Saline waters from formations of several geologic ages are being studied in a seven-county area in southeastern New Mexico and western Texas, where more than 30,000 oil and gas tests have been drilled in the past 40 years. This area of 7,500 sq. miles, which is stratigraphically complex, includes the northern and eastern margins of the Delaware Basin between the Guadalupe and Glass Mountains.
Chloride-ion concentrations in water produced from rocks of various ages and depths have been mapped in Lea County, New Mexico, using machine map-plotting techniques and trend analyses. Anomalously low chloride concentrations (1,000–3,000 mg/l) were found along the western margin of the Central Basin platform in the San Andres and Capitan Limestone Formations of Permian age. These low chloride-ion concentrations may be due to preferential circulation of ground water through the more porous and permeable rocks.
Data being used in the study were obtained principally from oil companies and from related service companies. The P.B.W.D.S. (Permian Basin Well Data System) scout-record magnetic-tape file was used as a framework in all computer operations. Shallow or non-oil-field water analyses acquired from state, municipal, or federal agencies were added to these data utilizing P.B.W.D.S.-compatible reference numbers and decimal latitude-longitude coordinates. Approximately 20,000 water analyses collected from over 65 sources were coded, recorded on punch cards and stored on magnetic tape for computer operations. Extensive manual and computer error checks for duplication and accuracy were made to eliminate data errors resulting from poorly located or identified samples; non-representative or contaminated samples; mistakes in coding, reproducing or key-punching; laboratory errors; and inconsistent reporting. The original 20,000 analyses considered were reduced to 6,000 representative analyses which are being used in the saline water studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(69)90054-0","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Hiss, W.L., Peterson, J., and Ramsey, T., 1969, Saline water in southeastern New Mexico: Chemical Geology, v. 4, no. 1-2, p. 341-360, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(69)90054-0.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"341","endPage":"360","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221375,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.45751953125,\n 31.765537409484374\n ],\n [\n -102.7001953125,\n 31.765537409484374\n ],\n [\n -102.7001953125,\n 33.247875947924385\n ],\n [\n -106.45751953125,\n 33.247875947924385\n ],\n [\n -106.45751953125,\n 31.765537409484374\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aafd5e4b0c8380cd877e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hiss, W. L.","contributorId":15614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hiss","given":"W.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, J.B.","contributorId":90389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ramsey, T.R.","contributorId":39125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1003263,"text":"1003263 - 1969 - Toxicological assays with fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-08T12:18:26.451916","indexId":"1003263","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1140,"text":"Bulletin of the Wildlife Disease Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toxicological assays with fish","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-5.3.291","usgsCitation":"Marking, L.L., 1969, Toxicological assays with fish: Bulletin of the Wildlife Disease Association, v. 5, no. 2, p. 291-294, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-5.3.291.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"291","endPage":"294","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487103,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-5.3.291","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":196797,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627f66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marking, L. L.","contributorId":90661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marking","given":"L.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2001034,"text":"2001034 - 1969 - Field trials of antimycin A as a fish toxicant","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:02","indexId":"2001034","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":39,"text":"Investigations in Fish Control","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"27","title":"Field trials of antimycin A as a fish toxicant","docAbstract":"Abstract not submitted to date","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife","publisherLocation":"La Crosse, WI","usgsCitation":"Gilderhus, P., Berger, B., and Lennon, R.E., 1969, Field trials of antimycin A as a fish toxicant: Investigations in Fish Control 27, 21.","productDescription":"21","startPage":"0","endPage":"21","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197970,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649650","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilderhus, P.A.","contributorId":60156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilderhus","given":"P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berger, B.L.","contributorId":81437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lennon, R. E.","contributorId":37275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lennon","given":"R.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2001041,"text":"2001041 - 1969 - Toxicity of methylpentynol to selected fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:53","indexId":"2001041","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":39,"text":"Investigations in Fish Control","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"30","title":"Toxicity of methylpentynol to selected fishes","docAbstract":"Abstract not submitted to date","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife","publisherLocation":"La Crosse, WI","usgsCitation":"Marking, L.L., 1969, Toxicity of methylpentynol to selected fishes: Investigations in Fish Control 30, 7.","productDescription":"7","startPage":"0","endPage":"7","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199006,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db62806b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marking, L. L.","contributorId":90661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marking","given":"L.