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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr69106","usgsCitation":"Gill, J.R., and Cobban, W.A., 1969, Paleogeographic maps of the Telegraph Creek, Eagle, Claggett, Judith River, Bearpaw, and Fox Hills times of late Cretaceous Epoch in the western interior region: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 69-106, 6 Plates: 17.28 x 20.45 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr69106.","productDescription":"6 Plates: 17.28 x 20.45 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":491616,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0106/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":491615,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0106/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":491614,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0106/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":491613,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0106/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":491612,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0106/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":491611,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0106/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":168086,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0106/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689cc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gill, James R.","contributorId":44904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cobban, William Aubrey","contributorId":78317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobban","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Aubrey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44083,"text":"ofr6993 - 1969 - Water-level contour maps of the carbonate rocks of the Great Valley in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-05T11:19:31","indexId":"ofr6993","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"69-93","title":"Water-level contour maps of the carbonate rocks of the Great Valley in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr6993","usgsCitation":"Flippo, H., and Wood, C.R., 1969, Water-level contour maps of the carbonate rocks of the Great Valley in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 69-93, 8 Sheets: 19.78 x 17.46 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6993.","productDescription":"8 Sheets: 19.78 x 17.46 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":172895,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":321152,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0093/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":321153,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0093/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":321154,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0093/plate-3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":321155,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0093/plate-4.pdf","text":"Plate 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":321156,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0093/plate-5.pdf","text":"Plate 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":321157,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0093/plate-6.pdf","text":"Plate 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":321158,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0093/plate-7.pdf","text":"Plate 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":321159,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0093/plate-8.pdf","text":"Plate 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Lehigh County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-75.6107,40.7861],[-75.6079,40.7765],[-75.6064,40.7665],[-75.6037,40.7538],[-75.5996,40.746],[-75.5961,40.741],[-75.5932,40.7378],[-75.589,40.7345],[-75.5866,40.734],[-75.583,40.7344],[-75.5799,40.7348],[-75.5763,40.7352],[-75.5726,40.7338],[-75.5703,40.7311],[-75.5692,40.7283],[-75.5657,40.7237],[-75.559,40.7218],[-75.5548,40.7213],[-75.5499,40.723],[-75.5462,40.7248],[-75.5431,40.7284],[-75.543,40.732],[-75.5404,40.737],[-75.5373,40.7383],[-75.5319,40.7373],[-75.5283,40.7354],[-75.5261,40.7263],[-75.5193,40.7099],[-75.5129,40.7002],[-75.5024,40.6856],[-75.4959,40.6791],[-75.4894,40.6763],[-75.4876,40.6731],[-75.4791,40.6534],[-75.4332,40.6699],[-75.4167,40.6533],[-75.3901,40.6297],[-75.3948,40.5944],[-75.3949,40.5922],[-75.4049,40.581],[-75.3692,40.5586],[-75.3354,40.5372],[-75.3551,40.5239],[-75.3879,40.5018],[-75.3909,40.5],[-75.4008,40.4938],[-75.4026,40.4925],[-75.4094,40.4881],[-75.4113,40.4872],[-75.4454,40.4547],[-75.4492,40.4511],[-75.451,40.4493],[-75.4548,40.4457],[-75.4672,40.4346],[-75.4734,40.4292],[-75.4759,40.4266],[-75.4833,40.4194],[-75.4994,40.4283],[-75.5065,40.4325],[-75.5249,40.4441],[-75.5278,40.4464],[-75.5582,40.4641],[-75.6206,40.5023],[-75.6849,40.544],[-75.6956,40.5505],[-75.7188,40.5654],[-75.7402,40.5802],[-75.7498,40.5862],[-75.7677,40.5974],[-75.7701,40.5992],[-75.7796,40.6052],[-75.8005,40.6182],[-75.89,40.6761],[-75.8509,40.691],[-75.8032,40.709],[-75.7767,40.7236],[-75.7595,40.7333],[-75.7546,40.7351],[-75.7467,40.7382],[-75.7411,40.7412],[-75.733,40.7489],[-75.7281,40.7524],[-75.6993,40.7643],[-75.6943,40.7674],[-75.6857,40.7727],[-75.6821,40.7735],[-75.6656,40.7769],[-75.6277,40.7841],[-75.6107,40.7861]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Lehigh\",\"state\":\"PA\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e76fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flippo, H.N. Jr.","contributorId":96301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flippo","given":"H.N.