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,{"id":70227068,"text":"70227068 - 1969 - Implications of the Surveyor 7 results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-28T17:47:16.562933","indexId":"70227068","displayToPublicDate":"1969-11-15T11:40:11","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implications of the Surveyor 7 results","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>The chemical and television data from the Surveyor 7 mission are discussed. The significance of the α-scattering analysis is found to depend on whether the flow unit underlying the spacecraft was laid down by mass flow at the time of the Tycho-forming impact. The chemical composition of the site is significantly lower in Fe than the composition of the previously analyzed mare sites; no other resolvable distinctions can be made. The higher albedo of the highlands is attributed to the lower iron content in the silicate minerals. By assigning the atomic composition to minerals common in basaltic rocks, we estimate-the highland rock density to be 3.0 and the mare density to be 3.2. The densities may be incorporated into a discussion of recent information on the gravitational field of the moon, yielding estimates of crustal thickness in the highlands around 30 to 50 km. A number of television pictures of rocks and fragments are shown, and we offer some suggestions about the type and origin of these objects. They compose a heterogeneous population in which the brighter rocks seem to be more resistant to mechanical breakdown than the dark rocks. The characteristics of the fine-grained component of the surface mantle are found to be similar to those at earlier Surveyor sites. The process of eroding exposed rocks and covering them with a blanket of fine particles appears to be relatively less advanced than at the sites previously studied; A bright line of light was seen on the western horizon after sunset, as was observed during Surveyor 5 and 6; this rather puzzling phenomenon is discussed again.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB074i025p06053","usgsCitation":"Phinney, R.A., O’Keefe, J.A., Adams, J.B., Gault, D.E., Kuiper, G.P., Masursky, H., Collins, R.J., and Shoemaker, E.M., 1969, Implications of the Surveyor 7 results: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 74, no. 25, p. 6053-6080, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB074i025p06053.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"6053","endPage":"6080","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393527,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon, Tycho crater","volume":"74","issue":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phinney, R. A.","contributorId":8609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phinney","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Keefe, J. A.","contributorId":92420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Keefe","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adams, J. B.","contributorId":21679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gault, D. E.","contributorId":38580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gault","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kuiper, G. P.","contributorId":9394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuiper","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Masursky, H.","contributorId":33823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masursky","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Collins, R. J.","contributorId":77655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Shoemaker, Eugene Merle","contributorId":20342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"Merle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70010203,"text":"70010203 - 1969 - Zircon ages of felsic volcanic rocks in the upper Precambrian of the Blue Ridge, Appalachian mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T18:06:07.361518","indexId":"70010203","displayToPublicDate":"1969-11-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Zircon ages of felsic volcanic rocks in the upper Precambrian of the Blue Ridge, Appalachian mountains","docAbstract":"Five zircon samples from Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina yield discordant uranium-lead ages which suggest an original age of 820 million years and an episodic lead loss at 240 million years. The indicated age of lead loss is interpreted as the age of movement of the Blue Ridge thrust sheet.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.166.3906.741","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Rankin, D., Stern, T.W., Reed, J.C., and Newell, M.F., 1969, Zircon ages of felsic volcanic rocks in the upper Precambrian of the Blue Ridge, Appalachian mountains: Science, v. 166, no. 3906, p. 741-744, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.166.3906.741.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"741","endPage":"744","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218993,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian Mountains, Blue Ridge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.43097093028032,\n              42.412237475301424\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.16805094208486,\n              38.08399420722634\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.08031912356147,\n              35.66766035680291\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.40706552712342,\n              34.92803741632292\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.14786358272505,\n              35.14438316331159\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.71658560010809,\n              34.870409213189106\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.5265370632709,\n              34.833799838384\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.30253555679433,\n              33.79821779376812\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.48270012850986,\n              35.46609320702119\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.99175495230831,\n              36.56925507578427\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.06620508639537,\n              39.63181129866591\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.97974408748907,\n              41.1010851443929\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.36025342059027,\n              42.04533317773236\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.43097093028032,\n              42.412237475301424\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"166","issue":"3906","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd28ae4b08c986b32f888","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rankin, D.W.","contributorId":32579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rankin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stern, T. W.","contributorId":36122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reed, J. C. Jr.","contributorId":97063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Newell, M. F.","contributorId":27436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newell","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70225513,"text":"70225513 - 1969 - The new federal OCS regulations in the light of Santa Barbara","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-18T20:18:02.994232","indexId":"70225513","displayToPublicDate":"1969-11-06T15:02:35","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The new federal OCS regulations in the light of Santa Barbara","docAbstract":"<p>When the first Outer Continental Shelf leases were issued in 1954, the oil industry was operating near shore in shallow waters. Although regional OCS Orders issued under the regulations have been kept reasonably up to date with advancing technology, the Secretary's regulations had not undergone a complete review by the Department and the interested public since May 1954. The Santa Barbara public since May 1954. The Santa Barbara event triggered the complete review of both the regulations and the OCS Orders.