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2001039,"text":"2001039 - 1969 - Voidance time for 23 species of fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:53","indexId":"2001039","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":39,"text":"Investigations in Fish Control","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"33","title":"Voidance time for 23 species of fish","docAbstract":"Abstract not submitted to date","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife","publisherLocation":"La Crosse, WI","usgsCitation":"Lane, T., and Jackson, H., 1969, Voidance time for 23 species of fish: Investigations in Fish Control 33, 9.","productDescription":"9","startPage":"0","endPage":"9","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198921,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdac0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lane, T.H.","contributorId":49897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackson, H.M.","contributorId":81601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2001040,"text":"2001040 - 1969 - Quinaldine as an anesthetic for brook trout, lake trout, and Atlantic salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:53","indexId":"2001040","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":39,"text":"Investigations in Fish Control","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"24","title":"Quinaldine as an anesthetic for brook trout, lake trout, and Atlantic salmon","docAbstract":"Abstract not submitted to date","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife","publisherLocation":"La Crosse, WI","usgsCitation":"Locke, D., 1969, Quinaldine as an anesthetic for brook trout, lake trout, and Atlantic salmon: Investigations in Fish Control 24, 5.","productDescription":"5","startPage":"0","endPage":"5","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199005,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649ffb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Locke, D.O.","contributorId":23251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locke","given":"D.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70009827,"text":"70009827 - 1969 - A purple-colored 1M mica clay from Silverton, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-25T14:40:30","indexId":"70009827","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A purple-colored 1M mica clay from Silverton, Colorado","docAbstract":"A purple-colored clay of 1M mica polymorph in association with lead-zinc ore was collected from an abandoned mine dump near Silverton, Colorado. Electron micrographs show that the crystallites of the clay are less than 2µ in size and have poorly developed hexagonal outlines. Differential thermal and i.r. absorption analyses indicate similarity with those of muscovite. The structural formula of the 1M mica polymorph is (K1.45 Na0.02) (Al3.75 Mg0.19) (Si6.90 Al1.10) O20(OH)4. The purple color may be related to trace amounts of manganese in the clay.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1969.0170408","usgsCitation":"Tien, P., 1969, A purple-colored 1M mica clay from Silverton, Colorado: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 17, no. 4, p. 245-249, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1969.0170408.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"249","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219651,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Silverton","volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e522e4b0c8380cd46b4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tien, Pei-Lin","contributorId":51013,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tien","given":"Pei-Lin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70009793,"text":"70009793 - 1969 - Computer-produced tables, maps, and diagrams as tools in the interpretation of brine data from southeastern Kansas (U.S.A.)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T20:28:01.869145","indexId":"70009793","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Computer-produced tables, maps, and diagrams as tools in the interpretation of brine data from southeastern Kansas (U.S.A.)","docAbstract":"The applicability of computer-oriented techniques to assist in the interpretation of brine data is demonstrated by the use of six programs on data from two example areas. These programs include a data tabling routine; routines for producing Stiff, Piper, and Ropes diagrams; programs for calculating ionic ratios; and programs for plotting maps of chemical data. The examples illustrate: (1) the range in water quality and contamination of potable water by brines in Stafford, Pratt, and Barber Counties, and (2) the change in water quality in the Arbuckle Group from southeast to south-central Kansas.
The isotopic composition of lead in the Japanese primary basalts gradually decreases in radiogenic character in a transverse from the Pacific Ocean side to the Japan Sea side, whereas the observed
Investigations were made of a landslide at the Dillon Dam site, Dillon, Colo., that included detailed laboratory and field analyses of the mineralogy, chemistry, and physical properties of landslide materials and the bedrock formations from which they were derived. These investigations provide an understanding of the relative importance of various factors contributing to the origin and reactivation of a landslide in overburden resting on the Morrison Formation. The landslide material consists dominantly of an aggregate of large to small angular fragments of quartzite and sandstone from the Dakota Formation, embedded in a matrix of very fine grained to colloidal clayey substances derived mainly from the upper, noncalcareous portion of the Morrison Formation.
