402/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49682,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0402/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db6020ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, P. C.","contributorId":69117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"P. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18914,"text":"ofr92467 - 1993 - Surface-water-quality assessment of the Upper Illinois River basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin : data on manmade nonagricultural volatile and semivolatile organic chemicals in water, May 1988 through March 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:31","indexId":"ofr92467","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-467","title":"Surface-water-quality assessment of the Upper Illinois River basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin : data on manmade nonagricultural volatile and semivolatile organic chemicals in water, May 1988 through March 1990","docAbstract":"This report contains data from the survey of manmade nonagricultural volatile and semivolatile organic chemicals in surface water in the upper Illinois River basin from May 1988 through March l990. In addition to the data, sampling methods and quality-assurance procedures are described. The survey was part of the upper Illinois River basin pilot project of the National Water-Quality Assessment program conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey. The organic chemicals analyzed from the water samples were those expected to be associated primarily with effluent from point sources in urban areas. A low-flow synoptic investigation of 52 volatile and 54 semivolatile organic chemicals was conducted at 31 sites in July 1988. Additional samples were collected monthly at two sites to continue to test for the presence of 43 volatile organic chemicals from December 1988 through March l990, and of all semivolatile organic chemicals at two sites from August through September 1988.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr92467","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick, F., and Colman, J., 1993, Surface-water-quality assessment of the Upper Illinois River basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin : data on manmade nonagricultural volatile and semivolatile organic chemicals in water, May 1988 through March 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-467, iv, 70 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92467.","productDescription":"iv, 70 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0467/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48312,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0467/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a50c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzpatrick, F. A. 0000-0002-9748-7075","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9748-7075","contributorId":61446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"F. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colman, J.A.","contributorId":63032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185441,"text":"70185441 - 1993 - Simulating the volatilization of solvents in unsaturated soils during laboratory and field infiltration experiments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-06T05:48:22","indexId":"70185441","displayToPublicDate":"1993-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulating the volatilization of solvents in unsaturated soils during laboratory and field infiltration experiments","docAbstract":"This paper describes laboratory and field experiments which were conducted to study the dynamics of trichloroethylene (TCE) as it volatilized from contaminated groundwater and diffused in the presence of infiltrating water through the unsaturated soil zone to the land surface. The field experiments were conducted at the Picatinny Arsenal, which is part of the United States Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program. In both laboratory and field settings the gas and water phase concentrations of TCE were not in equilibrium during infiltration. Gas-water mass transfer rate constants were calibrated to the experimental data using a model in which the water phase was treated as two phases: a mobile water phase and an immobile water phase. The mass transfer limitations of a volatile organic compound between the gas and liquid phases were described explicitly in the model. In the laboratory experiment the porous medium was nonsorbing, and water infiltration rates ranged from 0.076 to 0.28 cm h−1. In the field experiment the water infiltration rate was 0.34 cm h−1, and sorption onto the soil matrix was significant. The laboratory-calibrated gas-water mass transfer rate constant is 3.3×10−4 h−1 for an infiltration rate of 0.076 cm h−1 and 1.4×10−3 h−1 for an infiltration rate of 0.28 cm h−1. The overall mass transfer rate coefficients, incorporating the contribution of mass transfer between mobile and immobile water phases and the variation of interfacial area with moisture content, range from 3×10−4 h−1 to 1×10−2 h−1. A power law model relates the gas-water mass transfer rate constant to the infiltration rate and the fraction of the water phase which is mobile. It was found that the results from the laboratory experiments could not be extrapolated to the field. In order to simulate the field experiment the very slow desorption of TCE from the soil matrix was incorporated into the mathematical model. When desorption from the soil matrix was added to the model, the calibrated gas-water mass transfer rate constant is 2 orders of magnitude lower than that predicted using the power law model developed for the nonsorbing laboratory soil.