Sedimentary clay that crops out in the coastal plains of New Jersey, Delaware, the part of Maryland north and east of Washington, B.C., and the northeast half of Washington, D.C., in the nonmarine Cretaceous Potomac Group is predominantly kaolinite and illite. In contrast, in part of southeastern Maryland, the southwest half of Washington, D.C., and most of eastern Virginia, Potomac Group clay is predominantly montmorillonite.
Kaolinite and illite were probably derived by intense acid weathering of metamorphic and granitic rocks to the west during the Cretaceous and were deposited in a well-drained basin. Montmorillonite was most likely produced by deep weathering of a mainly granitic source. Poor drainage and alkaline surface- and ground-water conditions probably accompanied the production, transportation, deposition, and burial of the montmorillonite. Kaolinization of the montmorillonite is taking place now at the surface in northern Virginia.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Force, L.M., and Moncure, G.K., 1978, Origin of two clay-mineral facies of the Potomac Group (Cretaceous) in the Middle Atlantic States: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 22, p. 203-214.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"214","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403637,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403635,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Potomac Group","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.508544921875,\n 36.57142382346277\n ],\n [\n -74.080810546875,\n 36.57142382346277\n ],\n [\n -74.080810546875,\n 40.75557964275589\n ],\n [\n -77.508544921875,\n 40.75557964275589\n ],\n [\n -77.508544921875,\n 36.57142382346277\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Force, Lucy M.","contributorId":75503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Force","given":"Lucy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moncure, George K.","contributorId":293156,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moncure","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70232933,"text":"70232933 - 1978 - A tuya in Togiak Valley, Southwest Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T15:48:38.090797","indexId":"70232933","displayToPublicDate":"1978-03-01T10:44:11","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A tuya in Togiak Valley, Southwest Alaska","docAbstract":"The shape, composition, structure, and location of a conspicuous flat-topped mountain in the lower Togiak Valley, southwest Alaska, all indicate that it formed by a subglacial volcanic eruption of olivine basalt. Volcanoes of this type are known as \"tuyas.\" The Togiak tuya erupted into an intraglacial lake in a hole thawed through a glacier that occupied Togiak Valley in Pleistocene time. The eruption was localized along the Togiak fault, which defines the east side of a shallow graben that is floored by older olivine basalt flows. The tuya, which has an area of 15 square kilometers, is a parallelogram. The flat summit, about 300 meters above the valley floor, is capped by glassy, fine-grained subaerial flows of alkali olivine basalt. To the north, the capping flows overlie palagonitized glassy tuffs; to the south, they overlie pillow basalts and breccia. The elevation of the pillow basalts indicates that surface of the melt-water lake was at least 250 m above present-day sea level. Basalt xenoliths in the tuffs and comparison with other better exposed tuyas suggest that the tuffs probably overlie an older pile of subaqueous pillow basalts that erupted beneath the intraglacial lake. The tuya overlies and is much younger than the preglacial flows on valley floor that yielded a potassium-argon age of 0.758±0.2 million years.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Hoare, J., and Coonrad, W.L., 1978, A tuya in Togiak Valley, Southwest Alaska: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 2, p. 193-201.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"193","endPage":"201","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403632,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403630,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Togiak Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -160.98541259765625,\n 58.64408173742445\n ],\n [\n -159.93621826171875,\n 58.64408173742445\n ],\n [\n -159.93621826171875,\n 59.37239142233717\n ],\n [\n -160.98541259765625,\n 59.37239142233717\n ],\n [\n -160.98541259765625,\n 58.64408173742445\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoare, J. M.","contributorId":52143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoare","given":"J. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coonrad, W. L.","contributorId":69946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coonrad","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70232930,"text":"70232930 - 1978 - Blue Ribbon Lineament, an east-trending structural zone within the Pioche mineral belt of southwestern Utah and eastern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T15:42:17.522512","indexId":"70232930","displayToPublicDate":"1978-03-01T10:37:45","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Blue Ribbon Lineament, an east-trending structural zone within the Pioche mineral belt of southwestern Utah and eastern Nevada","docAbstract":"The Blue Ribbon lineament is an east-west structural zone that is about 25 kilometers wide and passes through the Pioche mineral belt at about 38°10' N. It is best known in Utah, where it is at least 190 km long, and extends from the southern Sevier Plateau in the High Plateaus westward and across southern Mountain Home (Needle) Range in the