During construction of Dillon Dam and associated structures, excavation of the toe of an old, relatively stable landslide adjacent to the left abutment caused renewed movement that threatened engulfment of the intake structure at the portal of the diversion tunnel for the reservoir. Remedial measures included excavation of a large volume of the landslide material and construction of a gravel-fill coffer- dam on bedrock at the toe of the landslide.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0013-7952(69)90004-0","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Wahlstrom, E., and Nichols, T.C., 1969, The morphology and chronology of a landslide near Dillon Dam, Dillon, Colorado: Engineering Geology, v. 3, no. 2, p. 149-174, https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(69)90004-0.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218598,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Dillon Dam","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.45477294921874,\n 39.42452501272267\n ],\n [\n -105.63491821289062,\n 39.42452501272267\n ],\n [\n -105.63491821289062,\n 39.84334044044997\n ],\n [\n -106.45477294921874,\n 39.84334044044997\n ],\n [\n -106.45477294921874,\n 39.42452501272267\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505badede4b08c986b323e6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wahlstrom, E.E.","contributorId":69704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahlstrom","given":"E.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, T. C. Jr.","contributorId":95482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"T.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70009806,"text":"70009806 - 1969 - Extraction of vanadium into isobutyl methyl ketone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T20:21:30.608559","indexId":"70009806","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3517,"text":"Talanta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extraction of vanadium into isobutyl methyl ketone","docAbstract":"Because of its advantages in atomic-absorption spectroscopy, isobutyl methyl ketone was chosen as organic solvent for an extraction study on vanadium. Of eight chelating agents which were evaluated for completeness of extraction, ease of use, working pH range, and freedom from interference, cupferron was judged best.
X-ray analysis of Li+- and K+-saturated samples, differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and chemical analysis of 83 samples enable a distinction to be made between Wyoming, Tatatilla, Otay, Chambers, and non-ideal types of montmorillonite, and between ideal and non-ideal types of beidellite. The Greene-Kelly Li+-test differentiates between the montmorillonites and beidellites. Re-expansion with ethylene glycol after K+-saturation and heating at 300°C depends upon total net layer charge and not upon location of the charge. Wyoming-type montmorillonites characteristically have low net layer charge and re-expand to 17 Å. whereas most other montmorillonites and beidellites have a higher net layer charge and re-expand to less than 17 Å.
Major differences in dehydroxylation temperatures cannot be related consistently to the amount of Al3+-for-Si4+ substitution, nor to the amount of Mg, Fe, type of interlayer cations, or particle size. The major factor controlling temperature of dehydroxylation seems to be the amount of structural (OH). Of 19 samples analyzed by TGA, montmorillonites and the one ideal beidellite that give dehydroxylation endotherms on their DTA curves between 650° and 760°C all contain nearly the ideal amount of 4(OH) per unit cell, but the non-ideal montmorillonites and beidellites that give dehydroxylation peaks between 550° and 600°C do not. Non-ideal beidellites contain more than the ideal amount of structural (OH) and non-ideal montmorillonites seem to contain less, although the low temperature of dehydroxylation of the latter could also be due to other structural defects. Change in X-ray diffraction intensity of the 001 reflection during dehydroxylation suggests that the extra (OH) of beidellite occurs at the apex of SiO4 or AlO4 tetrahedrons with the H+ of the (OH)- polarized toward vacant cation sites in the octahedral sheet.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1969.0170302","usgsCitation":"Schultz, L.G., 1969, Lithium and potassium absorption, dehydroxylation temperature, and structural water content of aluminous smectites: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 17, no. 3, p. 115-149, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1969.0170302.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"149","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219501,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4822e4b0c8380cd67c2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schultz, Leonard Gene","contributorId":19146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schultz","given":"Leonard","email":"","middleInitial":"Gene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010035,"text":"70010035 - 1969 - Alpine-type sensu strictu(ophiolitic) peridotites: Refractory residues from partial melting or igneous sediments? A contribution to the discussion of the paper: \"The origin of ultramafic and ultrabasic rocks\" by P.J. Wyllie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T20:01:36.397359","indexId":"70010035","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alpine-type sensu strictu(ophiolitic) peridotites: Refractory residues from partial melting or igneous sediments? A contribution to the discussion of the paper: \"The origin of ultramafic and ultrabasic rocks\" by P.J. Wyllie","docAbstract":"Although Alpine peridotites and basaltic lavas are widely associated in eugeosynclines and oceanic areas, their genetic ties are obscure. Three major characteristics of olivine-rich Alpine peridotite and dunite—relict cumulus textures, aggregated masses of chromitite, and intimate association with magnesium-rich gabbro — cannot be explained by partial melting of garnet peridotite to form tholeiite. Association of magnesium-rich gabbro with the chromite-bearing and so-called high-temperature Alpine peridotites is believed to present problems that have not been considered by advocates of the partial-melting hypothesis. The chromite-bearing Alpine peridotites and related feldspathic rocks are believed to have formed near the top of the mantle by gravitational differentiation processes which are largely independent of the melting processes that produce basaltic magma at depths of 50 km or more.
