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However, it is only in the last two decades that what began as an empirical science has become a mechanistic science devoted to modeling studies of the complex fluid dynamical and biogeochemical mechanisms occurring in the hyporheic zone. These efforts have led to the picture of surface-subsurface water interactions as regulators of the form and function of fluvial ecosystems. Rather than being isolated systems, surface water bodies continuously interact with the subsurface. Exploration of hyporheic zone processes has led to a new appreciation of their wide reaching consequences for water quality and stream ecology. Modern research aims toward a unified approach, in which processes occurring in the hyporheic zone are key elements for the appreciation, management, and restoration of the whole river environment. In this unifying context, this review summarizes results from modeling studies and field observations about flow and transport processes in the hyporheic zone and describes the theories proposed in hydrology and fluid dynamics developed to quantitatively model and predict the hyporheic transport of water, heat, and dissolved and suspended compounds from sediment grain scale up to the watershed scale. The implications of these processes for stream biogeochemistry and ecology are also discussed.\"</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/2012RG000417","usgsCitation":"Boano, F., Harvey, J.W., Marion, A., Packman, A.I., Revelli, R., Ridolfi, L., and Anders, W., 2014, Hyporheic flow and transport processes: mechanisms, models, and biogeochemical implications: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 52, no. 4, p. 603-679, https://doi.org/10.1002/2012RG000417.","productDescription":"77 p.","startPage":"603","endPage":"679","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055545","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296110,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-10-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"546727b9e4b04d4b7dbde860","chorus":{"doi":"10.1002/2012rg000417","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2012rg000417","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Boano F., Harvey J. W., Marion A., Packman A. I., Revelli R., Ridolfi L., Wörman A.","journalName":"Reviews of Geophysics","publicationDate":"10/20/2014","auditedOn":"7/27/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boano, Fulvio","contributorId":124515,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boano","given":"Fulvio","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5039,"text":"Department of Environment, Land, and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":521224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harvey, Judson W. 0000-0002-2654-9873 jwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":1796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Judson","email":"jwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":521223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marion, Andrea","contributorId":124516,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marion","given":"Andrea","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5040,"text":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Padova, Italy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":521225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Packman, Aaron I.","contributorId":124517,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Packman","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":5041,"text":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":521226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Revelli, Roberto","contributorId":124518,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Revelli","given":"Roberto","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5039,"text":"Department of Environment, Land, and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":521227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ridolfi, Luca","contributorId":124519,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ridolfi","given":"Luca","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5039,"text":"Department of Environment, Land, and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":521228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Anders, Worman","contributorId":124520,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anders","given":"Worman","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5042,"text":"Division of River Engineering, Institute of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":521229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70129169,"text":"70129169 - 2014 - Editors are editors, not oracles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T16:44:19","indexId":"70129169","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-17T15:41:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1121,"text":"Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Editors are editors, not oracles","docAbstract":"<p><span>Farji-Brener and Kitzberger (2014; hereafter FBK) resurrect the issues of Farji-Brener (2007) concerning manuscripts that are submitted to journals but that are not sent out for peer review: a process we call “reject following editorial review” (RFER). We thank FBK for reviving discussion about this important topic as new challenges, including new publication outlets, peer-review models, and an increasingly complex and voluminous scientific literature, are emerging across the publication</span> <span>landscape. While we disagree with FBK's perspective and conclusions, we recognize that this discussion can help to improve editorial and publication processes, and we welcome the opportunity to inform the ecological community about the current status of editorial practice at ESA journals.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.342","usgsCitation":"Schimel, D., Strong, D., Ellison, A., Peters, D.P., Silver, S., Johnson, E.A., Belnap, J., Classen, A.T., Essington, T.E., Finley, A.O., Inouye, B.D., and Stanley, E.H., 2014, Editors are editors, not oracles: Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, v. 95, no. 4, p. 342-346, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.342.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"342","endPage":"346","ipdsId":"IP-058838","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472690,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.342","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":295472,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54422185e4b0192a5a42f3bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schimel, Dave","contributorId":34069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schimel","given":"Dave","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Strong, Donald R.","contributorId":17933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strong","given":"Donald R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellison, Aaron M.","contributorId":94996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellison","given":"Aaron M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peters, Debra P. C.","contributorId":42903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"Debra","email":"","middleInitial":"P. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Silver, Sue","contributorId":40145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silver","given":"Sue","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, Edward A. ejohnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":50836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Edward","email":"ejohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":503495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Classen, Aimee T.","contributorId":55366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Classen","given":"Aimee","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Essington, Timothy E.","contributorId":95826,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Essington","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13190,"text":"School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":503500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Finley, Andrew O.","contributorId":39310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finley","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Inouye, Brian D.","contributorId":95409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Inouye","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Stanley, Emily H.","contributorId":55725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stanley","given":"Emily","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":12951,"text":"Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":503497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":70129159,"text":"70129159 - 2014 - Formation of fine sediment deposit from a flash flood river in the Mediterranean Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-17T13:44:20","indexId":"70129159","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-17T13:39:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2321,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formation of fine sediment deposit from a flash flood river in the Mediterranean Sea","docAbstract":"We identify the mechanisms controlling fine deposits on the inner-shelf in front of the Besòs River, in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. This river is characterized by a flash flood regime discharging large amounts of water (more than 20 times the mean water discharge) and sediment in very short periods lasting from hours to few days. Numerical model output was compared with bottom sediment observations and used to characterize the multiple spatial and temporal scales involved in offshore sediment deposit formation. A high-resolution (50 m grid size) coupled hydrodynamic-wave-sediment transport model was applied to the initial stages of the sediment dispersal after a storm-related flood event. After the flood, sediment accumulation was predominantly confined to an area near the coastline as a result of preferential deposition during the final stage of the storm. Subsequent reworking occurred due to wave-induced bottom shear stress that resuspended fine materials, with seaward flow exporting them toward the midshelf. Wave characteristics, sediment availability, and shelf circulation determined the transport after the reworking and the final sediment deposition location. One year simulations of the regional area revealed a prevalent southwestward average flow with increased intensity downstream. The circulation pattern was consistent with the observed fine deposit depocenter being shifted southward from the river mouth. At the southern edge, bathymetry controlled the fine deposition by inducing near-bottom flow convergence enhancing bottom shear stress. According to the short-term and long-term analyses, a seasonal pattern in the fine deposit formation is expected.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2014JC010187","usgsCitation":"Grifoll, M., Gracia, V., Aretxabaleta, A.L., Guillen, J., Espino, M., and Warner, J., 2014, Formation of fine sediment deposit from a flash flood river in the Mediterranean Sea: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, v. 119, no. 9, p. 5837-5853, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010187.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"5837","endPage":"5853","numberOfPages":"17","ipdsId":"IP-058276","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472691,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jc010187","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":295463,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295462,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010187"}],"otherGeospatial":"Besòs River, Mediterranean Sea","volume":"119","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-09-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5442218ce4b0192a5a42f3c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grifoll, Manel","contributorId":21884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grifoll","given":"Manel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gracia, Vicenc","contributorId":85107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gracia","given":"Vicenc","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aretxabaleta, Alfredo L. 0000-0002-9914-8018 aaretxabaleta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9914-8018","contributorId":5464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aretxabaleta","given":"Alfredo","email":"aaretxabaleta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":503471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guillen, Jorge","contributorId":76671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guillen","given":"Jorge","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Espino, Manuel","contributorId":34843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Espino","given":"Manuel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Warner, John C. 0000-0002-3734-8903 jcwarner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3734-8903","contributorId":2681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"John C.","email":"jcwarner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70128987,"text":"70128987 - 2014 - Using surface creep rate to infer fraction locked for sections of the San Andreas fault system in northern California from alignment array and GPS data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-12-12T15:01:45","indexId":"70128987","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-16T10:23:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using surface creep rate to infer fraction locked for sections of the San Andreas fault system in northern California from alignment array and GPS data","docAbstract":"<p>Surface creep rate, observed along five branches of the dextral San Andreas fault system in northern California, varies considerably from one section to the next, indicating that so too may the depth at which the faults are locked. We model locking on 29 fault sections using each section&rsquo;s mean long‐term creep rate and the consensus values of fault width and geologic slip rate. Surface creep rate observations from 111 short‐range alignment and trilateration arrays and 48 near‐fault, Global Positioning System station pairs are used to estimate depth of creep, assuming an elastic half‐space model and adjusting depth of creep iteratively by trial and error to match the creep observations along fault sections. Fault sections are delineated either by geometric discontinuities between them or by distinctly different creeping behaviors. We remove transient rate changes associated with five large (M&ge;5.5) regional earthquakes. Estimates of fraction locked, the ratio of moment accumulation rate to loading rate, on each section of the fault system provide a uniform means to inform source parameters relevant to seismic‐hazard assessment. From its mean creep rates, we infer the main branch (the San Andreas fault) ranges from only 20%&plusmn;10% locked on its central creeping section to 99%&ndash;100% on the north coast. From mean accumulation rates, we infer that four urban faults appear to have accumulated enough seismic moment to produce major earthquakes: the northern Calaveras (M 6.8), Hayward (M 6.8), Rodgers Creek (M 7.1), and Green Valley (M 7.1). The latter three faults are nearing or past their mean recurrence interval.