{"pageNumber":"5819","pageRowStart":"145450","pageSize":"25","recordCount":165658,"records":[{"id":70010498,"text":"70010498 - 1969 - Ellsworth Mountains: Position in West Antarctica due to sea-floor spreading","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-04T17:18:27.305515","indexId":"70010498","displayToPublicDate":"1969-04-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ellsworth Mountains: Position in West Antarctica due to sea-floor spreading","docAbstract":"<p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><span>Similarities of middle and upper Paleozoic deposits of the Ellsworth Mountains with those of the Pensacola, Horlick, and other Transantarctic mountains indicate that all these ranges may have had a related geologic history. A tentative explanation is now suggested which involves sea-floor spreading and translocation of the Ellsworth crustal block from its original location adjacent to the East Antarctic Shield. Accordingly, the islands of West Antarctica may differ in origin and the Transantarctic Mountains of East Antarctica may represent one margin of an ancient rift.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.164.3875.63","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Schopf, J.M., 1969, Ellsworth Mountains: Position in West Antarctica due to sea-floor spreading: Science, v. 164, no. 3875, p. 63-66, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.164.3875.63.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"66","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219381,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Ellsworth Mountains, West Antarctica","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.8931641453182,\n              -74.24881655971052\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.8931641453182,\n              -79.83225735875043\n            ],\n            [\n              -63.186426912557096,\n              -79.83225735875043\n            ],\n            [\n              -63.186426912557096,\n              -74.24881655971052\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.8931641453182,\n              -74.24881655971052\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"164","issue":"3875","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08e1e4b0c8380cd51ce3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schopf, J. M.","contributorId":42639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schopf","given":"J.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70223837,"text":"70223837 - 1969 - Unstable sulfur compounds and the origin of roll-type uranium deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-09T19:30:42.628565","indexId":"70223837","displayToPublicDate":"1969-04-01T14:17:48","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unstable sulfur compounds and the origin of roll-type uranium deposits","docAbstract":"<p><span>Anomalous concentrations of iron sulfides found at roll fronts are believed to result from limited oxidation and mobilization of reduced sulfur species from earlier formed pyrite within the more extensively oxidized core of the roll. Laboratory experiments and chemical theory suggest that the reactions need not be biogenic, and that the sulfur of the reconstituted pyrite could be isotopically indistinguishable from biogenic sulfur. Sulfite formed by limited oxidation slowly decomposes to sulfate and sulfides, and because the sulfate-producing reaction is irreversible at low temperature, only the reduced sulfur species are available for further oxidation-reduction reactions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.64.2.160","usgsCitation":"Granger, H., and Warren, C.G., 1969, Unstable sulfur compounds and the origin of roll-type uranium deposits: Economic Geology, v. 64, no. 2, p. 160-171, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.64.2.160.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"160","endPage":"171","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389018,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1969-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Granger, H.C.","contributorId":15203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Granger","given":"H.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warren, C. G.","contributorId":41427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70224278,"text":"70224278 - 1969 - Chronology of intrusion, volcanism, and ore deposition at Bingham, Utah: Discussion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-17T16:59:47.60113","indexId":"70224278","displayToPublicDate":"1969-04-01T11:53:35","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chronology of intrusion, volcanism, and ore deposition at Bingham, Utah: Discussion","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.64.2.228-a","usgsCitation":"Gilluly, J., 1969, Chronology of intrusion, volcanism, and ore deposition at Bingham, Utah: Discussion: Economic Geology, v. 64, no. 2, p. 228-228, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.64.2.228-a.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"228","endPage":"228","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389407,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","city":"Bingham","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -112.19135284423828,\n              40.488215202002614\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.09590911865234,\n              40.488215202002614\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.09590911865234,\n              40.57224011776902\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.19135284423828,\n              40.57224011776902\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.19135284423828,\n              40.488215202002614\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilluly, James","contributorId":51743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilluly","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70223817,"text":"70223817 - 1969 - Chronology of intrusion, volcanism, and ore deposition at Bingham, Utah— A reply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-08T16:01:07.151509","indexId":"70223817","displayToPublicDate":"1969-04-01T10:52:17","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chronology of intrusion, volcanism, and ore deposition at Bingham, Utah— A reply","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.64.2.229","usgsCitation":"Moore, W.J., Lanphere, M.A., and Obradovich, J.D., 1969, Chronology of intrusion, volcanism, and ore deposition at Bingham, Utah— A reply: Economic Geology, v. 64, no. 2, p. 229-229, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.64.2.229.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"229","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388950,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","city":"Bingham","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -112.19135284423828,\n              40.488215202002614\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.09590911865234,\n              40.488215202002614\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.09590911865234,\n              40.57224011776902\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.19135284423828,\n              40.57224011776902\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.19135284423828,\n              40.488215202002614\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, W. J.","contributorId":84334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":822761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Obradovich, J. D.","contributorId":48966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obradovich","given":"J.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70223883,"text":"70223883 - 1969 - Rate of sulfuric acid formation in Yellowstone National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-13T11:44:42.084803","indexId":"70223883","displayToPublicDate":"1969-04-01T06:32:43","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rate of sulfuric acid formation in Yellowstone National Park","docAbstract":"<p>Sulfuric acid forms near sulfurous hot springs as the result of oxidation of hydrogen sulfide exhalations by atmospheric oxygen. This strong acid rapidly alters the surrounding rocks and can destroy man-made structures and contaminate streams. Four tracts of acid-altered ground in Yellowstone National Park were studied in order to determine the rate at which sulfuric acid is forming. Although the size of the hot-spring areas varied by as much as a factor of 19, acid production was nearly uniform at about 10 grams per square meter of area per day.</p><p>The near constancy of acid production per unit area implies that the area of land surface is a major control of the oxidation reaction of sulfide to sulfate. This is consistent with a biological origin for the acid by aerobic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria living close to the land surface.