Rhenium in molybdenite is separated from molybdenum by distillation of rhenium heptoxide from a perchloric-sulphuric acid mixture. It is concentrated by precipitation of the sulphide and then determined by X-ray fluorescence. From 3 to 1000 μg of rhenium can be measured with a precision generally within 2%. The procedure tolerates larger amounts of molybdenum than the usual colorimetric methods.
Diatoms were collected in four areas of Lake Michigan and in southern Green Bay from April to early November 1965. The flora of the lake was characterized by Fragilaria crotonensis, Tabellaria flocculosa, Melosira islandica, Cyclotella 'glomerata-stelligera,' Cyclotella michiganiana, Asterionella formosa, and Stephanodiscus tenuis. Stephanodiscus niagarae always dominated the diatom biomass in Green Bay; also characteristic of the bay were Melosira granulata, Melosira ambigua, Melosira binderana, Fragilaria capucina, and Fragilaria crotonensis. There was an average of 517 diatoms per ml in the lake and 944 in the bay. Diatom abundance appeared to have one peak in the lake and two in the bay. At times of maximum abundance, optimum depth was usually 5 m. Numbers were greater in Green Bay and the inshore areas than in the offshore areas and appreciably higher near the eastern shore than the western shore of the lake. The higher populations near the eastern shore and in Green Bay appeared to be correlated with higher concentrations of phosphorus and chlorophyll a and lower concentrations of nitrate-N.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.4319/lo.1969.14.3.0423","usgsCitation":"Holland, R.E., 1969, Seasonal fluctuations of Lake Michigan diatoms: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 14, no. 3, p. 423-436, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1969.14.3.0423.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"423","endPage":"436","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480319,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1969.14.3.0423","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131739,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc3eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holland, Ruth E.","contributorId":11996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland","given":"Ruth","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000318,"text":"1000318 - 1969 - Insecticides and the Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:41","indexId":"1000318","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2623,"text":"Limnos","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Insecticides and the Great Lakes","docAbstract":"Cracks in the perfect image of DDT appeared when traces of the insecticide began to show up in a wide variety of organisms throughout the world. As more and more people investigated this problem, it became increasingly evident that terrestrial and aquatic animals were accumulating comparatively high concentrations of DDT from extremely low levels in their environment. It also became apparent that DDT and all of the other chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides were not species-specific, but were toxic to all forms of animal life including man. In 1965, when the Great Lakes Fishery Laboratory of the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries began to monitor pesticide residues in fish from the Great Lakes, it was discovered that the fish contained not only DDT, but also dieldrin, another chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide. Fish from Lake Michigan in particular contained relatively high levels of both of these insecticides; concentrations of DDT were in the parts per million (ppm) range, a factor at least several million times greater than the few parts per trillion found in the water. Two questions presented themselves: first, How did these insecticides get into the water? and second, How did the fish build up such high concentrations in their bodies from such low concentrations in the water?","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Limnos","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Reinert, R.E., 1969, Insecticides and the Great Lakes: Limnos, v. 2, no. 3, p. 3-9.","productDescription":"p. 3-9","startPage":"3","endPage":"9","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133130,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6497ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reinert, Robert E.","contributorId":101214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reinert","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000285,"text":"1000285 - 1969 - Rearing of sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, embryos in distilled water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-06T22:36:47.712241","indexId":"1000285","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1337,"text":"Copeia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rearing of sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, embryos in distilled water","docAbstract":"Most embryological studies of lampreys in the Great Lakes have been conducted with filtered water from Lake Huron. Although this water was entirely satisfactory for the earlier work, the present need for knowledge of the effects of various compounds on embryological development requires that the initial medium be sterile. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether sea lamprey embryos could be successfully reared in distilled water. Mature sea lampreys were collected from the Ocqueoc River, Presque Isle County, Michigan, and transferred to the Hammond Bay Biological Station where eggs were stripped and fertilized according to the method of Piavis. After activation was ascertained to be 90-100% complete, the embryos were washed 3-5 timesexperimentals with commercially obtained U.S.P. distilled water and controls with filtered Lake Huron water.","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH)","doi":"10.2307/1441724","usgsCitation":"Piavis, G.W., and Howell, J.H., 1969, Rearing of sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, embryos in distilled water: Copeia, v. 1969, no. 1, p. 204-205, https://doi.org/10.2307/1441724.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"204","endPage":"205","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128671,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1969","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b2b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piavis, George W.","contributorId":63755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piavis","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howell, John H.","contributorId":39720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howell","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011507,"text":"70011507 - 1969 - A paleomagnetic study of secular variation in New Zealand","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T18:07:51.155521","indexId":"70011507","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A paleomagnetic study of secular variation in New Zealand","docAbstract":"Ancient secular variation in New Zealand was determined from paleomagnetic measurements on 22 volcanic formations with ages of less than 0.68 m.y. The angular standard deviation from the field of an axial dipole is 13.2° with 95% confidence limits between 10.9° and 16.7°. The angular standard deviation of the corresponding virtual geomagnetic poles is 19.6° with confidence limits between 16.2° and 24.7°. These values are larger than those predicted by most models for secular variation. No difference was detected between the angular secular variation in New Zealand and that at the same latitude in North America.
In an attempt to date stone artifacts of Early Man excavated from several sites at the Valsequillo Reservoir, a few kilometers south of Puebla, Mexico, Szabo applied the uranium-series method on bone samples known to be either from the same geologic formation as the sites or in direct association with the artifacts. The geologic context of the bones was studied by Malde, and the archaeological sites were excavated by Irwin-Williams. A date determined for bone associated with an artifact (Caulapan sample M-B-6, see below) agrees with a radiocarbon date for fossil mollusks in the same bed and indicates man's presence more than 20 000 years ago. However, some of these bone dates exceed 200 000 years. Because such dates for man in North America conflict with all prior archaeological evidence here and abroad, we are confronted by a dilemna — either to defend the dates against an onslaught of archaeological thought, or to abandon the uranium method in this application as being so much wasted effort. Faced with these equally undesirable alternatives, and unable to decide where the onus fairly lies (if a choice must be made), we give the uranium-series dates as a possible stimulus for further mutual work in isotopic dating of archaeological material. A sample from the Lindenmeier archaeological site north of Fort Collins and another from a Pleistocene terrace along the Arkansas River, both in Colorado, were also dated.
Rock analyses, determinations of major and minor constituents, and determinations of 57 trace elements reported by analysts throughout the world are presented for the new series of U.S. Geological Survey rock samples. Averages for both the constituents generally reported in a rock analysis and the trace elements are given. Variances of the distributions of data by rock analysts for several oxides in G-2 are compared with similar variances for G-l.