Great Basin. It probably continues westward an additional 170 km into Nevada, where it connects with the eastern end of the 230-km Warm Springs lineament. The Blue Ribbon lineament is defined by range terminations and east-trending valleys, alinement of eruptive centers of middle Miocene (20 million years) to Pliocene(?) (5-1.8 m.y.) alkalic rhyolite, alinement of areas of middle Miocene to Pliocene mineralized rocks (mostly fluorine, uranium, tungsten) and hydrothermally altered rocks, east-trending magnetic highs and interruptions of magnetic anomalies, and east-striking basin-range faults of late Tertiary and Quaternary age. Mountains south of the lineament are topographically and structurally lower than those to the north. North-striking Quaternary basin-range faults, the Thermo hot springs area, several warm springs and former hot springs, and numerous dacitic to andesitic volcanic centers of early to middle Miocene age (26-20 m.y.) occur along the lineament. The Blue Ribbon lineament is believed to be a deep crustal fault zone dating from at least middle Miocene time and possibly much earlier. It thus developed generally coincident with northerly trending classical basin-range faults. Its fracture system was an important, long-lived conduit for mineralizing fluids, and it should be an attractive target for minerals exploration in the future. The lineament could be due to an east-trending warp in the subducting mantle plate, or it could be part of a past or present intracontinental transform fault that locally gets younger eastward and dies out eastward in the western Colorado Plateaus province.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Rowley, P.D., Lipman, P.W., Mehnert, H.H., Lindsey, D.A., and Anderson, J.J., 1978, Blue Ribbon Lineament, an east-trending structural zone within the Pioche mineral belt of southwestern Utah and eastern Nevada: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 2, p. 175-192.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"192","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403629,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403627,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Pioche mineral belt","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -112,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -112,\n 38.45\n ],\n [\n -114,\n 38.45\n ],\n [\n -114,\n 38\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowley, Peter D.","contributorId":27435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowley","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lipman, Peter W. 0000-0001-9175-6118","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9175-6118","contributorId":203612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":846520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mehnert, Harald H.","contributorId":56221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehnert","given":"Harald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lindsey, David A. 0000-0002-9466-0899 dlindsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9466-0899","contributorId":773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"David","email":"dlindsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":846522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anderson, John J.","contributorId":74004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70232928,"text":"70232928 - 1978 - Accuracy of selected land use and land cover maps in the Greater Atlanta region, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T15:33:28.016527","indexId":"70232928","displayToPublicDate":"1978-03-01T10:30:23","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accuracy of selected land use and land cover maps in the Greater Atlanta region, Georgia","docAbstract":"The land use and land cover maps at 1:100000 scale and at 1:24 000 scale in the Greater Atlanta Region were tested for accuracy. At 1:100 000 scale, 381 points were selected using a stratified systematic unalined sampling technique. Of these 381 points, 343 points or 90 percent were found to be correct. At 1:24 000 scale, 71 points were tested for accuracy. Of these 71 points, 62 points or 87 percent were found to be accurate. Confidence intervals were determined based on the assumption that the data exhibited a binomial distribution. With 95-percent confidence the accuracy of the 1:100 000-scale maps was between 87 and 93 percent, and the accuracy of the 1:24 000-scale maps was between 79 and 96 percent. The accuracy of the interpretations was consistent from category to category.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick-Lins, K., 1978, Accuracy of selected land use and land cover maps in the Greater Atlanta region, Georgia: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 2, p. 169-173.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"173","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403625,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403624,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Atlanta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.91333007812499,\n 33.330528249028085\n ],\n [\n -83.5345458984375,\n 33.330528249028085\n ],\n [\n -83.5345458984375,\n 34.43862840686652\n ],\n [\n -84.91333007812499,\n 34.43862840686652\n ],\n [\n -84.91333007812499,\n 33.330528249028085\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzpatrick-Lins, Katherine","contributorId":75906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick-Lins","given":"Katherine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70232927,"text":"70232927 - 1978 - An \"optimal\" filter for maps showing nominal