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR01414","usgsCitation":"Cho, H.J., Jaffe, P.R., and Smith, J., 1993, Simulating the volatilization of solvents in unsaturated soils during laboratory and field infiltration experiments: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 10, p. 3329-3342, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR01414.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"3329","endPage":"3342","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338031,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d3de4b0236b68f98efc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cho, H. Jean","contributorId":189545,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cho","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jean","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jaffe, Peter R.","contributorId":22503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, James A.","contributorId":68718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70199739,"text":"70199739 - 1993 - Helium isotope and gas discharge variations associated with crustal unrest in Long Valley Caldera, California, 1989-1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-26T14:03:42","indexId":"70199739","displayToPublicDate":"1993-09-10T14:03:01","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Helium isotope and gas discharge variations associated with crustal unrest in Long Valley Caldera, California, 1989-1992","docAbstract":"The onset of anomalous seismic activity in 1989 beneath Mammoth Mountain on the southwestern rim of the Long Valley caldera, California, was followed within ∼4 months by a large increase in 3He/4He in vapor discharged from a fumarole on the north side of the mountain. The helium isotopic ratio at this vent rose to a maximum of 6.7 RA in July 1990 and subsequently declined to values near 5 RA. Potential sources of the 3He‐rich vapors include degassing of fresh magma, degassing from fresh surfaces generated in newly fractured igneous rocks, and volatile release from a 3He‐rich gas chamber situated above previously emplaced intrusives. The magnitude of the increase in helium isotopic composition (from 3.8 to 6.7 RA), the persistence of relatively high values (>5 RA) over a period of 3 years, the increase in the flux of total He relative to gases in air‐saturated water, and the increases in the rates of discharge of steam and gas from this fumarole indicate that magmatic intrusion did in fact begin in 1989 beneath Mammoth Mountain. Seismic activity and limited measurements of extensional deformation at the surface suggest that the depth of intrusion may be as shallow as 2 km, consistent with the prompt appearance of increased 3He/4He ratios in the fumarolic gas, and that the intrusive process may have persisted for ∼1 year. In contrast, a similar combination of magmatic intrusion and anomalous seismic activity beneath the resurgent dome‐south moat region during the 1989–1991 period resulted in at most relatively small changes in 3He/4 He in fumarolic discharge at the southern edge of the resurgent dome. The more subdued response may result from a combination of greater intrusive depths and greater dilution of 3He‐rich inputs to thermal fluid reservoirs in the shallow hydrothermal system in this area compared with Mammoth Mountain.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93JB00703","usgsCitation":"Sorey, M., Kennedy, B.M., Evans, W., Farrar, C.D., and Suemnicht, G., 1993, Helium isotope and gas discharge variations associated with crustal unrest in Long Valley Caldera, California, 1989-1992: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 98, no. B9, p. 15871-15889, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JB00703.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"15871","endPage":"15889","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357796,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Valley Caldera","volume":"98","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c111a1de4b034bf6a8194e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sorey, M.L.","contributorId":73185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorey","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, B. M.","contributorId":97638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, W.C. wcevans@usgs.gov","contributorId":147909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"W.C.","email":"wcevans@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":746421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Farrar, C. D.","contributorId":71978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrar","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Suemnicht, G.A.","contributorId":11339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suemnicht","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70243607,"text":"70243607 - 1993 - Meromixis in hypersaline Mono Lake, California. 