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The county contains a third of the 3 million people in Washington, most of the population being concentrated in the Seattle metropolitan area. </p><p>King County includes parts of two major physiographic features: the western area is part of the Puget Sound Lowland, and the eastern area is part of the Cascade Range. In these two areas, the terrain, weather, and natural resources (including water) contrast markedly. </p><p>Average annual precipitation in the county is about 80 inches, ranging from about 30 inches near Puget Sound to more than 150 inches in parts of the Cascades. Annual evapotranspiration is estimated to range from 15 to 24 inches. </p><p>Average annual runoff ranges from about 15 inches in the lowlands to more than 100 inches in the mountains. Most of the streamflow is in the major basins of the county--the Green-Duwamish, Lake Washington, and Snoqualmie basins. The largest of these is the Snoqualmie River basin (693 square miles), where average annual runoff during the period 1931-60 was about 79 inches. During the same period, annual runoff in the Lake Washington basin ( 607 square miles) averaged about 32 inches, and in the Green-Duwamish River basin (483 square miles), about 46 inches. Seasonal runoff is generally characterized by several high-flow periods in the winter, medium flows in the spring, and sustained low flows in the summer and fall. </p><p>When floods occur in the county they come almost exclusively between October and March. The threat of flood damage is greatest on the flood plaits of the larger rivers, but in the Green-Duwamish Valley the threat was greatly reduced with the completion of Howard A. Hanson Dam in 1962. In the Snoqualmie River basin, where no such dam exists, the potential damage from a major flood increases each year as additional land is developed in the Snoqualmie Valley. </p><p>Only moderate amounts of sediment are transported by most streams in the county, except during short periods of heavy rain in the winter. The temperature and chemical quality of surface waters are well suited to the requirements of fisheries and for municipal, industrial, and domestic supplies. Little treatment is needed for most uses of surface water, except where the water is subject to pollution. </p><p>Most recoverable ground water in the county occurs in the Puget Sound Lowland, where great volumes of unconsolidated sedimentary deposits were left by the continental glaciers of the Pleistocene Epoch. Bedrock, most of which is in the Cascade Range, contains very little ground water. Numerous springs, largely undeveloped, occur in several parts of the county. </p><p>Most of the ground water is of good to excellent quality except for excessive iron, which in some places may require treatment of the water before it is suitable for domestic or industrial use. </p><p>Excluding water used for hydroelectric-power, recreation, and fisheries, more than 80 percent of the water used in the county is provided by municipal-supply systems. Each of the major river basins includes municipal watersheds that provide large supplies of excellent water. By the 1980's, more than 90 percent of the county's population will probably be served by the Seattle municipal supply. With full development, Seattle's water system would have a capacity sufficient to supply more than 2 million people with 300 gallons per person per day. Most industrial and commercial establishments in the county obtain water from public supply systems. </p><p>The most serious water problem in the county at present (1965) is the threat of pollution in the densely populated areas. The immediate threat in the Seattle area is being reduced by the sewage-treatment program of the Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle, which will eliminate the discharge of waste into Lake Washington. Expected increases in population and industry will introduce new problems that will require additional planning to assure adequate water quality for fisheries, recreation, and other uses.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1852","usgsCitation":"Richardson, D., Bingham, J., Madison, R.J., and Williams, R., 1968, Water resources of King County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1852, Report: v, 74 p.; 2 Plates: 20.00 x 22.80 inches and 20.00 x 19.24 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1852.","productDescription":"Report: v, 74 p.; 2 Plates: 20.00 x 22.80 inches and 20.00 x 19.24 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411295,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25068.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":28866,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1852/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28865,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1852/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28864,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1852/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137575,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1852/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"King 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J.","contributorId":84734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madison","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, R.","contributorId":7686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1036,"text":"wsp1848 - 1968 - Ground-water resources of the Sevier River basin between Yuba Dam and Leamington Canyon, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-04T17:03:37","indexId":"wsp1848","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1848","title":"Ground-water resources of the Sevier River basin between Yuba Dam and Leamington Canyon, Utah","docAbstract":"<p>The area investigated is a segment of the Sevier River basin, Utah, comprising about 900 square miles and including a 19-mile reach of the Sevier River between Yuba Dam and Leamington Canyon. The larger valleys in the area are southern Juab, Round, and Scipio Valleys. The smaller valleys are Mills, Little, Dog, and Tinctic Wash Valleys.</p><p>The geology of parts of Scipio, Little, and Mills Valleys and parts of the surrounding highlands was mapped and studied to explain the occurrence of numerous sinkholes in the thre valleys and to show their relation to the large springs in Mills Valley. The sinkholes, which are formed in the alluvium, are alined along faults, which penetrate both the alluvium and the underlying bedrock, and they have been formed by collapse of solution cavities in the underlying bedrock. The bedrock is mostly sandy limestone beds of the upper part of the North Horn Formation and of the Flagstaff Limestone. The numerous faults traversing Scipio Valley in a north-northeasterly direction trend directly toward Molter and Blue Springs in Mills Valley. One fault, which can be traced directly between the springs, probably is the principal channelway for the ground water moving from Scipio and Little Valleys to the springs.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1848","usgsCitation":"Bjorklund, L.J., and Robinson, G.B., 1968, Ground-water resources of the Sevier River basin between Yuba Dam and Leamington Canyon, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1848, Report: v, 79 p.; 2 Plates: 16.00 in. x 18.72 in. and 24.00 in. x 19.73 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1848.","productDescription":"Report: v, 79 p.; 2 Plates: 16.00 in. x 18.72 in. and 24.00 in. x 19.73 in.","numberOfPages":"83","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":137968,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1848/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25675,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1848/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Reconnaissance geologic map of parts of Scipio, Little, and Mills valleys, Sevier River Basin, Utah"},{"id":25676,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1848/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Map showing hydrology and chemical quality of water, Sevier River basin between Yuba Dam and Leamington Canyon, Utah, 1963"},{"id":25677,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1848/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Leamington Canyon, Sevier River basin, Yuba Dam","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a666","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bjorklund, Louis Jay","contributorId":21138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bjorklund","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"Jay","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, Gerald B. Jr.","contributorId":91837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Gerald","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2819,"text":"wsp1869D - 1968 - Determination of discharge during pulsating flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:27","indexId":"wsp1869D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1869","chapter":"D","title":"Determination of discharge during pulsating flow","docAbstract":"Pulsating flow in an open channel is a manifestation of unstable-flow conditions in which a series of translatory waves of perceptible magnitude develops and moves rapidly downstream. Pulsating flow is a matter of concern in the design and operation of steep-gradient channels. If it should occur at high stages in a channel designed for stable flow, the capacity of the channel may be inadequate at a discharge that is much smaller than that for