data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T15:34:59.822592","indexId":"70232927","displayToPublicDate":"1978-03-01T10:27:27","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An \"optimal\" filter for maps showing nominal data","docAbstract":"An \"optimal\" filtering technique for use with nominal data, such as land use and land cover categories, has been developed. This method is based on the conditional probability joins of neighboring data elements. In addition to its use in performing filtering, the method can be used to calculate the likelihood of each data element being properly classified. The technique was tested on a land use data set for an area in Walnut Valley, Calif. The computer program performing the filtering process proved to be computationally efficient and produced satisfactory results. Useful statistics of the error estimation process were also generated. Future applications of the method to spectrally classified Landsat data are being explored.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Guptill, S.C., 1978, An \"optimal\" filter for maps showing nominal data: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 2, p. 161-167.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"161","endPage":"167","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403622,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403621,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guptill, Stephen C.","contributorId":32909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guptill","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70232925,"text":"70232925 - 1978 - Remote-sensing methods for monitoring surface coal mining in the northern Great Plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T15:18:03.132253","indexId":"70232925","displayToPublicDate":"1978-03-01T10:12:32","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote-sensing methods for monitoring surface coal mining in the northern Great Plains","docAbstract":"Recent studies at a large surface coal mine in southern Montana confirm that remote sensing is both feasible and effective for gathering land-use and environmental data (spatial, dynamic, and seasonal) for large-scale surface mines in the northern Great Plains. The Western Energy Co.'s Rosebud mine near Colstrip, Mont., was selected as a test site because it typifies surface operations in the Powder River Basin of Montana and Wyoming and elsewhere in the northern Great Plains. Several basic interpretive and analytical remote-sensing techniques were used to identify and delineate various categories of surface-mining operations and concurrent stages of reclamation that characterize most, if not all, such mining operations. Color infrared and black-and-white aerial photographs and a black-and-white band 5 Landsat image were used to identify (1) high wall and bench areas, (2) ungraded spoils, (3) graded and recontoured areas, (4) revegetated recontoured areas, (5) natural and impounded surface water, and (6) miscellaneous areas. Over the lifespan of an extensive surface mine, cultural and natural processes and cumulative environmental effects can be monitored by capitalizing on the close correlation between enhanced satellite imagery, infrared and (or) black-and-white aerial photography, standard large-scale topographic maps (such as U.S. Geological Survey 7½-minute quadrangle maps), and results of onsite inspection of mining and reclamation by Federal or State agencies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Mamula, N., 1978, Remote-sensing methods for monitoring surface coal mining in the northern Great Plains: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 2, p. 149-160.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"160","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403618,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403616,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -105,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -105,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 45\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mamula, Ned Jr.","contributorId":293155,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mamula","given":"Ned","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70233047,"text":"70233047 - 1978 - Hydraulic characteristics of the White River streambed and glacial-outwash deposits at a site near Indianapolis, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-15T15:15:51.713227","indexId":"70233047","displayToPublicDate":"1978-03-01T09:56:12","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydraulic characteristics of the White River streambed and glacial-outwash deposits at a site near Indianapolis, Indiana","docAbstract":"An aquifer test was made in the glacial-outwash aquifer along the course of the White River in Marion County, Ind., to establish the hydraulic characteristics of this unit and the hydraulic conductivity of the White River streambed at a site 11 kilometers south of the center of downtown Indianapolis. In the immediate vicinity of the site, at a depth of about 15 meters below land surface, a clay lens separates the outwash aquifer into an upper sand and gravel unit 12 m thick and a lower unit 8.5 m thick. At the site of the test well, the clay lens is 3.0 m thick. The test was made in the upper sand and gravel unit, and data were analyzed for an assumed condition of no, or at least negligible, transient leakage from the clay lens underlying this unit. As no observation wells were installed in the clay lens, this assumption cannot be directly substantiated. However, observation wells beneath the clay lens indicated that a head loss was not induced below the clay lens by the test well, and the closeness