</p><p>Laboratory rates of acid production for sulfur-oxidizing bacteria are as much as 200 times greater than the rates measured in Yellowstone National Park. A strictly biological origin for the acid is, therefore, quantitatively feasible. The data gathered in this study, however, do not rule out the possibility of the formation of natural sulfuric acid in hot springs by inorganic processes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[643:ROSAFI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Schoen, R., 1969, Rate of sulfuric acid formation in Yellowstone National Park: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 4, p. 643-650, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[643:ROSAFI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"643","endPage":"650","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389130,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Amphitheater Springs, Norris Junction, Norris Ranger Station, Roaring Mountain, Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.90423583984375,\n              44.645208223744035\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.53619384765625,\n              44.645208223744035\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.53619384765625,\n              44.84223815129917\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.90423583984375,\n              44.84223815129917\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.90423583984375,\n              44.645208223744035\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoen, Robert","contributorId":22418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoen","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70206573,"text":"70206573 - 1969 - New thrusts in ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-22T17:18:07.819422","indexId":"70206573","displayToPublicDate":"1969-03-31T09:05:39","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New thrusts in ground water","docAbstract":"<p>Four principal trends in ground water are apparent:</p><p>(1) Increasing use of ground water for domestic supplies. Geohydrologists must learn to quantitatively evaluate the supply under conditions of maximum development, not merely determine the availability of a supply that does not strain the aquifer. (2) Aquifers will be looked to increasingly as possible storage media for surplus flood water, in place of dams and reservoirs. The key here is economics – optimum utilization of resources. The job of the geohydrologist is to do enough research and experimentation to determine when, where, and how ground-water reservoirs can be recharged artificially at a reasonable cost. (3) Saline aquifers will be looked at as sources of water supply. The cost curves of developing new supplies of fresh water are ascending while the cost curves for desalinization are declining, and inevitably they will cross in one area after another. There is a paucity of information on saline ground-water aquifers; hence, the utmost skill must be used in evaluating the resource. (4) With efforts to prevent stream pollution, aquifers will be looked to increasingly as possible storage media for industrial and domestic waste effluents. Control is urgently needed so the effects of waste injection can be predicted, the technology for confining those effects as intended can be developed, and a basis can be provided for a rational decision as to whether waste injection or an alternative use of the chosen aquifer is best for the economy in the long run. However, there is little legal basis for control, and the cost of such control may make the practice unfeasible in many situations.</p><p>A systems-analysis approach is needed to develop a working model of a given hydrologie and socio-economic problem from which quantitative answers can be given to water planners.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1969.tb01269.x","usgsCitation":"McGuinness, C.L., 1969, New thrusts in ground water: Groundwater, v. 7, no. 2, p. 7-10, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1969.tb01269.x.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369103,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGuinness, C. L.","contributorId":20313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuinness","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70223860,"text":"70223860 - 1969 - Lead and strontium isotopes in volcanic rocks from northern Honshu, Japan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-10T15:20:14.931184","indexId":"70223860","displayToPublicDate":"1969-03-19T10:11:49","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1754,"text":"Geochemical Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lead and strontium isotopes in volcanic rocks from northern Honshu, Japan","docAbstract":"<p><span>Isotopic compositions of lead and strontium and concentrations of lead, uranium, thorium, rubidium, and strontium were measured in a suite of volcanic rocks, ranging from basalt to rhyodacite in composition, and in granite and gabbro xenoliths from a traverse across northern Honshu. The observed&nbsp;</span><sup>238</sup><span>U/</span><sup>204</sup><span>Pb (μ) ratio ranges from 2.4 in tholeiitic basalt at the east end of the traverse to 11.6 in alkalic basalt from the west end. The isotopic composition is slightly less radiogenic to the west. The&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup><span>Sr/</span><sup>86</sup><span>Sr ratios of most of the samples fall within the range observed in oceanic basalts, but the granite xenolith and the rhyodacite are slightly more radiogenic.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Geochemical Society of Japan","doi":"10.2343/geochemj.3.15","usgsCitation":"Hedge, C.E., and Knight, R.J., 1969, Lead and strontium isotopes in volcanic rocks from northern Honshu, Japan: Geochemical Journal, v. 3, no. 1, p. 15-24, https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.3.15.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480309,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.3.15","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":389063,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","state":"Honshu","otherGeospatial":"Ichinoma Gata, Iwate, Kampu-zan, Moriyosi, Osima-Osima","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              139.54833984375,\n              39.83385008019448\n            ],\n            [\n              142.0037841796875,\n              39.83385008019448\n            ],\n            [\n              142.0037841796875,\n              42.12267315117256\n            ],\n            [\n              139.54833984375,\n              42.12267315117256\n            ],\n            [\n              139.54833984375,\n              39.83385008019448\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hedge, Carl E.","contributorId":76299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedge","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knight, Roy J.","contributorId":265535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knight","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70225066,"text":"70225066 - 1969 - Lower Llandovery of the northern Appalachians and adjacent regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-13T17:03:50.826637","indexId":"70225066","displayToPublicDate":"1969-03-01T11:47:37","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lower Llandovery of the northern Appalachians and adjacent regions","docAbstract":"<p>Rocks of clearly dated early Llandovery age, as well as rocks that can logically be classed as early Llandovery from their regional relationships, appear to be more widespread than recognized, heretofore, in the northern Appalachians and adjacent regions. Their areal distribution and lithology permit a generalized reconstruction of the paleogeography, which consisted, in general, of three source areas alternating from east to west with three belts of clastic sedimentation. The westernmost clastic belt grades laterally westward into the carbonate rocks of the North American platform. The Central Clastic Belt encloses a belt containing impure carbonates with clastic detritus and clastic interbeds, and, locally, relatively clean carbonate deposits.</p><p>Llandovery age rocks of the platform include the Manitoulin Dolomite and the Ellis Bay Formation. In the deposits to the east, coeval rocks occur, in part or in whole, within the limy and clastic deposits of the Carys Mills Formation and the Matapedia Group, as well as in the following clastic rock formations: Grimsby, Shawangunk, Tuscarora, Massanutten, Clinch, Smyrna Mills, Perham, Cabano, Weir, Beechhill Cove, Ross Brook, and White Rock.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[459:LLOTNA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ayrton, W.G., Berry, W.B., Boucot, A.J., Lajoie, J., Lesperance, P.J., Pavlides, L., and Skidmore, W.B., 1969, Lower Llandovery of the northern Appalachians and adjacent regions: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 3, p. 459-483, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[459:LLOTNA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"459","endPage":"483","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390473,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Maine, New Brunswick, Quebec","city":"Cabano, Lac des Baies, Lac Prime, Squateck","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian Mountains, Clemville Formation, Gaspé Peninsula, Weir Formation","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.07080078125,\n              41.19518982948959\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.71923828125,\n              41.934976500546604\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.24658203125,\n              42.66628070564928\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.0048828125,\n              43.34116005412307\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.25830078125,\n              44.4808302785626\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.85205078125,\n              43.229195113965005\n            ],\n            [\n              -63.03955078125,\n              44.449467536006935\n            ],\n            [\n              -59.4140625,\n              45.920587344733654\n            ],\n            [\n              -61.19384765625,\n              49.25346477497736\n            ],\n            [\n              -63.4130859375,\n              50.162824333817284\n            ],\n            [\n              -64.66552734375,\n              50.035973672195496\n            ],\n            [\n              -64.70947265625,\n              49.653404588437894\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.22119140625,\n              47.08508535995386\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.9462890625,\n              45.82879925192134\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.64990234375,\n              41.27780646738183\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.07080078125,\n              41.19518982948959\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayrton, William G.","contributorId":267533,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ayrton","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berry, William B. N.","contributorId":76372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"B. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boucot, Arthur J.","contributorId":267534,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boucot","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lajoie, Jean","contributorId":267535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lajoie","given":"Jean","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lesperance, Pierre J.","contributorId":267536,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lesperance","given":"Pierre","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pavlides, Louis","contributorId":79444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavlides","given":"Louis","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":825155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Skidmore, W. Brian","contributorId":267537,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Skidmore","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70169094,"text":"70169094 - 1969 - Heat flow in the Arctic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-17T11:12:16","indexId":"70169094","displayToPublicDate":"1969-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":894,"text":"Arctic","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heat flow in the Arctic","docAbstract":"<div>Defines heat flow as the flux at the earth's solid surface of heat conducted from the interior; the heat-flow-unit (hfu) is on the order of 1-millionth calorie through each sq cm of the surface/sec, which is enough to melt a 4-mm layer of ice over the earth's surface/yr. Earth heat originates from radioactive decay of U, Th and K in the crust and mantle. Although land heat-flow measurements in the Arctic are too few for regional interpretation, those from Cape Thompson, Barrow and Cape Simpson, Northern Alaska are discussed and figured to show what they contribute to understanding of permafrost, climatic change and shoreline movements. Measuring thermal conductivity and gradient is much simpler in ocean basins than on land. Locations of such measurements are mapped, the results for the Alaskan quadrant in more detail. The sharp change in heat flow at the edge of the Alpha Cordillera, shown in a geothermal model, suggests that this feature is a huge accumulation of basalt, rather than mantle material or remnant of a foundering continent as previously postulated. Future Arctic heat flow studies are discussed.</div>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Arctic Institute of North America","doi":"10.14430/arctic3221","usgsCitation":"Lachenbruch, A.H., and Marshall, B.V., 1969, Heat flow in the Arctic: Arctic, v. 22, no. 3, p. 300-311, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic3221.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"300","endPage":"311","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480310,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic3221","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":318935,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Arctic","volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1969-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ebd530e4b0f59b85da065d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lachenbruch, Arthur H.","contributorId":27850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lachenbruch","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marshall, B. Vaughan","contributorId":83896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Vaughan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70224251,"text":"70224251 - 1969 - Active metamorphism of upper Cenozoic sediments in the Salton Sea geothermal field and the Salton Trough, southeastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-15T16:55:36.655053","indexId":"70224251","displayToPublicDate":"1969-02-08T11:44:27","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Active metamorphism of upper Cenozoic sediments in the Salton Sea geothermal field and the Salton Trough, southeastern California","docAbstract":"<p>The Salton Sea geothermal system is entirely within Pliocene and Quaternary sediments of the Colorado River delta at the north end of the Gulf of California. At the time of deposition, these sediments consisted of sands, silts, and clays of uniform original mineralogic composition, but under the elevated temperatures and pressures of the geothermal system they are being transformed to low-grade metamorphic rocks of the greenschist facies. We have studied these transformations by X-ray, petrographic, and chemical analyses of cuttings and core from deep wells that penetrate the sedimentary section.</p><p>Temperatures within the explored geothermal system range up to 360° C at 7100 feet. The wells produce a brine containing over 250,000 ppm dissolved solids, primarily Cl, Na, Ca, K, and Fe, plus a host of minor constituents.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[157:AMOUCS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Muffler, L.P., and White, D.E., 1969, Active metamorphism of upper Cenozoic sediments in the Salton Sea geothermal field and the Salton Trough, southeastern California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 2, p. 157-181, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[157:AMOUCS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"181","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389272,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Salton Sea, Salton Trough","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.05957031249999,\n              32.63012300670739\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.63134765625001,\n              32.713355353177555\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.49951171875,\n              32.80574473290688\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.521484375,\n              33.02708758002874\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.697265625,\n              33.04550781490999\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.697265625,\n              33.17434155100208\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.71923828124999,\n              33.367237465838315\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.29052734375,\n              33.578014746143985\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.51025390625,\n              33.696922692957685\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.631103515625,\n              33.687781758439364\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.81787109375,\n              33.58716733904656\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.08154296875001,\n              33.80653802509606\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.619873046875,\n              34.06176136129718\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.75170898437501,\n              33.916013113401696\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.960693359375,\n              33.18353672893615\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.43310546875,\n              33.44060944370356\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.52099609375,\n              33.394759218577995\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.38916015624999,\n              33.15594830078649\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.026611328125,\n              32.97180377635759\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.16943359374999,\n              32.7503226078097\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.05957031249999,\n              32.63012300670739\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muffler, L.J. Patrick 0000-0001-6638-7218 pmuffler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6638-7218","contributorId":3322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muffler","given":"L.J.","email":"pmuffler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Patrick","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":823357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Donald E.","contributorId":76787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70010090,"text":"70010090 - 1969 - Florida submergence curve revised: Its relation to coastal sedimentation rates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-04T17:26:28.260358","indexId":"70010090","displayToPublicDate":"1969-02-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Florida submergence curve revised: Its relation to coastal sedimentation rates","docAbstract":"New data substantiate as well as modify the south Florida submergence curve, which indicates that eustatic sea level has risen continuously, although at a generally decreasing rate, during the last 6500 to 7000 sidereal years (5500 standard radiocarbon years) to reach its present position. Accumulation rates of coastal deposits are similar to the rate of sea-level rise, thus supporting the generalization that submergence rates largely determine as well as limit rates of coastal sedimentation in lagoonal and estuarine areas.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.163.3867.562","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Scholl, D., Craighead, F., and Stuiver, M., 1969, Florida submergence curve revised: Its relation to coastal sedimentation rates: Science, v. 163, no. 3867, p. 562-564, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.163.3867.562.