which the channel was designed. If the overriding translatory wave carries an appreciable part of the total flow, conventional stream-gaging procedures cannot be used to determine the discharge; neither the conventional instrumentation nor conventional methodology is adequate. \r\n\r\nA method of determining the discharge during pulsating flow was tested in the Santa Anita Wash flood control channel in Arcadia, Calif., April 16, 1965. Observations of the dimensions and velocities of translatory waves were made during a period of controlled reservoir releases of about 100, 200, and 300 cfs (cubic feet per second). The method of computing discharge was based on (1) computation of the discharge in the overriding waves and (2) computation of the discharge in the shallow-depth, or overrun, part of the flow. Satisfactory results were obtained by this method. However, the procedure used-separating the flow into two components and then treating the shallow-depth component as though it were steady--has no theoretical basis. It is simply an expedient for use until laboratory investigation can provide a satisfactory analytical solution to the problem of computing discharge during pulsating flow. \r\n\r\nSixteen months prior to the test in Santa Anita Wash, a robot camera had been designed .and programmed to obtain the data needed to compute discharge by the method described above. The photographic equipment had been installed in Haines Creek flood control channel in Los Angeles, Calif., but it had not been completely tested because of the infrequency of flow in that channel. Because the Santa Anita Wash tests afforded excellent data for analysis, further development of the photographic ,technique at Haines Creek was discontinued. \r\n\r\nThree methods for obtaining the data needed to compute discharge during pulsating flow are proposed. In two of the methods--the photographic method and the depth-recorder method--the dimensions and velocities of translatory waves are recorded, and discharge is then computed by the procedure developed in this report. The third method?the constant-rate-dye-dilution method--yields the discharge more directly. The discharge is computed from the dye-injection rate and the ratio of the concentration of dye in the injected solution to the concentration of dye in the water sampled at a site downstream. The three methods should be developed and tested in ,the Santa Anita Wash flood control channel under controlled conditions similar to those in the test of April 1965.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1869D","usgsCitation":"Thompson, T.H., 1968, Determination of discharge during pulsating flow: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1869, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1869D.","productDescription":"22 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1869d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29376,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1869d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6676aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, T. H.","contributorId":23927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1050,"text":"wsp1858 - 1968 - Use of water by riparian vegetation, Cottonwood Wash, Arizona","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":52443,"text":"ofr6519 - 1965 - Use of water by reparian vegetation, Cottonwood Wash, Arizona - A summary","indexId":"ofr6519","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Use of water by reparian vegetation, Cottonwood Wash, Arizona - A summary"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1050,"text":"wsp1858 - 1968 - Use of water by riparian vegetation, Cottonwood Wash, Arizona","indexId":"wsp1858","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"title":"Use of water by riparian vegetation, Cottonwood Wash, Arizona"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-21T16:44:19.164517","indexId":"wsp1858","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1858","title":"Use of water by riparian vegetation, Cottonwood Wash, Arizona","docAbstract":"The change in water use as a result of the modification of riparian vegetation was measured in Cottonwood Wash, Mohave County, Ariz. A 4.1-mile length of the stream channel was selected and divided into a 2.6-mile upper reach and a 1.5-mile lower reach. Measurements of streamflow, ground-water levels, vegetation, and meteorological phenomena in the area defined the use of water by riparian vegetation under natural hydrologic conditions. Subsequent defoliation and eradication of the vegetation in the lower reach permitted the determination of the change in water use as a result of the modification. The computed average loss of water from the lower reach before modification was 80 acre-feet per growing season, a quantity which represented about 18 percent of the average flow entering the reach in the same period. The average loss after modification of the vegetation was 42 acre-feet per growing season, a quantity which represented about 12 percent of the average flow entering the reach in the same period.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1858","usgsCitation":"Bowie, J.E., and Kam, W., 1968, Use of water by riparian vegetation, Cottonwood Wash, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1858, Report: iv, 62 p.; 1 Plate: 26.50 x 22.0 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1858.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 62 p.; 1 Plate: 26.50 x 22.0 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390744,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25078.htm"},{"id":25716,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1858/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25715,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1858/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137941,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1858/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"12000","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Mohave County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -113.53333333,\n              35.15\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.45,\n              35.15\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.45,\n              35.2\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.53333333,\n              35.2\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.53333333,\n              35.15\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604255","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowie, James E.","contributorId":29393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowie","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kam, William","contributorId":85159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kam","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2778,"text":"wsp1608I - 1968 - Fresh and saline ground-water zones in the Punjab region, West Pakistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:29","indexId":"wsp1608I","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1608","chapter":"I","title":"Fresh and saline ground-water zones in the Punjab region, West Pakistan","docAbstract":"An extensive program of test drilling and water sampling, undertaken by the Water and Soils Investigation Division (WASID) of the West Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) to evaluate hydrologic problems related to waterlogging and soil salinity, has furnished data for the delineation of fresh and saline ground-water zones in the Punjab region of West Pakistan. Fresh ground water containing generally less than 500 ppm (parts per million) of total dissolved solids is found in wide belts paralleling the major rivers and in other areas of ground-water recharge. The fresh groundwater zone of upper (northeastern) Rechna Doab, where annual precipitation in places exceeds 30 inches, is the most extensive of the Punjab region and attains a depth of 1,700 feet or more below land surface near Gujranwala. Fresh ground water adjacent to the Indus River extends locally to depths of about \r\nl,500 feet. \r\n\r\nSaline ground water occurs downgradient from sources of recharge, particularly in the central parts of the interfluvial areas. Also, available data indicate a gradual increase in mineralization with depth and distance from sources of fresh-water recharge. Thus, even extensive fresh-water zones appear to be underlain, at variable depths, by saline ground water in most of the Punjab region. The saline ground waters of the Punjab region do not constitute, however, a distinct salt-water body that can be defined in terms of stratigraphic position, sea-level datum, particular lithology, or by chemical character. \r\n\r\nThe ground waters of the Punjab region are characterized by a gradation from calcium magnesium bicarbonate types, near the sources of recharge, to waters containing a dominant proportion of sodium. Water containing from 500 to 1,000 ppm is commonly of the sodium bicarbonate type, or it may be of the mixed type, having about equal proportions of the common anions (bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate). With increasing mineralization from about 1,000 to 3,000 ppm, ,the relative proportion of chloride and sulfate increases, and these waters are generally of the sodium chloride or sodium sulfate type. The highly mineralized waters of the Punjab region are generally of the sodium chloride type, whereas in Dera Ismail (D.I.) Khan District sodium sulfate waters predominate. The ground waters from more than 900 sampling sites have been classified into eight types, according to dominant cations and anions. These types have been further subdivided into groups containing different amounts of total dissolved solids. \r\n\r\nThe pattern of distribution of saline ground-water zones in the Punjab region and the observed gradual increase in mineral content, downgradient from sources of fresh-water recharge, can be explained best by the processes of evaporation from the water table and solution of minerals within the alluvial aquifer.