Arsenic is one of the most prevalent toxic elements in the environment. The toxicity, mobility, and fate of arsenic in the environment are determined by a complex series of controls dependent on mineralogy, chemical speciation, and biological processes. The element was first described by Theophrastus in 300 B.C. and named arsenikon (also arrhenicon; Caley and Richards 1956) referring to its “potent” nature, although it was originally considered an alternative form of sulfur (Boyle and Jonasson 1973). Arsenikon is believed to be derived from the earlier Persian, zarnik (online etymology dictionary, http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=arsenic). It was not until the thirteenth century that an alchemist, Albertus Magnus, was able to isolate the element from orpiment, an arsenic sulfide (As2S3). The complex chemistry required to do this led to arsenic being considered a “bastard metal” or what we now call a “metalloid,” having properties of both metals and non-metals. As a chemical element, arsenic is widely distributed in nature and can be concentrated in many different ways. In the Earth’s crust, arsenic is concentrated by magmatic and hydrothermal processes and has been used as a “pathfinder” for metallic ore deposits, particularly gold, tin, copper, and tungsten (Boyle and Jonasson 1973; Cohen and Bowell 2014). It has for centuries been considered a potent toxin, is a common poison in actual and fictional crimes, and has led to significant impacts on human health in many areas of the world (Cullen 2008; Wharton 2010).
","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Society of America","doi":"10.2138/rmg.2014.79.1","usgsCitation":"Bowell, R.J., Alpers, C.N., Jamieson, H.E., Nordstrom, D.K., and Majzlan, J., 2014, The environmental geochemistry of Arsenic – An overview: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 79, no. 1, p. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2014.79.1.","productDescription":"16 p. ","startPage":"1","endPage":"16","ipdsId":"IP-057897","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328280,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-09-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57cfe8bfe4b04836416a0e46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowell, Robert J.","contributorId":150175,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowell","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":17927,"text":"SRK Consulting Ltd.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jamieson, Heather E.","contributorId":150176,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jamieson","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7029,"text":"Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":580907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Majzlan, Juraj","contributorId":127677,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Majzlan","given":"Juraj","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7107,"text":"Univ. of Freiburg, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70196789,"text":"70196789 - 2014 - Observations from borehole dilution logging experiments in fractured crystalline rock under variable hydraulic conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-07T13:17:03","indexId":"70196789","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Observations from borehole dilution logging experiments in fractured crystalline rock under variable hydraulic conditions","docAbstract":"Identifying hydraulically active fractures in low permeability, crystalline-bedrock aquifers requires a variety of geophysical and hydrogeophysical borehole tools and approaches. One such approach is Single Borehole Dilution Tests (SBDT), which in some low flow cases have been shown to provide greater resolution of borehole flow than other logging procedures, such as vertical differential Heat Pulse Flowmeter (HPFM) logging. Because the tools used in SBDT collect continuous profiles of water quality or dye changes, they can identify horizontal flow zones and vertical flow. We used SBDT with a food grade blue dye as a tracer and dual photometer-nephelometer measurements to identify low flow zones.
SBDT were conducted at seven wells with open boreholes (exceeding 300 ft). At most of the wells HPFM logs were also collected. The seven wells are set in low-permeability, fractured granite and gneiss rocks underlying a former tetrachloroeythylene (PCE) source area at the Savage Municipal Well Superfund site in Milford, NH. Time series SBDT logs were collected at each of the seven wells under three distinct hydraulic conditions: (1) ambient conditions prior to a pump test at an adjacent well, (2) mid test, after 2-3 days of the start of the pump test, and (3) at the end of the test, after 8-9 days of the pump test. None of the SBDT were conducted under pumping conditions in the logged well. For each condition, wells were initially passively spiked with blue dye once and subsequent time series measurements were made.
Measurement accuracy and precision of the photometer tool is important in SBDT when attempting to detect low rates of borehole flow. Tests indicate that under ambient conditions, none of the wells had detectable flow as measured with HPFM logging. With SBDT, 4 of the 7 showed the presence of some very low flow. None of 5 (2 of the 7 wells initially logged with HPFM under ambient conditions were not re-logged) wells logged with the HPFM during the pump test had detectable flow. However, 3 of the 5 wells showed the patterns of very low flow with SBDT during the pump test including pumping induced changes of inflow and outflow patterns at one well.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Symposium on the application of geophysics to engineering and environmental problems 2014","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.4133/SAGEEP.27-034","usgsCitation":"Harte, P.T., Anderson, J.A., and Williams, J., 2014, Observations from borehole dilution logging experiments in fractured crystalline rock under variable hydraulic conditions, in Symposium on the application of geophysics to engineering and environmental problems 2014, p. 65-78, https://doi.org/10.4133/SAGEEP.27-034.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"78","ipdsId":"IP-052596","costCenters":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353977,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5afeee0fe4b0da30c1bfc749","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harte, Philip T. 0000-0002-7718-1204 ptharte@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7718-1204","contributorId":1008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harte","given":"Philip","email":"ptharte@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":734415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, J. Alton 0000-0001-8426-2507 aanders@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8426-2507","contributorId":139789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"J.","email":"aanders@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Alton","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":734416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, John H. 0000-0002-6054-6908 jhwillia@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6054-6908","contributorId":1553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"John","email":"jhwillia@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":734417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70154758,"text":"70154758 - 2014 - Habitat use and selection by adult pallid sturgeon in the lower Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-07-01T11:21:24","indexId":"70154758","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat use and selection by adult pallid sturgeon in the lower Mississippi River","docAbstract":"The Pallid Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus is an endangered riverine sturgeon with historical distribution restricted to the Yellowstone, Missouri, Mississippi, and Atchafalaya rivers. Although not abundant, Pallid Sturgeon in the lower Mississippi River appear to be naturally recruiting, and information about habitat use is important to conserve this species. Thirty-four adult Pallid Sturgeon (612-1,013-mm FL) were tagged with acoustic transmitters and relocated a total of 272times in a 40-km reach of the lower Mississippi River from April 2009 through December 2012. Pallid Sturgeon strongly selected island tip and natural bank habitats, and, to a lesser degree, revetted bank habitat. Although frequently used, Pallid Sturgeon exhibited negative selection for the expansive main channel habitat. Secondary channel habitat was seasonally available and excluded from habitat selection analysis, but this habitat was frequently used in the spring when available. Fifty percent of Pallid Sturgeon detections were in relatively narrow ranges of depths (6.2-13.6m) and surface current velocities (0.64-1.05m/s). Use of different habitats was related to river stage and water temperature, suggesting use of some habitats was seasonal. Results suggest that maintaining natural bank habitat and secondary channel-island complexes will benefit conservation of this endangered species in the lower Mississippi River.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00028487.2013.830987","usgsCitation":"Herrala, J.R., Kroboth, P.T., Kuntz, N.M., and Schramm, H.L., 2014, Habitat use and selection by adult pallid sturgeon in the lower Mississippi River: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 143, no. 1, p. 153-163, https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2013.830987.