Paired fecal samples and peritoneal washes were taken from 300 18-month-old brook trout for determining their relative value in detecting IPN virus. The testing of feces revealed 14 times as many carriers as were found by peritoneal washes. Initial examinations showed at least 63% of the fish to be carriers of the virus, but 30% more were detected in four additional tests. Fecal output of virus from 37 fish was quantified up to five times during a period of 7 months which included the spawning season. Although there were exceptions, fish with high outputs of virus tended to maintain that level, and low titer carriers tended to yield small amounts, and in some instances, no virus. Tests of fecal extracts which were pooled from 5, 10, and 15 fish showed that virus was readily detected in all three. For economy and efficiency, the use of 10- or 15-sample pools is recommended for determining the presence of IPN in fish.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/f69-136","usgsCitation":"Billi, J., and Wolf, K., 1969, Quantitative comparison of peritoneal washes and feces for detecting infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus in carrier brook trout: Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, v. 26, no. 6, p. 1459-1465, https://doi.org/10.1139/f69-136.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1459","endPage":"1465","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130568,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a86e4b07f02db64dbc2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Billi, J.L.","contributorId":31713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Billi","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolf, K.","contributorId":16344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011612,"text":"70011612 - 1969 - Surface area of vermiculite with nitrogen and carbon dioxide as adsorbates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-25T14:36:50","indexId":"70011612","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface area of vermiculite with nitrogen and carbon dioxide as adsorbates","docAbstract":"Surface-area studies were made on several homoionic vermiculites with both nitrogen and carbon dioxide as adsorbates. These studies show that only very slight penetration occurs between individual vermiculite platelets. This is in contrast to an earlier investigation of montmorillonite where it was found that the degree of penetration between layers is quite high, particularly for carbon dioxide, and is governed by the size and charge of the interlayer cation. The inability of these adsorbates to penetrate substantially between vermiculite platelets is due primarily to this mineral's high surface-charge density.
The extent of penetration of nitrogen and carbon dioxide at the edges of vermiculite platelets, though slight, is influenced by the coordinated water retained within the sample at a given degassing temperature. Forces between layers are weakened with increasing water content, which permits slightly greater penetration by adsorbate gases. Thus, the surface area of vermiculite, as determined by gas adsorption, is larger than the calculated external surface area based upon particle size and shape considerations. In addition, \"extra\" surface is provided by the lifting and scrolling of terminal platelets. These morphological features are shown in scanning electron micrographs of a naturally occuring vermiculite.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1969.0170403","usgsCitation":"Thomas, J., and Bohor, B., 1969, Surface area of vermiculite with nitrogen and carbon dioxide as adsorbates: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 17, no. 4, p. 205-209, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1969.0170403.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"205","endPage":"209","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220851,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9f95e4b08c986b31e6b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Josephus Jr.","contributorId":11755,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thomas","given":"Josephus","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohor, Bruce F.","contributorId":104823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohor","given":"Bruce F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011611,"text":"70011611 - 1969 - Heat flow measurements on the southeast coast of Australia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T17:55:48.524254","indexId":"70011611","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heat flow measurements on the southeast coast of Australia","docAbstract":"Three boreholes have been drilled for the Australian National University near the southeast coast of New South Wales, Australia. The heat flows found are 1.1, 1.0, and 1.3 μcal/cm2sec. The errors resulting from the proximity of the sea and a lake, surface temperature change, conductivity structure and water flow have been examined. The radioactive heat production in some of the intrusive rocks of the area have also been measured. The heat flows are much lower than the values of about 2.0 found elsewhere in south eastern Australia. The lower values appear to be part of a distinct heat flow province in eastern Australia.
Progress in the development of equipment and techniques for making rapid measurements of moisture movement through the atmosphere over a large area is described. Airborne sensing elements measure relative humidity, temperature, and air currents. These data are telemetered to a ground-based station and recorded. A radar unit tracks the aircraft and electronically plots its position on a base map of the area being studied. Thus the distribution of atmospheric conditions can be directly related to the underlying terrain and vegetation features.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Edwards Underground Water District","usgsCitation":"Puente, C., 1969, Ground-water discharge from the Edwards and associated limestones, San Antonio area, Texas, 1968: Edwards Underground Water District Bulletin 20, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326765,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b58ad1e4b03bcb0104bbc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Puente, Celso","contributorId":36140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puente","given":"Celso","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}