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wood, C. R.","contributorId":100386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23060,"text":"ofr6995 - 1969 - Water-resources appraisal of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:05","indexId":"ofr6995","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"69-95","title":"Water-resources appraisal of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon","docAbstract":"Crater Lake National Park is on the crest of the Cascade Range in southwestern Oregon. Except for small areas of glacial deposits, the area is underlain by volcanic rocks of Tertiary and Quaternary age. The principal rock types are andesitic and basaltic lavas, pumiceous volcanic flow breccias, tuffs, and airborne and flow pumice. The pumice is an excellent medium for the infiltration of much of the 67 inches of annual precipitation. The pumice and underlying lava flows and pyroclastic material transmit a large quantity of ground water which percolates to the water table and to various spring outlets. \r\n\r\nIn many areas of the park, the occurrence of perched ground water at altitudes below 6,500 feet is shown by numerous springs that drain water from ground-water bodies perched above the regional water table. Most of the streams and springs in the area flow throughout the year. The quality of the water is excellent. It is soft, has a low mineral content, and contains insignificant amounts of objectionable constituents. \r\n\r\nDuring 1962, test drilling in the northern part of the park failed to locate perched-water bodies capable of supplying quantities of water adequate for proposed facilities. However, test drilling indicated that the regional water table is below an altitude of 4,960 feet and that wells at high altitudes may have to be drilled to depths exceeding a thousand feet to obtain water. Because the water table is at undetermined depth and the existence of productive perched ground-water bodies above the regional water table at a specific site cannot be predicted, the possibility of obtaining productive wells in the area is speculative.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/ofr6995","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Frank, F.J., and Harris, A., 1969, Water-resources appraisal of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 69-95, ii, 45 p. : ill., maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6995.","productDescription":"ii, 45 p. : ill., maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155638,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0095/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52430,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0095/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52431,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0095/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e5553","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frank, F. J.","contributorId":95037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frank","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, A.B.","contributorId":92290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25022,"text":"pp669 - 1969 - The Colorado River region and John Wesley Powell","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70185795,"text":"pp669A - 1969 - John Wesley Powell: Pioneer statesman of federal science: Chapter A in The Colorado River region and John Wesley Powell (Professional Paper 669)","indexId":"pp669A","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"John Wesley Powell: Pioneer statesman of federal science: Chapter A in The Colorado River region and John Wesley Powell (Professional Paper 669)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":25022,"text":"pp669 - 1969 - The Colorado River region and John Wesley Powell","indexId":"pp669","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"The Colorado River region and John Wesley Powell"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":70185796,"text":"pp669B - 1969 - Stratified rocks of the Grand Canyon: Chapter B in The Colorado River region and John Wesley Powell (Professional Paper 669)","indexId":"pp669B","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Stratified rocks of the Grand Canyon: Chapter B in The Colorado River region and John Wesley Powell (Professional Paper 669)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":25022,"text":"pp669 - 1969 - The Colorado River region and John Wesley Powell","indexId":"pp669","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"The Colorado River region and John Wesley Powell"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":70185797,"text":"pp669C - 1969 - Geologic history of the Colorado River: Chapter C in The Colorado River region and John Wesley Powell (Professional Paper 669)","indexId":"pp669C","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Geologic history of the Colorado River: Chapter C in The Colorado River region and John Wesley Powell (Professional Paper 669)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":25022,"text":"pp669 - 1969 - The Colorado River region and John Wesley Powell","indexId":"pp669","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"The Colorado River region and John Wesley Powell"},"id":3},{"subject":{"id":70185803,"text":"pp669D - 1969 - The rapids and the pools - Grand Canyon: Chapter D in The Colorado River region and John Wesley Powell (Professional Paper 669)","indexId":"pp669D","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"The rapids and the pools - Grand Canyon: Chapter D in The Colorado River region and John Wesley Powell (Professional Paper 669)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":25022,"text":"pp669 - 1969 - The Colorado River region and John Wesley Powell","indexId":"pp669","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"The Colorado River region and John Wesley Powell"},"id":4}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T11:01:28","indexId":"pp669","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"669","title":"The Colorado River region and John Wesley Powell","docAbstract":"A century ago John Wesley Powell-teacher, scientist, and veteran of the Civil War-set out to explore the unknown reaches of the Colorado River. He emerged from the forbidding canyons with a compelling interest in the nature of the western lands and how they could be developed for the greatest benefit to the Nation. A man gifted with imagination, yet always tempered by the scientist's appreciation for facts, Powell became one of the country's most vigorous proponents for the orderly development of the public domain and the wise use of its natural resources.