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"163","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-035987","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305526,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.09588623046874,\n 33.76601951858593\n ],\n [\n -91.11785888671875,\n 33.75346059828491\n ],\n [\n -91.12541198730469,\n 33.73290566922855\n ],\n [\n -91.1432647705078,\n 33.71120345644536\n ],\n [\n -91.15768432617188,\n 33.70092154605078\n ],\n [\n -91.19682312011719,\n 33.695208841799214\n ],\n [\n -91.20986938476562,\n 33.689495757723215\n ],\n [\n -91.20162963867188,\n 33.67806845022417\n ],\n [\n -91.1920166015625,\n 33.66092464108172\n ],\n [\n -91.16798400878906,\n 33.65463772160771\n ],\n [\n -91.14944458007812,\n 33.643205782197015\n ],\n [\n -91.12815856933594,\n 33.62662677351111\n ],\n [\n -91.12541198730469,\n 33.59117129317289\n ],\n [\n -91.14189147949219,\n 33.57629852690617\n ],\n [\n -91.16386413574219,\n 33.56199537293026\n ],\n [\n -91.19682312011719,\n 33.56256754458281\n ],\n [\n -91.20162963867188,\n 33.57687060377715\n ],\n [\n -91.18583679199219,\n 33.58373523046865\n ],\n [\n -91.17347717285156,\n 33.597462845626424\n ],\n [\n -91.17141723632812,\n 33.6134756354363\n ],\n [\n -91.1700439453125,\n 33.63005717508159\n ],\n [\n -91.17759704589844,\n 33.641490860339054\n ],\n [\n -91.19750976562499,\n 33.64949353675974\n ],\n [\n -91.2249755859375,\n 33.65806700735442\n ],\n [\n -91.23939514160156,\n 33.680354033245564\n ],\n [\n -91.23458862304688,\n 33.692923653745964\n ],\n [\n -91.22360229492188,\n 33.70320652139349\n ],\n [\n -91.19956970214844,\n 33.70777628973998\n ],\n [\n -91.18789672851562,\n 33.71177463759947\n ],\n [\n -91.16317749023438,\n 33.71919964686834\n ],\n [\n -91.15219116210938,\n 33.742612777346885\n ],\n [\n -91.14257812499999,\n 33.76088200086917\n ],\n [\n -91.12060546875,\n 33.775152122972564\n ],\n [\n -91.09588623046874,\n 33.76601951858593\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"143","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-01-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55950f31e4b0b6d21dd6cbe9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herrala, Jason R.","contributorId":145434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Herrala","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kroboth, Patrick T.","contributorId":145435,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kroboth","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kuntz, Nathan M.","contributorId":145433,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kuntz","given":"Nathan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schramm, Harold L. Jr. hschramm@usgs.gov","contributorId":145424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schramm","given":"Harold","suffix":"Jr.","email":"hschramm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":563979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70159888,"text":"70159888 - 2014 - Preface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-15T12:10:06","indexId":"70159888","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3281,"text":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preface","docAbstract":"Arsenic is perhaps history’s favorite poison, often termed the “King of Poisons” and the “Poison of Kings” and thought to be the demise of fiction’s most famous ill-fated lovers. The toxic nature of arsenic has been known for millennia with the mineral realgar (AsS), originally named “arsenikon” by Theophrastus in 300 B.C.E. meaning literally “potent.” For centuries it has been used as rat poison and as an important component of bactericides and wood preservatives. Arsenic is believed to be the cause of death to Napoleon Bonaparte who was exposed to wallpaper colored green from aceto-arsenite of copper (Aldersey-Williams 2011). The use of arsenic as a poison has been featured widely in literature, film, theatre, and television. Its use as a pesticide made it well known in the nineteenth century and it was exploited by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in the Sherlock Holmes novel The Golden Pince-Nez (Conan-Doyle 1903). The dark comedy Arsenic and Old Lace is a prime example of arsenic in popular culture, being first a play but becoming famous as a movie.
","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Society of America","usgsCitation":"Bowell, R.J., Alpers, C.N., Jamieson, H.E., Nordstrom, D.K., and Majzlan, J., 2014, Preface: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 79, no. 1, p. iii-v.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"iii","endPage":"v","ipdsId":"IP-057895","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340043,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":340042,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://rimg.geoscienceworld.org/content/79/1/iii.2"}],"volume":"79","issue":"1","publicComments":"This is the Preface to a special volume of this journal series, titled Environmental Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Microbiology of Arsenic","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f9c8d1e4b0b7ea545240f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowell, Robert J.","contributorId":150175,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowell","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":17927,"text":"SRK Consulting Ltd.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":692311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jamieson, Heather E.","contributorId":150176,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jamieson","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7029,"text":"Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":692313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":692314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Majzlan, Juraj","contributorId":127677,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Majzlan","given":"Juraj","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7107,"text":"Univ. of Freiburg, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":692315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70159455,"text":"70159455 - 2014 - Metals, organic compounds, and nutrients in Long Island Sound: sources, magnitudes, trends, and impacts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-08T13:35:18","indexId":"70159455","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Metals, organic compounds, and nutrients in Long Island Sound: sources, magnitudes, trends, and impacts","docAbstract":"Long Island Sound (LIS) is a relatively shallow estuary with a mean depth of 20 m (maximum depth 49 m) and a unique hydrology and history of pollutant loading. Those factors have contributed to a wide variety of contamination problems in its muddy sediments, aquatic life and water column. The LIS sediments are contaminated with a host of legacy and more recently released toxic compounds and elements related to past and present wastewater discharges and runoff. These include non-point and storm water runoff and groundwater discharges, whose character has changed over the years along with the evolution of its watershed and industrial history. Major impacts have resulted from the copious amounts of nutrients discharged into LIS through atmospheric deposition (N), domestic and industrial waste water flows, fertilizer releases, and urban runoff. All these sources and their effects are in essence the result of human presence and activities in the watershed, and the severity of pollutant loading and their impacts generally scales with total population in the watersheds surrounding LIS. Environmental legislation passed since the mid-to late 1900s (e.g., Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act) has had a beneficial effect, however, and contaminant loadings for many toxic organic and inorganic chemicals and nutrients have diminished over the last few decades (O’Shea and Brosnan 2000; Trench, et al, 2012; O’Connor and Lauenstein 2006; USEPA 2007). Major strides have been made in reducing the inflow of nutrients into LIS, but cultural eutrophication is still an ongoing problem and nutrient control efforts will need to continue. Nonetheless, LIS is still a heavily human impacted estuary (an ‘Urban Estuary’, as described for San Francisco Bay by Conomos, 1979), and severe changes in water quality and sediment toxicity as well as ecosystem shifts have been witnessed over the relatively short period since European colonization in the early 1600s (Koppelman et al., 1976).\nThe main rivers that discharge into LIS are the East River in the west, the Housatonic and Connecticut rivers on the north, and the Thames River at the northeastern end of LIS, with the Quinnipiac and several other smaller rivers also coming in from Connecticut. The East River is a tidal strait that connects LIS with New York Harbor through the heart of the New York City metropolitan region. The Housatonic, Quinnipiac, Connecticut and Thames river basins drain agricultural, urban and industrial lands in a watershed that extends from Connecticut north to Canada. The Sound receives contaminants from many sources within and outside its contributing watershed, including direct discharges from coastal industries, wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), urban runoff, and atmospheric deposition. New England has a long history of industrial activity, with factories that once crowded its riverbanks and shores now having succumbed to economic forces that drove manufacturing overseas. Relict deposits with legacy pollutants in upland sediments persist and combine with modern runoff sources from an increasingly densely populated watershed, and continue to be a source of contaminants for LIS. While toxic exposure from legacy and active sources has diminished over the years as wastewater treatment has improved and industries closed or moved away, pockets of contamination still have consequences for many embayments and coves, particularly near urbanized areas of western LIS. \nLoading of nutrients and carbon have been of recent concern in LIS because of the extensive impacts observed since the mid-1980s. Excess nutrients not only create inhospitable conditions for higher forms of aquatic life through reduced oxygen levels and disrupting trophic dynamics, but also by altering the local biogeochemistry. As a result, the release of toxic substances into the water column may be enhanced in hypoxic waters, thus exerting a toxic effect or enhancing incorporation of toxic pollutants into the food we","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Long Island Sound","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4614-6126-5","usgsCitation":"Mullaney, J.R., Varekamp, J., MCElroy, A., and Brsslin, V., 2014, Metals, organic compounds, and nutrients in Long Island Sound: sources, magnitudes, trends, and impacts, chap. of Long Island Sound, p. 203-283, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6126-5.","productDescription":"81 p. ","startPage":"203","endPage":"283","ipdsId":"IP-039513","costCenters":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328402,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":310828,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.springer.com/us/book/9781461461258"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57d28baee4b0571647d0f938","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mullaney, John R. 0000-0003-4936-5046 jmullane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4936-5046","contributorId":1957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullaney","given":"John","email":"jmullane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Varekamp, J.C.","contributorId":56006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varekamp","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"MCElroy, A.E.","contributorId":149545,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MCElroy","given":"A.E.","affiliations":[{"id":17767,"text":"SUNY Stoneybrook","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Brsslin, V.T.","contributorId":149544,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brsslin","given":"V.T.