2. Nitrogen fluxes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-13T21:19:20.105956","indexId":"70243607","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-01T15:47:41","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Meromixis in hypersaline Mono Lake, California. 2. Nitrogen fluxes","docAbstract":"Vertical fluxes of nitrogen were examined in hypersaline Mono Lake over a 9-yr period which encompassed the onset, persistence, and breakdown of meromixis. Under monomictic conditions, ammonia, which accumulates in the hypolimnion, is mixed into the euphotic region during autumn overturn. Following the onset of meromixis in 1983 and elimination of the winter period of holomixis, ammonia was depleted in the mixolimnion and accumulated beneath the chemocline. The mean rate of particulate nitrogen deposition, as measured by sediment traps over a 2-yr period during meromixis, was 2.0 mmol m−2 d−1. Until meromixis weakened in 1988, ammonia concentrations in the euphotic zone remained below 5 µM and increased to ~500 µM beneath the chemocline. Meromixis ended in November 1988 and a large pulse of ammonia was injected into surface waters, resulting in surface ammonia concentrations of ~45 µM. Because the pH of Mono Lake is high (9.8) the : ratio is ~5, and elevated surface concentrations of ammonia during the 2 yr following breakdown of meromixis resulted in high losses of nitrogen via ammonia volatilization (mean, ~10 mmol m− 2 d−1). High release rates of ammonia from the sediments were estimated from both the ammonia gradients in pore-water profiles (3–10 mmol m−2 d−1) and the balance of mixolimnetic nitrogen fluxes (4–10 mmol m−2 d−1). The monimolimnetic balance suggested fluxes of ammonia out of the sediments below the chemocline were reduced during meromixis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.4319/lo.1993.38.5.1020","usgsCitation":"Jellison, R., Miller, L., Melack, J., and Dana, G.L., 1993, Meromixis in hypersaline Mono Lake, California. 2. Nitrogen fluxes: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 38, no. 5, p. 1020-1039, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1993.38.5.1020.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1020","endPage":"1039","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417016,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mono Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.99661879382569,\n 37.94195204830844\n ],\n [\n -118.95506710828823,\n 37.9644526665508\n ],\n [\n -118.92803348155314,\n 37.978660032073066\n ],\n [\n -118.92903472698798,\n 37.984578956161286\n ],\n [\n -118.91101230916443,\n 38.00312182666076\n ],\n [\n -118.90750795014324,\n 38.02126562864001\n ],\n [\n -118.91752040448961,\n 38.04019350314712\n ],\n [\n -118.94355278578985,\n 38.05990483804149\n ],\n [\n -118.97158765795979,\n 38.07251730674594\n ],\n [\n -119.00162502099886,\n 38.0780345780631\n ],\n [\n -119.02765740229961,\n 38.07448780856714\n ],\n [\n -119.03366487490713,\n 38.06581720347327\n ],\n [\n -119.06470348338105,\n 38.05951066335959\n ],\n [\n -119.06920908783707,\n 38.05359778835154\n ],\n [\n -119.06570472881589,\n 38.04019350314712\n ],\n [\n -119.07371469229307,\n 38.03743349272847\n ],\n [\n -119.07922154218343,\n 38.02954717552038\n ],\n [\n -119.08172465576976,\n 38.02481497763759\n ],\n [\n -119.09824520544132,\n 38.01574407736385\n ],\n [\n -119.11376450967852,\n 38.02087124591617\n ],\n [\n -119.12577945489407,\n 38.02047686107059\n ],\n [\n -119.13529128652277,\n 38.018504905002146\n ],\n [\n -119.14580436358679,\n 38.01732170589162\n ],\n [\n -119.15281308162915,\n 38.01179985747416\n ],\n [\n -119.15081059075997,\n 38.00469972684647\n ],\n [\n -119.14680560902113,\n 37.99247011229534\n ],\n [\n -119.13979689097877,\n 37.97747618996753\n ],\n [\n -119.13078568206726,\n 37.9739245490791\n ],\n [\n -119.12077322772087,\n 37.97668695128813\n ],\n [\n -119.1157670005477,\n 37.977081571688686\n ],\n [\n -119.10675579163569,\n 37.977081571688686\n ],\n [\n -119.10275080989733,\n 37.969978079868426\n ],\n [\n -119.09824520544132,\n 37.96800476570391\n ],\n [\n -119.09273835555098,\n 37.95813739932092\n ],\n [\n -119.09023524196414,\n 37.952611095008464\n ],\n [\n -119.07271344685824,\n 37.946294809550835\n ],\n [\n -119.06570472881589,\n 37.94866348023308\n ],\n [\n -119.0606985016427,\n 37.95419008152329\n ],\n [\n -119.05018542457867,\n 37.95300584481869\n ],\n [\n -119.04067359294999,\n 37.940767614336025\n ],\n [\n -119.03016051588595,\n 37.93839868912346\n ],\n [\n -118.99661879382569,\n 37.94195204830844\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jellison, R.","contributorId":103428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jellison","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Laurence