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"562","endPage":"564","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219590,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"south Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.81485249420433,\n              28.695319216051175\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.81485249420433,\n              24.902227860305473\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.00007154825742,\n              24.902227860305473\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.00007154825742,\n              28.695319216051175\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.81485249420433,\n              28.695319216051175\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"163","issue":"3867","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a122ee4b0c8380cd541ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scholl, D.W.","contributorId":106461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Craighead, F.C. Sr.","contributorId":91985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craighead","given":"F.C.","suffix":"Sr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stuiver, M.","contributorId":54730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuiver","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70223838,"text":"70223838 - 1969 - Coexisting amphiboles from blueschist facies metamorphic rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-09T19:50:06.072912","indexId":"70223838","displayToPublicDate":"1969-02-01T14:43:21","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coexisting amphiboles from blueschist facies metamorphic rocks","docAbstract":"<p><span>Four pairs of associated calcic and sodic amphiboles from blueschist facies metamorphic rocks were analyzed with the electron microprobe and studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Except for ranges in the ratios Mg/(Mg+Fe) and Fe</span><sup>3+</sup><span>/(Fe</span><sup>3+</sup><span>+Al+Ti), the sodic amphiboles are similar in chemical composition. The amount of calcium in the M(4)-site ranges only from 0·18 to 0·21 ion per formula unit. The calcic amphiboles, in addition to a range in Mg/(Mg+Fe), vary in Na/(Na+Ca) ratio (0·29–0·48). Three of the calcic amphiboles contain less than 1·5 calcium ions per formula unit, indicating a significant solid solution of sodic amphibole components in the calcic amphibole phase. The&nbsp;</span><i>a</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>b</i><span>&nbsp;unit-cell parameters of the calcic amphiboles decrease with increased content of the sodic component.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/10.1.102","usgsCitation":"Himmelberg, G.R., and Papike, J.J., 1969, Coexisting amphiboles from blueschist facies metamorphic rocks: Journal of Petrology, v. 10, no. 1, p. 102-114, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.1.102.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"102","endPage":"114","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389021,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Himmelberg, G. R.","contributorId":27106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Himmelberg","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Papike, J. J.","contributorId":18488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papike","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70224268,"text":"70224268 - 1969 - A seismic-refraction survey of crustal structure in central Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-16T15:00:30.408014","indexId":"70224268","displayToPublicDate":"1969-02-01T09:46:23","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A seismic-refraction survey of crustal structure in central Arizona","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey conducted a seismic-refraction study of the earth's crust and upper mantle near the Tonto Forest Seismological Observatory (TFO), located 10miles south of the Mogollon Rim near Payson in central Arizona. Two recording lines 400 km long intersect in the approximate form of a cross at TFO; one line trends southeast and the other northeast. The sedimentary layer at most places southwest of the rim is less than 1 km thick, but north of the rim it is 2 to 3 km thick. The velocity in this uppermost layer ranges from 2.6 to 4.7 km/sec, with the higher limit measured near or north of the rim. Arrivals refracted in the upper crust (P<sub>g</sub>) can be attributed to two layers for all the shot points south of the rim. The velocity in the upper layer is about 5.9 km/sec with thickness ranging from 2 to 8 km; beneath the upper layer the velocity is about 6.1 km/sec. The upper layer seems to be absent northeast of the rim, where two shot points generated P<sub>g</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>arrivals that show only a velocity of 6.2 km/sec. A Poisson ratio of 0.22 for the upper crustal layers was measured from shear and compressional arrivals. The lower crust could not be identified from the first and later refraction arrivals; however, minimum depths to the intermediate layer were determined. An average crustal velocity of 6.2 km/sec was measured from wide-angle reflection alignments. A thin intermediate layer would explain the seismic measurements.</p><p>A delay-time method was used to map the configuration of the M-discontinuity. The depth below sea level is about 36 km along the northwest-trending line. The northeast-trending line shows a shallow depth of 21 km near Gila Bend, increasing depth to about 34 km under TFO, and a flat M-discontinuity at 40 km depth under the Mogollon Mesa northeast to Sunrise Springs. There is evidence of an abrupt depth change of about 4 km on the M-discontinuity in the vicinity of TFO. The velocity in the upper mantle is 7.85 km/sec. The relation of topographic elevation to crustal thickness suggests an approach to isostatic equilibrium, which is deduced from a near-zero regional free-air gravity anomaly. However, lateral density change in the upper mantle is required to make the crustal-refraction model fit the observed gravity-anomaly values, provided that velocity and density are linearly related.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[257:ASSOCS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Warren, D.H., 1969, A seismic-refraction survey of crustal structure in central Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 2, p. 257-282, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[257:ASSOCS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"282","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389345,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","city":"Payson","otherGeospatial":"Gila Bend, Mogollon Mesa, Mogollon Rim, Sunrise Springs, Tonto Forest Seismological Observatory","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.028076171875,\n              32.62087018318113\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.4732666015625,\n              35.808904044068626\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.69750976562499,\n              36.02244668175846\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.45581054687499,\n              32.491230287947594\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.028076171875,\n              32.62087018318113\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warren, David H.","contributorId":106128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70224279,"text":"70224279 - 1969 - Experiments on formation of contorted structures in mud","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-20T11:40:56.009777","indexId":"70224279","displayToPublicDate":"1969-02-01T06:31:42","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experiments on formation of contorted structures in mud","docAbstract":"<p>Contorted structures can be formed in mud or sand as a result of differential loading. Fifteen sets of experiments were conducted in water tanks to test various factors of possible significance in the contortion of mud by loading. Of six factors tested, the most significant was distribution of load, but others affecting the type of structure under certain conditions were (1) the manner of depositing the mud, (2) the form of the underlying surface, (3) the direction of loading, and (4) the movement or lack of movement of water during loading. Organic material was shown to be unneccessary in forming conical structure or convolute bedding. Strength of base had little or no influence on convolute-structure development.</p><p>Contortions ranged from the simple anticlinal type with vertical axial plane, commonly referred to as convolute, to structures with gently dipping axial planes, to others with lateral extensions or “flames” from the apexes, and, finally, to those with complex overturned folds. Causes of these variations were determined in terms of the factors listed above. Some additional forms of contorted bedding result from other types of penecontemporaneous deformation such as slumping from undermining or from oversteepening, differential lateral movement, and surface drag; these forms differ from those structures formed by loading.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[231:EOFOCS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"McKee, E.D., and Goldberg, M., 1969, Experiments on formation of contorted structures in mud: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 2, p. 231-243, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[231:EOFOCS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"231","endPage":"243","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389460,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKee, Edwin D.","contributorId":60207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldberg, Moshe","contributorId":265811,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goldberg","given":"Moshe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70219893,"text":"70219893 - 1969 - Vertical density currents — II","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-22T17:24:29.016835","indexId":"70219893","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-31T06:25:16","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vertical density currents — II","docAbstract":"<p><span>Examples of vertical density currents wholly within the domain of laminar flow, one in a water solution, the other in air, have come to my attention. Both examples illustrate new ways of introducing and dispersing microscopic particles into static fluids and both demonstrate that a stable, clearly defined layer of dispersed particles forms first and that the vertical density currents originate and flow from the lower part of this layer. The new information comes from wholly unrelated lines of research, one in virology, and the other in mycology. Neither investigation was aimed at hydrodynamics yet both provide good experimental support for vertical density currents.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.4319/lo.1969.14.1.0001","usgsCitation":"Bradley, W.H., 1969, Vertical density currents — II: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 14, no. 1, p. 1-3, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1969.14.1.0001.