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17766,"text":"Southern Connecticut Univ.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70073924,"text":"70073924 - 2014 - Contaminants from Cretaceous black shale: II. Effect of geology, weathering, climate, and land use on salinity and selenium cycling, Mancos Shale landscapes, southwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-30T16:47:04.54835","indexId":"70073924","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-20T11:31:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contaminants from Cretaceous black shale: II. Effect of geology, weathering, climate, and land use on salinity and selenium cycling, Mancos Shale landscapes, southwestern United States","docAbstract":"The Cretaceous Mancos Shale (MS) is a known nonpoint source for a significant portion of the salinity and selenium (Se) loads in the Colorado River in the southwestern United States and northwestern corner of Mexico. These two contaminants pose a serious threat to rivers in these arid regions where water supplies are especially critical. Tuttle et al. (companion paper) investigates the cycling of contaminants in a Colorado River tributary watershed (Uncompahgre River, southwestern Colorado) where the MS weathers under natural conditions. This paper builds on those results and uses regional soil data in the same watershed to investigate the impact of MS geology, weathering intensity, land use, and climate on salt and Se storage in and flux from soils on the natural landscape, irrigated agriculture fields, areas undergoing urban development, and wetlands. The size of salinity and Se reservoirs in the MS soils is quantified. Flux calculations show that during modern weathering, natural landscapes cycle salt and Se; however, little of it is released for transport to the Uncompahgre River (10% of the annual salinity and 6% of the annual Se river loads). When irrigated, salinity and Se loads from the MS soil increase (26% and 57% of the river load, respectively), causing the river to be out of compliance with Federal and State Se standards. During 100 years of irrigation, seven times more Se has been removed from agricultural soil than what was lost from natural landscapes during the entire period of pedogenesis. Under more arid conditions, even less salt and Se are expected to be transported from the natural landscape. However, if wetter climates prevail, transport could increase dramatically due to storage of soluble phases in the non-irrigated soil. These results are critical input for water-resource and land-use managers who must decide whether or not the salinity and Se in a watershed can be managed, what sustainable mitigation strategies are possible, and what landscapes should be targeted. The broader implications include providing a reliable approach for quantifying nonpoint-source contamination from MS and other rock units elsewhere that weather under similar conditions and, together with results from our companion paper, address the complex interplay of geology, weathering, climate, and land use on contaminant cycling in the arid Southwest.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.12.011","usgsCitation":"Tuttle, M., Fahy, J.W., Elliott, J.G., Grauch, R.I., and Stillings, L., 2014, Contaminants from Cretaceous black shale: II. Effect of geology, weathering, climate, and land use on salinity and selenium cycling, Mancos Shale landscapes, southwestern United States: Applied Geochemistry, v. 46, p. 72-84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.12.011.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"72","endPage":"84","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281483,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River Basin, Mancos Shale","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.993508,38.537542 ], [ -107.993508,38.818839 ], [ -107.749497,38.818839 ], [ -107.749497,38.537542 ], [ -107.993508,38.537542 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"46","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd52abe4b0b290850f4aa1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tuttle, Michele L. mtuttle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuttle","given":"Michele L.","email":"mtuttle@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":489231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fahy, Juli W. jfahy@usgs.gov","contributorId":57362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fahy","given":"Juli","email":"jfahy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliott, John G. jelliott@usgs.gov","contributorId":832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"John","email":"jelliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":489230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grauch, Richard I. 0000-0002-1763-0813 rgrauch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1763-0813","contributorId":1193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"Richard","email":"rgrauch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":489232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stillings, Lisa L. 0000-0002-9011-8891 stilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9011-8891","contributorId":3143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stillings","given":"Lisa L.","email":"stilling@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":489233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70056935,"text":"70056935 - 2014 - Contaminants from Cretaceous black shale: I. Natural weathering processes controlling contaminant cycling in Mancos Shale, southwestern United States, with emphasis on salinity and selenium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-30T16:46:56.894132","indexId":"70056935","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-20T11:21:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contaminants from Cretaceous black shale: I. Natural weathering processes controlling contaminant cycling in Mancos Shale, southwestern United States, with emphasis on salinity and selenium","docAbstract":"Soils derived from black shale can accumulate high concentrations of elements of environmental concern, especially in regions with semiarid to arid climates. One such region is the Colorado River basin in the southwestern United States where contaminants pose a threat to agriculture, municipal water supplies, endangered aquatic species, and water-quality commitments to Mexico. Exposures of Cretaceous Mancos Shale (MS) in the upper basin are a major contributor of salinity and selenium in the Colorado River. Here, we examine the roles of geology, climate, and alluviation on contaminant cycling (emphasis on salinity and Se) during weathering of MS in a Colorado River tributary watershed. Stage I (incipient weathering) began perhaps as long ago as 20 ka when lowering of groundwater resulted in oxidation of pyrite and organic matter. This process formed gypsum and soluble organic matter that persist in the unsaturated, weathered shale today. Enrichment of Se observed in laterally persistent ferric oxide layers likely is due to selenite adsorption onto the oxides that formed during fluctuating redox conditions at the water table. Stage II weathering (pedogenesis) is marked by a significant decrease in bulk density and increase in porosity as shale disaggregates to soil. Rainfall dissolves calcite and thenardite (Na2SO4) at the surface, infiltrates to about 1 m, and precipitates gypsum during evaporation. Gypsum formation (estimated 390 kg m−2) enriches soil moisture in Na and residual SO4. Transpiration of this moisture to the surface or exposure of subsurface soil (slumping) produces more thenardite. Most Se remains in the soil as selenite adsorbed to ferric oxides, however, some oxidizes to selenate and, during wetter conditions is transported with soil moisture to depths below 3 m. Coupled with little rainfall, relatively insoluble gypsum, and the translocation of soluble Se downward, MS landscapes will be a significant nonpoint source of salinity and Se to the Colorado River well into the future. Other trace elements weathering from MS that are often of environmental concern include U and Mo, which mimic Se in their behavior; As, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb, which show little redistribution; and Cd, Sb, V, and Zn, which accumulate in Stage I shale, but are lost to varying degrees from upper soil intervals. None of these trace elements have been reported previously as contaminants in the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.12.010","usgsCitation":"Tuttle, M., Fahy, J.W., Elliott, J.G., Grauch, R.I., and Stillings, L., 2014, Contaminants from Cretaceous black shale: I. Natural weathering processes controlling contaminant cycling in Mancos Shale, southwestern United States, with emphasis on salinity and selenium: Applied Geochemistry, v. 46, p. 57-71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.12.010.