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120140117","usgsCitation":"Lienkaemper, J.J., McFarland, F.S., Simpson, R.W., and Caskey, S., 2014, Using surface creep rate to infer fraction locked for sections of the San Andreas fault system in northern California from alignment array and GPS data: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 104, no. 6, p. 3094-3114, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120140117.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"3094","endPage":"3114","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056497","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295379,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295344,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120140117"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas fault system","volume":"104","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-10-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5440d005e4b0b0a643c73298","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lienkaemper, James J. 0000-0002-7578-7042 jlienk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7578-7042","contributorId":1941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lienkaemper","given":"James","email":"jlienk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McFarland, Forrest S.","contributorId":32104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McFarland","given":"Forrest","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simpson, Robert W. simpson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"Robert","email":"simpson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Caskey, S. John","contributorId":21483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caskey","given":"S. John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70129011,"text":"70129011 - 2014 - Investigation of hurricane Ivan using the coupled ocean-atmosphere-wave-sediment transport (COAWST) model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-23T09:39:27","indexId":"70129011","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-16T10:17:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2923,"text":"Ocean Dynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigation of hurricane Ivan using the coupled ocean-atmosphere-wave-sediment transport (COAWST) model","docAbstract":"The coupled ocean–atmosphere–wave–sediment transport (COAWST) model is used to hindcast Hurricane Ivan (2004), an extremely intense tropical cyclone (TC) translating through the Gulf of Mexico. Sensitivity experiments with increasing complexity in ocean–atmosphere–wave coupled exchange processes are performed to assess the impacts of coupling on the predictions of the atmosphere, ocean, and wave environments during the occurrence of a TC. Modest improvement in track but significant improvement in intensity are found when using the fully atmosphere–ocean-wave coupled configuration versus uncoupled (e.g., standalone atmosphere, ocean, or wave) model simulations. Surface wave fields generated in the fully coupled configuration also demonstrates good agreement with in situ buoy measurements. Coupled and uncoupled model-simulated sea surface temperature (SST) fields are compared with both in situ and remote observations. Detailed heat budget analysis reveals that the mixed layer temperature cooling in the deep ocean (on the shelf) is caused primarily by advection (equally by advection and diffusion).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ocean Dynamics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10236-014-0777-7","usgsCitation":"Zambon, J.B., He, R., and Warner, J., 2014, Investigation of hurricane Ivan using the coupled ocean-atmosphere-wave-sediment transport (COAWST) model: Ocean Dynamics, v. 64, no. 11, p. 1535-1554, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-014-0777-7.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1535","endPage":"1554","numberOfPages":"20","ipdsId":"IP-051462","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295375,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295370,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10236-014-0777-7"}],"volume":"64","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-10-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5440d005e4b0b0a643c73296","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zambon, Joseph B.","contributorId":73522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zambon","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"He, Ruoying","contributorId":58965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"He","given":"Ruoying","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warner, John C. 0000-0002-3734-8903 jcwarner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3734-8903","contributorId":2681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"John C.","email":"jcwarner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70129358,"text":"70129358 - 2014 - Scaling up watershed model parameters--Flow and load simulations of the Edisto River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-30T14:36:50","indexId":"70129358","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Scaling up watershed model parameters--Flow and load simulations of the Edisto River Basin","docAbstract":"<p>The Edisto River is the longest and largest river system completely contained in South Carolina and is one of the longest free flowing blackwater rivers in the United States. The Edisto River basin also has fish-tissue mercury concentrations that are some of the highest recorded in the United States. As part of an effort by the U.S. Geological Survey to expand the understanding of relations among hydrologic, geochemical, and ecological processes that affect fish-tissue mercury concentrations within the Edisto River basin, analyses and simulations of the hydrology of the Edisto River basin were made with the topography-based hydrological model (TOPMODEL). The potential for scaling up a previous application of TOPMODEL for the McTier Creek watershed, which is a small headwater catchment to the Edisto River basin, was assessed. Scaling up was done in a step-wise process beginning with applying the calibration parameters, meteorological data, and topographic wetness index data from the McTier Creek TOPMODEL to the Edisto River TOPMODEL. Additional changes were made with subsequent simulations culminating in the best simulation, which included meteorological and topographic wetness index data from the Edisto River basin and updated calibration parameters for some of the TOPMODEL calibration parameters. Comparison of goodness-of-fit statistics between measured and simulated daily mean streamflow for the two models showed that with calibration, the Edisto River TOPMODEL produced slightly better results than the McTier Creek model, despite the significant difference in the drainage-area size at the outlet locations for the two models (30.7 and 2,725 square miles, respectively). Along with the TOPMODEL hydrologic simulations, a visualization tool (the Edisto River Data Viewer) was developed to help assess trends and influencing variables in the stream ecosystem. Incorporated into the visualization tool were the water-quality load models TOPLOAD, TOPLOAD-H, and LOADEST. Because the focus of this investigation was on scaling up the models from McTier Creek, water-quality concentrations that were previously collected in the McTier Creek basin were used in the water-quality load models.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 2014 South Carolina Water Resources Conference","conferenceTitle":"2014 South Carolina Water Resources Conference","conferenceDate":"October 15-16, 2014","conferenceLocation":"Columbia, South Carolina","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Feaster, T., Benedict, S., Clark, J.M., Bradley, P.M., and Conrads, P., 2014, Scaling up watershed model parameters--Flow and load simulations of the Edisto River Basin, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the 2014 South Carolina Water Resources Conference, Columbia, South Carolina, October 15-16, 2014, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059324","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic 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tfeaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5626-5011","contributorId":1109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feaster","given":"Toby D.","email":"tfeaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":519853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benedict, Stephen T. benedict@usgs.gov","contributorId":3198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benedict","given":"Stephen T.","email":"benedict@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":519854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, Jimmy M. 0000-0002-3138-5738 jmclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3138-5738","contributorId":4773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Jimmy","email":"jmclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":519855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bradley, Paul M. 0000-0001-7522-8606 pbradley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Paul","email":"pbradley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":519851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Conrads, Paul 0000-0003-0408-4208 pconrads@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-4208","contributorId":764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"Paul","email":"pconrads@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":519852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70148006,"text":"70148006 - 2014 - Tsunamis: stochastic models of occurrence and generation mechanisms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-11T16:45:31","indexId":"70148006","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Tsunamis: stochastic models of occurrence and generation mechanisms","docAbstract":"<p>The devastating consequences of the 2004 Indian Ocean and 2011 Japan tsunamis have led to increased research into many different aspects of the tsunami phenomenon. In this entry, we review research related to the observed complexity and uncertainty associated with tsunami generation, propagation, and occurrence described and analyzed using a variety of stochastic methods. In each case, seismogenic tsunamis are primarily considered. Stochastic models are developed from the physical theories that govern tsunami evolution combined with empirical models fitted to seismic and tsunami observations, as well as tsunami catalogs. These stochastic methods are key to providing probabilistic forecasts and hazard assessments for tsunamis. The stochastic methods described here are similar to those described for earthquakes (Vere-Jones 2013) and volcanoes (Bebbington&nbsp;<span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"true\"><i></i>2013</span>) in this encyclopedia.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Encyclopedia of complexity and systems science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer New York","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-27737-5_595-1","collaboration":"UC Riverside","usgsCitation":"Geist, E.L., and Oglesby, D.D., 2014, Tsunamis: stochastic models of occurrence and generation mechanisms, chap. <i>of</i> Encyclopedia of complexity and systems science, p. 1-29, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27737-5_595-1.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"29","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056422","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310876,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-10-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"563496b7e4b0480763480085","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, Eric L. 0000-0003-0611-1150 egeist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":1956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"Eric","email":"egeist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oglesby, David D.","contributorId":51637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oglesby","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70125316,"text":"ofr20141184 - 2014 - Use of acoustic backscatter to estimate continuous suspended sediment and phosphorus concentrations in the Barton River, northern Vermont, 2010-2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-14T15:07:22","indexId":"ofr20141184","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-14T15:01:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1184","title":"Use of acoustic backscatter to estimate continuous suspended sediment and phosphorus concentrations in the Barton River, northern Vermont, 2010-2013","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation, investigated the use of acoustic backscatter to estimate concentrations of suspended sediment and total phosphorus at the Barton River near Coventry, Vermont. The hypothesis was that acoustic backscatter—the reflection of sound waves off objects back to the source from which they came—measured by an acoustic Doppler profiler (ADP) and recorded as ancillary data for the calculation of discharge, also could be used to generate a continuous concentration record of suspended sediment and phosphorus at the streamgage, thereby deriving added value from the instrument. Suspended-sediment and phosphorus concentrations are of particular interest in Vermont, where impairment of surface waters by suspended sediments and phosphorus is a major concern.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Regression models for estimating suspended-sediment concentrations (SSCs) and total phosphorus concentrations evaluated several independent variables: measured backscatter (MB), water-corrected backscatter (WCB), sediment-corrected backscatter (SCB), discharge, fluid-absorption coefficient, sediment-driven acoustic attenuation coefficient, and discharge hysteresis. The best regression equations for estimating SSC used backscatter as the predictor, reflecting the direct relation between acoustic backscatter and SSC. Backscatter was a better predictor of SSC than discharge in part because hysteresis between SSC and backscatter was less than for SSC and discharge. All three backscatter variables—MB, WCB, and SCB—performed equally as predictors of SSC and phosphorus concentrations at the Barton River site. The similar abilities to predict SSC among backscatter terms may partially be attributed to the low values and narrow range of the sediment-driven acoustic attenuation in the Barton River. The regression based on SCB was selected for estimating SSC because it removes potential bias caused by attenuation and temperature fluctuations. The best regression model for estimating phosphorus concentrations included terms for discharge and discharge hysteresis. The finding that discharge hysteresis was a significant predictor of phosphorus concentrations might be related to preferential sorption of phosphorus to fine-grained sediments, which have been found to be particularly sensitive to hysteresis. Regression models designed to estimate phosphorus concentrations had less predictive power than the models for SSCs.