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"SPE California regional meeting","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"40th Annual California Regional Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME","conferenceDate":"November 6-7, 1969","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Petroleum Engineers","doi":"10.2118/2780-MS","usgsCitation":"Wayland, R., 1969, The new federal OCS regulations in the light of Santa Barbara, <i>in</i> SPE California regional meeting, v. 40, San Francisco, CA, November 6-7, 1969, SPE 2780, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.2118/2780-MS.","productDescription":"SPE 2780, 1 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390631,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Santa Barbara","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.82032775878905,\n              34.34513688076748\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.64454650878906,\n              34.34513688076748\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.64454650878906,\n              34.48901379683819\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.82032775878905,\n              34.48901379683819\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.82032775878905,\n              34.34513688076748\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"40","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1969-11-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wayland, Russell G.","contributorId":18393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wayland","given":"Russell G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70048802,"text":"70048802 - 1969 - Great Salt Lake, Utah: Chemical and physical variations of the brine, 1963-1966","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-06T17:24:08","indexId":"70048802","displayToPublicDate":"1969-11-05T16:15:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5485,"text":"Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Water-Resources Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"12","title":"Great Salt Lake, Utah: Chemical and physical variations of the brine, 1963-1966","docAbstract":"<p>Great Salt Lake is a shallow, closed-basin lake in northern Utah. Its surface area and concentration of dissolved solids vary in response to both annual and long-term climatic changes. The lake gains water mainly as streamflow from mountains to the east and loses water through evaporation. In 1965, at a lake-surface altitude of 4,194 feet, the surface area was about 1,000 square miles, and the maximum measured depth was 27 feet.</p><p>Studies to define the variations in chemical and physical characteristics of the brine began in 1963, and detailed sampling of the lake at 29 sites was made in October 1965 and May 1966. Data resulting from concurrent sampling of the 29 sites indicated that four types of brine coexist in the lake.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey","usgsCitation":"Hahl, D.C., and Handy, A., 1969, Great Salt Lake, Utah: Chemical and physical variations of the brine, 1963-1966: Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Water-Resources Bulletin 12, 33 p.","productDescription":"33 p.","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278873,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":333160,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://ugspub.nr.utah.gov/publications/water_resources_bulletins/WRB-12.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Salt Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.131714,40.634799 ], [ -113.131714,41.71393 ], [ -111.860046,41.71393 ], [ -111.860046,40.634799 ], [ -113.131714,40.634799 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"527b731fe4b0a7295d9b8630","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hahl, D. C.","contributorId":57436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hahl","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Handy, A.H.","contributorId":104493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handy","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70224626,"text":"70224626 - 1969 - Mud Lake, Florida: Its algae and alkaline brown water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-30T18:42:48.373315","indexId":"70224626","displayToPublicDate":"1969-11-01T13:27:52","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mud Lake, Florida: Its algae and alkaline brown water","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Mud Lake (Marion County, Florida), in the Ocala National Forest, is elliptical, has an area of ca. 180 ha, and a mean depth of less than 50 cm. The water contains about 200 ppm dissolved solids, ranges from brown to nearly colorless (15 to 100 Pt units), and is always alkaline (<i>p</i>H 7.7 to 10.2). Dissolved Fe, Ca, PO<sub>4</sub>, tannin-lignin, and the specific conductance, color, and temperature of the water were measured monthly for 1 yr, and temperature and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>p</i>H were measured many other times during the 3-yr study (1966–1968). The lake is surrounded by a zone of mixed hardwood swamp flora and a floating mat of vegetation and has no submerged higher plants and only 1 or 2 m<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>of emergent plants. The lake sediment consists exclusively of minute fecal pellets produced mainly by chironomid larvae and composed solely of blue-green algae. Myxophyceae are represented by at least 10 genera and 12 species, which live exclusively on, or in, the fecal pellets; less than half show a seasonal distribution. The Chlorophyceae consist dominantly of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Spirogyra triplicata</i><span>&nbsp;</span>with minor amounts of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Sirogonium</i><span>&nbsp;</span>sp. and generally occur in enormous winter blooms, correlated with changing amounts of dissolved PO<sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and apparently inversely with both temperature and incident light. Bacillariophyceae are represented by 18 species and varieties, but the total population is small. Nanno-, zoo- and phytoplankton are extremely rare, probably because of the prevailing high intensity illumination and the extremely shallow water. Only the fish population is large, and this is dominated by minnows, gars, and sunfish. The midge population is remarkably small. A bacterial inhibitor probably accounts for the small population of bacteria both in the water and in the top layer of the sediment.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.4319/lo.1969.14.6.0889","usgsCitation":"Bradley, W.H., and Beard, M.E., 1969, Mud Lake, Florida: Its algae and alkaline brown water: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 14, no. 6, p. 889-897, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1969.14.6.0889.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"889","endPage":"897","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390057,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Marion County","otherGeospatial":"Mud Lake, Ocala National Forest","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n     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H.","contributorId":102452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":824402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beard, M. E.","contributorId":266144,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beard","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":824403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70225049,"text":"70225049 - 1969 - Glaciation on the continental margin off New England","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-13T15:47:17.771533","indexId":"70225049","displayToPublicDate":"1969-11-01T10:30:56","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Glaciation on the continental margin off New England","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>The Pleistocene glacial limit in the marine environment off New England can be traced by plotting the seaward limit of abundant sandy gravel and the position of shoals. Maximum limit of the last glaciation was probably along an irregular line extending through Nantucket Shoals, across Great South Channel, northern Georges Bank, and at least to the edge of the Scotian Shelf. If, as we assume, glaciers lowered sea level approximately 130 m, the ice margin was probably a subaerial one on Nantucket Shoals and Georges Bank, and it was bordered by outwash and meltwater channels leading away from the ice front. On the Scotian Shelf, the margin may have bordered directly on the ocean, to judge by the lack of shoals and the widespread dispersion of gravel out to the shelf edge. The glaciofluvial nature of the original deposits and marine reworking during the eustatic rise in sea level have made it difficult to recognize ice-contact deposits near the limit of maximum glacial advance. The gravel on shallow banks and ledges is in a bimodal mixture with sand. Association of coarse gravel and sand suggests postdepositional reworking of till by marine processes and removal of silt and clay. Gravel in the Gulf of Maine is mixed with sand, silt, and clay, a mixture characteristic of till.