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"71","ipdsId":"IP-038076","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281481,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River Basin, Mancos Shale","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.993508,38.537542 ], [ -107.993508,38.818839 ], [ -107.749497,38.818839 ], [ -107.749497,38.537542 ], [ -107.993508,38.537542 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"46","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd52aae4b0b290850f4a9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tuttle, Michele L. mtuttle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuttle","given":"Michele L.","email":"mtuttle@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":486613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fahy, Juli W. jfahy@usgs.gov","contributorId":57362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fahy","given":"Juli","email":"jfahy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliott, John G. jelliott@usgs.gov","contributorId":832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"John","email":"jelliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":486612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grauch, Richard I. 0000-0002-1763-0813 rgrauch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1763-0813","contributorId":1193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"Richard","email":"rgrauch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":486614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stillings, Lisa L. 0000-0002-9011-8891 stilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9011-8891","contributorId":3143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stillings","given":"Lisa L.","email":"stilling@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":486615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70059199,"text":"70059199 - 2014 - Routine screening of harmful microorganisms in beach sands: implications to public health","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-20T09:44:10","indexId":"70059199","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-20T09:31:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Routine screening of harmful microorganisms in beach sands: implications to public health","docAbstract":"Beaches worldwide provide recreational opportunities to hundreds of millions of people and serve as important components of coastal economies. Beach water is often monitored for microbiological quality to detect the presence of indicators of human sewage contamination so as to prevent public health outbreaks associated with water contact. However, growing evidence suggests that beach sand can harbor microbes harmful to human health, often in concentrations greater than the beach water. Currently, there are no standards for monitoring, sampling, analyzing, or managing beach sand quality. In addition to indicator microbes, growing evidence has identified pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and fungi in a variety of beach sands worldwide. The public health threat associated with these populations through direct and indirect contact is unknown because so little research has been conducted relating to health outcomes associated with sand quality. In this manuscript, we present the consensus findings of a workshop of experts convened in Lisbon, Portugal to discuss the current state of knowledge on beach sand microbiological quality and to develop suggestions for standardizing the evaluation of sand at coastal beaches. The expert group at the “Microareias 2012” workshop recommends that 1) beach sand should be screened for a variety of pathogens harmful to human health, and sand monitoring should then be initiated alongside regular water monitoring; 2) sampling and analysis protocols should be standardized to allow proper comparisons among beach locations; and 3) further studies are needed to estimate human health risk with exposure to contaminated beach sand. Much of the manuscript is focused on research specific to Portugal, but similar results have been found elsewhere, and the findings have worldwide implications.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.091","usgsCitation":"Sabino, R., Rodrigues, R., Costa, I., Carneiro, C., Cunha, M., Duarte, A., Faria, N., Ferriera, F., Gargate, M., Julio, C., Martins, M., Nevers, M., Oleastro, M., Solo-Gabriele, H., Verissimo, C., Viegas, C., Whitman, R.L., and Brandao, J., 2014, Routine screening of harmful microorganisms in beach sands: implications to public health: Science of the Total Environment, v. 472, p. 1062-1069, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.091.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1062","endPage":"1069","numberOfPages":"8","ipdsId":"IP-050645","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488150,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10400.21/3027","text":"External Repository"},{"id":280451,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280435,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.091"}],"volume":"472","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7129e4b0b29085107834","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sabino, Raquel","contributorId":28157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sabino","given":"Raquel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rodrigues, R.","contributorId":23834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodrigues","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Costa, I.","contributorId":45617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Costa","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carneiro, Carlos","contributorId":108014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carneiro","given":"Carlos","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cunha, M.","contributorId":83437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunha","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Duarte, A.","contributorId":46405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duarte","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Faria, N.","contributorId":105213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faria","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ferriera, F.C.","contributorId":38463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferriera","given":"F.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Gargate, M.J.","contributorId":100729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gargate","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Julio, C.","contributorId":39685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julio","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Martins, M.L.","contributorId":72289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martins","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Nevers, Meredith 0000-0001-6963-6734 mnevers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6963-6734","contributorId":2013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nevers","given":"Meredith","email":"mnevers@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Oleastro, M.","contributorId":108015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oleastro","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Solo-Gabriele, H.","contributorId":70275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solo-Gabriele","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Verissimo, C.","contributorId":77450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verissimo","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Viegas, C.","contributorId":94962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viegas","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Whitman, Richard L. rwhitman@usgs.gov","contributorId":542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitman","given":"Richard","email":"rwhitman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Brandao, J.","contributorId":71870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandao","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18}]}} ,{"id":70059129,"text":"70059129 - 2014 - Unique characteristics of the trachea of the juvenile leatherback turtle facilitate feeding, diving and endothermy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-02T16:24:33.741251","indexId":"70059129","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-18T09:47:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2277,"text":"Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unique characteristics of the trachea of the juvenile leatherback turtle facilitate feeding, diving and endothermy","docAbstract":"The adult leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea overlaps in body size (300–500 kg) with many marine mammals, yet develops from a 50 g hatchling. Adults can dive deeper than 1200 m and have core body temperatures of 25 °C; hatchlings are near-surface dwellers. Juvenile leatherbacks have rarely been studied; here we present anatomical information for the upper respiratory tract of 3 turtles (66.7–83.0 cm straight carapace length; 33.2–53.4 kg body mass) incidentally captured by long-line fisheries. Combined with existing information from adults and hatchlings, our data show that there is an ontogenic shift in tracheal structure, with cartilaginous rings becoming broader and eventually fusing anteriorly. This ontogenic shift during independent existence is unique among extant deep-diving air breathing vertebrates. Tract wall thickness is graded, becoming progressively thinner from larynx to bronchi. In addition, cross-sectional shape becomes increasingly dorsoventrally flattened (more elliptical) from anterior to posterior. These characteristics ensure that the tract will collapse from posterior to anterior during dives. This study contains the first report of a double (= internally bifurcated) posterior section of the trachea; it is suggested that this allows continuous food movement along the esophagus without tracheal collapse. The whole upper respiratory tract (from larynx to lungs) has a vascular lining (thicker anteriorly than posteriorly) that appears to be a simple analog of the complex turbinates of birds and mammals. Our study confirmed that the leatherback tracheal structure represents a distinctive way of dealing with the challenges of diving in deep, cold sea water.