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Data from the Barton River did not fully support one of the study’s hypotheses—that backscatter is mostly caused by sands, and attenuation is mostly caused by fines. Sands, fines, and total SSCs in the Barton River all related better to backscatter than to sediment-driven acoustic attenuation. The weak relation between SSC and sediment-driven acoustic attenuation may be related to the low values and narrow range of SSCs and sediment attenuations observed at Barton River. A weak relation between SSC and sediment-driven acoustic attenuation also suggests that the diameters of the fine-sized suspended sediments in the Barton River may be predominantly greater than 20 micrometers (μm). Long-term changes in the particle-size distribution (PSD) were not observed in Barton River; however, some degree of within-storm changes in sediment source and possibly PSD were inferred from the hysteresis between SSC and SCB.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141184","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation","usgsCitation":"Medalie, L., Chalmers, A.T., Kiah, R.G., and Copans, B., 2014, Use of acoustic backscatter to estimate continuous suspended sediment and phosphorus concentrations in the Barton River, northern Vermont, 2010-2013: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1184, Report: vii, 29 p.; Readme; 4 Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141184.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 29 p.; Readme; 4 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2010-01-01","temporalEnd":"2013-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-057620","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295322,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1184/ofr2014-1184_readme.txt"},{"id":295323,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1184/appendix/ofr2014-1184_app1.txt"},{"id":295320,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1184/"},{"id":295324,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1184/appendix/ofr2014-1184_app2.txt"},{"id":295321,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1184/pdf/ofr2014-1184.pdf"},{"id":295325,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1184/appendix/ofr2014-1184_app3.pdf"},{"id":295326,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1184/appendix/ofr2014-1184_app4.pdf"},{"id":295327,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141184.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Barton River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543e2d08e4b0fd76af69cee2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Medalie, Laura 0000-0002-2440-2149 lmedalie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-2149","contributorId":3657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medalie","given":"Laura","email":"lmedalie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chalmers, Ann T. 0000-0002-5199-8080 chalmers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5199-8080","contributorId":1443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chalmers","given":"Ann","email":"chalmers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kiah, Richard G. 0000-0001-6236-2507 rkiah@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6236-2507","contributorId":2637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kiah","given":"Richard","email":"rkiah@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Copans, Benjamin","contributorId":99064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Copans","given":"Benjamin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70116934,"text":"ofr20141149 - 2014 - Relations of water-quality constituent concentrations to surrogate measurements in the lower Platte River corridor, Nebraska, 2007 through 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-14T11:49:17","indexId":"ofr20141149","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-14T11:44:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1149","title":"Relations of water-quality constituent concentrations to surrogate measurements in the lower Platte River corridor, Nebraska, 2007 through 2011","docAbstract":"<p>The lower Platte River, Nebraska, provides drinking water, irrigation water, and in-stream flows for recreation, wildlife habitat, and vital habitats for several threatened and endangered species. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Lower Platte River Corridor Alliance (LPRCA) developed site-specific regression models for water-quality constituents at four sites (Shell Creek near Columbus, Nebraska [USGS site 06795500]; Elkhorn River at Waterloo, Nebr. [USGS site 06800500]; Salt Creek near Ashland, Nebr. [USGS site 06805000]; and Platte River at Louisville, Nebr. [USGS site 06805500]) in the lower Platte River corridor. The models were developed by relating continuously monitored water-quality properties (surrogate measurements) to discrete water-quality samples. These models enable existing web-based software to provide near-real-time estimates of stream-specific constituent concentrations to support natural resources management decisions.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Since 2007, USGS, in cooperation with the LPRCA, has continuously monitored four water-quality properties seasonally within the lower Platte River corridor: specific conductance, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity. During 2007 through 2011, the USGS and the Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality collected and analyzed discrete water-quality samples for nutrients, major ions, pesticides, suspended sediment, and bacteria. These datasets were used to develop the regression models. This report documents the collection of these various water-quality datasets and the development of the site-specific regression models.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Regression models were developed for all four monitored sites. Constituent models for Shell Creek included nitrate plus nitrite, total phosphorus, orthophosphate, atrazine, acetochlor, suspended sediment, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. Regression models that were developed for the Elkhorn River included nitrate plus nitrite, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, orthophosphate, chloride, atrazine, acetochlor, suspended sediment, and E. coli. Models developed for Salt Creek included nitrate plus nitrite, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, suspended sediment, and E. coli. Lastly, models developed for the Platte River site included total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, sodium, metolachlor, atrazine, acetochlor, suspended sediment, and E. coli.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141149","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lower Platte River Corridor Alliance and the Nebraska Environmental Trust","usgsCitation":"Schaepe, N.J., Soenksen, P.J., and Rus, D.L., 2014, Relations of water-quality constituent concentrations to surrogate measurements in the lower Platte River corridor, Nebraska, 2007 through 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1149, v, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141149.","productDescription":"v, 16 p.","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-053021","costCenters":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295278,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141149.jpg"},{"id":295277,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1149/pdf/ofr2014-1149.pdf"},{"id":295276,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1149/"}],"datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543e2d07e4b0fd76af69cee0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaepe, Nathaniel J. 0000-0003-1776-7411 nschaepe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1776-7411","contributorId":2377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaepe","given":"Nathaniel","email":"nschaepe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Soenksen, Philip J. pjsoenks@usgs.gov","contributorId":3983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soenksen","given":"Philip","email":"pjsoenks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":495897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rus, David L. 0000-0003-3538-7826 dlrus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3538-7826","contributorId":881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rus","given":"David","email":"dlrus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70132466,"text":"70132466 - 2014 - High-resolution delineation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in a dipping, fractured mudstone: depth- and strata-dependent spatial variability from rock-core sampling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-14T16:01:01","indexId":"70132466","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-resolution delineation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in a dipping, fractured mudstone: depth- and strata-dependent spatial variability from rock-core sampling","docAbstract":"<p>Synthesis of rock-core sampling and chlorinated volatile organic compound (CVOC) analysis at five coreholes, with hydraulic and water-quality monitoring and a detailed hydrogeologic framework, was used to characterize the fine-scale distribution of CVOCs in dipping, fractured mudstones of the Lockatong Formation of Triassic age, of the Newark Basin in West Trenton, New Jersey. From these results, a refined conceptual model for more than 55 years of migration of CVOCs and depth- and strata-dependent rock-matrix contamination was developed. Industrial use of trichloroethene (TCE) at the former Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC) from 1953 to 1995 resulted in dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) TCE and dissolved TCE and related breakdown products, including other CVOCs, in underlying mudstones. Shallow highly weathered and fractured strata overlie unweathered, gently dipping, fractured strata that become progressively less fractured with depth. The unweathered lithology includes black highly fractured (fissile) carbon-rich strata, gray mildly fractured thinly layered (laminated) strata, and light-gray weakly fractured massive strata. CVOC concentrations in water samples pumped from the shallow weathered and highly fractured strata remain elevated near residual DNAPL TCE, but dilution by uncontaminated recharge, and other natural and engineered attenuation processes, have substantially reduced concentrations along flow paths removed from sources and residual DNAPL. CVOCs also were detected in most rock-core samples in source areas in shallow wells. In many locations, lower aqueous concentrations, compared to rock core concentrations, suggest that CVOCs are presently back-diffusing from the rock matrix. Below the weathered and highly fractured strata, and to depths of at least 50 meters (m), groundwater flow and contaminant transport is primarily in bedding-plane-oriented fractures in thin fissile high-carbon strata, and in fractured, laminated strata of the gently dipping mudstones. Despite more than 18 years of pump and treat (P&amp;T) remediation, and natural attenuation processes, CVOC concentrations in aqueous samples pumped from these deeper strata remain elevated in isolated intervals. DNAPL was detected in one borehole during coring at a depth of 27 m. In contrast to core samples from the weathered zone, concentrations in core samples from deeper unweathered and unfractured strata are typically below detection. However, high CVOC concentrations were found in isolated samples from fissile black carbon-rich strata and fractured gray laminated strata. Aqueous-phase concentrations were correspondingly high in samples pumped from these strata via short-interval wells or packer-isolated zones in long boreholes. A refined conceptual site model considers that prior to P&amp;T remediation groundwater flow was primarily subhorizontal in the higher-permeability near surface strata, and the bulk of contaminant mass was shallow. CVOCs diffused into these fractured and weathered mudstones. DNAPL and high concentrations of CVOCs migrated slowly down in deeper unweathered strata, primarily along isolated dipping bedding-plane fractures. After P&amp;T began in 1995, using wells open to both shallow and deep strata, downward transport of dissolved CVOCs accelerated. Diffusion of TCE and other CVOCs from deeper fractures penetrated only a few centimeters into the unweathered rock matrix, likely due to sorption of CVOCs on rock organic carbon. Remediation in the deep, unweathered strata may benefit from the relatively limited migration of CVOCs into the rock matrix. Synthesis of rock core sampling from closely spaced boreholes with geophysical logging and hydraulic testing improves understanding of the controls on CVOC delineation and informs remediation design and monitoring.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2014.10.005","usgsCitation":"Goode, D., Imbrigiotta, T., and Lacombe, P., 2014, High-resolution delineation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in a dipping, fractured mudstone: depth- and strata-dependent spatial variability from rock-core sampling: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 171, p. 1-11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2014.10.005.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"11","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051397","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296109,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Newark Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.81640625,\n              40.38839687388361\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.81640625,\n              41.541477666790286\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.85009765625,\n              41.541477666790286\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.85009765625,\n              40.38839687388361\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.81640625,\n              40.38839687388361\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"171","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"546727b8e4b04d4b7dbde857","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goode, Daniel J. 0000-0002-8527-2456 djgoode@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-2456","contributorId":2433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goode","given":"Daniel J.","email":"djgoode@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":522913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Imbrigiotta, Thomas E. 0000-0003-1716-4768 timbrig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1716-4768","contributorId":2466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Imbrigiotta","given":"Thomas E.","email":"timbrig@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":522914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lacombe, Pierre J. placombe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacombe","given":"Pierre J.","email":"placombe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":522915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70117089,"text":"70117089 - 2014 - Modelling landscape-scale erosion potential related to vehicle disturbances along the U.S.-Mexico border","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-17T16:25:12","indexId":"70117089","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-11T02:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2597,"text":"Land Degradation and Development","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modelling landscape-scale erosion potential related to vehicle disturbances along the U.S.