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1608I","usgsCitation":"Swarzenski, W., 1968, Fresh and saline ground-water zones in the Punjab region, West Pakistan: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1608, iii, 24 p. :ill. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1608I.","productDescription":"iii, 24 p. :ill. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138679,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608i/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29226,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608i/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29227,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608i/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29228,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608i/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29229,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608i/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a83a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swarzenski, W.V.","contributorId":80243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"W.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2614,"text":"wsp1757J - 1968 - Ground-water geology of Kordofan Province, Sudan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:28","indexId":"wsp1757J","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1757","chapter":"J","title":"Ground-water geology of Kordofan Province, Sudan","docAbstract":"For much of Kordofan Province, surface-water supplies collected and stored in hafirs, fulas, and tebeldi trees are almost completely appropriated for present needs, and water from wells must serve as the base for future economic and cultural development. This report describes the results of a reconnaissance hydrogeologic investigation of the Province and the nature and distribution of the ground-water resources with respect to their availability for development. Kordofan Province, in central Sudan, lies within the White Nile-Nile River drainage basin. The land surface is largely a plain of low relief; jebels (hills) occur sporadically, and sandy soils are common in most areas except in the south where clayey soils predominate. Seasonal rainfall, ranging from less than 100 millimeters in the north to about 800 millimeters in the south, occurs almost entirely during the summer months, but little runoff ever reaches the Nile or White Nile Rivers. \r\n\r\nThe rocks beneath the surficial depsits (Pleistocene to Recent) in the Province comprise the basement complex (Precambrian), Nawa Series (upper Paleozoic), Nubian Series (Mesozoic), laterite (lower to middle Tertiary), and the Umm Ruwaba Series (Pliocene to Pleistocene). \r\n\r\nPerennial ground-water supplies in the Province are found chiefly in five hydrologic units, each having distinct geologic or hydrologic characteristics. These units occur in Nubian or Umm Ruwaba strata or both, and the sandstone and conglomerate beds form the :principal aquifers. The water is generally under slight artesian head, and the upper surface of the zone of saturation ranges from about 50 meters to 160 meters below land surface. The surficial deposits and basement rocks are generally poor sources of ground water in most of the Province. Supplies from such sources are commonly temporary and may dissipate entirely during the dry season. Locally, however, perennial supplies are obtained from the surficial deposits and from the basement rocks. \r\n\r\nGenerally, water from Nubian aquifers is satisfactory for most uses and is of better quality than that obtained from Umm Ruwaba aquifers. The relatively high mineralization of water from the Umm Ruwaba, especially in the eastern \r\npart of the Province, makes the water unsuitable for many municipal ad industrial uses. The water is generally usable, however, for domestic and livestock purposes. \r\n\r\nSome 175 drilled wells located at 75 water yards yield an average, of about 1,000 imperial gallons .per hour per well from Nubian or Umm Ruwaba. aquifers. Generally the water yards provide sufficient water for minimum domestic and livestock requirements throughout the year. Commonly, however, the water yards are widely separated and, hence, not always properly spaced for good range management or for serving the needs of the dispersed rural population. In 1962, withdrawals from Nubian and Umm Ruwaba aquifers in the Province were approximately 600 million gallons annually. This rate of draft: could probably be continued almost indefinitely without significant depletion of the water supply. Nubian and Umm Ruwaba aquifers in the southwestern part of Kordofan offer excellent potential for future development. Nubian aquifers in northern Kordofan need extensive exploration by test drilling before their economic potential can be properly evaluated.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1757J","usgsCitation":"Rodis, H.G., Hassan, A., and Wahadan, L., 1968, Ground-water geology of Kordofan Province, Sudan: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1757, iv, 48 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1757J.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757j/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28903,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757j/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28904,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757j/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668d8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodis, Harry G.","contributorId":25141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodis","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hassan, Abdulla","contributorId":102866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hassan","given":"Abdulla","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wahadan, Lutfi","contributorId":64231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahadan","given":"Lutfi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":2616,"text":"wsp1663C - 1968 - Ground-water resources of the Acu Valley, Rio Grande Norte, Brazil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:28","indexId":"wsp1663C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1663","chapter":"C","title":"Ground-water resources of the Acu Valley, Rio Grande Norte, Brazil","docAbstract":"The Acu Valley is the lower part of the Rio Piranhas valley in the northwestern part of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. It begins where the Rio Piranhas leaves the crystalline Precambrian rocks to flow across the outcrop of sedimentary rocks. The area considered in this report extends northward for about 45 kilometers; it is terminated arbitrarily where encroachment by sea water has contaminated the aquifer and imparted a disagreeable saline taste to the water in it. The boundary was not determined in the field, however, for lack of special equipment. Part of the extensive uplands on either side of the valley are included. This makes the total area approximately 2,500 square kilometers. The largest town, Acu, had a population of about 8,000 in 1960. \r\n\r\nThe area is considered to be part of the Drought Polygon of northeast Brazil because the precipitation, although averaging 448 millimeters annually at Acu, varies widely from year to year and often is deficient for many months. The precipitation has been supplemented by use of irrigation wells, but irrigated agriculture is not yet far advanced, and the quantities of water used in irrigation are small. \r\n\r\nGeologically, the area consists of basement crystalline rocks (Precambrian), a wedge of sedimentary rocks thickening northward (Cretaceous), and alluvial sediments constituting a narrow band in the bottom of the valley (Alluvium and terrace deposits). The crystalline rocks contain water mainly in fractures and, in general, are impermeable. The sedimentary rocks of Cretaceous age comprise two units: a thick but fine-grained sandstone grading upward into siltstone and shale (Acu Sandstone), and limestone and dolomite with an included shale zone (Jandaira Limestone). The sandstone especially and the limestone to a lesser degree are ground-water reservoirs of large capacity. The limestone has been tapped at several places, but the sandstone and its contained water are practically untested and, hence, imperfectly understood. \r\n\r\nThe alluvium of the first terrace is the aquifer supplying most of the ground water being used in the area. Wells in the alluvium yield as much as S0,000 liters per hour. Larger yields probably could be obtained from wells designated to take full advantage of the aquifer. There are in the valley about 300 dug wells which are used for irrigation. Half of these are equipped with pumps and engines. The rest, together with about 500 drive-point wells, are equipped with manual or windmill-driven pumps. In addition to irrigation, the water is used in homes and for cattle. The quantities of water currently used in irrigation are relatively small, both per hectare and in the area as a whole, but .this