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jembe.2013.10.013","usgsCitation":"Davenport, J., Jones, T., Work, T.M., and Balazs, G.H., 2014, Unique characteristics of the trachea of the juvenile leatherback turtle facilitate feeding, diving and endothermy: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, v. 450, p. 40-46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2013.10.013.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"40","endPage":"46","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-049401","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280396,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Equatorial Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 166.77294853142018,\n 14.78558056021572\n ],\n [\n 166.77294853142018,\n 14.32788557818715\n ],\n [\n 167.43150821435654,\n 14.32788557818715\n ],\n [\n 167.43150821435654,\n 14.78558056021572\n ],\n [\n 166.77294853142018,\n 14.78558056021572\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 169.499920820532,\n 11.546374884556585\n ],\n [\n 169.499920820532,\n 11.127206568923143\n ],\n [\n 169.93721295290305,\n 11.127206568923143\n ],\n [\n 169.93721295290305,\n 11.546374884556585\n ],\n [\n 169.499920820532,\n 11.546374884556585\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 163.24369271990167,\n 5.106657114971725\n ],\n [\n 163.24369271990167,\n 4.40233629638837\n ],\n [\n 164.18797836826207,\n 4.40233629638837\n ],\n [\n 164.18797836826207,\n 5.106657114971725\n ],\n [\n 163.24369271990167,\n 5.106657114971725\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"450","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52b2c406e4b08e3289f1571f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davenport, John","contributorId":68643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davenport","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, T. Todd","contributorId":61334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"T. Todd","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Work, Thierry M. 0000-0002-4426-9090 thierry_work@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4426-9090","contributorId":1187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Work","given":"Thierry","email":"thierry_work@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Balazs, George H.","contributorId":88195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balazs","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70059128,"text":"70059128 - 2014 - Impact of climate variability on runoff in the north-central United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-12T20:15:37","indexId":"70059128","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-17T12:03:53","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2341,"text":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impact of climate variability on runoff in the north-central United States","docAbstract":"Large changes in runoff in the north-central United States have occurred during the past century, with larger floods and increases in runoff tending to occur from the 1970s to the present. The attribution of these changes is a subject of much interest. Long-term precipitation, temperature, and streamflow records were used to compare changes in precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET) to changes in runoff within 25 stream basins. The basins studied were organized into four groups, each one representing basins similar in topography, climate, and historic patterns of runoff. Precipitation, PET, and runoff data were adjusted for near-decadal scale variability to examine longer-term changes. A nonlinear water-balance analysis shows that changes in precipitation and PET explain the majority of multidecadal spatial/temporal variability of runoff and flood magnitudes, with precipitation being the dominant driver. Historical changes in climate and runoff in the region appear to be more consistent with complex transient shifts in seasonal climatic conditions than with gradual climate change. A portion of the unexplained variability likely stems from land-use change.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000775","usgsCitation":"Ryberg, K.R., Lin, W., and Vecchia, A.V., 2014, Impact of climate variability on runoff in the north-central United States: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, v. 19, no. 1, p. 148-158, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000775.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"148","endPage":"158","ipdsId":"IP-036799","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280403,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota","volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd620be4b0b290850fdec0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryberg, Karen R. 0000-0002-9834-2046 kryberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9834-2046","contributorId":1172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryberg","given":"Karen","email":"kryberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lin, Wei","contributorId":93805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"Wei","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vecchia, Aldo V. 0000-0002-2661-4401","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2661-4401","contributorId":41810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchia","given":"Aldo","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70058881,"text":"70058881 - 2014 - The relation between invertebrate drift and two primary controls, discharge and benthic densities, in a large regulated river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-24T09:32:06","indexId":"70058881","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-17T10:19:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relation between invertebrate drift and two primary controls, discharge and benthic densities, in a large regulated river","docAbstract":"1. Invertebrate drift is a fundamental process in streams and rivers. Studies from laboratory experiments and small streams have identified numerous extrinsic (e.g. discharge, light intensity, water quality) and intrinsic factors (invertebrate life stage, benthic density, behaviour) that govern invertebrate drift concentrations (# m−3), but the factors that govern invertebrate drift in larger rivers remain poorly understood. For example, while large increases or decreases in discharge can lead to large increases in invertebrate drift, the role of smaller, incremental changes in discharge is poorly described. In addition, while we might expect invertebrate drift concentrations to be proportional to benthic densities (# m−2), the benthic–drift relation has not been rigorously evaluated.\nEcological limit functions relating streamflow and aquatic ecosystems remain elusive despite decades of research. We investigated functional relationships between species richness and changes in streamflow characteristics at 662 fish sampling sites in the Tennessee River basin. Our approach included the following: (1) a brief summary of relevant literature on functional relations between fish and streamflow, (2) the development of ecological limit functions that describe the strongest discernible relationships between fish species richness and streamflow characteristics, (3) the evaluation of proposed definitions of hydrologic reference conditions, and (4) an investigation of the internal structures of wedge-shaped distributions underlying ecological limit functions.
Twenty-one ecological limit functions were developed across three ecoregions that relate the species richness of 11 fish groups and departures from hydrologic reference conditions using multivariate and quantile regression methods. Each negatively sloped function is described using up to four streamflow characteristics expressed in terms of cumulative departure from hydrologic reference conditions. Negative slopes indicate increased departure results in decreased species richness.
Sites with the highest measured fish species richness generally had near-reference hydrologic conditions for a given ecoregion. Hydrology did not generally differ between sites with the highest and lowest fish species richness, indicating that other environmental factors likely limit species richness at sites with reference hydrology.
Use of ecological limit functions to make decisions regarding proposed hydrologic regime changes, although commonly presented as a management tool, is not as straightforward or informative as often assumed. We contend that statistical evaluation of the internal wedge structure below limit functions may provide a probabilistic understanding of how aquatic ecology is influenced by altered hydrology and may serve as the basis for evaluating the potential effect of proposed hydrologic changes.
Estimates of band reporting probabilities are used for managing North American waterfowl to convert band recovery probabilities into harvest probabilities, which are used to set harvest regulations. Band reporting probability is the probability that someone who has shot and retrieved a banded bird will report the band. This probability can vary relative to a number of factors, particularly the inscription on the band and the ease with which it can be reported. Other factors, such as geographic reporting region, and species and sex of the bird may also play a role. We tested whether reporting probabilities of wood ducks (Aix sponsa) and American black ducks (black ducks; Anas rubripes) differed from those of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and whether band reporting varied geographically or by the sex of the banded bird. In the analysis of spatially comparable wood duck and mallard data, a band reporting probability of 0.73 (95% CI = 0.67–0.78) was appropriate for use across species, sex, and reporting region within the United States. In the black duck–mallard comparison, the band reporting probability of black ducks in Eastern Canada (0.50, 95% CI = 0.44–0.57) was lower than in the Eastern United States (0.73, 95% CI = 0.62–0.83). These estimates reflected an increase in overall band reporting probability following the addition of a toll-free telephone number to band inscriptions. Lower reporting in Eastern Canada may be because of cultural, linguistic, or logistical barriers.