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[2335:GOTCMO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Pratt, R.M., and Schlee, J., 1969, Glaciation on the continental margin off New England: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 11, p. 2335-2341, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[2335:GOTCMO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2335","endPage":"2341","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390469,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Georges Bank, Great South Channel, Nantucket Shoals, Scotian Shelf","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -72.608642578125,\n              41.22824901518529\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.2138671875,\n              39.04478604850143\n            ],\n            [\n              -63.69873046874999,\n              43.141078106345866\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.0712890625,\n              44.59829048984011\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.06005859375,\n              44.5278427984555\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.33447265624999,\n              44.09547572946637\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.378173828125,\n              42.85985981506279\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.927734375,\n              41.918628865183045\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.608642578125,\n              41.22824901518529\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pratt, Richard M.","contributorId":267504,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pratt","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schlee, John","contributorId":16078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlee","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70224596,"text":"70224596 - 1969 - Casing detector and self-potential logger","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-29T15:31:15.34861","indexId":"70224596","displayToPublicDate":"1969-11-01T10:24:28","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Casing detector and self-potential logger","docAbstract":"<div id=\"article__content\" class=\"col-sm-12 col-md-8 col-lg-8 article__content article-row-left\"><div class=\"article__body \"><div class=\"abstract-group\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>A simple and rapid method of determining casing length and permeable zones in wells tapping bedrock can be useful to well drillers and hydrologists. A device consisting of a galvanometer, a reel of insulated wire, and a copper electrode locates the casing depth, changes of lithology, and permeable zones. The small-diameter electrode permits measurement through well-seal access ports avoiding the expensive and time-consuming procedure of removing the seal and drop pipes to measure casing depth with a magnet. The measured electromotive force changes rapidly when the electrode passes the end of casing. Thus, the depth of casing is easily determined from the length of wire payed out. Changes in electromotive force measured within the uncased part of a well frequently indicate permeable zones, thereby aiding in choice of the most efficient drop-pipe length, and also yielding useful information for hydrogeologic studies.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"National Ground Water Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1969.tb01668.x","usgsCitation":"Frimpter, M.H., 1969, Casing detector and self-potential logger: Groundwater, v. 7, no. 6, p. 24-27, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1969.tb01668.x.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"24","endPage":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389962,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frimpter, Michael H.","contributorId":8074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frimpter","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":824238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70224249,"text":"70224249 - 1969 - Fission-track ages of accessory minerals from granitic rocks of the central Sierra Nevada batholith, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-15T16:22:04.699773","indexId":"70224249","displayToPublicDate":"1969-11-01T09:52:34","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fission-track ages of accessory minerals from granitic rocks of the central Sierra Nevada batholith, California","docAbstract":"<p>Ages of apatite, sphene, allanite, epidote, and garnet from plutonic rocks of the central Sierra Nevada and Inyo Mountains have been determined by the fission-track method.</p><p>Ages of 44 specimens of apatite range from 54 to 128 m.y. Oldest apatites generally occur in rocks from the western portion of the batholith; youngest are from granitic rocks along the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada.</p><p>Thirty-four specimens of sphene have been dated and range in age from 71 to 118 m.y. Within experimental error, all sphenes are as old as, or older than, coexisting apatites. The oldest sphene is from granitic rock of the Inyo Mountains; however, sampled rocks from the western Sierra Nevada do not contain sphene. The youngest sphenes are generally from rocks slightly west of the Sierran crest.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[2201:FAOAMF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Naeser, C.W., and Dodge, F.C., 1969, Fission-track ages of accessory minerals from granitic rocks of the central Sierra Nevada batholith, California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 11, p. 2201-2211, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[2201:FAOAMF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2201","endPage":"2211","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389270,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.62988281249999,\n              39.138581990583525\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.091552734375,\n              38.03078569382294\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.10253906249999,\n              37.54457732085582\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.20166015625,\n              36.55377524336089\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.861083984375,\n              35.82672127366604\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.65234374999999,\n              35.38904996691167\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.23510742187501,\n              34.985003130171066\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.861572265625,\n              35.209721645221386\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.05908203124999,\n              36.59788913307022\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.23486328125,\n              37.16907157713011\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.6083984375,\n              38.013476231041935\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.981689453125,\n              38.98503278695909\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.003662109375,\n              39.36827914916014\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.62988281249999,\n              39.138581990583525\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naeser, C. W.","contributorId":17582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"C.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dodge, F. C. W.","contributorId":18755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodge","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"C. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70223884,"text":"70223884 - 1969 - On the use of magnetic cleaning in paleointensity studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-13T12:01:41.312394","indexId":"70223884","displayToPublicDate":"1969-10-31T06:46:31","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2310,"text":"Journal of Geomagnetism & Geoelectricity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the use of magnetic cleaning in paleointensity studies","docAbstract":"<p><span>The use of partial alternating field demagnetization and, to a lesser extent, partial thermal demagnetization has been found useful as a means of removing secondary components of magnetization from rocks used in certain methods of determining paleointensities. During the course of this investigation, which was carried out on lavas erupted during historic times, it was also learned that a partial remanence characterized by relatively low coercivity possessed blocking temperatures throughout the blocking temperature spectrum. On the other hand, a partial remanence characterized by low blocking temperatures possessed only low coercivity.