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385139,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, W. H.","contributorId":102452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70207923,"text":"70207923 - 1969 - Volcanic substructure inferred from dredge samples and ocean-bottom photographs, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T12:52:06","indexId":"70207923","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-20T12:51:58","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanic substructure inferred from dredge samples and ocean-bottom photographs, Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p>Ocean-bottom photographs from 18 stations and dredge hauls from 35 stations adjacent to the Island of Hawaii indicate that basaltic pillow lava and pillow fragments are the dominant rock type on the crest and flanks of the submarine rift zone ridges, whereas glassy basalt sand and scoria are the dominant type on the submarine flanks of the volcanoes directly downslope from land. These relations indicate that three major rock units comprise different levels of the volcanoes depending on the site of eruption: (1) pillow lavas and pillow fragments are dominant below sea level and are erupted from deep-water vents; (2) hyaloclastite rocks (vitric explosion debris, littoral cone ash, and flow-foot breccias) mantle the pillowed base of the volcano, and are erupted from shallow-water vents, subaerial vents in water-soaked ground, or are produced where subaerial lava flows cross the shoreline; and (3) thin subaerial lava flows make up the visible, subaerial shield volcano, are built atop the clastic layer, and are erupted from subaerial vents. This three-fold structure is similar to the table mountains of Iceland that are built by eruption beneath glacial ice.</p><p>Large-scale slumping in the clastic layer may modify the submarine slopes of the volcanoes as well as produce faulting and downslope movement of parts of the overlying shield volcano. The slope change produced where the gentler shield meets the steeper pillowed pile can be recognized beneath sea level in the older volcanoes, where it has been submerged by regional subsidence.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1191:VSIFDS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Moore, J.G., and Fiske, R.S., 1969, Volcanic substructure inferred from dredge samples and ocean-bottom photographs, Hawaii: GSA Bulletin, v. 80, no. 7, p. 1191-1202, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1191:VSIFDS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1191","endPage":"1202","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371376,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.82733154296875,\n              18.781516724349704\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.654541015625,\n              18.781516724349704\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.654541015625,\n              20.017226126835062\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.82733154296875,\n              20.017226126835062\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.82733154296875,\n              18.781516724349704\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fiske, Richard S.","contributorId":17984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fiske","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70224295,"text":"70224295 - 1969 - Stenothecoida, a proposed new class of Cambrian Mollusca","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-20T17:57:45.961422","indexId":"70224295","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-15T12:45:16","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2614,"text":"Lethaia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stenothecoida, a proposed new class of Cambrian Mollusca","docAbstract":"<p><i>Cambridium, Bagenovia</i>, and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Stenothecoides</i>, composing the Family Cambridiidae, a monotypic superfamily and an order, were in 1960 assigned (although with a query) to the molluscan class Monoplacophora. The basic error of this assignment, according to the author, was the assumption that these specimens are univalves. One specimen from Siberia and a second from Alaska demonstrate that<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Stenothecoides</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is bivalved;<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Bagenovia</i><span>&nbsp;</span>was first described as a bivalve, but the implication of two valves was ignored.</p><p>Short internal ridges normal to the shell margin in<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Cambridium</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Stenothecoides</i>, described by Rasetti and Horný, show little resemblance to features of pelecypod shells. These markings are not homologous to paired muscle scars of monoplacophorans. The asymmetric bivalved shell and internal furrows are interpreted as features of class-rank significance; the extinct class Stenothecoida is proposed to accommodate these genera. These animals are most common in Lower Cambrian, but range into Middle Cambrian. They may have been functionally similar to brachiopods, but were unable to compete with those more efficient bivalves.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","doi":"10.1111/j.1502-3931.1969.tb01250.x","usgsCitation":"Yochelson, E.L., 1969, Stenothecoida, a proposed new class of Cambrian Mollusca: Lethaia, v. 2, no. 1, p. 49-62, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1969.tb01250.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"62","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389483,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yochelson, Ellis L.","contributorId":90802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yochelson","given":"Ellis","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70203695,"text":"70203695 - 1969 - Floods in the Guayanilla-Yauco area, Puerto Rico","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70203695,"text":"70203695 - 1969 - Floods in the Guayanilla-Yauco area, Puerto Rico","indexId":"70203695","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Floods in the Guayanilla-Yauco area, Puerto Rico"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":68426,"text":"ha414 - 1971 - Floods in the Guayanilla-Yauco area, Puerto Rico","indexId":"ha414","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Floods in the Guayanilla-Yauco area, Puerto Rico"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":68426,"text":"ha414 - 1971 - Floods in the Guayanilla-Yauco area, Puerto Rico","indexId":"ha414","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Floods in the Guayanilla-Yauco area, Puerto Rico"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-04T15:19:40","indexId":"70203695","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T16:09:06","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Floods in the Guayanilla-Yauco area, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"<p>This report is a compilation of data pertaining to floods in Rios Guayanilla and Yauco, based principally upon information obtained from residents in the study area. This information is a useful tool in making land-use and development decisions.</p><p>The Guayanilla and Yauco basins lie in the southwestern part of Puerto Rico. The streams flow southward from the rugged Cordillera Central and empty into Bahia de Guayanilla. The lower basins are devoted principally to the production of sugarcane and are subject to destructive floods. Details pertaining to basin features, flood frequency, flood profiles, and inundated areas are discussed by individual basins. All elevations given are in meters above mean sea level. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70203695","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Department of Public Works","usgsCitation":"Fields, F.K., 1969, Floods in the Guayanilla-Yauco area, Puerto Rico: Open-File Report, Report: 25 p.; 1 Plate: 27.73 x 38.48 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/70203695.","productDescription":"Report: 25 p.; 1 Plate: 27.73 x 38.48 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":364340,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70203695/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":364339,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70203695/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":364341,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70203695/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"20000","state":"Puerto Rico","otherGeospatial":"Guayanilla-Yauco area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -66.875,\n              17.91666667\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.75,\n              17.91666667\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.75,\n              18.08333333\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.875,\n              18.08333333\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.875,\n              17.91666667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fields, Fred K.","contributorId":69981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fields","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70225581,"text":"70225581 - 1969 - Land subsidence due to withdrawal of fluids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-25T21:19:11.772626","indexId":"70225581","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T15:51:10","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Land subsidence due to withdrawal of fluids","docAbstract":"<p>Land-surface subsidence due to the withdrawal of fluids by man has become relatively common in the United States since 1940 and has been described at several other places throughout the world. This paper reviews the known examples of appreciable land subsidence caused by fluid withdrawal. Those related to exploitation of oil and gas fields include Goose Creek, Texas; Wilmington, California; Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela; Niigata, Japan; and the Po Delta in Italy. The areas of major subsidence related to ground-water withdrawal include areas in Japan; Mexico City, Mexico; and Texas, Arizona, Nevada, and California. The areas of greatest extent and maximum subsidence are in California.