will probably increase substantially when intensive irrigation becomes a reality. The annual pumpage from the alluvium, nearly constant since 1959, was about 2.5 million cubic meters in 1964, which is only about 90 cubic meters from each hectare-meter of saturated alluvium. This amount would lower the water table about 1 meter in 11 years, if there were no recharge. Actually, no such decline is likely to occur, because the recharge from precipitation alone is estimated to be more than enough to replace the water currently being pumped. \r\n\r\nChemical analyses of eight samples show that the ground water in the alluvium is acceptable for most uses. The water in the Acu Sandstone and Jandazra Limestone is more mineralized than that in the alluvium and at some places, at least, is not acceptable for human consumption. The available chemical data on this water, however, are not adequate to judge fully the quality of the water in these formations. \r\n\r\nIt is estimated that about .'22 million cubic meters of water would be needed annually if irrigation were extended to all the bottom land, which totals about 25,000 hectares. This amount is only one-fourth to one-half the estimated recharge from precipitation alone. The present rate of application of water is very low ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1663C","usgsCitation":"Rodis, H.G., and de Castro Araujo, J.M., 1968, Ground-water resources of the Acu Valley, Rio Grande Norte, Brazil: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1663, iv, 34 p. :ill. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1663C.","productDescription":"iv, 34 p. :ill. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138848,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1663c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28907,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1663c/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28908,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1663c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d564","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodis, Harry G.","contributorId":25141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodis","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"de Castro Araujo, Jonas Maria.","contributorId":72648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"de Castro Araujo","given":"Jonas","email":"","middleInitial":"Maria.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1785,"text":"wsp1876 - 1968 - Geology and ground-water resources of the lower Bighorn Valley, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:23","indexId":"wsp1876","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1876","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the lower Bighorn Valley, Montana","docAbstract":"The Bighorn River has incised a deep, broad valley in Cretaceous strata along its 65-mile lower reach below the mouth of Bighorn Canyon in south-central Montana. It ceased downcutting at six different levels 100-200 feet apart, widening its flood plain and alluviating each level with about 30 feet of sandy gravel. These deposits are the only economic source of ground water in large areas of the valley where the underlying bedrock consists of relatively impermeable shale to great depths. Ground water in the alluvium is hard and in the irrigated lowlands is highly mineralized at those places where drainage is slow and discharge by evapotranspiration is great. \r\n\r\nThree bedrock sandstone aquifers are present at moderate depths along three separate reaches of the valley. The sandstones yield soft, moderately to highly mineralized water that contains a high percent sodium. \r\n\r\nWells in alluvial gravel of the irrigated lowlands can yield 100 gallons per minute at many places because the alluvium is fairly permeable and is readily recharged by infiltration of applied irrigation water, canal seepage, and ground water moving into the lowlands from the alluvium of tributary coulees. Seepage from the Two Leggins Canal in the central area probably is large. \r\n\r\nAlluvial gravel deposits have been mantled by thick alluvial and colluvial deposits of silty clay or silt that thin riverward. These fine-grained deposits drain slowly and confine ground water in alluvial gravel under artesian pressure at many places in the irrigated lowlands of the central and southern areas. The piezometric surface is close to the land surface at many places in the central area, and capillary rise and evapotranspiration in waterlogged ground has produced agriculturally harmful alkali deposits. \r\n\r\nWaterlogging of presently irrigated land in the central area will become more widespread if irrigation is extended to higher terraces to the west unless drainage ditches are installed along the base of high-terrace alluvium to intercept increased seepage and spring discharge. Additional provisions also may be required to intercept water moving through the alluvium of coulees.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey; for sale by the Supt. of Docs.] U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1876","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, L.J., and Paulson, Q., 1968, Geology and ground-water resources of the lower Bighorn Valley, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1876, v, 39 p. :illus., maps (1 fold. col. in pocket) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1876.","productDescription":"v, 39 p. :illus., maps (1 fold. col. in pocket) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138376,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1876/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26919,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1876/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26920,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1876/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6854f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, Louis J.","contributorId":53768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paulson, Q.F.","contributorId":107259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paulson","given":"Q.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2627,"text":"wsp1820 - 1968 - Summary of floods in the United States during 1962","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-04T16:53:29","indexId":"wsp1820","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1820","title":"Summary of floods in the United States during 1962","docAbstract":"<p>This report describes the most outstanding floods in the United Spates during 1962. The most damaging floods during the year occurred in February in southern Idaho and northern Nevada and Utah, and during the latter part of February and the early part of March in Kentucky and in the Cumberland River basin in Tennessee.</p><p>The floods in Idaho and adjacent areas of Nevada and Utah resulted from a combination of prolonged low-intensity rainfall, moderate amounts of snow on low-altitude areas, a period of high temperatures, and a glaze of ice over deeply frozen ground. The floods affected some of the most valuable agricultural land in the region and some of the most heavily populated areas in Idaho. Damage in Idaho was estimated at more than \\$7 million.</p><p>The floods in Kentucky and Tennessee were caused by two storms; precipitation exceeded 7 inches at places during the second storm. Damage in Kentucky totaled about \\$7 million.</p><p>Recordbreaking snowmelt floods occurred in March and April in southeastern South Dakota and adjacent areas. Many peak discharges were much greater than those that can be expected to occur on an average of once in 25 years. Peak discharges on the Floyd River and the Big Sioux River were the greatest snowmelt floods since 1881. Damage in South Dakota was estimated at \\$4 million.</p><p>Heavy rains during May and intense rains in early June caused flooding in Minnesota on tributaries of the Red River of the North. Peak discharges exceeded previous maximums at some areas in the basins of the Buffalo, Clearwater, and Wild Rice Rivers. Damage from the floods of May and June in Minnesota was about \\$5 million.</p><p>The greatest flood since 1920 in Rapid City, S. Dak., caused at out $600,000 damage in July. The great runoff of 3,300 cubic feet per second, from a relatively small area downstream from Pactola Reservoir, resulted from rainfall having an intensity greater than that for a 100-year recurrence interval.</p><p>Floods caused almost \\$3 million damage in three river basins' in western Florida in September. The greatest damage was in Sarasota where from 3 to 7 feet of water flooded homes and stores. About 70,000 acres of farmland and woodland was inundated.</p><p>Unusual floods of September in southern Arizona flooded areas up to 10 miles wide. Damage, which totaled about \\$3 million, was almost entirely to farms, as the flood area is sparsely populated.</p><p>In addition to the floods just mentioned, 15 others of lesser magnitude are considered outstanding enough to be included in this annual summary.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1820","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Federal, State, and local agencies","usgsCitation":"Rostvedt, J., 1968, Summary of floods in the United States during 1962: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1820, vii, 134 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1820.","productDescription":"vii, 134 p.","numberOfPages":"142","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":28944,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1820/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138161,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1820/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699283","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rostvedt, J.O.","contributorId":24757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostvedt","given":"J.