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Geomagnetism and Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences","doi":"10.5636/jgg.21.579","usgsCitation":"Doell, R., and Smith, P.J., 1969, On the use of magnetic cleaning in paleointensity studies: Journal of Geomagnetism & Geoelectricity, v. 21, no. 3, p. 579-594, https://doi.org/10.5636/jgg.21.579.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"579","endPage":"594","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480302,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5636/jgg.21.579","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":389131,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.89599609375,\n              19.269665296502332\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.93444824218747,\n              19.20483481631196\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.93719482421875,\n              19.101052908834284\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.885009765625,\n              19.02057711096681\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.79986572265625,\n              18.979025953255267\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.71197509765625,\n              18.93746442964186\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.6817626953125,\n              18.890695349102117\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.58837890625,\n              18.968636543402212\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.5499267578125,\n              19.033559718886284\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.53619384765625,\n              19.07509724212452\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.511474609375,\n              19.11143403582964\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.4620361328125,\n              19.134789188332523\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.35491943359375,\n              19.189271694646738\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.302734375,\n              19.238549860797406\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.2587890625,\n              19.2489223284628\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.16265869140625,\n              19.241143039165962\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.98687744140625,\n              19.316327373141174\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.79461669921875,\n              19.489896743079\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.79461669921875,\n              19.531318700282522\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.918212890625,\n              19.606368915776006\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.97589111328125,\n              19.65552077552001\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.98687744140625,\n              19.72534224805787\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.006103515625,\n              19.74085399284272\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.0390625,\n              19.748609300218842\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.0830078125,\n              19.730512997022263\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.89599609375,\n              19.269665296502332\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doell, Richard R.","contributorId":66683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doell","given":"Richard R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Peter J.","contributorId":225580,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70010499,"text":"70010499 - 1969 - Seismic activity and faulting associated with a large underground nuclear explosion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T18:12:18.244265","indexId":"70010499","displayToPublicDate":"1969-10-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic activity and faulting associated with a large underground nuclear explosion","docAbstract":"The 1.1-megaton nuclear test Benham caused movement on previously mapped faults and was followed by a sequence of small earthquakes. These effects were confined to a zone extending not more than 13 kilometers from ground zero; they are apparently related to the release of natural tectonic strain.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.166.3905.601","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, R.M., McKeown, F.A., and Healy, J.H., 1969, Seismic activity and faulting associated with a large underground nuclear explosion: Science, v. 166, no. 3905, p. 601-604, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.166.3905.601.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"601","endPage":"604","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219382,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"166","issue":"3905","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8ae7e4b08c986b317456","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, R. M.","contributorId":69995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"R.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKeown, F. A.","contributorId":106100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKeown","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Healy, J. H.","contributorId":48968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70199506,"text":"70199506 - 1969 - Effect of rainfall variability on streamflow simulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T15:52:59","indexId":"70199506","displayToPublicDate":"1969-10-01T15:52:23","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of rainfall variability on streamflow simulation","docAbstract":"<p><span>Three recording rain gages in a 9.7‐square‐mile basin in southern California were used with a deterministic rainfall‐runoff model to simulate flood hydrographs and peaks and to assess the effects of data errors on simulation results. Bias in the estimation of effective basin rainfall seemed to result in curve fitting parameter adjustments which compensated for the bias. The combined effects for a storm of both difference in the time distribution of rainfall at different points and spatial variability of rainfall volume over the basin limit the possible accuracy of simulation results. The use of a single rain gage on a basin with this hydrology can at best be expected to predict peak discharge with a standard error of estimate on the order of 20%.</span></p>","publisher":"American Geologists Union","doi":"10.1029/WR005i005p00958","usgsCitation":"Dawdy, D., and Bergmann, J.M., 1969, Effect of rainfall variability on streamflow simulation: Water Resources Research, v. 5, no. 5, p. 958-966, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR005i005p00958.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"958","endPage":"966","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":357512,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","volume":"5","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawdy, D.R.","contributorId":99956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawdy","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergmann, James M.","contributorId":12471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergmann","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70225512,"text":"70225512 - 1969 - International geophysics: Symposium on the hydrology of deltas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-18T20:16:10.408078","indexId":"70225512","displayToPublicDate":"1969-10-01T14:35:48","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7458,"text":"Eos Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"International geophysics: Symposium on the hydrology of deltas","docAbstract":"<p>A Symposium on the Hydrology of Deltas was held in Bucharest, Romania, on May 6–9; it was followed by a field trip to the delta of the Danube River on May 10–14. The Symposium was organized by Unesco, with the collaboration of the Romanian Government and the support of the International Association of Scientific Hydrology (IASH).</p><p>The Romanian Government did an excellent job of arranging for airport reception, hotels in Bucharest, a meeting hall for the technical sessions, hospitality sessions, a full side program for wives of delegates, and hotels, meals, and transportation (bus, train, and boat) on the field trip. The Institute of Hydrotechnical Research of the Romanian Government provided most of the support.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/EO050i010p00556-01","usgsCitation":"Arnow, T., 1969, International geophysics: Symposium on the hydrology of deltas: Eos Science News, v. 50, no. 10, p. 556-556, https://doi.org/10.1029/EO050i010p00556-01.