G. 0000-0002-7807-3475 lgmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7807-3475","contributorId":2460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Laurence G.","email":"lgmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Melack, John M.","contributorId":25481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melack","given":"John M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dana, Gayle L.","contributorId":305390,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dana","given":"Gayle","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70187139,"text":"70187139 - 1993 - Transport of volatile organic compounds across the capillary fringe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-02T16:40:44","indexId":"70187139","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport of volatile organic compounds across the capillary fringe","docAbstract":"Physical experiments were conducted to investigate the transport of a dissolved volatile organic compound (trichloroethylene, TCE) from shallow groundwater to the unsaturated zone under a variety of conditions including changes in the soil moisture profile and water table position. Experimental data indicated that at moderate groundwater velocities (0.1 m/d), vertical mechanical dispersion was negligible and molecular diffusion was the dominant vertical transport mechanism. Under these conditions, TCE concentrations decreased nearly 3 orders of magnitude across the capillary fringe and soil gas concentrations remained low relative to those of underlying groundwater. Data collected during a water table drop showed a short-term increase in concentrations throughout most of the unsaturated zone, but these concentrations quickly declined and approached initial values after the water table was returned to its original level. In the deep part of the unsaturated zone, the water table drop resulted in a long-term decrease in concentrations, illustrating the effects of hysteresis in the soil moisture profile. A two-dimensional random walk advection-diffusion model was developed to simulate the experimental conditions, and numerical simulations agreed well with experimental data. A simpler, one-dimensional finite-difference diffusion-dispersion model was also developed. One-dimensional simulations based on molecular diffusion also agreed well with experimental data. Simulations which incorporated mechanical dispersion tended to overestimate flux across the capillary fringe. Good agreement between the one- and two-dimensional models suggested that a simple, one-dimensional approximation of vertical transport across the capillary fringe can be useful when conditions are appropriate.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR00098","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, K.A., and Johnson, R.L., 1993, Transport of volatile organic compounds across the capillary fringe: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 6, p. 1675-1683, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00098.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"1675","endPage":"1683","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479444,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/93wr00098","text":"External Repository"},{"id":340218,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ff0ea8e4b006455f2d620a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarthy, Kathleen A. mccarthy@usgs.gov","contributorId":1159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"Kathleen","email":"mccarthy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":692691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Richard L.","contributorId":32626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018336,"text":"70018336 - 1993 - Nature of migrabitumen and their relation to regional thermal maturity, Ouachita Mountains, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T15:36:36.685397","indexId":"70018336","displayToPublicDate":"1993-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1511,"text":"Energy Sources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nature of migrabitumen and their relation to regional thermal maturity, Ouachita Mountains, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"Two grahamite and three impsonite localities are within an 82-km-long segment of the Ouachita Mountains of southeastern Oklahoma. Grab samples were collected to study the petrographic and geochemical characteristics of the migrabitumen at the grahamite-impsonite transition and the relation of the migrabitumen to the regional thermal maturity pattern.
Maximum and random bitumen reflectance values increased from 0·75 to 1·80% from west to east, consistent with the regional thermal maturation trend. Mean bireflectance values increased from 0·04 to 0·38%. The two grahamite samples are classified at the grahamite-impsonite boundary with conflicting petrographic (bitumen reflectance) and bulk chemical (volatile matter) maturity indicators.