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1765,"text":"wsp1857 - 1968 - Water resources of Grant and Hot Spring Counties, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:15","indexId":"wsp1857","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1857","title":"Water resources of Grant and Hot Spring Counties, Arkansas","docAbstract":"In Grant and Hot Spring Counties the Ouachita, Saline, and Caddo Rivers yield large quantities of soft, good-quality water. Small streams in southeastern Hot Spring County and some of the small streams in the Ouachita \r\n\r\nMountains have relatively high base flow; in Grant County small streams yield little water during dry periods. At times, sewage and mine drainage pollute the Ouachiba River from the Garland County line to a point a few miles below Lake Catherine. At low flow, Hurricane Creek water is unfit for most uses. The Sparta Sand, the principal aquifer, yields as much as 8.50 gpm of soft water in Grant County. The Carrizo Sand and Cane River Formation are potentially important aquifers in Grant County and southeastern Hot Spring County. The Wilcox Group yields as much as 300 gpm of fresh water in southeastern Hot Spring County and southwestern Grant County; in the rest of \r\n\r\nGrant County its water is brackish. The alluvium along .the principal streams and ,the consolidated rocks of the Ouachita Mountains yield small quantities of water that vary in quality from place to place. Some of .the water from the alluvium has high nitrate content and may be a hazard to health.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1857","usgsCitation":"Halberg, H., Bryant, C.T., and Hines, M.S., 1968, Water resources of Grant and Hot Spring Counties, Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1857, v, 64 p. :illus., maps (part col.) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1857.","productDescription":"v, 64 p. :illus., maps (part col.) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110027,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25077.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25077"},{"id":137139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1857/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26880,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1857/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26881,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1857/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26882,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1857/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26883,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1857/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26884,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1857/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26885,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1857/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26886,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1857/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649433","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Halberg, Henry N.","contributorId":19929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halberg","given":"Henry N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bryant, Charles T.","contributorId":8438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryant","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, Marion S.","contributorId":29388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"Marion","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":2227,"text":"wsp1680 - 1968 - Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States, part 6–B. Missouri River basin below Sioux City, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-04T19:47:54.919646","indexId":"wsp1680","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1680","title":"Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States, part 6–B. Missouri River basin below Sioux City, Iowa","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1680","usgsCitation":"Matthai, H., 1968, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States, part 6–B. Missouri River basin below Sioux City, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1680, Report: xviii, 491 p.; 1 Plate: 40.00 × 19.82 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1680.","productDescription":"Report: xviii, 491 p.; 1 Plate: 40.00 × 19.82 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":395472,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24889.htm"},{"id":265380,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1680/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":27977,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1680/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137711,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1680/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -109,\n              37.05\n            ],\n            [\n              -91,\n              37.05\n            ],\n            [\n              -91,\n              43.667\n            ],\n            [\n              -109,\n              43.667\n            ],\n            [\n              -109,\n              37.05\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6495fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matthai, H. F.","contributorId":101640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matthai","given":"H. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2663,"text":"wsp1871 - 1968 - Water data for metropolitan areas: A summary of data from 222 areas in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-04T17:17:27","indexId":"wsp1871","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1871","title":"Water data for metropolitan areas: A summary of data from 222 areas in the United States","docAbstract":"Expansion of metropolitan areas poses persistent problems in management of the hydrologic environment. Adequate hydrologic data are prerequisite to proper planning and engineering design of urban environments. Some such data are available and are tabulated for each Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area in the United States. Information for each area consists of (1) data on size and population, (2) a short statement of the hydrology of the area, (3) a summary of current data-collection activities in the area, (4) a listing of current U.S. Geological Survey investigational projects in the area, and (5) a short listing of reports relating to the hydrology of the area.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1871","usgsCitation":"1968, Water data for metropolitan areas: A summary of data from 222 areas in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1871, v, 397 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1871.","productDescription":"v, 397 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138229,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1871/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29000,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1871/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa1cf","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Schneider, William Joseph","contributorId":104466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Joseph","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":709488,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1306,"text":"wsp1696F - 1968 - Isotopic analysis of uranium in natural waters by alpha spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:17","indexId":"wsp1696F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1696","chapter":"F","title":"Isotopic analysis of uranium in natural waters by alpha spectrometry","docAbstract":"A method is described for the determination of U234/U238 activity ratios for uranium present in natural waters. The uranium is coprecipitated from solution with aluminum phosphate, extracted into ethyl acetate, further purified by ion exchange, and finally electroplated on a titanium disc for counting. The individual isotopes are determined by measurement of the alpha-particle energy spectrum using a high resolution low-background alpha spectrometer. Overall chemical recovery of about 90 percent and a counting efficiency of 25 percent allow analyses of water samples containing as little as 0.10 ?g/l of uranium. The accuracy of the method is limited, on most samples, primarily by counting statistics.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1696F","usgsCitation":"Edwards, K., 1968, Isotopic analysis of uranium in natural waters by alpha spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1696, iv, 26 p. :ill. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1696F.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p. :ill. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1696f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26339,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1696f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db667025","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, K.W.","contributorId":14375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2671,"text":"wsp1798E - 1968 - Sedimentation in the Piru Creek watershed, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:25","indexId":"wsp1798E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1798","chapter":"E","title":"Sedimentation in the Piru Creek watershed, southern California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1798E","usgsCitation":"Scott, K.M., Ritter, J.R., and Knott, J.M., 1968, Sedimentation in the Piru Creek watershed, southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1798, vi, 48 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1798E.","productDescription":"vi, 48 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138258,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1798e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29022,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1798e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fbc55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, Kevin M.","contributorId":88331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":145588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ritter, John R.","contributorId":75508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritter","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knott, J. M.","contributorId":77909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1303,"text":"wsp1757G - 1968 - Regional geology and ground-water hydrology of the Sahil Susah area, Tunisia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:13","indexId":"wsp1757G","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1757","chapter":"G","title":"Regional geology and ground-water hydrology of the Sahil Susah area, Tunisia","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1757G","usgsCitation":"Dutcher, L., and Thomas, H.E., 1968, Regional geology and ground-water hydrology of the Sahil Susah area, Tunisia: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1757, iv, 53 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1757G.","productDescription":"iv, 53 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757g/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26331,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757g/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26332,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757g/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26333,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757g/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26334,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757g/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26335,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757g/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ce4b07f02db613d54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dutcher, L.C.","contributorId":42191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dutcher","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, H. E.","contributorId":12829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2256,"text":"wsp1845 - 1968 - Ground-water levels in the United States, 1961-65, northwestern states","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":46303,"text":"ofr62116 - 1962 - Maps showing water-level changes in six areas in Utah","indexId":"ofr62116","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"title":"Maps showing water-level changes in six areas in Utah"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2256,"text":"wsp1845 - 1968 - Ground-water levels in the United States, 1961-65, northwestern states","indexId":"wsp1845","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water levels in the United States, 1961-65, northwestern states"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":52088,"text":"ofr6052 - 1960 - Semiannual report of water levels in selected observation wells in Utah-October 1960","indexId":"ofr6052","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"title":"Semiannual report of water levels in selected observation wells in Utah-October 1960"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2256,"text":"wsp1845 - 1968 - Ground-water levels in the United States, 1961-65, northwestern states","indexId":"wsp1845","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water levels in the United States, 1961-65, northwestern states"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":52164,"text":"ofr6149 - 1961 - Semiannual report of water levels in selected observation wells in Utah, April 1961","indexId":"ofr6149","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Semiannual report of water levels in selected observation wells in Utah, April 1961"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2256,"text":"wsp1845 - 1968 - Ground-water levels in the United States, 1961-65, northwestern states","indexId":"wsp1845","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water levels in the United States, 1961-65, northwestern states"},"id":3},{"subject":{"id":52223,"text":"ofr6222 - 1962 - Semiannual report of water levels in selected observation wells in Utah, April 1962","indexId":"ofr6222","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"title":"Semiannual report of water levels in selected observation wells in Utah, April 1962"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2256,"text":"wsp1845 - 1968 - Ground-water levels in the United States, 1961-65, northwestern states","indexId":"wsp1845","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water levels in the United States, 1961-65, northwestern states"},"id":4},{"subject":{"id":52283,"text":"ofr62130 - 1962 - Records of selected wells and springs, selected drillers' logs of wells, and chemical analyses of ground and surface waters, northern Utah Valley, Utah County, Utah","indexId":"ofr62130","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"title":"Records of selected wells and springs, selected drillers' logs of wells, and chemical analyses of ground and surface waters, northern Utah Valley, Utah County, Utah"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2256,"text":"wsp1845 - 1968 - Ground-water levels in the United States, 1961-65, northwestern states","indexId":"wsp1845","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water levels in the United States, 1961-65, northwestern states"},"id":5},{"subject":{"id":52307,"text":"ofr6312 - 1963 - Semiannual report of water levels in selected observation wells in Utah--October 1963","indexId":"ofr6312","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"title":"Semiannual report of water levels in selected observation wells in Utah--October 1963"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2256,"text":"wsp1845 - 1968 - Ground-water levels in the United States, 1961-65, northwestern states","indexId":"wsp1845","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water levels in the United States, 1961-65, northwestern states"},"id":6},{"subject":{"id":52447,"text":"ofr6525 - 1965 - Report of water levels in selected observation wells in Utah - April 1965","indexId":"ofr6525","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Report of water levels in selected observation wells in Utah - April 1965"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2256,"text":"wsp1845 - 1968 - Ground-water levels in the United States, 1961-65, northwestern states","indexId":"wsp1845","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water levels in the United States, 1961-65, northwestern states"},"id":7}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:19","indexId":"wsp1845","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1845","title":"Ground-water levels in the United States, 1961-65, northwestern states","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. 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,{"id":2157,"text":"wsp1886 - 1968 - Quality of surface waters for irrigation, western states 1969","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:18","indexId":"wsp1886","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1886","title":"Quality of surface waters for irrigation, western states 1969","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1886","usgsCitation":"Love, S.K., 1968, Quality of surface waters for irrigation, western states 1969: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1886, viii, 154 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1886.","productDescription":"viii, 154 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137849,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1886/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27767,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1886/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27768,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1886/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8ee4b07f02db6548dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Love, S. K.","contributorId":27419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2160,"text":"wsp1188 - 1968 - Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1950. Parts 7 and 8, lower Mississippi River Basin and western Gulf of Mexico basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:18","indexId":"wsp1188","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1188","title":"Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1950. Parts 7 and 8, lower Mississippi River Basin and western Gulf of Mexico basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1188","usgsCitation":"Love, S.K., 1968, Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1950. Parts 7 and 8, lower Mississippi River Basin and western Gulf of