</p><p>The principles involved in the compaction of sediments and of aquifer systems, basically the increase in effective stress, are examined briefly, together with their application to subsidence problems involving head decline both under water table and confined conditions. The amount of compaction that a confined aquifer system will experience is a function of compressibility. Other factors that influence compaction (and, in part, compressibility) include particle size and shape, clay mineralogy, geochemistry of pore water in the clayey beds and of the water in contiguous aquifers, and secondary compression.</p><p>Land subsidence has caused great damage in some areas. At several of these places, subsidence problems are being alleviated in one or more of several ways; these include (1) cessation of withdrawal and (2) increase or restoration of reservoir pressure by reduction in production rate, artificial recharge, or repressuring by injection of water. The greatest subsidence control measures are being taken at Wilmington, California, where subsidence that had reached 27 feet at the center now is nearly stopped; in addition, significant rebound has occurred.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Reviews in Engineering Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/REG2-p187","usgsCitation":"Poland, J.F., and Davis, G.H., 1969, Land subsidence due to withdrawal of fluids, chap. <i>of</i> Reviews in Engineering Geology, v. 2, p. 187-269, https://doi.org/10.1130/REG2-p187.","productDescription":"92 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"269","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390925,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"England, Italy, Japan, Mexico, United States, Venezuela","state":"Arizona, California, Colorado, Georgia, Honshu, Nevada, Texas","city":"Denver, Eloy, Galveston, Houston, Las Vegas, London, Mexico City, Niigata, Osaka, Picacho, Savannah, Wilmington","otherGeospatial":"Goose Creek, Lake Maracaibo, Po Delta San Joaquin Valley, Santa Clara Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -96.492919921875,\n              28.810986808864513\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.4886474609375,\n              28.810986808864513\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.4886474609375,\n              31.83089906339438\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.492919921875,\n              31.83089906339438\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.492919921875,\n              28.810986808864513\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": 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George","contributorId":267948,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kiersch","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825672,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Poland, J. F.","contributorId":64223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, G. H.","contributorId":40963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70047460,"text":"70047460 - 1969 - Drilling and testing of well 340, Fort Wingate Army Depot, McKinley County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-19T13:12:34","indexId":"70047460","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T15:29:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Drilling and testing of well 340, Fort Wingate Army Depot, McKinley County, New Mexico","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey was requested by Fort Wingate Army Depot to designate a well location, suggest construction and testing procedures, and provide continuing technical advice with respect to the drilling of a new production well. The location was determined during a brief preliminary study of the Depot's water supply which is summarized in a report transmitted to the Depot in April of 1968, and the Geological Survey's suggestions for construction and testing are contained in the specifications written by the Post Engineer at the Depot as part of the well-drilling contract. A representative of the the Geological Survey was present during most of the drilling and testing of the well.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Albuquerque, NM","doi":"10.3133/70047460","usgsCitation":"Shomaker, J.W., 1969, Drilling and testing of well 340, Fort Wingate Army Depot, McKinley County, New Mexico: Open-File Report, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70047460.","productDescription":"57 p.","numberOfPages":"56","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":277874,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047460/report.pdf"},{"id":276136,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047460/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","city":"Fort Wingate","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -108.637837,35.436334 ], [ -108.637837,35.527697 ], [ -108.52119,35.527697 ], [ -108.52119,35.436334 ], [ -108.637837,35.436334 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52021ae2e4b0e21cafa49c3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shomaker, John W.","contributorId":42513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shomaker","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70225580,"text":"70225580 - 1969 - Land subsidence due to the application of water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-25T20:44:21.712534","indexId":"70225580","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T15:14:53","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Land subsidence due to the application of water","docAbstract":"<p>Loose, dry, low-density deposits that compact when they are wetted mantle extensive areas in North America, Europe, and Asia. This process, here referred to as hydrocompaction, has produced widespread subsidence of the land surface. Hydrocompaction may occur under natural overburden load or may occur only with the addition of a surcharge load.</p><p>Deposits that subside because of hydrocompaction are generally one of two types: (1) loose, moisture-deficient alluvial deposits; and (2) moisture-deficient loess and related eolian deposits. Such deposits occur in regions where seasonal rainfall seldom, if ever, is sufficient to penetrate below the root zone; thus, they have remained moisture deficient throughout their postdepositional history and are readily susceptible to hydrocompaction when they are artificially wetted.</p><p>Subsidence due to hydrocompaction is of serious concern in the design and maintenance of aqueducts, buildings, pipe lines, highways, and other major engineering structures. Damage usually can be minimized by precompacting the deposits before construction begins.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Reviews in Engineering Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/REG2-p271","usgsCitation":"Lofgren, B.E., 1969, Land subsidence due to the application of water, chap. <i>of</i> Reviews in Engineering Geology, v. 2, p. 271-303, https://doi.org/10.1130/REG2-p271.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"303","costCenters":[{"id":494,"text":"Office of Groundwater","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":390920,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Utah, Washington, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Asia, Europe, Missouri River Basin, North America, San Joaquin Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.11352539062499,\n              46.88647742351024\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.0975341796875,\n              46.88647742351024\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.0975341796875,\n              48.07440873478364\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.11352539062499,\n              48.07440873478364\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.11352539062499,\n              46.88647742351024\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.4873046875,\n         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Elder","contributorId":52973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lofgren","given":"Ben","email":"","middleInitial":"Elder","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70225579,"text":"70225579 - 1969 - Geology and regional metamorphism of some high-grade cordierite gneisses, Front Range, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-25T20:11:16.590613","indexId":"70225579","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T14:57:36","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5985,"text":"Special Papers of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":15}},"title":"Geology and regional metamorphism of some high-grade cordierite gneisses, Front Range, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>Cordierite is common in regional metamorphic gneisses of Precambrian age in the central part of the Front Range. It occurs in discontinuous stratigraphic units that are structurally a minor component, except locally, of the thick succession of biotite gneisses that comprise the widespread Idaho Springs Formation. The rocks have mineral assemblages, that are characteristic of the sillimanite grade of metamorphism.</p><p>The cordierite occurs in three principal rock types: (1) potassic feldspar-bearing cordierite-garnet-sillimanite-biotite gneiss, (2) cordierite-biotite gneiss, and (3) cordierite-gedrite-biotite gneiss; each type contains several characteristic mineral assemblages. The rock types are gradational and overlap in areal distribution, and mainly owe their diversity in mineralogy to differences in bulk chemical composition. The field relations are consistent with an interpretation that the diverse cordierite rocks were derived from original sedimentary rocks, largely pelitic sediments. The potassic feldspar-bearing cordierite-garnet gneisses were formed from shales that contained more MgO and FeO than the more abundant sedimentary facies that yielded sillimanitic biotite gneisses. Cordierite-gedrite-biotite gneisses contain much aluminum, iron, and magnesium and little sodium and potassium as compared to the other biotite gneisses; they have an extremely low content of minor elements. Although their chemical compositions are unlike those of known modern sediments, the cordierite-gedrite gneisses are considered also to have been derived from sedimentary rocks.