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"556","endPage":"556","costCenters":[{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":390627,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Romania","city":"Bucharest","otherGeospatial":"Danube River, Palace of the Republic","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              26.246337890625,\n              44.44750680513074\n            ],\n            [\n              26.180419921875,\n              44.47495104782301\n            ],\n            [\n              26.20513916015625,\n              44.49846441646551\n            ],\n            [\n              26.11724853515625,\n              44.51609322284931\n            ],\n            [\n              26.11724853515625,\n              44.55329208318496\n            ],\n            [\n              26.021118164062496,\n              44.545462718849755\n            ],\n            [\n              25.94970703125,\n              44.478870600803134\n            ],\n            [\n              25.974426269531246,\n              44.459270203098846\n            ],\n            [\n              25.9332275390625,\n              44.4377021634654\n            ],\n            [\n              25.960693359374996,\n              44.38669150215206\n            ],\n            [\n              26.1529541015625,\n              44.31795304574349\n            ],\n            [\n              26.1968994140625,\n              44.34938634389529\n            ],\n            [\n              26.169433593749996,\n              44.380802793578475\n            ],\n            [\n              26.22711181640625,\n              44.38669150215206\n            ],\n            [\n              26.246337890625,\n              44.44750680513074\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arnow, Ted","contributorId":84733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnow","given":"Ted","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70223874,"text":"70223874 - 1969 - The use of Schlumberger and equatorial soundings in groundwater investigations near El Paso, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-10T19:47:11.730238","indexId":"70223874","displayToPublicDate":"1969-10-01T14:32:06","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of Schlumberger and equatorial soundings in groundwater investigations near El Paso, Texas","docAbstract":"<p><span>Electrical soundings using the symmetric AMNB Schlumberger and the bipole-dipole equatorial arrays were made along two profiles near El Paso, Texas, in support of a groundwater exploration program which included seismic refraction and gravity surveys. Electrode spacings (AB/2 or R) reaching 12,000 ft allowed exploration to depths of about 7000 ft. Geoelectrical information on the subsurface materials was augmented by sounding with the bilateral equatorial configuration and by transforming Schlumberger curves into dipole-polar sounding curves with formulas developed by Al'pin and by Tsekov. The bilateral equatorial sounding curves were found useful for detecting the direction of dip of highly resistive bedrocks whereas transformed sounding curves were used to evaluate the average longitudinal resistivity, and hence the depth, to the \"electric basement.\" A few of the Schlumberger sounding curves were either clearly or subtly distorted by nonhorizontal geologic structures. The interpretation of these sounding curves illustrates the requirement for careful analysis in processing electrical prospecting data obtained over complex geologic conditions. The interpretation of a combined Schlumberger-equatorial sounding curve, which did not agree with the preliminary interpretation of seismic refraction data, was confirmed to be correct by data from a test well drilled to a depth of 4363 ft. The application of electrical sounding data in the El Paso area furnished valuable information on the depth to fresh-water-saltwater interfaces and on the depth to highly resistive impervious bedrocks.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1440042","usgsCitation":"Zohdy, A.A., 1969, The use of Schlumberger and equatorial soundings in groundwater investigations near El Paso, Texas: Geophysics, v. 34, no. 5, p. 713-728, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1440042.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"713","endPage":"728","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389098,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"El Paso","otherGeospatial":"Hueco Bolson","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.06063842773438,\n              31.675589707562505\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.029296875,\n              31.675589707562505\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.029296875,\n              32.00225320314841\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.06063842773438,\n              32.00225320314841\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.06063842773438,\n              31.675589707562505\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zohdy, Adel A. R.","contributorId":61799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zohdy","given":"Adel","email":"","middleInitial":"A. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70223907,"text":"70223907 - 1969 - The U.S. Geological Survey's gravity program in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-13T17:45:08.832973","indexId":"70223907","displayToPublicDate":"1969-10-01T12:38:16","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7458,"text":"Eos Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The U.S. Geological Survey's gravity program in California","docAbstract":"<p>Since the 1963 gravity symposium, the U.S. Geological Survey has entered into a cooperative program with the California Division of Mines and Geology, the Army Map Service, and several universities for the purpose of completing a 5-mgal Bouguer gravity map of the entire State of California at a scale of 1:250,000 by 1970. The areal division of responsibility within the program is shown on a map of California by Chapman (p. 542).</p><p>It is evident from a plot of existing stations that considerably more data are required in the eastern Mojave Desert located in the southeastern corner of the state, and in the Sierra Nevada north of Lake Tahoe. Additional fill-in work is needed in nearly all parts of the state. The data requirements vary for a 5-mgal contour map depending on the local complexity of the gravity field; but in general, we are obtaining gravity stations at an interval of about 3 km along roads, trails, and rivers, and 5 to 8 km between these access routes by cross-country jeep, horseback, or helicopter if necessary. About 6000 new stations were obtained in California by the Geological Survey during 1968 and we expect to obtain about 3000 more in 1969.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/EO050i010p00543","usgsCitation":"Oliver, H., 1969, The U.S. Geological Survey's gravity program in California: Eos Science News, v. 50, no. 10, p. 543-545, https://doi.org/10.1029/EO050i010p00543.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"543","endPage":"545","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389162,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","volume":"50","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oliver, Howard W.","contributorId":78704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliver","given":"Howard W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70223906,"text":"70223906 - 1969 - Progress on a gravity map of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-13T17:34:22.498241","indexId":"70223906","displayToPublicDate":"1969-10-01T12:27:24","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7458,"text":"Eos Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Progress on a gravity map of Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>The U.S. Geological Survey began gravity surveys in Alaska ten years ago with local surveys in the Copper River and Tanana Basins. Shortly before the 1963 AGU gravity symposium [</span><i>Barnes</i><span>, 1965], the emphasis shifted from local surveys to the preparation of a reconnaissance gravity map of the whole state with a 10-mgal contour interval on a scale of 1:2,500,000, which would be similar to the gravity map of the United States [</span><i>Woollard and Joesting</i><span>, 1964]. Data have now been obtained in approximately three-fourths of the state, but there are large variations in both station density and geologic usefulness of the coverage. The amount of coverage is primarily influenced by the distribution of water bodies because more than three-fourths of the stations have been obtained by riverboats, small skiffs, and floatplanes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/EO050i010p00550","usgsCitation":"Barnes, D., 1969, Progress on a gravity map of Alaska: Eos Science News, v. 50, no. 10, p. 550-552, https://doi.org/10.1029/EO050i010p00550.