Throughout his lifetime, Powell stood firm in his belief that science, as a sound basis for human progress, should serve all the people, and he played an important role in organizing and directing scientific activities of the U.S. Government. His zeal led to the establishment of the Geological Survey in the U.S. Department of the Interior and the Bureau of Ethnology in the Smithsonian Institution.
On this 100th Anniversary of the Powell Colorado River Expedition, the U.S. Department of the Interior, Smithsonian Institution, and National Geographic Society (which Powell helped to found) have joined many organizations and individuals to recall the works of this man ;and to examine anew the imprints of his mind. His prescient concepts for the Nation's programs concerning people and their environment have been enhanced through a century of national development.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp669","usgsCitation":"Rabbitt, M.C., McKee, E.D., Hunt, C.B., and Leopold, L.B., 1969, The Colorado River region and John Wesley Powell: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 669, vii, 145 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp669.","productDescription":"vii, 145 p.","numberOfPages":"164","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":251804,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0669/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":247336,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0669/report.pdf","size":"30.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River","publicComments":"A collection of papers honoring Powell on the 100th anniversary of his exploration of the Colorado River, 1869-1969","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acee4b07f02db67f4f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rabbitt, Mary C.","contributorId":94242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rabbitt","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":193073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKee, Edwin D.","contributorId":60207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hunt, Charles B. cdhunt@usgs.gov","contributorId":16079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Charles","email":"cdhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":34086,"text":"b1288 - 1969 - Surficial Geology of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:09","indexId":"b1288","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1288","title":"Surficial Geology of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington","docAbstract":"Much of the ground surface around Mount Rainier volcano is directly underlain by loose geologic deposits that veneer the hard rock formations. Examples of these deposits are sand and gravel bars along the rivers, ridges of loose rock debris beside the glaciers, and sloping aprons of rock fragments beneath almost every cliff. Even though they are generally thin and inconspicuous when compared with the rock formations, these surficial deposits are clues to geologic events that have profoundly influenced the shape of the park's landscape. Thus, from the character and extent of glacial deposits one can judge the age and size of former glaciers that carved the cirques and deep canyons of the park; from the mudflows which streamed down nearly every valley one can infer the age and size of huge landslides of the past that helped determine Mount Rainier's present shape; and from the pumice deposits some of the volcano's recent eruptive activity can be reconstructed.\r\n\r\nThe map (plate 1, in pocket) that accompanies this description of the surficial deposits of Mount Rainier National Park shows the location of the various geologic formations, and the explanation shows the formations arranged in order of their relative age, with the oldest at the bottom. The text describes the surficial deposits in sequence from older to younger. A discussion of the pumice deposits of the park, which were not mapped, is followed by a description of the formations shown on the geologic map.\r\n\r\nInspection of the geologic map may lead the viewer to question why the surficial deposits are shown in more detail in a zone several miles wide around the base of the volcano than elsewhere. This is partly because the zone is largely near or above timberline, relatively accessible, and the surficial deposits there can be readily recognized, differentiated, and mapped. In contrast, access is more difficult in the heavily timbered parts of the park, and surficial deposits there are generally blanketed by a dense virgin forest and are rarely exposed. Geologic investigations in such areas of the park were of a reconnaissance nature.