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V.","contributorId":146532,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Raftovich","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":6927,"text":"USFWS, National Wildlife Refuge System","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, James E. 0000-0001-5478-7230 jhines@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":146530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":568120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zimmerman, Guthrie S.","contributorId":42473,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Guthrie","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70058431,"text":"70058431 - 2014 - Precise determination of δ88Sr in rocks, minerals, and waters by double-spike TIMS: A powerful tool in the study of chemical, geologic, hydrologic and biologic processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-05T10:25:37","indexId":"70058431","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-04T10:21:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2155,"text":"Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Precise determination of δ88Sr in rocks, minerals, and waters by double-spike TIMS: A powerful tool in the study of chemical, geologic, hydrologic and biologic processes","docAbstract":"We present strontium isotopic (88Sr/86Sr and 87Sr/86Sr) results obtained by 87Sr–84Sr double spike thermal ionization mass-spectrometry (DS-TIMS) for several standards as well as natural water samples and mineral samples of abiogenic and biogenic origin. The detailed data reduction algorithm and a user-friendly Sr-specific stand-alone computer program used for the spike calibration and the data reduction are also presented. Accuracy and precision of our δ88Sr measurements, calculated as permil (‰) deviations from the NIST SRM-987 standard, were evaluated by analyzing the NASS-6 seawater standard, which yielded δ88Sr = 0.378 ± 0.009‰. The first DS-TIMS data for the NIST SRM-607 potassium feldspar standard and for several US Geological Survey carbonate, phosphate, and silicate standards (EN-1, MAPS-4, MAPS-5, G-3, BCR-2, and BHVO-2) are also reported. Data obtained during this work for Sr-bearing solids and natural waters show a range of δ88Sr values of about 2.4‰, the widest observed so far in terrestrial materials. This range is easily resolvable analytically because the demonstrated external error (±SD, standard deviation) for measured δ88Sr values is typically ≤0.02‰. It is shown that the “true” 87Sr/86Sr value obtained by the DS-TIMS or any other external normalization method combines radiogenic and mass-dependent mass-fractionation effects, which cannot be separated. Therefore, the “true” 87Sr/86Sr and the δ87Sr parameter derived from it are not useful isotope tracers. Data presented in this paper for a wide range of naturally occurring sample types demonstrate the potential of the δ88Sr isotope tracer in combination with the traditional radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr tracer for studying a variety of biological, hydrological, and geological processes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry","doi":"10.1039/C3JA50310K","usgsCitation":"Neymark, L.A., Premo, W.R., Mel’nikov, N.N., and Emsbo, P., 2014, Precise determination of δ88Sr in rocks, minerals, and waters by double-spike TIMS: A powerful tool in the study of chemical, geologic, hydrologic and biologic processes: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, v. 29, p. 65-75, https://doi.org/10.1039/C3JA50310K.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"75","numberOfPages":"11","ipdsId":"IP-050748","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280192,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280191,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C3JA50310K"}],"volume":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52a1aea5e4b02938ec05c900","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neymark, Leonid A. lneymark@usgs.gov","contributorId":532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neymark","given":"Leonid","email":"lneymark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":487037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Premo, Wayne R. 0000-0001-9904-4801 wpremo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9904-4801","contributorId":1697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Premo","given":"Wayne","email":"wpremo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":487039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mel’nikov, Nikolay N.","contributorId":37246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mel’nikov","given":"Nikolay","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Emsbo, Poul 0000-0001-9421-201X pemsbo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9421-201X","contributorId":997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emsbo","given":"Poul","email":"pemsbo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70094738,"text":"70094738 - 2014 - Ambient changes in tracer concentrations from a multilevel monitoring system in Basalt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-24T15:54:43","indexId":"70094738","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-01T15:48:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1866,"text":"Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ambient changes in tracer concentrations from a multilevel monitoring system in Basalt","docAbstract":"Starting in 2008, a 4-year tracer study was conducted to evaluate ambient changes in groundwater concentrations of a 1,3,6-naphthalene trisulfonate tracer that was added to drill water. Samples were collected under open borehole conditions and after installing a multilevel groundwater monitoring system completed with 11 discrete monitoring zones within dense and fractured basalt and sediment layers in the eastern Snake River aquifer. The study was done in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy to test whether ambient fracture flow conditions were sufficient to remove the effects of injected drill water prior to sample collection. Results from thief samples indicated that the tracer was present in minor concentrations 28 days after coring, but was not present 6 months after coring or 7 days after reaming the borehole. Results from sampling the multilevel monitoring system indicated that small concentrations of the tracer remained in 5 of 10 zones during some period after installation. All concentrations were several orders of magnitude lower than the initial concentrations in the drill water. The ports that had remnant concentrations of the tracer were either located near sediment layers or were located in dense basalt, which suggests limited groundwater flow near these ports. The ports completed in well-fractured and vesicular basalt had no detectable concentrations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/gwmr.12038","usgsCitation":"Bartholomay, R.C., Twining, B.V., and Rose, P.E., 2014, Ambient changes in tracer concentrations from a multilevel monitoring system in Basalt: Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, v. 34, no. 1, p. 79-88, https://doi.org/10.1111/gwmr.12038.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"88","numberOfPages":"10","ipdsId":"IP-042016","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473327,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gwmr.12038","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":282712,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":282680,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gwmr.12038"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator Projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1927","country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Idaho National Laboratory","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.5,43.25 ], [ -113.5,44.25 ], [ -112.25,44.25 ], [ -112.25,43.25 ], [ -113.5,43.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-12-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4c3ee4b0b290850f0ddb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholomay, Roy C. 0000-0002-4809-9287 rcbarth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-9287","contributorId":1131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomay","given":"Roy","email":"rcbarth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Twining, Brian V. 0000-0003-1321-4721 btwining@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1321-4721","contributorId":2387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twining","given":"Brian","email":"btwining@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rose, Peter E.","contributorId":103574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70048865,"text":"70048865 - 2014 - Hysteresis and uncertainty in soil water-retention curve parameters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T15:54:54","indexId":"70048865","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-01T14:48:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2327,"text":"Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hysteresis and uncertainty in soil water-retention curve parameters","docAbstract":"Accurate estimates of soil hydraulic parameters representing wetting and drying paths are required for predicting hydraulic and mechanical responses in a large number of applications. A comprehensive suite of laboratory experiments was conducted to measure hysteretic soil-water characteristic curves (SWCCs) representing a wide range of soil types. Results were used to quantitatively assess differences and uncertainty in three simplifications frequently adopted to estimate wetting-path SWCC parameters from more easily measured drying curves. They are the following: (1) αw=2αd, (2) nw=nd, and (3) θws=θds, where α, n, and θs are fitting parameters entering van Genuchten’s commonly adopted SWCC model, and the superscripts w and d indicate wetting and drying paths, respectively. The average ratio αw/αd for the data set was 2.24±1.25. Nominally cohesive soils had a lower αw/αd ratio (1.73±0.94) than nominally cohesionless soils (3.14±1.27). The average nw/nd ratio was 1.01±0.11 with no significant dependency on soil type, thus confirming the nw=nd simplification for a wider range of soil types than previously available. Water content at zero suction during wetting (θws) was consistently less than during drying (θds) owing to air entrapment. The θws/θds ratio averaged 0.85±0.10 and was comparable for nominally cohesive (0.87±0.11) and cohesionless (0.81±0.08) soils. Regression statistics are provided to quantitatively account for uncertainty in estimating hysteretic retention curves. Practical consequences are demonstrated for two case studies.