Mexico basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1188, ix, 446 p. :tables ;25 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1188.","productDescription":"ix, 446 p. :tables ;25 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1188/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27771,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1188/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8ee4b07f02db6548d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Love, S. K.","contributorId":27419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1282,"text":"wsp1890 - 1968 - Water for Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:13","indexId":"wsp1890","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1890","title":"Water for Oklahoma","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U. S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1890","usgsCitation":"Dover, T.B., Leonard, A.R., and Laine, L.L., 1968, Water for Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1890, vi, 107 p. :illus. (part col.) maps (1 fold. col. in pocket) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1890.","productDescription":"vi, 107 p. :illus. (part col.) maps (1 fold. col. in pocket) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137546,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1890/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26244,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1890/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26245,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1890/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa21e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dover, Tyrus B.","contributorId":58256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dover","given":"Tyrus","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leonard, Alvin Riley","contributorId":102048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leonard","given":"Alvin","email":"","middleInitial":"Riley","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laine, Leo Lauri","contributorId":96240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laine","given":"Leo","email":"","middleInitial":"Lauri","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1270,"text":"wsp1586H - 1968 - Water-discharge determinations for the tidal reach of the Willamette River from Ross Island Bridge to Mile 10.3, Portland, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T13:32:20","indexId":"wsp1586H","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1586","chapter":"H","title":"Water-discharge determinations for the tidal reach of the Willamette River from Ross Island Bridge to Mile 10.3, Portland, Oregon","docAbstract":"Water-discharge, velocity, and slope variations for a 3.7-mile-Iong tidal reach of the Willamette River at Portland, Oreg., were defined from discharge measurements and river stage data collected between July 1962 and January 1965. Observed water discharge during tide-affected flows, during floods, and during backwater from the Columbia River and recorded stages at each end of the river reach were used to determine water discharge from two mathematical models. These models use a finite-difference method to solve the equations of moderately unsteady open-channel streamflow, and discharges are computed by an electronic digital computer. \n\nDischarges computed by using the mathematical models compare satisfactorily with observed discharges, except during the period of backwater from the annual flood of the Columbia River. The flow resistance coefficients used in the models vary with discharge; for one model, the coefficients for discharges above 30,000 cfs (cubic feet per second) are 12 and 24 percent less than the coefficient used for discharges below 30,000 cfs. \n\nDaily mean discharges were determined by use of one mathematical model for approximately two-thirds of the water year, October 1963 through September 1964. Agreement of computed with routed daily mean discharges is fair; above 30,000 cfs, average differences between the two discharges are about 10 percent, and below 30,000 cfs, computed daily discharges are consistently greater (by as much as 25 percent) than routed discharges. The other model was used to compute discharges for the unusually high flood flows of December 1964.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Printing Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1586H","usgsCitation":"Dempster, G., and Lutz, G., 1968, Water-discharge determinations for the tidal reach of the Willamette River from Ross Island Bridge to Mile 10.3, Portland, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1586, iv, 32 p. :ill. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1586H.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p. :ill. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265376,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1586h/report.pdf"},{"id":137480,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1586h/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6494d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dempster, G.R.","contributorId":6038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dempster","given":"G.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lutz, Gale A.","contributorId":32507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutz","given":"Gale A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":154,"text":"wsp1746 - 1968 - Quality of surface waters for irrigation, Western states, 1960","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:11","indexId":"wsp1746","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1746","title":"Quality of surface waters for irrigation, Western states, 1960","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1746","usgsCitation":"Love, S.K., 1968, Quality of surface waters for irrigation, Western states, 1960: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1746, viii, 152 p. :ill., map ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1746.","productDescription":"viii, 152 p. :ill., map ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136338,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1746/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24762,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1746/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24763,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1746/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8ee4b07f02db6548f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Love, S. K.","contributorId":27419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2316,"text":"wsp1757I - 1968 - Ground-water hydrology of the Chad Basin in Bornu and Dikwa Emirates, northeastern Nigeria, with special emphasis on the flow life of the artesian system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:19","indexId":"wsp1757I","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1757","chapter":"I","title":"Ground-water hydrology of the Chad Basin in Bornu and Dikwa Emirates, northeastern Nigeria, with special emphasis on the flow life of the artesian system","docAbstract":"Bornu and Dikwa Emirates lie in the Nigerian sector of the Chad Basin, a vast region of interior drainage encompassing about 600,000 square miles of north-central Africa. The report area includes about 25,000 square miles of the basin that lie in Nigeria. Most of the area is a featureless plain that slopes gently northeast and east from the uplands of central Nigeria towards Lake Chad. On its eastern side the lake has one surface outlet which overflows only during exceptionally high stages of the lake. This outlet spills into the channel of Bahr al Ghazal, which in turn drains into the Bod616 depression. Because the lake is shallow, the shoreline fluctuates markedly with high and low stages corresponding to the wet and dry seasons. The semiarid climate of Bornu and Dikwa Emirates is characterized by a long dry season and a short wet season that correspond to seasonal winds. Annual rainfall ranges from 15 inches in the northern part of the area to 32 inches in the southern. \r\n\r\nThe Chad Basin in Dikwa and Bornu Emirates is underlain by interbedded sand and clay, collectively termed the Chad Formation. These alluvial and lactustrine sediments were deposited in or near Lake Chad whet it occupied a much greater area during Pliocene and Pleistocene time. The Chad Formation has a very slight primary dip in the direction of Lake Chad and conforms to the gentle slope of land surface. The known thickness of the formation ranges from a few feet where it overlies bedrock on the periphery of the basin to at least 1,800 feet at Maiduguri; however, its total thickness probably exceeds 2,000 feet in the central part of the basin. \r\n\r\nThree water-bearing units termed upper, middle, and lower zones occur within the Chad Formation. The upper zone yields water to numerous dug wells throughout the rural areas and also is .the major source of the Maiduguri municipal water .supply. The middle zone yields water from flowing artesian boreholes that have heads ranging from a few feet to 70 feet above land surface throughout a 13,000 square-mile area of the basin in Nigeria. The lower zone also yields water from flowing boreholes ; however, its areal extent has not been proved beyond the environs of Maiduguri. \r\n\r\nThe present investigation is concerned primarily with the middle zone, which is the source of water for some 190 flowing boreholes used as little-watering points in the Nigerian sector of the Chad