The regional maturation trend, based on vitrinite reflectance and bitumen reflectance values, was confirmed by a detailed geochemical investigation of bitumen extracts. Although biomarker analyses were influenced by extensive biodegradation effects, molecular parameters based on the phenanthrenes, dibenzothiophenes, and tricyclic terpanes were identified as useful maturity indicators.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00908319308909026","usgsCitation":"Cardott, B.J., Ruble, T.E., and Suneson, N.H., 1993, Nature of migrabitumen and their relation to regional thermal maturity, Ouachita Mountains, Oklahoma: Energy Sources, v. 15, no. 2, p. 239-267, https://doi.org/10.1080/00908319308909026.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"267","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227200,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Ouachita Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.39359789520772,\n 34.97935792446523\n ],\n [\n -95.39359789520772,\n 33.65536790182706\n ],\n [\n -94.46276382083498,\n 33.65536790182706\n ],\n [\n -94.46276382083498,\n 34.97935792446523\n ],\n [\n -95.39359789520772,\n 34.97935792446523\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a639be4b0c8380cd725c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cardott, Brian J.","contributorId":106657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cardott","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruble, Tim E.","contributorId":55977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruble","given":"Tim","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Suneson, Neil H.","contributorId":10482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suneson","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017403,"text":"70017403 - 1993 - Bimodal Density Distribution of Cryptodome Dacite from the 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:56","indexId":"70017403","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bimodal Density Distribution of Cryptodome Dacite from the 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"The explosion of a cryptodome at Mount St. Helens in 1980 produced two juvenile rock types that are derived from the same source magma. Their differences-color, texture and density-are due only to vesicularity differences. The vesicular gray dacite comprises bout 72% of the juvenile material; the black dacite comprises the other 28%. The density of juvenile dacite is bimodally distributed, with peaks at 1.6 g cm-3 (gray dacite) and 2.3 g cm-3 (black dacite). Water contents, deuterium abundances, and the relationship of petrographic structures to vapor-phase crystals indicate both rock types underwent pre-explosion subsurface vesiculation and degassing. The gray dacite underwent a second vesiculation event, probably during the 18 May explosion. In the subsurface, gases probably escaped through interconnected vesicles into the permeable volcanic edifice. We suggest that nonuniform degassing of an initially homogeneous magma produced volatile gradients in the cryptodome and that these gradients were responsible for the density bimodality. That is, water contents less than about 0.2-0.4 wt% produced vesicle growth rates that were slow in comparison to the pyroclast cooling rates; greater water contents produced vesicle growth rates that were fast in comparison to cooling rates. In this scheme, the dacite densities are bimodally distributed simply because, following decompression on 18 May 1980, one clast population vesiculated while the other did not. For clasts that did vesiculate, vesicle growth continued until it was arrested by fragmentation. ?? 1993 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00302002","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Hoblitt, R., and Harmon, R., 1993, Bimodal Density Distribution of Cryptodome Dacite from the 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 55, no. 6, p. 421-437, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302002.","startPage":"421","endPage":"437","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206183,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302002"}],"volume":"55","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f132e4b0c8380cd4aab3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoblitt, R.","contributorId":89536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoblitt","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harmon, R.S.","contributorId":6585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmon","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018010,"text":"70018010 - 1993 - Sampling and major element chemistry of the recent (A.D. 1631-1944) Vesuvius activity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:55","indexId":"70018010","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sampling and major element chemistry of the recent (A.D. 1631-1944) Vesuvius activity","docAbstract":"Detailed sampling of the Vesuvius lavas erupted in the period A.D. 1631-1944 provides a suite of samples for comprehensive chemical analyses and related studies. Major elements (Si, Ti, Al, Fetotal, Mn, Mg, Ca, Na, K and P), volatile species (Cl, F, S, H2O+, H2O- and CO2), and ferrous iron (Fe2+) were determined for one hundred and forty-nine lavas and five tephra from the A.D. 1631-1944 Vesuvius activity. The lavas represent a relatively homogeneous suite with respect to SiO2, TiO2, FeOtotal, MnO and P2O5, but show systematic variations among MgO, K2O, Na2O, Al2O3 and CaO. The average SiO2 content is 48.0 wt.