</p><p>The physical properties and chemical compositions of the mineral phases vary somewhat from one rock type to another. Biotite varies systematically in composition, and the changes are closely related to rock type and thus to bulk composition; the MgO/FeO ratios range from 1.7 in the more mafic cordierite-gedrite rocks to 0.49 in potassic feldspar-bearing cordierite-garnet gneisses. Cordierite is magnesium-rich and intermediate in the range of composition of all analyzed cordierites (Leake, 1960); its MgO/FeO ratio is higher in the gedrite-bearing gneisses than in the potassic feldspar-bearing gneisses. The garnets consist dominantly of the almandine and pyrope molecules, and range from 64 to 75 percent almandine and from 14 to 27 pyrope. These crystals are zoned; their rims are slightly more ferrous and less magnesian than their cores. Both monoclinic and triclinic alkali feldspars coexist in the potassic feldspar-bearing cordierite-garnet gneisses. The potassic feldspars contain from 18 to 27 weight percent NaAlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>. Plagioclase (oligoclase-andesine) is uncommon in the rocks. Gedrite has an MgO/FeO ratio ranging from 1 to 1.2. Associated minor minerals include iron oxides, andalusite, spinel and its alteration product högbomite, and corundum.</p><p>The mineral assemblages can be correlated imperfectly with episodes of deformation and metamorphism. Relict staurolite and associated garnet occur locally as remnants of an assemblage formed early in regional metamorphism, presumably early in the first period of deformation. The dominant assemblage biotite-cordierite-garnet-magnetite-plagioclase-potassic feldspar-quartz-sillimanite and associated assemblages having fewer phases, were formed during period one and period two deformations, the principal episodes of regional dynamothermal metamorphism in the central part of the Front Range. A minor assemblage andalusite-biotite-magnetite-plagioclase-quartz was formed later, possibly coincident with a third period of deformation, largely cataclastic in effects, which was more local than the earlier deformations and metamorphism.</p><p>Phase equilibria studies of the assemblage biotite-cordierite-garnet-magnetite-plagioclase-potassic feldspar-quartz-sillimanite and associated assemblages are interpreted to indicate that the cordierite assemblages approach a state of chemical equilibrium. The scatter of points in a distribution diagram can be interpreted in terms of at least two sets of equilibrium conditions that prevailed during the major plastic deformations. Other discrepancies indicating departure from a homogeneous equilibrium can be explained as a result of mosaic equilibrium involving limited diffusion of iron and magnesium for short distances.</p><p>The mineral assemblages and the compositions of the ferromagnesian minerals in the cordierite rocks of this region are dependent primarily on the bulk composition of the rocks and variations in the mineral species that comprise the rocks and, to a lesser degree, on the grade of metamorphism. Biotite and cordierite are markedly more magnesian in the more mafic cordierite-gedrite-biotite gneiss than in the potassic feldspar-bearing cordierite-garnet-sillimanite-biotite gneiss.</p><p>Associated microcline gneiss and biotite-sillimanite gneiss that contains muscovite as a primary stable mineral provides a means to define the metamorphic grade in the area of study. It is concluded from analyses of the assemblages with respect to theoretical phase relations in the system SiO<sub>2</sub>-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-Na<sub>2</sub>O-K<sub>2</sub>O-H<sub>2</sub>O that at least some of the rocks in the Central City-Nederland area are above the sillimanite-potassic feldspar isograd as defined by Evans and Guidotti (1966). In rocks of appropriate composition, muscovite is a stable phase in assemblages containing potassic feldspar and sillimanite.</p><p>The cordierite assemblages and associated rocks are inferred to have formed in an environment having a load pressure of 3–5 kilobars (fluid pressure equaled load pressure) and a temperature somewhat in excess of 620° C.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE128","usgsCitation":"Gable, D.J., and Sims, P., 1969, Geology and regional metamorphism of some high-grade cordierite gneisses, Front Range, Colorado: Special Papers of the Geological Society of America, v. 128, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE128.","productDescription":"85 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"84","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480311,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/spe128","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":390908,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Front Range","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.512451171875,\n              38.59970036588819\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.612060546875,\n              38.59970036588819\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.612060546875,\n              41.017210578228436\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.512451171875,\n              41.017210578228436\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.512451171875,\n              38.59970036588819\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"128","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gable, Dolores J.","contributorId":52957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gable","given":"Dolores","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sims, Paul K.","contributorId":67852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sims","given":"Paul K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70225578,"text":"70225578 - 1969 - History of the Redwall Limestone of northern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-21T18:01:35.023539","indexId":"70225578","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T14:27:35","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"title":"History of the Redwall Limestone of northern Arizona","docAbstract":"<p>Throughout most of northern Arizona the Redwall Limestone of Mississippian age is readily divisible into four lithologic units, designated in ascending order as the Whitmore Wash, Thunder Springs, Mooney Falls, and Horseshoe Mesa Members. The first and third members are thick-bedded to massive carbonate rock. The Horseshoe Mesa Member is relatively thin-bedded limestone, and the Thunder Springs Member is distinctive because it consists of chert beds alternating with thin beds of carbonate rock.</p><p>Trends in thickness of the various members indicate that the sediment that formed the Redwall was deposited on an even, gently sloping shelf that extended westward from the Defiance positive element, a low landmass located near the present eastern border of northern Arizona. The Peach Springs and Payson ridges projected west and southwest, respectively, from the positive element. These ridges, which were partly submerged and partly above sea level during Mississippian time, are indicated by the patterns of isopach lines and, in part, by the distribution of faunas. The ridges divided the Arizona section of the shelf into three segments: the northern-most, which slopes northwest toward the Cordilleran geosyncline, and the other two, which slope toward the south and southwest.</p><p>Two transgressions and two regressions of the western and southern seaways are believed to be represented by the Redwall. The first transgression, which is recorded by thick beds of clastic sediment of the Whitmore Wash Member, was less extensive than the second, which is recorded by massive beds of the Mooney Falls Member, for on the western margins of the Defiance positive element the Mooney Falls Member overlaps the two lower members. Furthermore, south of Grand Canyon the Whitmore Wash and Thunder Springs Members lap against the Payson ridge without covering it, whereas the Mooney Falls Member, although relatively thin, extends across it. Regression is believed to be represented by thin beds of the Thunder Springs and Horseshoe Mesa Members, which are interpreted to be the result of low base level caused by silting up with clastic material and consequent retreat of the sea.</p><p>Cycles in sedimentation are well developed in some parts of the Redwall, especially in the upper two members in which differences in grain size represent five major cycles recognized throughout the extent of the Grand Canyon. These textural differences, ranging from aphanitic to coarse grained, are considered to be not measures of the amount of transportation, as with terrigenous sediments, but reflections of the degree of turbulence or the lack of turbulence during deposition.</p><p>They are interpreted as indicators of cyclic fluctuations in environment, probably related to changes in wave base.</p><p>Several clearly defined facies within the Redwall indicate environments of deposition. The clastic limestone that forms a major part of the formation, especially in the offshore areas to the west and south, is believed to represent normal marine conditions where circulation was good and turbulence moderate to strong. Uniform finely crystalline dolomite probably developed through early diagenetic processes on the sea floor. On the basis of its distribution pattern the dolomite seems to have formed under shoal conditions, especially where it borders the shore of the Defiance positive element and along Peach Springs ridge. Oölitic limestone at the top of both major transgressive units is interpreted as reflecting the oscillatory conditions of sea level that provided wave and current agitation at times of maximum sea advance in shoal areas bordering the ridges. Aphanitic limestone, representing accumulations of lime mud, seems to be developed best in the uppermost, or Horseshoe Mesa, member, where, as the seas regressed, nearshore waters may have been isolated and certainly were very calm.