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001071","usgsCitation":"Likos, W.J., Lu, N., and Godt, J.W., 2014, Hysteresis and uncertainty in soil water-retention curve parameters: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, v. 140, no. 4, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001071.","productDescription":"11 p.","numberOfPages":"11","ipdsId":"IP-052321","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280761,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280760,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001071"}],"volume":"140","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd61dee4b0b290850fdcdf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Likos, William J.","contributorId":14725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Likos","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lu, Ning","contributorId":191360,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lu","given":"Ning","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12620,"text":"U.S. Army Corp. of Engineers","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":485768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Godt, Jonathan W. 0000-0002-8737-2493 jgodt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8737-2493","contributorId":1166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godt","given":"Jonathan","email":"jgodt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70098946,"text":"70098946 - 2014 - Seasonal cultivated and fallow cropland mapping using MODIS-based automated cropland classification algorithm","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-06T16:13:58","indexId":"70098946","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-01T14:31:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2172,"text":"Journal of Applied Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal cultivated and fallow cropland mapping using MODIS-based automated cropland classification algorithm","docAbstract":"Increasing drought occurrences and growing populations demand accurate, routine, and consistent cultivated and fallow cropland products to enable water and food security analysis. The overarching goal of this research was to develop and test automated cropland classification algorithm (ACCA) that provide accurate, consistent, and repeatable information on seasonal cultivated as well as seasonal fallow cropland extents and areas based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer remote sensing data. Seasonal ACCA development process involves writing series of iterative decision tree codes to separate cultivated and fallow croplands from noncroplands, aiming to accurately mirror reliable reference data sources. A pixel-by-pixel accuracy assessment when compared with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) cropland data showed, on average, a producer’s accuracy of 93% and a user’s accuracy of 85% across all months. Further, ACCA-derived cropland maps agreed well with the USDA Farm Service Agency crop acreage-reported data for both cultivated and fallow croplands with R-square values over 0.7 and field surveys with an accuracy of ≥95% for cultivated croplands and ≥76% for fallow croplands. Our results demonstrated the ability of ACCA to generate cropland products, such as cultivated and fallow cropland extents and areas, accurately, automatically, and repeatedly throughout the growing season.","language":"English","publisher":"SPIE","doi":"10.1117/1.JRS.8.083685","usgsCitation":"Wu, Z., Thenkabail, P.S., Mueller, R., Zakzeski, A., Melton, F., Johnson, L., Rosevelt, C., Dwyer, J., Jones, J., and Verdin, J.P., 2014, Seasonal cultivated and fallow cropland mapping using MODIS-based automated cropland classification algorithm: Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, v. 8, no. 1, Article 083685; 17 p., https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JRS.8.083685.","productDescription":"Article 083685; 17 p.","numberOfPages":"17","ipdsId":"IP-044862","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473328,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jrs.8.083685","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":284264,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":284265,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.JRS.8.083685"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125.0,33.0 ], [ -125.0,42.0 ], [ -115.0,42.0 ], [ -115.0,33.0 ], [ -125.0,33.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"8","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd71abe4b0b29085107d2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wu, Zhuoting 0000-0001-7393-1832 zwu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7393-1832","contributorId":4953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"Zhuoting","email":"zwu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":498,"text":"Office of Land Remote Sensing (Geography)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":491771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thenkabail, Prasad S. 0000-0002-2182-8822 pthenkabail@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2182-8822","contributorId":570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thenkabail","given":"Prasad","email":"pthenkabail@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":491769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mueller, Rick","contributorId":101182,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mueller","given":"Rick","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":491778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zakzeski, Audra","contributorId":79796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zakzeski","given":"Audra","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Melton, F.","contributorId":34039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melton","given":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":24796,"text":"NASA Ames Research Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":491774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, Lee","contributorId":60122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Lee","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rosevelt, Carolyn","contributorId":25455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosevelt","given":"Carolyn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Dwyer, John","contributorId":45042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Jones, Jeanine","contributorId":6758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Jeanine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Verdin, James P. 0000-0003-0238-9657 verdin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0238-9657","contributorId":720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"James","email":"verdin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":491770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70049728,"text":"70049728 - 2014 - Agricultural disturbance response models for invertebrate and algal metrics from streams at two spatial scales within the U.S.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-24T09:47:59","indexId":"70049728","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-01T11:21:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Agricultural disturbance response models for invertebrate and algal metrics from streams at two spatial scales within the U.S.","docAbstract":"As part of the USGS study of nutrient enrichment of streams in agricultural regions throughout the United States, about 30 sites within each of eight study areas were selected to capture a gradient of nutrient conditions. The objective was to develop watershed disturbance predictive models for macroinvertebrate and algal metrics at national and three regional landscape scales to obtain a better understanding of important explanatory variables. Explanatory variables in models were generated from landscape data, habitat, and chemistry. Instream nutrient concentration and variables assessing the amount of disturbance to the riparian zone (e.g., percent row crops or percent agriculture) were selected as most important explanatory variable in almost all boosted regression tree models regardless of landscape scale or assemblage. Frequently, TN and TP concentration and riparian agricultural land use variables showed a threshold type response at relatively low values to biotic metrics modeled. Some measure of habitat condition was also commonly selected in the final invertebrate models, though the variable(s) varied across regions. Results suggest national models tended to account for more general landscape/climate differences, while regional models incorporated both broad landscape scale and more specific local-scale variables.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10750-013-1774-4","usgsCitation":"Waite, I.R., 2014, Agricultural disturbance response models for invertebrate and algal metrics from streams at two spatial scales within the U.S.: Hydrobiologia, v. 726, no. 1, p. 285-303, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-013-1774-4.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"285","endPage":"303","numberOfPages":"19","ipdsId":"IP-038732","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280866,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280865,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-013-1774-4"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.8,24.5 ], [ -124.8,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,24.5 ], [ -124.8,24.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"726","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-12-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4c08e4b0b290850f0b8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waite, Ian R. 0000-0003-1681-6955 iwaite@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1681-6955","contributorId":616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"Ian","email":"iwaite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70096238,"text":"70096238 - 2014 - Near-bottom circulation and dispersion of sediment containing Alexandrium fundyense cysts in the Gulf of Maine during 2010-2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-29T14:45:26","indexId":"70096238","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-01T10:38:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1371,"text":"Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Near-bottom circulation and dispersion of sediment containing Alexandrium fundyense cysts in the Gulf of Maine during 2010-2011","docAbstract":"The life cycle of Alexandrium fundyense in the Gulf of Maine includes a dormant cyst stage that spends the winter predominantly in the bottom sediment. Wave-current bottom stress caused by storms and tides induces resuspension of cyst-containing sediment during winter and spring. Resuspended sediment could be transported by water flow to different locations in the Gulf and the redistribution of sediment containing A. fundyense cysts could alter the spatial and temporal manifestation of its spring bloom. The present study evaluates model near-bottom flow during storms, when sediment resuspension and redistribution are most likely to occur, between October and May when A. fundyense cells are predominantly in cyst form. Simulated water column sediment (mud) concentrations from representative locations of the Gulf are used to initialize particle tracking simulations for the period October 2010–May 2011. Particles are tracked in full three-dimensional model solutions including a sinking velocity characteristic of cyst and aggregated mud settling (0.1 mm s−1). Although most of the material was redeposited near the source areas, small percentages of total resuspended sediment from some locations in the western (~4%) and eastern (2%) Maine shelf and the Bay of Fundy (1%) traveled distances longer than 100 km before resettling. The redistribution changed seasonally and was sensitive to the prescribed sinking rate. Estimates of the amount of cysts redistributed with the sediment were small compared to the inventory of cysts in the upper few centimeters of sediment but could potentially have more relevance immediately after deposition.