% and the rocks are classified as tephriphonolites according to their content of alkalis. All of the lavas are silica-undersaturated and are nepheline, leucite, and olivine normative. There is no systematic variation in major-element composition with time, over the period A.D. 1631-1944. The inter-eruption and intra-eruption compositional differences are the same magnitude. The lavas are highly porphyritic with clinopyroxene and leucite as the major phases. Fractionation effects are not reflected in the silica content of the lavas. The variability of MgO, K2O, Na2O, and CaO can be modelled as a relative depletion or accumulation of clinopyroxene. ?? 1993.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Belkin, H., Kilburn, C., and de Vivo, B., 1993, Sampling and major element chemistry of the recent (A.D. 1631-1944) Vesuvius activity: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 58, no. 1-4, p. 273-290.","startPage":"273","endPage":"290","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229053,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ab06ee4b0c8380cd87adf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belkin, H. E. 0000-0001-7879-6529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":38160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"H. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kilburn, C.R.J.","contributorId":102653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilburn","given":"C.R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"de Vivo, B.","contributorId":50549,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de Vivo","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017882,"text":"70017882 - 1993 - Field comparison of an eddy accumulation and an aerodynamic-gradient system for measuring pesticide volatilization fluxes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-18T19:41:48.550048","indexId":"70017882","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field comparison of an eddy accumulation and an aerodynamic-gradient system for measuring pesticide volatilization fluxes","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00038a012","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Majewski, M., Desjardina, R., Rochette, P., Pattey, E., Selber, J., and Glotfelty, D., 1993, Field comparison of an eddy accumulation and an aerodynamic-gradient system for measuring pesticide volatilization fluxes: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 27, no. 1, p. 121-128, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00038a012.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"128","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228778,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0fa6e4b0c8380cd53984","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Majewski, M.","contributorId":16181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Majewski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Desjardina, R.","contributorId":53110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desjardina","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rochette, P.","contributorId":9017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rochette","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pattey, E.","contributorId":82081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pattey","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Selber, J.","contributorId":22106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selber","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Glotfelty, D.","contributorId":21305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glotfelty","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70017871,"text":"70017871 - 1993 - Geology and genesis of the Baid Al Jimalah tungsten deposit, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T17:32:36.928564","indexId":"70017871","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and genesis of the Baid Al Jimalah tungsten deposit, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"The Baid al Jimalah tungsten deposit in Saudi Arabia (lat 25 degrees 09'N, long 42 degrees 41'E) consists predominantly of swarms of steeply dipping, subparallel, tungsten-bearing quartz veins and of less abundant, smaller stockwork veins. It is spatially, temporally, and genetically associated with a 569 Ma, highly differentiated, porphyritic, two-feldspar granite that intrudes Late Proterozoic immature sandstones.Paragenetic data from crosscutting veins demonstrate unambiguously a single cycle of magma intrusion and hydrothermal mineralization. Hypogene mineralization can be divided into three periods: (1) early quartz-molybdenite stockwork veining, (2) wolframite- and scheelite-bearing, greisen-bordered veining, and (3) late, quartz-carbonate-fluorite veining. The first two of these three periods can be