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1288","usgsCitation":"Crandell, D.R., 1969, Surficial Geology of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1288, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1288.","productDescription":"41 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":109692,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_21385.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"21385"},{"id":163981,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1288/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":12496,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/bul/1288/index.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":61998,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1288/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122,46.666666666666664 ], [ -122,47 ], [ -121.41666666666667,47 ], [ -121.41666666666667,46.666666666666664 ], [ -122,46.666666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db68957c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crandell, Dwight Raymond","contributorId":6440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crandell","given":"Dwight","email":"","middleInitial":"Raymond","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":34098,"text":"b1292 - 1969 - The Geologic Story of Mount Rainier","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-22T15:44:26","indexId":"b1292","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1292","title":"The Geologic Story of Mount Rainier","docAbstract":"Ice-clad Mount Rainier, towering over the landscape of western Washington, ranks with Fuji-yama in Japan, Popocatepeti in Mexico, and Vesuvius in Italy among the great volcanoes of the world. At Mount Rainier, as at other inactive volcanoes, the ever-present possibility of renewed eruptions gives viewers a sense of anticipation, excitement, and apprehension not equaled by most other mountains. Even so, many of us cannot imagine the cataclysmic scale of the eruptions that were responsible for building the giant cone which now stands in silence. We accept the volcano as if it had always been there, and we appreciate only the beauty of its stark expanses of rock and ice, its flower-strewn alpine meadows, and its bordering evergreen forests.
Mount Rainier owes its scenic beauty to many features. The broad cone spreads out on top of a major mountain range - the Cascades. The volcano rises about 7,000 feet above its 7,000-foot foundation, and stands in solitary splendor - the highest peak in the entire Cascade Range. Its rocky ice-mantled slopes above timberline contrast with the dense green forests and give Mount Rainier the appearance of an arctic island in a temperate sea, an island so large that you can see its full size and shape only from the air. The mountain is highly photogenic because of the contrasts it offers among bare rock, snowfields, blue sky, and the incomparable flower fields that color its lower slopes, shadows cast by the multitude of cliffs, ridges, canyons, and pinnacles change constantly from sunrise to sunset, endlessly varying the texture and mood of the mountain. The face of the mountain also varies from day to day as its broad snowfields melt during the summer. The melting of these frozen reservoirs makes Mount Rainier a natural resource in a practical as well as in an esthetic sense, for it ensures steady flows of water for hydroelectric power in the region, regardless of season.
Seen from the Puget Sound country to the west, Mount Rainier has an unreal quality - its white summit, nearly 3 miles high, seems to float among the clouds. We share with the populace of the entire lowland a thrill as we watch skyward the evening's setting sun reddens the volcano's western snowfields. When you approach the mountain in its lovely setting, you may find something that appeals especially to you - the scenery, the wildlife, the glaciers, or the wildflowers. Or you may feel challenged to climb to the summit. Mount Rainier and its neighboring mountains have a special allure for a geologist because he visualizes the event - some ordinary, some truly spectacular - that made the present landscape. Such is the fascination of geology. A geologist becomes trained to see 'in his mind's eye' geologic events of thousands or even millions of years ago. And, most remarkable, he can 'see' these events by studying rocks in a cliff or roadcut, or perhaps by examining earthy material that looks like common soil beneath pastureland many miles away from the volcano.
Our key to understanding the geology of Mount Rainier is that each geologic event can be reconstructed - or imagined - from the rocks formed at the time of the event. With this principle as our guide, we will review the geologic ancestry of this majestic volcano and learn what is behind its scenery.
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