Basin. The thickness of loads of waterbearing sand in the middle zone ranges from less than 1 foot to 200 feet, and the artesian head ranges from land surface at Maiduguri to 70 feet above land surface at Lake Chad. The depth to the top of the middle zone in the area of flowing boreholes ranges from 500 to 1,250 feet below land surface. The waterbearing properties of the middle zone differ greatly from place to place. Also, the yields of individual flowing boreholes generally range from 50 to 20,000 imperial gallons per hour (gph). On the basis of water availability, the middle zone can be divided as follows : Areas of high-, moderate-, and low-yield artesian aquifer ; areas of low- and moderate-yield subartesian aquifer ; and an area where the yields from boreholes are insignificant or the aquifer is missing. Recommended maximum rates of long-term withdrawal from individual boreholes for the three artesian areas range from 100 to 5,000 gph with boreholes spaced 5 to 10 miles apart. By limiting flows to the recommended maximum rates, the boreholes should continue to flow for at least 30 years. The present average use per borehole (265 gph in 1965) is considerably less than the recommended maximum rates. \r\n\r\nRecharge to the upper zone occurs in significant but as yet unmeasured quantities, mostly in the vicinity of the major streams. Apparently, however, no significant amount of recharge reaches the middle zone from the Upper zone. Although the middle zone is, in effect, being 'mined' by existing flowing wells, the present (1965) rate of withdrawal i","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1757I","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.E., Johnston, R., Olowu, J., and Uzoma, J., 1968, Ground-water hydrology of the Chad Basin in Bornu and Dikwa Emirates, northeastern Nigeria, with special emphasis on the flow life of the artesian system: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1757, iv, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1757I.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28147,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28148,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28149,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28150,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28151,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28152,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28153,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28154,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28155,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/plate-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28156,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668a99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Raymond E.","contributorId":67861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnston, R.H.","contributorId":19536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olowu, J.A.I.","contributorId":68709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olowu","given":"J.A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Uzoma, J.U.","contributorId":24327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uzoma","given":"J.U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":2326,"text":"wsp1859B - 1968 - Chemical quality of surface waters in Devils Lake basin North Dakota, 1952-60","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-30T19:22:21.418399","indexId":"wsp1859B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1859","chapter":"B","title":"Chemical quality of surface waters in Devils Lake basin North Dakota, 1952-60","docAbstract":"<p>Above-normal precipitation in 1954, 1956, and 1957 caused the water surface of Devils Lake to rise to an altitude of 1,419.3 feet, its highest in 40 years. Nearly all the water entering the lake flowed through Big Coulee, and about three-fourths of that inflow was at rates greater than 100 cubic feet per second. At these rates, the inflow contained less than 600 ppm (parts per million) dissolved solids and was of the calcium bicarbonate type.</p><p>Because the inflow was more dilute than the lake water, the dissolved solids in the lake decreased from 8,680 ppm in 1952 to about 6,000 ppm in 1956 and 1957. Subsequently, however, they increased to slightly more than 8,000 ppm and averaged 6,800 ppm for the 1954-60 period. Sodium and sulfate were the principal dissolved constituents in the lake water. Although the concentration of dissolved solids varied significantly from time to time, the relative proportions of the chief constituents remained nearly the same.</p><p>Water flowed from Devils Lake to Mission Bay in 1956,1957, and 1958, and some flowed from Mission Bay into East Bay. However, no water moved between East Devils Lake, western Stump Lake, and eastern Stump Lake during 1952-60; these lakes received only local runoff, and the variations in their water volume caused only minor variations in dissolved solids. For the periods sampled, concentrations averaged 60,700 ppm for East Devils Lake, 23,100 ppm for western Stump Lake, and 127,000 ppm for eastern Stump Lake.</p><p>Sodium and sulfate were the chief dissolved constituents in all the lakes of the Devils Lake chain. Water in eastern Stump Lake was saturated with sodium sulfate and precipitated large quantities of granular, hydrated sodium sulfate crystals on the lakebed and shore in fall and winter. A discontinuous layer of consolidated sodium sulfate crystals formed a significant part of the bed throughout the year.</p><p>Measured concentrations! of zinc, iron, manganese, fluoride, arsenic, boron, copper, and lead were not high enough to harm fish. Data on alpha and beta particle activities in Devils Lake were insufficient to determine if present activities are less than, equal to, or more than activities before nuclear tests began.</p><p>Miscellaneous surface waters not in the Devils Lake chain contained dissolved solids that ranged from 239 to 61,200 ppm. The lakes that spill infrequently and&nbsp;have little or no ground-water inflow and outflow generally contain high concentrations of dissolved solids.</p><p>Salt balance computations for Devils Lake for 1952-60 indicate that a net of as much as 89,000 tons of salts was removed from the bed by the water in some years and as much as 35,000 tons was added to the bed in other years. For the 9-year period, the tons removed exceeded the tons added; the net removed averaged 2.7 tons per acre per year. Pickup of these salts from the bed increased the dissolved solids in the lake water an average of 193 ppni per year. Between 1952 and 1960, 201,000 tons of salt was added to the bed of East Devils Lake, 15,100 tons to the bed of western Stump Lake, and 421,000 tons to the bed of eastern Stump Lake.</p><p>Laboratory examination of shore and bed material indicated that the shore contained less weight of salt per unit weight of dry, inorganic material than the bed. Calcium and bicarbonate were the chief constituents dissolved from bed material of Devils Lake, whereas sodium and sulfate were the chief constituents dissolved from bed material of East Bay, East Devils Lake, and eastern and western Stump Lakes. Generally, calcium and bicarbonate were the chief constitutents dissolved from shore material of all these lakes.</p><p>Evidence indicates that not more than 20 percent of the salt that \"disappeared\" from the water of Devils Lake west of State Route 20 as the lake altitudes decreased years ago will redissolve if the lake altitude is restored.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1859B","usgsCitation":"Mitten, H.T., Scott, C., and Rosene, P.G., 1968, Chemical quality of surface waters in Devils Lake basin North Dakota, 1952-60: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1859, Report: iv, 42 p.; 1 Plate: 27.00 x 38.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1859B.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 42 p.; 1 Plate: 27.00 x 38.00 inches","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":28169,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1859b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28168,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1859b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137586,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1859b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":431666,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25080.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Devils Lake basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -99.4066978557347,\n              48.373675264950265\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.4066978557347,\n              47.70314111203487\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.18978187218303,\n              47.70314111203487\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.18978187218303,\n              48.373675264950265\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.4066978557347,\n              48.373675264950265\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e3305","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mitten, Hugh T.","contributorId":103652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitten","given":"Hugh","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, C.H.","contributorId":101634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosene, Philip G.","contributorId":48942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosene","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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