further divided into several stages that are transitional to each other. The greisen-bordered veins, in particular, show replacement of earlier mineral assemblages by later ones. Precious and base metal veins at Baid al Jimalah East, approximately 1.5 km east of the Baid al Jimalah tungsten deposit, are genetically related to the tungsten deposit and probably formed contemporaneously with the greisenized tungsten-bearing veins.Fluid inclusion and oxygen isotope data indicate that the Baid al Jimalah deposit formed over a temperature range of 120 degrees to 550 degrees C, from low salinity magmatic and metamorphic fluids, and at a depth of about 4.2 km. Early stockwork veins (period 1) formed at low magmatic temperatures (ca. 550 degrees C) from magma-derived (delta 18 O = 9.6-9.7ppm), low-salinity (1-2 wt % NaCl equiv) fluid. This hydrothermal fluid was generally low density and CO 2 rich. All other veins were formed from regionally derived fluid in equilibrium with metamorphic rocks (delta 18 O = 7.9 + or - 1.0ppm at the site of deposition). This fluid probably scavenged most of the period 2 ore-mineral components from a postulated granite batholith whose existence is indicated by a 6-mGal gravity low centered on the deposit. The greisen-bordered tungsten veins (period 2) formed from fluids in the liquid state at temperatures mostly between 380 degrees and 440 degrees C with salinities between 4.5 and 10.9 wt percent NaCl equiv. Late, barren veins (period 3) formed from liquids with salinities between 0.0 and 3.5 wt percent NaCl equiv at temperatures as low as 120 degrees C. The veins at Baid al Jimalah East formed from liquids with salinities between 0 and 4.2 wt percent NaCl equiv at temperatures mostly between about 340 degrees and 390 degrees C. Important volatile constituents in some hydrothermal fluids were CO 2 and CH 4 , in addition to H 2 O and HF. The delta 18 O data on mineral separates of fresh and altered Bald al Jimalah granite, and whole-rock delta 18 O data on country-rock samples as far as 16 km from the deposit, indicate that the rocks in the Bald al Jimalah area were pervasively infiltrated by a fluid with relatively high delta 18 O values. Interaction and exchange of the country rocks with this delta 18 O fluid led to an increase in the delta 18 O values of volcanic rocks of the Jurdhawiyah Group but to a decrease in the delta 18 O values of the high value delta 18 O Murdama Group sandstones, resulting in a hydrothermal anomaly exceeding 100 km 2 in area. This fluid had an estimated delta 18 O value of about 6 to 8 per mil, essentially identical to that of the metamorphic water calculated from the vein quartz, thus strongly supporting the conclusion that all of the mineral deposits at Baid al Jimalah (except for the early-stage quartz-molybdenite veins), as well as the 12-km 2 geochemical anomaly surrounding the deposit, were from the same metamorphic fluid.Bald al Jimalah is similar in character and origin to Phanerozoic tungsten-tin greisen deposits throughout the world, especially the Hemerdon deposit in Devon, England. It is also analogous to Climax-type molybdenum deposits, which contain virtually identical mineral assemblages, but with the relative proportions of molybdenum and tungsten mineralization reversed, primarily owing to differences in oxygen fugacity. This similarity in mineralization styles and fluid histories indicates that metallogenic processes in granite-related deposits in the late Precambrian were similar to those seen in the Phanerozoic.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.88.7.1743","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Kamilli, R., Cole, J.C., Elliott, J.E., and Criss, R., 1993, Geology and genesis of the Baid Al Jimalah tungsten deposit, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Economic Geology, v. 88, no. 7, p. 1743-1767, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.7.1743.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"1743","endPage":"1767","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228632,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a22d6e4b0c8380cd57399","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kamilli, R.J.","contributorId":75550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kamilli","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, J. C.","contributorId":51292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliott, J. E.","contributorId":19914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Criss, R.E.","contributorId":10075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Criss","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017716,"text":"70017716 - 1993 - Effects of agricultural nutrient management on nitrogen fate and transport in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T11:48:57","indexId":"70017716","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of agricultural nutrient management on nitrogen fate and transport in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Nitrogen inputs to, and outputs from, a 55-acre site in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, were estimated to