</p><p>Original textures and some structures are preserved in most limestones of the Redwall, and they give much evidence concerning oceanographic factors of the time. Generalizations have been developed concerning the character of the bottom, degrees of energy represented, depth, salinity, and other factors for various parts of the formation. Although these factors differed greatly with time and space, the general conclusions reached are that (1) depths were very shallow to moderate, (2) the sea floor was composed nearly entirely of lime mud and lime sand, which contained no terrigeneous material but with great crinoidal accumulations locally, (3) turbulence ranged from considerable to none, and (4) the sea was clear and warm and nowhere contained saline concentrations sufficient to form evaporites.</p><p>Chert forming thin irregular beds, locally lenticular and nodular, occurs at two prinicpal positions in the stratigraphic section, and in each it alternates with thin beds of carbonate rock. Chert is prominent throughout the Thunder Springs Member and forms thin but definite zones near the top of the Mooney Falls Member. This chert is believed to have formed on the sea floor during early diagenesis, as evidenced by petrography, paleogeography, and faunal relations. Regional differences in the abundance and type of associated fossils, recorded on a series of 4-foot-square sample plots made throughout the Grand Canyon, suggest a probable relation between fossil distribution and genesis of the chert.</p><p>The fauna of the Redwall is abundant and varied, but preservation in many places is poor, and numerous specimens can be collected only locally. The most common fossils are brachiopods, corals, foraminifers, and crinoids, but blastoids, gastropods, cephalopods, and pelecypods are not rare. Bryozoans are abundant in the chert of the Thunder Springs Member but uncommon elsewhere. Other organisms locally distributed but not common are algae, trilobites, fish, holothurians, and ostracodes. These groups have been studied by specialists and are the subject of Chapters V through XIII.</p><p>Certain of the faunal groups, notably the corals and foraminifers, show some degree of vertical zoning and so have furnished important data on age and correlation. Among the corals, the zones of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Dorlodotia inconstans</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Michelinia expansa</i><span>&nbsp;</span>are especially significant because of their persistence from section to section across broad areas. The foraminiferal zones are broader and less sharply defined, but they represent a series of major changes in species from bottom to top of the formation.</p><p>Age determination made on the basis of foraminifers and brachiopods indicate that the base of the Redwall is progressively younger as it passes from areas that were offshore eastward or northward toward the Defiance positive element; the top of the Redwall, in contrast, is shown to be progressively younger away from the positive element. Thus basal beds of Kinderhook age are recognized at Grand Wash, Quartermaster, and Meriwitica Canyons to the northwest, but the lowest strata are of Osage age at Bridge Canyon, Grandview, and other sections closer to the landmass. Likewise, units with fossils of middle Meramec age occur in western Grand Canyon, but, except in the one place discussed in the following paragraph, topmost beds farther east in Grand Canyon are of Osage age. South of Grand Canyon the youngest member of the Redwall (Horseshoe Mesa) has been removed by pre-Supai Formation erosion.</p><p>Rocks still younger than the Horseshoe Mesa once may have covered the entire region, possibly representing a third sequence of transgression and regression. At Bright Angel trail in eastern Grand Canyon, for example, a unique unit at the top of the Redwall section contains fossils of Chester age and apparently represents a remnant of Late Mississippian rocks that survived as an inlier there.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/MEM114","usgsCitation":"McKee, E.D., and Gutschick, R.C., 1969, History of the Redwall Limestone of northern Arizona, v. 114, 700 p., https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM114.","productDescription":"700 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480312,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/mem114","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":390903,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.488525390625,\n              34.07996230865873\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.00634765625,\n              34.07086232376631\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.00634765625,\n              37.02886944696474\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.08203125,\n              37.020098201368114\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.10400390625,\n              36.32397712011264\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.2138671875,\n              36.06686213257888\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.3896484375,\n              36.24427318493909\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.774169921875,\n              36.10237644873644\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.7412109375,\n              35.567980458012094\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.7412109375,\n              35.40696093270201\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.63134765625001,\n              35.200744801724014\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.7412109375,\n              35.110921809704756\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.7412109375,\n              34.813803317113155\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.488525390625,\n              34.542762387234845\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.466552734375,\n              34.415973384481866\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.202880859375,\n              34.279914398549934\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.488525390625,\n              34.07996230865873\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"114","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKee, Edwin D.","contributorId":60207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gutschick, Raymond C.","contributorId":12054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutschick","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70110384,"text":"wdrIN681 - 1969 - Water resources data for Indiana, 1968","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-11T09:54:21","indexId":"wdrIN681","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T13:43:22","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"IN-68-1","title":"Water resources data for Indiana, 1968","docAbstract":"<p>The surface-water records for the 1968 water year for gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sties within the State of Indiana are given in this report. For convenience there are also included records for a few pertinent gaging stations in bordering States.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Water-resources investigations of the U.S. Geological Survey include the collection of water quality data on the chemical and physical characteristics of surface- and ground-water supplies of the Nation. These data for the 1968 water year for the quality of surface water in Indiana are presented in this report.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrIN681","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Indiana Department of Natural Resources; Indiana State Board of Health; Indiana State Highway Commission; Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1969, Water resources data for Indiana, 1968: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report IN-68-1, viii, 269 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrIN681.","productDescription":"viii, 269 p.","numberOfPages":"278","temporalStart":"1967-10-01","temporalEnd":"1968-09-30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288280,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288279,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1968/in-68-1/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.0979,37.7717 ], [ -88.0979,41.7607 ], [ -84.7847,41.7607 ], [ -84.7847,37.7717 ], [ -88.0979,37.7717 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"538052ebe4b0826cd5016a6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70039379,"text":"70039379 - 1969 - Safety and survival in an earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-04T01:01:57","indexId":"70039379","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T12:50:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":362,"text":"General Information Product","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Safety and survival in an earthquake","docAbstract":"Many earth scientists in this country and abroad are focusing their studies on the search for means of predicting impending earthquakes, but, as yet, an accurate prediction of the time and place of such an event cannot be made. From past experience, however, one can assume that earthquakes will continue to harass mankind and that they will occur most frequently in the areas where they have been relatively common in the past. In the United States, earthquakes can be expected to occur most frequently in the western states, particularly in Alaska, California, Washington, Oregon, Nevada, Utah, and Montana. The danger, however, is not confined to any one part of the country; major earthquakes have occurred at widely scattered locations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70039379","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with the Office of Emergency Preparedness","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1969, Safety and survival in an earthquake: General Information Product, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039379.","productDescription":"11 p.","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":261520,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70039379/report.pdf"},{"id":261521,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70039379/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aafb9e4b0c8380cd87758","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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