-Mexico border","docAbstract":"<p><span>Decades of intensive off-road vehicle use for border security, immigration, smuggling, recreation, and military training along the USA&ndash;Mexico border have prompted concerns about long-term human impacts on sensitive desert ecosystems. To help managers identify areas susceptible to soil erosion from anthropogenic activities, we developed a series of erosion potential models based on factors from the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). To better express the vulnerability of soils to human disturbances, we refined two factors whose categorical and spatial representations limit the application of the USLE for non-agricultural landscapes: the&nbsp;</span><i>C</i><span>-factor (vegetation cover) and the&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>-factor (support practice/management). A soil compaction index (</span><i>P</i><span>-factor) was calculated as the difference in saturated hydrologic conductivity (</span><i>K<sub>s</sub></i><span>) between disturbed and undisturbed soils, which was then scaled up to maps of vehicle disturbances digitized from aerial photography. The&nbsp;</span><i>C</i><span>-factor was improved using a satellite-based vegetation index, which was better correlated with estimated ground cover (</span><i>r</i><sup>2</sup><span>&thinsp;=&thinsp;0&middot;77) than data derived from land cover (</span><i>r</i><sup>2</sup><span>&thinsp;=&thinsp;0&middot;06). We identified 9,780&thinsp;km of unauthorized off-road tracks in the 2,800-km</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;study area. Maps of these disturbances, when integrated with soil compaction data using the USLE, provided landscape-scale information on areas vulnerable to erosion from both natural processes and human activities and are detailed enough for adaptive management and restoration planning. The models revealed erosion potential hotspots adjacent to the border and within areas managed as critical habitat for the threatened flat-tailed horned lizard and endangered Sonoran pronghorn.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/ldr.2317","usgsCitation":"Villarreal, M.L., Webb, R., Norman, L.M., Psillas, J.L., Rosenberg, A., Carmichael, S., Petrakis, R., and Sparks, P.E., 2014, Modelling landscape-scale erosion potential related to vehicle disturbances along the U.S.-Mexico border: Land Degradation and Development, v. 27, no. 4, p. 1106-1121, https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2317.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1106","endPage":"1121","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-053329","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294983,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.82910156249999,\n              31.28793989264176\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.82910156249999,\n              33.422272258866016\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.07177734375,\n              33.422272258866016\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.07177734375,\n              31.28793989264176\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.82910156249999,\n              31.28793989264176\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-10-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5434f286e4b0a4f4b46a235e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Villarreal, Miguel L. 0000-0003-0720-1422 mvillarreal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0720-1422","contributorId":1424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villarreal","given":"Miguel","email":"mvillarreal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webb, Robert H. rhwebb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"Robert H.","email":"rhwebb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12625,"text":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":495930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Norman, Laura M. 0000-0002-3696-8406 lnorman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3696-8406","contributorId":967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norman","given":"Laura","email":"lnorman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Psillas, Jennifer L.","contributorId":23092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Psillas","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rosenberg, Abigail S.","contributorId":77467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberg","given":"Abigail S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Carmichael, Shinji","contributorId":63748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carmichael","given":"Shinji","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Petrakis, Roy E.","contributorId":107632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petrakis","given":"Roy E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sparks, Philip E.","contributorId":12398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparks","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70139360,"text":"70139360 - 2014 - Population age and initial density in a patchy environment affect the occurrence of abrupt transitions in a birth-and-death model of Taylor's law","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-27T09:25:14","indexId":"70139360","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-10T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population age and initial density in a patchy environment affect the occurrence of abrupt transitions in a birth-and-death model of Taylor's law","docAbstract":"<p>Taylor's power law describes an empirical relationship between the mean and variance of population densities in field data, in which the variance varies as a power, <i>b</i>, of the mean. Most studies report values of <i>b</i> varying between 1 and 2. However, Cohen (2014a) showed recently that smooth changes in environmental conditions in a model can lead to an abrupt, infinite change in <i>b</i>. To understand what factors can influence the occurrence of an abrupt change in <i>b</i>, we used both mathematical analysis and Monte Carlo samples from a model in which populations of the same species settled on patches, and each population followed independently a stochastic linear birth-and-death process. We investigated how the power relationship responds to a smooth change of population growth rate, under different sampling strategies, initial population density, and population age. We showed analytically that, if the initial populations differ only in density, and samples are taken from all patches after the same time period following a major invasion event, Taylor's law holds with exponent <i>b</i>=1, regardless of the population growth rate. If samples are taken at different times from patches that have the same initial population densities, we calculate an abrupt shift of <i>b</i>, as predicted by Cohen (2014a). The loss of linearity between log variance and log mean is a leading indicator of the abrupt shift. If both initial population densities and population ages vary among patches, estimates of <i>b</i> lie between 1 and 2, as in most empirical studies. But the value of <i>b</i> declines to ~1 as the system approaches a critical point. Our results can inform empirical studies that might be designed to demonstrate an abrupt shift in Taylor's law.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.06.022","usgsCitation":"Jiang, J., DeAngelis, D., Zhang, B., and Cohen, J., 2014, Population age and initial density in a patchy environment affect the occurrence of abrupt transitions in a birth-and-death model of Taylor's law: Ecological Modelling, v. 289, p. 59-65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.06.022.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"65","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-053931","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297568,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380014003044"},{"id":297569,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"289","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c27e4b08de9379b366d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jiang, Jiang","contributorId":46838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jiang","given":"Jiang","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":539341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057 don_deangelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":138934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald L.","email":"don_deangelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":539332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, B.","contributorId":62854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":539342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cohen, J.E.","contributorId":85545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohen","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":539343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70120860,"text":"ofr20141171 - 2014 - Relations between continuous real-time turbidity data and discrete suspended-sediment concentration samples in the Neosho and Cottonwood Rivers, east-central Kansas, 2009-2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T15:59:51","indexId":"ofr20141171","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-09T15:55:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1171","title":"Relations between continuous real-time turbidity data and discrete suspended-sediment concentration samples in the Neosho and Cottonwood Rivers, east-central Kansas, 2009-2012","docAbstract":"The Neosho River and its primary tributary, the Cottonwood River, are the primary sources of inflow to the John Redmond Reservoir in east-central Kansas. Sedimentation rate in the John Redmond Reservoir was estimated as 743 acre-feet per year for 1964–2006. This estimated sedimentation rate is more than 80 percent larger than the projected design sedimentation rate of 404 acre-feet per year, and resulted in a loss of 40 percent of the conservation pool since its construction in 1964. To reduce sediment input into the reservoir, the Kansas Water Office implemented stream bank stabilization techniques along an 8.3 mile reach of the Neosho River during 2010 through 2011. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Kansas Water Office and funded in part through the Kansas State Water Plan Fund, operated continuous real-time water-quality monitors upstream and downstream from stream bank stabilization efforts before, during, and after construction. Continuously measured water-quality properties include streamflow, specific conductance, water temperature, and turbidity. Discrete sediment samples were collected from June 2009 through September 2012 and analyzed for suspended-sediment concentration (SSC), percentage of sediments less than 63 micrometers (sand-fine break), and loss of material on ignition (analogous to amount of organic matter). Regression models were developed to establish relations between discretely measured SSC samples, and turbidity or streamflow to estimate continuously SSC. Continuous water-quality monitors represented between 96 and 99 percent of the cross-sectional variability for turbidity, and had slopes between 0.91 and 0.98. Because consistent bias was not observed, values from continuous water-quality monitors were considered representative of stream conditions. On average, turbidity-based SSC models explained 96 percent of the variance in SSC. Streamflow-based regressions explained 53 to 60 percent of the variance. Mean squared prediction error for turbidity-based regression relations ranged from -32 to 48 percent, whereas mean square prediction error for streamflow-based regressions ranged from -69 to 218 percent. These models are useful for evaluating the variability of SSC during rapidly changing conditions, computing loads and yields to assess SSC transport through the watershed, and for providing more accurate load estimates compared to streamflow-only based estimation methods used in the past. These models can be used to evaluate the efficacy of streambank stabilization efforts.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141171","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kansas Water Office","usgsCitation":"Foster, G., 2014, Relations between continuous real-time turbidity data and discrete suspended-sediment concentration samples in the Neosho and Cottonwood Rivers, east-central Kansas, 2009-2012: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1171, iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141171.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p.","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2009-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-052388","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295198,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141171.jpg"},{"id":295196,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1171/"},{"id":295197,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1171/pdf/ofr2014-1171.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","otherGeospatial":"Cottonwood River, Neosho River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54379589e4b08a816ca63611","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foster, Guy M. gfoster@usgs.gov","contributorId":3437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Guy M.","email":"gfoster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":498500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70114012,"text":"70114012 - 2014 - Ball-and-socket tectonic rotation during the 2013 M<sub>w</sub>7.7 Balochistan earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T14:36:54","indexId":"70114012","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-09T14:31:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ball-and-socket tectonic rotation during the 2013 M<sub>w</sub>7.7 Balochistan earthquake","docAbstract":"The September 2013 M<sub>w</sub>7.7 Balochistan earthquake ruptured a ∼200-km-long segment of the curved Hoshab fault in southern Pakistan with 10±0.2 m of peak sinistral and ∼1.7±0.8 m of dip slip. This rupture is unusual because the fault dips 60±15° towards the focus of a small circle centered in northwest Pakistan, and, despite a 30° increase in obliquity along strike, the ratios of strike and dip slip remain relatively uniform. Surface displacements and geodetic and teleseismic source inversions quantify a bilateral rupture that propagated rapidly at shallow depths from a transtensional jog near the northern end of the rupture. Static friction prior to rupture was unusually weak (μ<0.05), and friction may have approached zero during dynamic rupture. Here we show that the inward-dipping Hoshab fault defines the northern rim of a structural unit in southeast Makran that rotates – akin to a 2-D ball-and-socket joint – counter-clockwise in response to India's penetration into the Eurasian plate. This rotation accounts for complexity in the Chaman fault system and, in principle, reduces seismic potential near Karachi; nonetheless, these findings highlight deficiencies in strong ground motion equations and tectonic models that invoke Anderson–Byerlee faulting predictions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2014.07.001","usgsCitation":"Barnhart, W.D., Hayes, G., Briggs, R., Gold, R.D., and Bilham, R., 2014, Ball-and-socket tectonic rotation during the 2013 M<sub>w</sub>7.7 Balochistan earthquake: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 403, p. 210-216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.07.001.