determine the pathways and relative magnitude of loads of nitrogen entering and leaving the site, and to compare the loads of nitrogen before and after the implementation of nutrient management. Inputs of nitrogen to the site were manure fertilizer, commercial fertilizer, nitrogen in precipitation, and nitrogen in ground-water inflow; and these sources averaged 93, 4, 2, and 1 percent of average annual nitrogen additions, respectively. Outputs of nitrogen from the site were nitrogen in harvested crops, loads of nitrogen in surface runoff, volatilization of nitrogen, and loads of nitrogen in ground-water discharge, which averaged 37, less than 1,25, and 38 percent of average annual nitrogen removals from the site, respectively. Virtually all of the nitrogen leaving the site that was not removed in harvested crops or by volatilization was discharged in the ground water. Applications of manure and fertilizer nitrogen to 47.5 acres of cropped fields decreased about 33 percent, from an average of 22,700 pounds per year (480 pounds per acre per year) before nutrient management to 15,175 pounds of nitrogen per year (320 pounds per acre per year) after the implementation of nutrient management practices. Nitrogen loads in ground-water discharged from the site decreased about 30 percent, from an average of 292 pounds of nitrogen per million gallons of ground water before nutrient management to an average of 203 pounds of nitrogen per million gallons as a result of the decreased manure and commercial fertilizer applications. Reductions in manure and commercial fertilizer applications caused a reduction of approximately 11,000 pounds (3,760 pounds per year, 70 pounds per acre per year) in the load of nitrogen discharged in ground water from the 55-acre site during the three-year period 1987-1990.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1993.tb01504.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Hall, D.W., and Risser, D.W., 1993, Effects of agricultural nutrient management on nitrogen fate and transport in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 29, no. 1, p. 55-76, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1993.tb01504.x.","startPage":"55","endPage":"76","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267702,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1993.tb01504.x"},{"id":228576,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0681e4b0c8380cd51293","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, D. W.","contributorId":106528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Risser, D. W.","contributorId":48211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risser","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017504,"text":"70017504 - 1993 - An extremely low UPb source in the Moon: U Th Pb, Sm Nd, Rb Sr, and 40Ar 39Ar isotopic systematics and age of lunar meteorite Asuka 881757","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-01T17:21:56.42327","indexId":"70017504","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"An extremely low UPb source in the Moon: U Th Pb, Sm Nd, Rb Sr, and 40Ar 39Ar isotopic systematics and age of lunar meteorite Asuka 881757","title":"An extremely low UPb source in the Moon: U Th Pb, Sm Nd, Rb Sr, and 40Ar 39Ar isotopic systematics and age of lunar meteorite Asuka 881757","docAbstract":"We have undertaken U Th Pb, Sm Nd, Rb Sr, and
The lead isotopic composition of Asuka 881757 is nonradiogenic compared with typical Apollo mare basalts and the estimated
The U-Th-Pb, Sm-Nd, and Rb-Sr data on Asuka 881757 suggest that the basalt was derived from a low
West Virginia is the only place in the United States where an entire section of Pennsylvanian age (Upper Carboniferous) strata can be seen. These strata occur within a wedge of rock that thins to the north and west from the southeastern part of the State. The progressive north-northwesterly termination of older Pennsylvanian geologic units beneath younger ones prominently outlines the center of the Appalachian basin of West Virginia. Over most of West Virginia, Lower and/or Middle Pennsylvanian strata unconformably overly Upper Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous) strata. Sediment deposition was accomplished by a complex system of deltas prograding north and west from an eastern and southeastern source area.
More than 100 named coal beds occur within the Lower, Middle, and Upper Pennsylvanian rocks of West Virginia and at least 60 of these have been or are currently being mined commercially. Collectively, these coal beds account for original in-ground coal resources of almost 106.1×109 t (117×109 tons). West Virginia ranks fourth in the United States in demonstrated coal reserves. In 1988, West Virginia produced 131.4×106 t (144.9×106 T) of coal, third highest in the United States. Of this annual production, 75% was from underground mines. In 1988, West Virginia led the nation in the number of longwall mining sections currently in place. West Virginia's low-volatile coal beds are known worldwide as important metallurgical-grade coals, while the higher-volatile coal beds are utilized primarily for steam production.