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"550","endPage":"552","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389161,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"50","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, David F.","contributorId":72787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"David F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70224621,"text":"70224621 - 1969 - The structure and tectonic history of the eastern Aleutian Trench","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-30T17:34:49.906947","indexId":"70224621","displayToPublicDate":"1969-10-01T12:24:36","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The structure and tectonic history of the eastern Aleutian Trench","docAbstract":"<p>The tectonic character of the eastern Aleutian Trench and some major events in its geologic history can be estimated from nine continuous seismic reflection records. A section of pre-trench, deep oceanic sediments rests on the down-warped crust that forms the trench. Nearly horizontal undeformed strata that unconformably overlie this deep oceanic section partially fill the trench. The trench fill is thickest near present sediment sources. A Pliocene age for development of the eastern Aleutian Trench is estimated from the thickness of deep oceanic sediment that accumulated after the trench began to fill. The eastern Aleutian Trench thus appears younger than the central Aleutian Trench—a relation which helps to explain the distribution of sediment along the two trench segments.</p><p>Depression of the eastern Aleutian Trench diminished or virtually ended soon after the trench began to fill. The undeformed fill provides no evidence for a large thrust fault zone at the base of the continental slope. Nor is there any evidence that oceanic sediments have disappeared beneath the continents in late Tertiary time. These observations are difficult to reconcile with the simple model of a continental margin advanced in the hypothesis of plate tectonics.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1889:TSATHO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"von Huene, R.E., and Shor, G.G., 1969, The structure and tectonic history of the eastern Aleutian Trench: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 10, p. 1889-1902, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1889:TSATHO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1889","endPage":"1902","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390048,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aleutian Trench, Gulf of Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -169.3212890625,\n              52.855864177853974\n            ],\n            [\n              -169.0576171875,\n              52.07950600379697\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.80859375,\n              55.89995614406812\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.580078125,\n              60.673178565817715\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.205078125,\n              61.75233128411639\n            ],\n            [\n              -169.365234375,\n              53.85252660044951\n            ],\n            [\n              -169.3212890625,\n              52.855864177853974\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"von Huene, Roland E. 0000-0003-1301-3866 rvonhuene@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-3866","contributorId":191070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Huene","given":"Roland","email":"rvonhuene@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":7065,"text":"USGS emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":824385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shor, George G. Jr.","contributorId":266140,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shor","given":"George","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":824386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70224294,"text":"70224294 - 1969 - Significance of lineation and minor folds near major thrust faults in the southern Appalachians and the British and Norwegian Caledonides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-20T17:40:55.07281","indexId":"70224294","displayToPublicDate":"1969-10-01T12:10:33","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1783,"text":"Geological Magazine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Significance of lineation and minor folds near major thrust faults in the southern Appalachians and the British and Norwegian Caledonides","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Blue Ridge thrust sheet is one of the principal thrust masses of metamorphic rocks in the southern Appalachians. A broad zone of sheared and retrogressively metamorphosed rocks near the sole of the thrust sheet around the Grandfather Mountain window displays numerous small tight or isoclinal folds having axes subparallel to an intense penetrative cataclastic&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">a</span><span>&nbsp;lineation and axial planes parallel to foliation in the thrust sheet. These folds seem to have formed by tightening, flattening, and passive rotation of earlier more open folds originally formed perpendicular to the direction of transport. The style and orientation of these folds closely resemble those of analogous structures in thrust masses of crystalline rocks in the Caledonian orogenic belt in Scotland and Norway, suggesting that the structures of both regions may have similar origins.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S0016756800058805","usgsCitation":"Bryant, B., and Reed, J.C., 1969, Significance of lineation and minor folds near major thrust faults in the southern Appalachians and the British and Norwegian Caledonides: Geological Magazine, v. 106, no. 5, p. 412-429, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800058805.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"412","endPage":"429","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":389482,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Norway, United Kingdom, United States","state":"Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, Scotland, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian Mountains, Caledonides","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.27783203125,\n              39.715638134796336\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.89257812499999,\n              39.69873414348139\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.826416015625,\n              38.28131307922966\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.42993164062499,\n              36.491973470593685\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.583251953125,\n              33.23868752757414\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.011962890625,\n              32.95336814579932\n            ],\n            [\n              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          -1.8017578124999998,\n              57.75107598132104\n            ],\n            [\n              -3.69140625,\n              57.79794388498275\n            ],\n            [\n              -0.3515625,\n              60.43554230669233\n            ],\n            [\n              4.350585937499999,\n              61.81466389468391\n            ],\n            [\n              5.053710937499999,\n              58.56252272853734\n            ],\n            [\n              7.03125,\n              57.72761921621492\n            ],\n            [\n              8.7890625,\n              58.12431960569374\n            ],\n            [\n              10.1953125,\n              58.95000823335702\n            ],\n            [\n              11.513671874999998,\n              58.95000823335702\n            ],\n            [\n              12.65625,\n              60.4788788301667\n            ],\n            [\n              12.83203125,\n              61.2913492826376\n          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       68.95839084822076\n            ],\n            [\n              21.3134765625,\n              68.97416358340674\n            ],\n            [\n              21.533203125,\n              69.30279408245205\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bryant, Bruce