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"210","endPage":"216","numberOfPages":"7","ipdsId":"IP-057412","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295184,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295182,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.07.001"}],"country":"Pakistan","state":"Balochistan","volume":"403","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54379586e4b08a816ca63605","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2014.07.001","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.07.001","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Barnhart W.D., Hayes G.P., Briggs R.W., Gold R.D., Bilham R.","journalName":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","publicationDate":"10/2014","auditedOn":"7/24/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnhart, William D. wbarnhart@usgs.gov","contributorId":5299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnhart","given":"William","email":"wbarnhart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hayes, Gavin P.","contributorId":41761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Gavin P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Briggs, Richard W.","contributorId":48500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Richard W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gold, Ryan D. 0000-0002-4464-6394 rgold@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4464-6394","contributorId":3883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gold","given":"Ryan","email":"rgold@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bilham, R.","contributorId":81429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bilham","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70128498,"text":"70128498 - 2014 - Habitat prioritization across large landscapes, multiple seasons, and novel areas: an example using greater sage-grouse in Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-27T15:02:28","indexId":"70128498","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-09T10:29:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3773,"text":"Wildlife Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat prioritization across large landscapes, multiple seasons, and novel areas: an example using greater sage-grouse in Wyoming","docAbstract":"Animal habitat selection is an important and expansive area of research in ecology. In particular, the study of habitat selection is critical in habitat prioritization efforts for species of conservation concern. Landscape planning for species is happening at ever-increasing extents because of the appreciation for the role of landscape-scale patterns in species persistence coupled to improved datasets for species and habitats, and the expanding and intensifying footprint of human land uses on the landscape. We present a large-scale collaborative effort to develop habitat selection models across large landscapes and multiple seasons for prioritizing habitat for a species of conservation concern. Greater sage-grouse (<i>Centrocercus urophasianus</i>, hereafter sage-grouse) occur in western semi-arid landscapes in North America. Range-wide population declines of this species have been documented, and it is currently considered as “warranted but precluded” from listing under the United States Endangered Species Act. Wyoming is predicted to remain a stronghold for sage-grouse populations and contains approximately 37% of remaining birds. We compiled location data from 14 unique radiotelemetry studies (data collected 1994–2010) and habitat data from high-quality, biologically relevant, geographic information system (GIS) layers across Wyoming. We developed habitat selection models for greater sage-grouse across Wyoming for 3 distinct life stages: 1) nesting, 2) summer, and 3) winter. We developed patch and landscape models across 4 extents, producing statewide and regional (southwest, central, northeast) models for Wyoming. Habitat selection varied among regions and seasons, yet preferred habitat attributes generally matched the extensive literature on sage-grouse seasonal habitat requirements. Across seasons and regions, birds preferred areas with greater percentage sagebrush cover and avoided paved roads, agriculture, and forested areas. Birds consistently preferred areas with higher precipitation in the summer and avoided rugged terrain in the winter. Selection for sagebrush cover varied regionally with stronger selection in the Northeast region, likely because of limited availability, whereas avoidance of paved roads was fairly consistent across regions. We chose resource selection function (RSF) thresholds for each model set (seasonal × regional combination) that delineated important seasonal habitats for sage-grouse. Each model set showed good validation and discriminatory capabilities within study-site boundaries. We applied the nesting-season models to a novel area not included in model development. The percentage of independent nest locations that fell directly within identified important habitat was not overly impressive in the novel area (49%); however, including a 500-m buffer around important habitat captured 98% of independent nest locations within the novel area. We also used leks and associated peak male counts as a proxy for nesting habitat outside of the study sites used to develop the models. A 1.5-km buffer around the important nesting habitat boundaries included 77% of males counted at leks in Wyoming outside of the study sites. Data were not available to quantitatively test the performance of the summer and winter models outside our study sites. The collection of models presented here represents large-scale resource-management planning tools that are a significant advancement to previous tools in terms of spatial and temporal resolution.","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.1002/wmon.1014","usgsCitation":"Fedy, B., Doherty, K., Aldridge, C.L., O’Donnell, M.S., Beck, J.L., Bedrosian, B., Gummer, D., Holloran, M.J., Johnson, G., Kaczor, N.W., Kirol, C., Mandich, C., Marshall, D., McKee, G., Olson, C., Pratt, A.C., Swanson, C.C., and Walker, B.L., 2014, Habitat prioritization across large landscapes, multiple seasons, and novel areas: an example using greater sage-grouse in Wyoming: Wildlife Monographs, v. 190, no. 1, p. 1-39, https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.1014.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"39","ipdsId":"IP-049825","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295128,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"projection":"Wyoming Lambert","datum":"North American Datum 1983","country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","volume":"190","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-09-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54379588e4b08a816ca6360d","chorus":{"doi":"10.1002/wmon.1014","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wmon.1014","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Fedy Bradley C., Doherty Kevin E., Aldridge Cameron L., O'Donnell Micheal, Beck Jeffrey L., Bedrosian Bryan, Gummer David, Holloran Matthew J., Johnson Gregory D., Kaczor Nicholas W., Kirol Christopher P., Mandich Cheryl A., Marshall David, Mckee Gwyn, Olson Chad, Pratt Aaron C., Swanson Christopher C., Walker Brett L.","journalName":"Wildlife Monographs","publicationDate":"9/2014","auditedOn":"11/1/2014"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fedy, Bradley C.","contributorId":40536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fedy","given":"Bradley C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doherty, Kevin E.","contributorId":99490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doherty","given":"Kevin E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aldridge, Cameron L. 0000-0003-3926-6941 aldridgec@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3926-6941","contributorId":191773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aldridge","given":"Cameron","email":"aldridgec@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":502937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Donnell, Michael S. 0000-0002-3488-003X odonnellm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3488-003X","contributorId":3351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Donnell","given":"Michael","email":"odonnellm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Beck, Jeffrey L.","contributorId":14753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beck","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bedrosian, Bryan","contributorId":29754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedrosian","given":"Bryan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gummer, David","contributorId":33648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gummer","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Holloran, Matthew J.","contributorId":63745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holloran","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Johnson, Gregory D.","contributorId":14326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Gregory D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Kaczor, Nicholas W.","contributorId":21096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaczor","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Kirol, Christopher P.","contributorId":49723,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kirol","given":"Christopher P.","affiliations":[{"id":12785,"text":"Big Horn Environmental Consultants","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":502938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Mandich, Cheryl A.","contributorId":71496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mandich","given":"Cheryl A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Marshall, David","contributorId":29755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"McKee, Gwyn","contributorId":42156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Gwyn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Olson, Chad","contributorId":39710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Chad","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Pratt, Aaron C.","contributorId":68670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Swanson, Christopher C.","contributorId":53316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Walker, Brett L.","contributorId":87475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"Brett","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18}]}}
,{"id":70126402,"text":"70126402 - 2014 - Runoff sources and flowpaths in a partially burned, upland boreal catchment underlain by permafrost","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-19T19:51:00","indexId":"70126402","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-08T10:38:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Runoff sources and flowpaths in a partially burned, upland boreal catchment underlain by permafrost","docAbstract":"<p>Boreal soils in permafrost regions contain vast quantities of frozen organic material that is released to terrestrial and aquatic environments via subsurface flowpaths as permafrost thaws. Longer flowpaths may allow chemical reduction of solutes, nutrients, and contaminants, with implications for greenhouse gas emissions and aqueous export. Predicting boreal catchment runoff is complicated by soil heterogeneities related to variability in active layer thickness, soil type, fire history, and preferential flow potential. By coupling measurements of permeability, infiltration potential, and water chemistry with a stream chemistry end member mixing model, we tested the hypothesis that organic soils and burned slopes are the primary sources of runoff, and that runoff from burned soils is greater due to increased hydraulic connectivity. Organic soils were more permeable than mineral soils, and 25% of infiltration moved laterally upon reaching the organic-mineral soil boundary on unburned hillslopes. A large portion of the remaining water infiltrated into deeper, less permeable soils. In contrast, burned hillslopes displayed poorly defined soil horizons, allowing rapid, mineral-rich runoff through preferential pathways at various depths. On the catchment scale, mineral/organic runoff ratios averaged 1.6 and were as high as 5.2 for an individual storm. Our results suggest that burned soils are the dominant source of water and solutes reaching the stream in summer, whereas unburned soils may provide longer term storage and residence times necessary for production of anaerobic compounds. These results are relevant to predicting how boreal catchment drainage networks and stream export will evolve given continued warming and altered fire regimes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2014WR015586","usgsCitation":"Koch, J.C., Kikuchi, C., Wickland, K.P., and Schuster, P., 2014, Runoff sources and flowpaths in a partially burned, upland boreal catchment underlain by permafrost: Water Resources Research, v. 50, no. 10, p. 8141-8158, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR015586.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"8141","endPage":"8158","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055593","costCenters":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472699,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2014wr015586","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":438740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P946B22H","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Water Level, Temperature, and Discharge in West Twin Creek, Alaska, 2010 to 2012"},{"id":295090,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295089,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014WR015586"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"West Twin Creek","volume":"50","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-10-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54364405e4b0a4f4b46a31c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koch, Joshua C. 0000-0001-7180-6982 jkoch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7180-6982","contributorId":202532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koch","given":"Joshua","email":"jkoch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kikuchi, Colin P.","contributorId":8779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kikuchi","given":"Colin P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wickland, Kimberly P. 0000-0002-6400-0590 kpwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6400-0590","contributorId":1835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wickland","given":"Kimberly","email":"kpwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schuster, Paul","contributorId":81825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70121353,"text":"ofr20141176 - 2014 - Potential effects of existing and proposed groundwater withdrawals on water levels and natural groundwater discharge in Snake Valley, Juab and Millard Counties, Utah, White Pine County, Nevada, and surrounding areas in Utah and Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-07T15:10:00","indexId":"ofr20141176","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-07T15:05:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1176","title":"Potential effects of existing and proposed groundwater withdrawals on water levels and natural groundwater discharge in Snake Valley, Juab and Millard Counties, Utah, White Pine County, Nevada, and surrounding areas in Utah and