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.11.003","usgsCitation":"Aretxabaleta, A., Butman, B., Signell, R.P., Dalyander, P., Sherwood, C.R., Sheremet, V.A., and McGillicuddy, D.J., 2014, Near-bottom circulation and dispersion of sediment containing Alexandrium fundyense cysts in the Gulf of Maine during 2010-2011: Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, v. 103, p. 96-111, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.11.003.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"96","endPage":"111","numberOfPages":"16","ipdsId":"IP-051764","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473329,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.11.003","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":283874,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":283873,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.11.003"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","otherGeospatial":"Bay Of Fundy;Gulf Of Maine","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.0,42.5 ], [ -71.0,45.5 ], [ -65.0,45.5 ], [ -65.0,42.5 ], [ -71.0,42.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"103","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53885706e4b0318b93124adf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aretxabaleta, Alfredo L.","contributorId":41311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aretxabaleta","given":"Alfredo L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Butman, Bradford 0000-0002-4174-2073 bbutman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4174-2073","contributorId":943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"Bradford","email":"bbutman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":491493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Signell, Richard P. rsignell@usgs.gov","contributorId":1435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"Richard","email":"rsignell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":491494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dalyander, P. Soupy 0000-0001-9583-0872","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9583-0872","contributorId":65177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalyander","given":"P. Soupy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sherwood, Christopher R. 0000-0001-6135-3553 csherwood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6135-3553","contributorId":2866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherwood","given":"Christopher","email":"csherwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":491495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sheremet, Vitalii A.","contributorId":52886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheremet","given":"Vitalii","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McGillicuddy, Dennis J. Jr.","contributorId":13541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGillicuddy","given":"Dennis","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70068813,"text":"70068813 - 2014 - Compaction and gas loss in welded pyroclastic deposits as revealed by porosity, permeability, and electrical conductivity measurements of the Shevlin Park Tuff","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-14T09:28:56","indexId":"70068813","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-01T10:32:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compaction and gas loss in welded pyroclastic deposits as revealed by porosity, permeability, and electrical conductivity measurements of the Shevlin Park Tuff","docAbstract":"Pyroclastic flows produced by large volcanic eruptions commonly densify after emplacement. Processes of gas escape, compaction, and welding in pyroclastic-flow deposits are controlled by the physical and thermal properties of constituent material. Through measurements of matrix porosity, permeability, and electrical conductivity, we provide a framework for understanding the evolution of pore structure during these processes. Using data from the Shevlin Park Tuff in central Oregon, United States, and from the literature, we find that over a porosity range of 0%–70%, matrix permeability varies by almost 10 orders of magnitude (from 10–20 to 10–11 m2), with over three orders of magnitude variation at any given porosity. Part of the variation at a given porosity is due to permeability anisotropy, where oriented core samples indicate higher permeabilities parallel to foliation (horizontally) than perpendicular to foliation (vertically). This suggests that pore space is flattened during compaction, creating anisotropic crack-like networks, a geometry that is supported by electrical conductivity measurements. We find that the power law equation: k1 = 1.3 × 10–21 × ϕ5.2 provides the best approximation of dominant horizontal gas loss, where k1 = permeability, and ϕ = porosity. Application of Kozeny-Carman fluid-flow approximations suggests that permeability in the Shevlin Park Tuff is controlled by crack- or disk-like pore apertures with minimum widths of 0.3 and 7.5 μm. We find that matrix permeability limits compaction over short times, but deformation is then controlled by competition among cooling, compaction, water resorption, and permeable gas escape. These competing processes control the potential for development of overpressure (and secondary explosions) and the degree of welding in the deposit, processes that are applicable to viscous densification of volcanic deposits in general. Further, the general relationships among porosity, permeability, and pore geometry are relevant for flow of any fluid through an ignimbritic host.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/B30668.1","usgsCitation":"Wright, H.M., and Cashman, K., 2014, Compaction and gas loss in welded pyroclastic deposits as revealed by porosity, permeability, and electrical conductivity measurements of the Shevlin Park Tuff: GSA Bulletin, v. 126, no. 1-2, p. 234-247, https://doi.org/10.1130/B30668.1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"234","endPage":"247","numberOfPages":"14","ipdsId":"IP-042666","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280975,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Shevlin Park Tuff","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.7,43.933333 ], [ -121.7,44.3 ], [ -121.3,44.3 ], [ -121.3,43.933333 ], [ -121.7,43.933333 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"126","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd51e7e4b0b290850f4342","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Heather M. 0000-0001-9013-507X hwright@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9013-507X","contributorId":3949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Heather","email":"hwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cashman, Katharine V.","contributorId":40097,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cashman","given":"Katharine V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70059149,"text":"70059149 - 2014 - Improving groundwater predictions utilizing seasonal precipitation forecasts from general circulation models forced with sea surface temperature forecasts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-19T09:49:32","indexId":"70059149","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-01T09:45:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2341,"text":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improving groundwater predictions utilizing seasonal precipitation forecasts from general circulation models forced with sea surface temperature forecasts","docAbstract":"Recent studies have found a significant association between climatic variability and basin hydroclimatology, particularly groundwater levels, over the southeast United States. The research reported in this paper evaluates the potential in developing 6-month-ahead groundwater-level forecasts based on the precipitation forecasts from ECHAM 4.5 General Circulation Model Forced with Sea Surface Temperature forecasts. Ten groundwater wells and nine streamgauges from the USGS Groundwater Climate Response Network and Hydro-Climatic Data Network were selected to represent groundwater and surface water flows, respectively, having minimal anthropogenic influences within the Flint River Basin in Georgia, United States. The writers employ two low-dimensional models [principle component regression (PCR) and canonical correlation analysis (CCA)] for predicting groundwater and streamflow at both seasonal and monthly timescales. Three modeling schemes are considered at the beginning of January to predict winter (January, February, and March) and spring (April, May, and June) streamflow and groundwater for the selected sites within the Flint River Basin. The first scheme (model 1) is a null model and is developed using PCR for every streamflow and groundwater site using previous 3-month observations (October, November, and December) available at that particular site as predictors. Modeling schemes 2 and 3 are developed using PCR and CCA, respectively, to evaluate the role of precipitation forecasts in improving monthly and seasonal groundwater predictions. Modeling scheme 3, which employs a CCA approach, is developed for each site by considering observed groundwater levels from nearby sites as predictands. The performance of these three schemes is evaluated using two metrics (correlation coefficient and relative RMS error) by developing groundwater-level forecasts based on leave-five-out cross-validation. Results from the research reported in this paper show that using precipitation forecasts in climate models improves the ability to predict the interannual variability of winter and spring streamflow and groundwater levels over the basin. 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Data can be examined using simple scatter plots to evaluate relationships between the response and independent variables (IVs). VB3 can produce interaction terms between the primary IVs, and it can also test an array of transformations to maximize the linearity of the relationship The software includes search routines for finding the \"best\" models from an array of possible choices. Automated censoring of statistical models with highly correlated IVs occurs during the selection process. Models can be constructed either using previously collected data or forecasted environmental information. VB3 has residual diagnostics for regression models, including automated outlier identification and removal using DFFITs or Cook's Distances.
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