bbryant@usgs.gov","contributorId":1355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryant","given":"Bruce","email":"bbryant@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, John C. Jr.","contributorId":223980,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reed","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70223396,"text":"70223396 - 1969 - Rheology of basalt in the melting range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-25T16:43:43.823067","indexId":"70223396","displayToPublicDate":"1969-10-01T11:39:17","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rheology of basalt in the melting range","docAbstract":"<p><span>Experimental data have been obtained for viscosities of tholeiite melts at temperatures from 1300 to 1120 °Cat 1 atm, using a concentric cylinder viscometer. The apparent viscosity increases more than two orders of magnitude between 1200 and 1120 °C (0–25 per cent crystallization) for shear rates of about 10 sec</span><sup>-1</sup><span>&nbsp;and even more for lower shear rates. Non-Newtonian behaviour of ‘pseudo-plastic type’ becomes extremely pronounced at temperatures below about 1130 °C. At these temperatures, differences of less than 5 °C can produce changes in apparent viscosity amounting to orders of magnitude. These observations have led to the conclusion that the heat of deformation must itself influence rheological behaviour in the melting range. An equation for thermal energy balances and their rates of change is constructed and placed in a non-dimensional form that has been given published solutions by I. J. Gruntfest (1963) relating the shear stress, rate of strain, and temperature through the temperature dependence of viscosity. The results show that in an adiabatic system the heating rate increases with time so that the temperature eventually runs out of bounds, a process termed ‘thermal feedback’ by Gruntfest. A hypothesis of shear melting is derived on the basis of a simplified viscosity function extrapolated to the solidus temperature. The hypothesis is applied to magma generation in the earth on the basis of dimensional arguments. It is also suggested that thermal instabilities give rise to a sort of viscous failure responsible for deep-focus earthquakes, and that the two phenomena have the same cause relating ultimately to a gravitational energy source.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/10.3.510","usgsCitation":"Shaw, H.R., 1969, Rheology of basalt in the melting range: Journal of Petrology, v. 10, no. 3, p. 510-535, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.510.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"510","endPage":"535","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":388488,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaw, Herbert R.","contributorId":29813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"Herbert","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":821938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70226142,"text":"70226142 - 1969 - The U.S. Geological Survey's gravity program in the Rocky Mountain and Basin Range areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-12T16:49:35.083596","indexId":"70226142","displayToPublicDate":"1969-10-01T10:35:56","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The U.S. Geological Survey's gravity program in the Rocky Mountain and Basin Range areas","docAbstract":"<div id=\"article__content\" class=\"col-sm-12 col-md-8 col-lg-8 article__content article-row-left\"><div class=\"article__body \"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Most of the gravity surveys of the U.S. Geological Survey have been support programs in connection with regional geologic structural studies, ground-water investigations, and heavy-metals exploration. Many of the studies were undertaken in conjunction with geological mapping and mineral investigations by the Survey's project geologists. Gravity data often complement aeromagnetic surveys to identify the sources of potential-field anomalies; other gravity data have been used to supplement high-resolution seismic and electrical investigations [<i>Mattick</i>, 1967]. Geochemical follow-up has been fruitful in western Montana [ Mudge et al, 1967].</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/EO050i010p00529","usgsCitation":"Kleinkopf, M.D., and Peterson, D.L., 1969, The U.S. Geological Survey's gravity program in the Rocky Mountain and Basin Range areas: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 50, no. 10, p. 529-531, https://doi.org/10.1029/EO050i010p00529.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"529","endPage":"531","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":391618,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Basin Range, Rocky Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.0703125,\n              49.023461463214126\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.081298828125,\n              46.05036097561633\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.87255859374999,\n              45.82114340079471\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.6748046875,\n              45.75219336063106\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.5869140625,\n              45.62940492064501\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.32299804687499,\n              44.44162421758805\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.2900390625,\n              44.26093725039923\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.00439453125,\n              44.11914151643737\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.037353515625,\n              43.858296779161826\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.02636718749999,\n              42.01665183556825\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.02563476562501,\n              42.00848901572399\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.047607421875,\n              38.98503278695909\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.730224609375,\n              35.02999636902566\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.70825195312501,\n              34.84085858477277\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.466552734375,\n              34.44315867450577\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.2138671875,\n              34.30714385628804\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.510498046875,\n              34.14363482031264\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.58740234375,\n              33.94335994657882\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.620361328125,\n              33.60546961227188\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.80712890625,\n              33.43144133557529\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.81811523437501,\n              33.08233672856376\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.54345703125,\n              32.89803818160521\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.76318359375,\n              32.7503226078097\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.9169921875,\n              32.52828936482526\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.09374999999999,\n              31.297327991404266\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.1494140625,\n              31.259769987394286\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.17138671875,\n              31.728167146023935\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.435546875,\n              31.70947636001935\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.435546875,\n              31.970803930433096\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.9638671875,\n              31.952162238024975\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.98583984374999,\n              36.932330061503144\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.9970703125,\n              36.932330061503144\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.9970703125,\n              41.062786068733026\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.99658203125,\n              41.02964338716638\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.0185546875,\n              49.023461463214126\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.0703125,\n              49.023461463214126\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kleinkopf, M. Dean","contributorId":37723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleinkopf","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Dean","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":826630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, Donald