Nevada","docAbstract":"<p>Applications have been filed for several water-right changes and new water rights, with total withdrawals of about 1,800 acre-feet per year, in Snake Valley near Eskdale and Partoun, Utah. The Bureau of Land Management has identified 11 sites where the Bureau of Land Management holds water rights and 7 other springs of interest that could be affected by these proposed groundwater withdrawals. This report presents a hydrogeologic analysis of areas within Snake Valley to assess the potential effects on Bureau of Land Management water rights and other springs of interest resulting from existing and proposed groundwater withdrawals. A previously developed numerical groundwater-flow model was used to quantify potential groundwater drawdown and the capture, or groundwater withdrawals that results in depletion, of natural discharge resulting from existing and proposed groundwater withdrawals within Snake Valley. Existing groundwater withdrawals were simulated for a 50-year period prior to adding the newly proposed withdrawals to bring the model from pre-development conditions to the start of 2014. After this initial 50-year period, existing withdrawals, additional proposed withdrawals, and consequent effects were simulated for periods of 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Downward trends in water levels measured in wells indicate that the existing groundwater withdrawals in Snake Valley are affecting water levels. The numerical model simulated similar downward trends in water levels. The largest simulated drawdowns caused by existing groundwater withdrawals ranged between 10 and 26 feet and were near the centers of the agricultural areas by Callao, Eskdale, Baker, Garrison, and along the Utah-Nevada state line in southern Snake Valley. The largest simulated water-level declines were at the Bureau of Land Management water-rights sites near Eskdale, Utah, where simulated drawdowns ranged between 2 and 8 feet at the start of 2014. These results were consistent with, but lower than, observations from several wells monitored by the U.S. Geological Survey that indicated water-level declines of 6 to 18 feet near the Eskdale area since the mid-1970s and 1980s. The model cells where the simulated capture of natural groundwater discharge resulting from the existing withdrawals was greatest were those containing Kane Spring, Caine Spring, and Unnamed Spring 5, where existing groundwater withdrawals capture 13 to 29 percent of the total simulated natural discharge in these cells.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Simulated drawdown and simulated capture of natural groundwater discharge resulting from the proposed withdrawals started in as few as 5 years at seven of the sites. After 100 years, four sites showed simulated drawdowns ranging between 1 and 2 feet; eight sites showed simulated drawdowns ranging between 0.1 and 0.9 feet; and five sites showed no simulated drawdown resulting from the proposed withdrawals. The largest amounts of simulated capture of natural groundwater discharge resulting from the proposed withdrawals after 100 years were in the model cells containing Coyote Spring, Kane Spring, and Caine Spring, which had capture amounts ranging between 5.5 and 9.1 percent of the total simulated natural discharge in these cells.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141176","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Masbruch, M.D., and Gardner, P.M., 2014, Potential effects of existing and proposed groundwater withdrawals on water levels and natural groundwater discharge in Snake Valley, Juab and Millard Counties, Utah, White Pine County, Nevada, and surrounding areas in Utah and Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1176, Report: vi, 24 p.; Appendix Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141176.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 24 p.; Appendix Tables","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-055285","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295072,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1176/pdf/ofr2014-1176.pdf"},{"id":295073,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1176/downloads/ofr2014-1176_appendixes.xlsx"},{"id":295074,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141176.jpg"},{"id":295071,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1176/"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Utah","county":"Juab County, Millard County, White Pine County","otherGeospatial":"Snake Valley","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5434f289e4b0a4f4b46a2364","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masbruch, Melissa D. 0000-0001-6568-160X mmasbruch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6568-160X","contributorId":1902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masbruch","given":"Melissa","email":"mmasbruch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, Philip M. 0000-0003-3005-3587 pgardner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3005-3587","contributorId":962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"Philip","email":"pgardner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70126192,"text":"sir20145161 - 2014 - Potential postwildfire debris-flow hazards: a prewildfire evaluation for the Sandia and Manzano Mountains and surrounding areas, central New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-07T12:41:49","indexId":"sir20145161","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-07T12:34:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5161","title":"Potential postwildfire debris-flow hazards: a prewildfire evaluation for the Sandia and Manzano Mountains and surrounding areas, central New Mexico","docAbstract":"<p>Wildfire can drastically increase the probability of debris flows, a potentially hazardous and destructive form of mass wasting, in landscapes that have otherwise been stable throughout recent history. Although there is no way to know the exact location, extent, and severity of wildfire, or the subsequent rainfall intensity and duration before it happens, probabilities of fire and debris-flow occurrence for different locations can be estimated with geospatial analysis and modeling efforts. The purpose of this report is to provide information on which watersheds might constitute the most serious, potential, debris-flow hazards in the event of a large-scale wildfire and subsequent rainfall in the Sandia and Manzano Mountains. Potential probabilities and estimated volumes of postwildfire debris flows in the unburned Sandia and Manzano Mountains and surrounding areas were estimated using empirical debris-flow models developed by the U.S. Geological Survey in combination with fire behavior and burn probability models developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service.</p>\n<br>\n<p>The locations of the greatest debris-flow hazards correlate with the areas of steepest slopes and simulated crown-fire behavior. The four subbasins with the highest computed debris-flow probabilities (greater than 98 percent) were all in the Manzano Mountains, two flowing east and two flowing west. Volumes in sixteen subbasins were greater than 50,000 square meters and most of these were in the central Manzanos and the western facing slopes of the Sandias.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Five subbasins on the west-facing slopes of the Sandia Mountains, four of which have downstream reaches that lead into the outskirts of the City of Albuquerque, are among subbasins in the 98th percentile of integrated relative debris-flow hazard rankings. The bulk of the remaining subbasins in the 98th percentile of integrated relative debris-flow hazard rankings are located along the highest and steepest slopes of the Manzano Mountains. One of the subbasins is several miles upstream from the community of Tajique and another is several miles upstream from the community of Manzano, both on the eastern slopes of the Manzano Mountains.</p>\n<br>\n<p>This prewildfire assessment approach is valuable to resource managers because the analysis of the debris-flow threat is made before a wildfire occurs, which facilitates prewildfire management, planning, and mitigation. In northern New Mexico, widespread watershed restoration efforts are being carried out to safeguard vital watersheds against the threat of catastrophic wildfire. This study was initiated to help select ideal locations for the restoration efforts that could have the best return on investment.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145161","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bernalillo County Natural Resources Services","usgsCitation":"Tillery, A.C., Haas, J., Miller, L.W., Scott, J.H., and Thompson, M.P., 2014, Potential postwildfire debris-flow hazards: a prewildfire evaluation for the Sandia and Manzano Mountains and surrounding areas, central New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5161, Report: v, 24 p.; Downloads Directory; Readme, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145161.","productDescription":"Report: v, 24 p.; Downloads Directory; Readme","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056106","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295009,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5161/pdf/sir2014-5161.pdf"},{"id":295010,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5161/downloads/"},{"id":295011,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5161/downloads/README.TXT"},{"id":295007,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5161/"},{"id":295012,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145161.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Manzano Mountains, Sandia Mountains","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5434f28ae4b0a4f4b46a2366","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tillery, Anne C. 0000-0002-9508-7908 atillery@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9508-7908","contributorId":2549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillery","given":"Anne","email":"atillery@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haas, Jessica R.","contributorId":10735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haas","given":"Jessica R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Lara W.","contributorId":104833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Lara","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scott, Joe H.","contributorId":28913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thompson, Matthew P.","contributorId":9190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70100139,"text":"70100139 - 2014 - Comparing species distribution models constructed with different subsets of environmental predictors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-12-12T15:00:28","indexId":"70100139","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-07T09:33:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1399,"text":"Diversity and Distributions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparing species distribution models constructed with different subsets of environmental predictors","docAbstract":"<p>Aim</p>\n<p>To assess the usefulness of combining climate predictors with additional types of environmental predictors in species distribution models for range-restricted species, using common correlative species distribution modelling approaches.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Location</p>\n<p>Florida, USA</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Methods</p>\n<p>We used five different algorithms to create distribution models for 14 vertebrate species, using seven different predictor sets: two with bioclimate predictors only, and five &lsquo;combination&rsquo; models using bioclimate predictors plus &lsquo;additional&rsquo; predictors from groups representing: human influence, land cover, extreme weather or noise (spatially random data).We use a linear mixed-model approach to analyse the effects of predictor set and algorithm on model accuracy, variable importance scores and spatial predictions.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Results</p>\n<p>Regardless of modelling algorithm, no one predictor set produced significantly more accurate models than all others, though models including human influence predictors were the only ones with significantly higher accuracy than climate-only models. Climate predictors had consistently higher variable importance scores than additional predictors in combination models, though there was variation related to predictor type and algorithm. While spatial predictions varied moderately between predictor sets, discrepancies were significantly greater between modelling algorithms than between predictor sets. Furthermore, there were no differences in the level of agreement between binary &lsquo;presence&ndash;absence&rsquo; maps and independent species range maps related to the predictor set used.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Main conclusions</p>\n<p>Our results indicate that additional predictors have relatively minor effects on the accuracy of climate-based species distribution models and minor to moderate effects on spatial predictions. We suggest that implementing species distribution models with only climate predictors may provide an effective and efficient approach for initial assessments of environmental suitability.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Diversity and Distributions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/ddi.12247","usgsCitation":"Bucklin, D., Basille, M., Benscoter, A.M., Brandt, L., Mazzotti, F., Romañach, S., Speroterra, C., and Watling, J.I., 2014, Comparing species distribution models constructed with different subsets of environmental predictors: Diversity and Distributions, v. 21, no. 1, p. 23-35, https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12247.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051786","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294979,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294978,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12247"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5434f285e4b0a4f4b46a235a","chorus":{"doi":"10.1111/ddi.12247","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12247","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Bucklin David N., Basille Mathieu, Benscoter Allison M., Brandt Laura A., Mazzotti Frank J., Romañach Stephanie S., Speroterra Carolina, Watling James I.","journalName":"Diversity and Distributions","publicationDate":"8/21/2014","auditedOn":"11/1/2014"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bucklin, David N.","contributorId":58963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bucklin","given":"David N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Basille, Mathieu","contributorId":33246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Basille","given":"Mathieu","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Benscoter, Allison M.","contributorId":57781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benscoter","given":"Allison","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brandt, Laura A.","contributorId":23089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"Laura A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mazzotti, Frank J.","contributorId":90236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mazzotti","given":"Frank J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Romañach, Stephanie S. 0000-0003-0271-7825 sromanach@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0271-7825","contributorId":2331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romañach","given":"Stephanie S.","email":"sromanach@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":492115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Speroterra, Carolina","contributorId":34451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Speroterra","given":"Carolina","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Watling, James I.","contributorId":10352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watling","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70119019,"text":"sir20145148 - 2014 - Documentation of a groundwater flow model (SJRRPGW) for the San Joaquin River Restoration Program study area, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-08T13:30:42","indexId":"sir20145148","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-07T08:44:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5148","title":"Documentation of a groundwater flow model (SJRRPGW) for the San Joaquin River Restoration Program study area, California","docAbstract":"<p>To better understand the potential effects of restoration flows on existing drainage problems, anticipated as a result of the San Joaquin River Restoration Program (SJRRP), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), developed a groundwater flow model (SJRRPGW) of the SJRRP study area that is within 5 miles of the San Joaquin River and adjacent bypass system from Friant Dam to the Merced River. The primary goal of the SJRRP is to reestablish the natural ecology of the river to a degree that restores salmon and other fish populations. Increased flows in the river, particularly during the spring salmon run, are a key component of the restoration effort. A potential consequence of these increased river flows is the exacerbation of existing irrigation drainage problems along a section of the river between Mendota and the confluence with the Merced River. Historically, this reach typically was underlain by a water table within 10 feet of the land surface, thus requiring careful irrigation management and (or) artificial drainage to maintain crop health. The SJRRPGW is designed to meet the short-term needs of the SJRRP; future versions of the model may incorporate potential enhancements, several of which are identified in this report.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The SJRRPGW was constructed using the USGS groundwater flow model MODFLOW and was built on the framework of the USGS Central Valley Hydrologic Model (CVHM) within which the SJRRPGW model domain is embedded. The Farm Process (FMP2) was used to simulate the supply and demand components of irrigated agriculture. The Streamflow-Routing Package (SFR2) was used to simulate the streams and bypasses and their interaction with the aquifer system. The 1,300-square mile study area was subdivided into 0.25-mile by 0.25-mile cells. The sediment texture of the aquifer system, which was used to distribute hydraulic properties by model cell, was refined from that used in the CVHM to better represent the natural heterogeneity of aquifer-system materials within the model domain. In addition, the stream properties were updated from the CVHM to better simulate stream-aquifer interactions, and water-budget subregions were refined to better simulate agricultural water supply and demand. External boundary conditions were derived from the CVHM.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The SJRRPGW was calibrated for April 1961 to September 2003 by using groundwater-level observations from 133 wells and streamflow observations from 19 streamgages. The model was calibrated using public-domain parameter estimation software (PEST) in a semi-automated manner. The simulated groundwater-level elevations and trends (including seasonal fluctuations) and surface-water flow magnitudes and trends reasonably matched observed data. The calibrated model is planned to be used to assess the potential effects of restoration flows on agricultural lands and the relative capabilities of proposed SJRRP actions to reduce these effects.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145148","collaboration":"In cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Traum, J.A., Phillips, S.P., Bennett, G.L., Zamora, C., and Metzger, L.F., 2014, Documentation of a groundwater flow model (SJRRPGW) for the San Joaquin River Restoration Program study area, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5148, Report: xii, 151 p.; 3 Interactive Animations, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145148.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 151 p.; 3 Interactive Animations","numberOfPages":"167","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-033499","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294968,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145148.jpg"},{"id":294965,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5148/pdf/sir2014-5148.pdf"},{"id":294967,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5148/downloads/sir2014-5148_D2GW.swf"},{"id":294966,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5148/downloads/sir2014-5148_StreamSeepage.swf"},{"id":294963,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5148/"},{"id":294964,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5148/downloads/sir2014-5148_GWE.swf"}],"datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5434f286e4b0a4f4b46a235c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Traum, Jonathan A. 0000-0002-4787-3680 jtraum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4787-3680","contributorId":4780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Traum","given":"Jonathan","email":"jtraum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, Steven P. 0000-0002-5107-868X sphillip@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5107-868X","contributorId":1506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Steven","email":"sphillip@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bennett, George L. V V 0000-0002-6239-1604 georbenn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6239-1604","contributorId":1373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"George","suffix":"V","email":"georbenn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L. V","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zamora, Celia 0000-0003-1456-4360 czamora@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1456-4360","contributorId":1514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zamora","given":"Celia","email":"czamora@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Metzger, Loren F. 0000-0003-2454-2966 lmetzger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2454-2966","contributorId":1378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metzger","given":"Loren","email":"lmetzger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":497571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70159647,"text":"70159647 - 2014 - Methane hydrates in nature - Current knowledge and challenges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-16T12:31:13","indexId":"70159647","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-07T05:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2209,"text":"Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methane hydrates in nature - Current knowledge and challenges","docAbstract":"<p>Recognizing the importance of methane hydrate research and the need for a coordinated effort, the United States Congress enacted the Methane Hydrate Research and Development Act of 2000. At the same time, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry in Japan launched a research program to develop plans for a methane hydrate exploratory drilling project in the Nankai Trough. India, China, the Republic of Korea, and other nations also have established large methane hydrate research and development programs. Government-funded scientific research drilling expeditions and production test studies have provided a wealth of information on the occurrence of methane hydrates in nature. Numerous studies have shown that the amount of gas stored as methane hydrates in the world may exceed the volume of known organic carbon sources. However, methane hydrates represent both a scientific and technical challenge, and much remains to be learned about their characteristics and occurrence in nature. Methane hydrate research in recent years has mostly focused on: (1) documenting the geologic parameters that control the occurrence and stability of methane hydrates in nature, (2) assessing the volume of natural gas stored within various methane hydrate accumulations, (3) analyzing the production response and characteristics of methane hydrates, (4) identifying and predicting natural and induced environmental and climate impacts of natural methane hydrates, (5) analyzing the methane hydrate role as a geohazard, (6) establishing the means to detect and characterize methane hydrate accumulations using geologic and geophysical data, and (7) establishing the thermodynamic phase equilibrium properties of methane hydrates as a function of temperature, pressure, and gas composition. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the Consortium for Ocean Leadership (COL) combined their efforts in 2012 to assess the contributions that scientific drilling has made and could continue to make to advance our understanding of methane hydrates in nature. COL assembled a Methane Hydrate Project Science Team with members from academia, industry, and government. This Science Team worked with COL and DOE to develop and host the Methane Hydrate Community Workshop, which surveyed a substantial cross section of the methane hydrate research community for input on the most important research developments in our understanding of methane hydrates in nature and their potential role as an energy resource, a geohazard, and/or as an agent of global climate change. Our understanding of how methane hydrates occur in nature is still growing and evolving, and it is known with certainty that field, laboratory, and modeling studies have contributed greatly to our understanding of hydrates in nature and will continue to be a critical source of the information needed to advance our understanding of methane hydrates.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","publisherLocation":"Columbus, OH","doi":"10.1021/je500604h","usgsCitation":"Collett, T.S., 2014, Methane hydrates in nature - Current knowledge and challenges: Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, v. 60, no. 2, p. 319-329, https://doi.org/10.1021/je500604h.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"329","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057920","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311365,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-10-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564b0c4ee4b0ebfbef0d3165","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collett, Timothy S. 0000-0002-7598-4708 tcollett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":1698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"Timothy","email":"tcollett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70116792,"text":"sir20145136 - 2014 - Simulation of groundwater flow and the interaction of groundwater and surface water in the Willamette Basin and Central Willamette subbasin, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-22T13:42:06","indexId":"sir20145136","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-06T16:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5136","title":"Simulation of groundwater flow and the interaction of groundwater and surface water in the Willamette Basin and Central Willamette subbasin, Oregon","docAbstract":"<p>Full appropriation of tributary streamflow during summer, a growing population, and agricultural needs are increasing the demand for groundwater in the Willamette Basin. Greater groundwater use could diminish streamflow and create seasonal and long-term declines in groundwater levels. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Oregon Water Resources Department (OWRD) cooperated in a study to develop a conceptual and quantitative understanding of the groundwater-flow system of the Willamette Basin with an emphasis on the Central Willamette subbasin. This final report from the cooperative study describes numerical models of the regional and local groundwater-flow systems and evaluates the effects of pumping on groundwater and surface‑water resources. The models described in this report can be used to evaluate spatial and temporal effects of pumping on groundwater, base flow, and stream capture.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The regional model covers about 6,700 square miles of the 12,000-square mile Willamette and Sandy River drainage basins in northwestern Oregon—referred to as the Willamette Basin in this report. The Willamette Basin is a topographic and structural trough that lies between the Coast Range and the Cascade Range and is divided into five sedimentary subbasins underlain and separated by basalts of the Columbia River Basalt Group (Columbia River basalt) that crop out as local uplands. From north to south, these five subbasins are the Portland subbasin, the Tualatin subbasin, the Central Willamette subbasin, the Stayton subbasin, and the Southern Willamette subbasin. Recharge in the Willamette Basin is primarily from precipitation in the uplands of the Cascade Range, Coast Range, and western Cascades areas. Groundwater moves downward and laterally through sedimentary or basalt units until it discharges locally to wells, evapotranspiration, or streams. Mean annual groundwater withdrawal for water years 1995 and 1996 was about 400 cubic feet per second; irrigation withdrawals accounted for about 80 percent of that total. The upper 180 feet of productive aquifers in the Central Willamette and Southern Willamette subbasins produced about 70 percent of the total pumped volume.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>In this study, the USGS constructed a three-dimensional numerical finite-difference groundwater-flow model of the Willamette Basin representing the six hydrogeologic units, defined in previous investigations, as six model layers. From youngest to oldest, and [generally] uppermost to lowermost they are the: upper sedimentary unit, Willamette silt unit, middle sedimentary unit, lower sedimentary unit, Columbia River basalt unit, and basement confining unit. The high Cascade unit is not included in the groundwater-flow model because it is not present within the model boundaries. Geographic boundaries are simulated as no-flow (no water flowing in or out of the model), except where the Columbia River is simulated as a constant hydraulic head boundary. Streams are designated as head-dependent-flux boundaries, in which the flux depends on the elevation of the stream surface. Groundwater recharge from precipitation was estimated using the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS), a watershed model that accounts for evapotranspiration from the unsaturated zone. Evapotranspiration from the saturated zone was not considered an important component of groundwater discharge. Well pumping was simulated as specified flux and included public supply, irrigation, and industrial pumping. Hydraulic conductivity values were estimated from previous studies through aquifer slug and permeameter tests, specific capacity data, core analysis, and modeling. Upper, middle and lower sedimentary unit horizontal hydraulic conductivity values were differentiated between the Portland subbasin and the Tualatin, Central Willamette, and Southern Willamette subbasins based on preliminary model results.