L.","contributorId":28597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":826631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70223885,"text":"70223885 - 1969 - Standardization of gravimeter calibrations in the geological survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-13T12:47:59.891523","indexId":"70223885","displayToPublicDate":"1969-10-01T07:13:04","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7458,"text":"Eos Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Standardization of gravimeter calibrations in the geological survey","docAbstract":"<p><span>The calibration of gravimeters has long been primarily the concern of geodesists involved in measuring large gravity differences, but recent developments suggest that the precision and stability of gravimeter calibrations may have greater geologic importance in the future. First, the use of high-speed computers and an increasing variety of supplemental data now make possible the geologic interpretation of gravity anomalies so small that they would not have been noticed in surveys made ten years ago. The kind of gravity interpretation that identifies small reefs and local accumulations of petroleum [</span><i>McCulloh</i><span>, 1967] often requires local increases in station density and the assurance that the calibration of meters used in all parts of a survey are compatible. Second, temporal changes of gravity have already been measured in connection with earthquakes [</span><i>Barnes</i><span>, 1966], volcanic eruptions [</span><i>Iida et al</i><span>, 1952], and the movement of ice caps [</span><i>Behrendt</i><span>, 1967]; they are now being considered for several other types of geologic processes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/EO050i010p00526","usgsCitation":"Barnes, D., Oliver, H., and Robbins, S.L., 1969, Standardization of gravimeter calibrations in the geological survey: Eos Science News, v. 50, no. 10, p. 526-527, https://doi.org/10.1029/EO050i010p00526.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"526","endPage":"527","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389138,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Oregon, Washington","city":"Anchorage, Denver, Eugene, Fairbanks, Fresno, Los Angeles, Menlo Park, Merced, Palm Springs, Port Angeles, Portland, Red Bluff, Safford","otherGeospatial":"Crater Lake, Heliograph Point, Lookout Mountain, Mount Evans, Mount Hamilton, Mount Hood, Mount Lassen, Mount Pinos, Mount San Jacinto, Murphy Dome, Obstruction Peak, Sentinel Dome, Skeggs Point, Ski Bowl site","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -150.0732421875,\n              61.079544234557304\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.4140625,\n              61.079544234557304\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.4140625,\n              61.28079281179158\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.0732421875,\n              61.28079281179158\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.0732421875,\n      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,{"id":5220657,"text":"5220657 - 1969 - Establishing hunting regulations and allowable harvest of mallards in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-14T20:04:25.946067","indexId":"5220657","displayToPublicDate":"1969-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Establishing hunting regulations and allowable harvest of mallards in the United States","docAbstract":"<p>As a major part of establishing hunting regulations each year in the United States, data for the mallard (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>) are examined extensively to estimate the effect of various harvest strategies on the breeding population the following spring. This requires estimates of the breeding-population level and of the production, harvest, and mortality rates. Predictions made at the time hunting regulations are established have been in general agreement with more reliable estimates made after the hunting season when data from banding, kill, and wing surveys are available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3799316","usgsCitation":"Geis, A.D., Martinson, R.K., and Anderson, D., 1969, Establishing hunting regulations and allowable harvest of mallards in the United States: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 33, no. 4, p. 848-859, https://doi.org/10.2307/3799316.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"848","endPage":"859","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194310,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fde7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geis, A. D.","contributorId":72885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geis","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martinson, R. K.","contributorId":106983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinson","given":"R.","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, David R.","contributorId":8413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"David R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1001477,"text":"1001477 - 1969 - A comparison of methods used to obtain age ratios of snow and Canada geese","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-14T19:54:34.886817","indexId":"1001477","displayToPublicDate":"1969-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of methods used to obtain age ratios of snow and Canada geese","docAbstract":"<p>The validity of group counts, cannon-net catches, and hunter-bag checks for estimating productivity of lesser snow geese (<i>Anser</i> <i>caerulescens caerulescens</i>) and small Canada geese (<i>Branta canadensis hutchinsii-parvipes</i> complex) was studied at Sand Lake National Wildlife Refuge during the falls of 1965 and 1966. Age ratios of snow geese obtained from net-trapped samples were significantly higher (P &lt; 0.01) than from group counts at the same site. Immature snow geese were shot in a significantly greater (P &lt; 0.01) proportion than they existed in the population as determined by group counts. Cannon-net catches and hunter-bag checks of snow and Canada geese yielded age ratios which were biased because of behavioral characteristics of the geese. Immatures of both species were less wary of trap equipment and immature snow geese were more vulnerable to the gun than adults. It was believed that age ratios from group counts of snow geese were more representative of the population than those from net catches and hunter-bag checks. Sex ratios of net-trapped geese showed a preponderance of males for adult Canada and adult and immature snow geese, whereas females were predominant in the immature segment of Canada geese. Hunter selectivity of blue- or white-phase snow geese was not observed at Sand Lake Refuge. Differential vulnerability to hunting between snow and Canada geese resulted from differences m feeding-flight behavior.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3799330","usgsCitation":"Higgins, K., Linder, R.L., and Springer, P.F., 1969, A comparison of methods used to obtain age ratios of snow and Canada geese: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 33, no. 4, p. 949-956, https://doi.org/10.2307/3799330.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"949","endPage":"956","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133718,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Sand Lake National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -98.27760434034772,\n              45.83397560101784\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.27760434034772,\n              45.720519376360016\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.20285885238978,\n              45.720519376360016\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.20285885238978,\n              45.83397560101784\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.27760434034772,\n              45.83397560101784\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0f14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Higgins, Kenneth F.","contributorId":272584,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Higgins","given":"Kenneth F.","affiliations":[{"id":5089,"text":"South Dakota State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":311101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Linder, R. L.","contributorId":25907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linder","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Springer, P. F.","contributorId":56590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Springer","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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