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145136","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Oregon Water Resources Department","usgsCitation":"Herrera, N.B., Burns, E., and Conlon, T.D., 2014, Simulation of groundwater flow and the interaction of groundwater and surface water in the Willamette Basin and Central Willamette subbasin, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5136, xvii, 152 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145136.","productDescription":"xvii, 152 p.","numberOfPages":"170","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-022627","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294957,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145136.jpg"},{"id":294956,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5136/pdf/sir20145136.pdf"},{"id":294951,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5136/"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator, Zone 10N","datum":"North American Datum of 1927","country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Willamette Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5433a105e4b095098ca855a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herrera, Nora B. 0000-0002-7744-5206","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7744-5206","contributorId":37666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herrera","given":"Nora","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burns, Erick R. 0000-0002-1747-0506","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1747-0506","contributorId":100303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Erick R.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conlon, Terrence D. 0000-0002-5899-7187 tdconlon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5899-7187","contributorId":819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conlon","given":"Terrence","email":"tdconlon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70215053,"text":"70215053 - 2014 - Seasonal weather patterns drive population vital rates and persistence in a stream fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-06T20:08:06.894274","indexId":"70215053","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-06T15:02:22","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal weather patterns drive population vital rates and persistence in a stream fish","docAbstract":"<p><span>Climate change affects seasonal weather patterns, but little is known about the relative importance of seasonal weather patterns on animal population vital rates. Even when such information exists, data are typically only available from intensive fieldwork (e.g., mark–recapture studies) at a limited spatial extent. Here, we investigated effects of seasonal air temperature and precipitation (fall, winter, and spring) on survival and recruitment of brook trout (</span><i>Salvelinus fontinalis</i><span>) at a broad spatial scale using a novel stage‐structured population model. The data were a 15‐year record of brook trout abundance from 72 sites distributed across a 170‐km‐long mountain range in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, USA. Population vital rates responded differently to weather and site‐specific conditions. Specifically, young‐of‐year survival was most strongly affected by spring temperature, adult survival by elevation and per‐capita recruitment by winter precipitation. Low fall precipitation and high winter precipitation, the latter of which is predicted to increase under climate change for the study region, had the strongest negative effects on trout populations. Simulations show that trout abundance could be greatly reduced under constant high winter precipitation, consistent with the expected effects of gravel‐scouring flows on eggs and newly hatched individuals. However, high‐elevation sites would be less vulnerable to local extinction because they supported higher adult survival. Furthermore, the majority of brook trout populations are projected to persist if high winter precipitation occurs only intermittently (≤3 of 5&nbsp;years) due to density‐dependent recruitment. Variable drivers of vital rates should be commonly found in animal populations characterized by ontogenetic changes in habitat, and such stage‐structured effects may increase population persistence to changing climate by not affecting all life stages simultaneously. Yet, our results also demonstrate that weather patterns during seemingly less consequential seasons (e.g., winter precipitation) can have major impacts on animal population dynamics.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","doi":"10.1111/gcb.12837","usgsCitation":"Kanno, Y., Letcher, B., Hitt, N.P., Boughton, D.A., Wofford, J.E., and Zipkin, E., 2014, Seasonal weather patterns drive population vital rates and persistence in a stream fish: Global Change Biology, v. 21, no. 5, p. 1856-1870, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12837.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1856","endPage":"1870","ipdsId":"IP-060225","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":29789,"text":"John Wesley Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472700,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12837","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":379108,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Shenandoah National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -79.9200439453125,\n              37.26530995561875\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.310302734375,\n              37.54022177661216\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.519287109375,\n              38.1777509666256\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.1402587890625,\n              38.724090458956965\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.2061767578125,\n              38.997841307500714\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.387451171875,\n              39.0533181067413\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.59069824218749,\n              38.7283759182398\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.81591796875,\n              38.37611542403604\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.6783447265625,\n              37.70120736474139\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.969482421875,\n              37.45741810262938\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.9200439453125,\n              37.26530995561875\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-02-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kanno, Yoichiro ykanno@usgs.gov","contributorId":4876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kanno","given":"Yoichiro","email":"ykanno@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":800653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Letcher, Benjamin 0000-0003-0191-5678 bletcher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0191-5678","contributorId":242669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Letcher","given":"Benjamin","email":"bletcher@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":800652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hitt, Nathaniel P. 0000-0002-1046-4568 nhitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1046-4568","contributorId":4435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hitt","given":"Nathaniel","email":"nhitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":800654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boughton, David A.","contributorId":172477,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boughton","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":800655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wofford, John E. B.","contributorId":38951,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wofford","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":800656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zipkin, Elise ezipkin@usgs.gov","contributorId":470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zipkin","given":"Elise","email":"ezipkin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":800657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70128127,"text":"70128127 - 2014 - A cross-validation package driving Netica with python","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-03T16:17:23","indexId":"70128127","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-03T16:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1551,"text":"Environmental Modelling and Software","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A cross-validation package driving Netica with python","docAbstract":"Bayesian networks (BNs) are powerful tools for probabilistically simulating natural systems and emulating process models. Cross validation is a technique to avoid overfitting resulting from overly complex BNs. Overfitting reduces predictive skill. Cross-validation for BNs is known but rarely implemented due partly to a lack of software tools designed to work with available BN packages. CVNetica is open-source, written in Python, and extends the Netica software package to perform cross-validation and read, rebuild, and learn BNs from data. Insights gained from cross-validation and implications on prediction versus description are illustrated with: a data-driven oceanographic application; and a model-emulation application. These examples show that overfitting occurs when BNs become more complex than allowed by supporting data and overfitting incurs computational costs as well as causing a reduction in prediction skill. CVNetica evaluates overfitting using several complexity metrics (we used level of discretization) and its impact on performance metrics (we used skill).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Modelling and Software","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.09.007","usgsCitation":"Fienen, M., and Plant, N.G., 2014, A cross-validation package driving Netica with python: Environmental Modelling and Software, v. 63, p. 14-23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.09.007.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"14","endPage":"23","numberOfPages":"10","ipdsId":"IP-058198","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294937,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.09.007"},{"id":294950,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542fac86e4b092f17df61cc2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fienen, Michael N. 0000-0002-7756-4651 mnfienen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7756-4651","contributorId":893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fienen","given":"Michael N.","email":"mnfienen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":502769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plant, Nathaniel G. 0000-0002-5703-5672 nplant@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5703-5672","contributorId":3503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plant","given":"Nathaniel","email":"nplant@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70118238,"text":"pp1798K - 2014 - The effects of Missouri River mainstem reservoir system operations on 2011 flooding using a Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System model","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70118238,"text":"pp1798K - 2014 - The effects of Missouri River mainstem reservoir system operations on 2011 flooding using a Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System model","indexId":"pp1798K","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"chapter":"K","title":"The effects of Missouri River mainstem reservoir system operations on 2011 flooding using a Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System model"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70047427,"text":"pp1798 - 2013 - 2011 floods of the central United States","indexId":"pp1798","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"2011 floods of the central United States"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70047427,"text":"pp1798 - 2013 - 2011 floods of the central United States","indexId":"pp1798","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"2011 floods of the central United States"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-18T13:29:00.816756","indexId":"pp1798K","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-03T14:32:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1798","chapter":"K","title":"The effects of Missouri River mainstem reservoir system operations on 2011 flooding using a Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System model","docAbstract":"<p>In 2011 the Missouri River Mainstem Reservoir System (Reservoir System) experienced the largest volume of flood waters since the initiation of record-keeping in the nineteenth century. The high levels of runoff from both snowpack and rainfall stressed the Reservoir System’s capacity to control flood waters and caused massive damage and disruption along the river. The flooding and resulting damage along the Missouri River brought increased public attention to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) operation of the Reservoir System.</p><p>To help understand the effects of Reservoir System operation on the 2011 Missouri River flood flows, the U.S. Geological Survey Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System was used to construct a model of the Missouri River Basin to simulate flows at streamgages and dam locations with the effects of Reservoir System operation (regulation) on flow removed. Statistical tests indicate that the Missouri River Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System model is a good fit for high-flow monthly and annual stream flow estimation. A comparison of simulated unregulated flows and measured regulated flows show that regulation greatly reduced spring peak flow events, consolidated two summer peak flow events to one with a markedly decreased magnitude, and maintained higher than normal base flow beyond the end of water year 2011. Further comparison of results indicate that without regulation, flows greater than those measured would have occurred and been sustained for much longer, frequently in excess of 30 days, and flooding associated with high-flow events would have been more severe.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"2011 Floods of the Central United States","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1798K","usgsCitation":"Haj, A.E., Christiansen, D.E., and Viger, R., 2014, The effects of Missouri River mainstem reservoir system operations on 2011 flooding using a Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System model: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1798, v, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1798K.","productDescription":"v, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-044498","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294928,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1798k/"},{"id":294929,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1798k/pdf/pp1798k.pdf"},{"id":294930,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp1798k.jpg"}],"scale":"3000000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska,North Dakota, South Dakota. 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