of the values obtained for transmissivity of the upper unit by three different methods strongly supports the assumption. Results of the test include for the upper unit: lateral hydraulic conductivity, 108 meters per day; range of transmissivity (determined by three techniques), from 1400 to 1670 meters squared per day; specific yield, 0.08; and vertical hydraulic conductivity of the streambed, 2.2 m/d. These results should be of use in assessing the potential supply and in developing one of Indiana's major aquifer systems because a knowledge of aquifer characteristics is essential for proper design and spacing of wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Meyer, W., 1978, Hydraulic characteristics of the White River streambed and glacial-outwash deposits at a site near Indianapolis, Indiana: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 2, p. 273-283.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"283","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403802,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403798,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","city":"Indianapolis","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.333,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -86,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -86,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -86.333,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -86.333,\n 40\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, William","contributorId":87538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70233045,"text":"70233045 - 1978 - Impact of sewerage systems on stream base flow and ground-water recharge on Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-15T14:55:26.592356","indexId":"70233045","displayToPublicDate":"1978-03-01T09:47:19","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impact of sewerage systems on stream base flow and ground-water recharge on Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"Statistically significant decreases in the ratio of base flow to total flow of streams along the south shore of Long Island, N.Y., are due to the use of expanding storm-sewer and sanitary-sewer networks. Base-flow losses due to sewering ranging from virtually none at Connetquot River (largely unaffected by urban development) to 211 liters per second, or a 60-percent decrease below natural levels, during 1965-74 at East Meadow Brook (which drains part of highly urbanized Nassau County). Nearly 75 percent of the baseflow loss at East Meadow Brook during 1965-74 was caused by a network of sanitary sewers west of the stream; the remainder resulted from loss of recharge in areas serviced by stream-directed storm sewers. In areas of the Carlls River basin serviced by stream-directed storm sewers, recharge depletion averaged only about 4 liter per second per square kilometer whereas in the more intensely urbanized East Meadow Brook basin, recharge depletion in such areas averaged 18 (L/s)/km2.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Pluhowski, E., and Spinello, A., 1978, Impact of sewerage systems on stream base flow and ground-water recharge on Long Island, New York: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 2, p. 263-271.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"271","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403796,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403795,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue2/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Freeport Sewer District, Long Island, Nassau County Sewer District","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.42437744140625,\n 40.643656594948524\n ],\n [\n -73.45527648925781,\n 40.831475967182925\n ],\n [\n -73.70590209960938,\n 40.76702162667872\n ],\n [\n -73.70452880859375,\n 40.73633186448861\n ],\n [\n -73.71757507324219,\n 40.70562793820589\n ],\n [\n -73.72650146484375,\n 40.657722371758105\n ],\n [\n -73.72993469238281,\n 40.60561205826018\n ],\n [\n -73.42437744140625,\n 40.643656594948524\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pluhowski, E.J.","contributorId":52244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pluhowski","given":"E.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spinello, A. G.","contributorId":116683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spinello","given":"A. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70233041,"text":"70233041 - 1978 - Spectrochemical determination of submicrogram amounts of tungsten in geologic materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-15T14:46:14.479153","indexId":"70233041","displayToPublicDate":"1978-03-01T09:44:22","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spectrochemical determination of submicrogram amounts of tungsten in geologic materials","docAbstract":"A rapid, sensitive, emission spectrographic method for the determination of tungsten in geologic materials has been developed. Sample fusion with potassium hydroxide followed by a hot-water leach renders the tungsten soluble. Acidification of the solution, reduction with titanium trichloride, complexing with thiocyanate, and ether extraction separate and concentrate the tungsten. An aliquot of the ether solution is pipetted into the cavity of a preformed graphite electrode containing 6 milligrams of sodium carbonate and is evaporated. The carbonate flux prevents formation of refractory tungsten carbide during arcing, resulting in nearly complete volatilization of tungsten during a short exposure period. Spectra from direct-current arc excitation of the tungsten are recorded on film and visually compared to standard spectra. A determination limit of 0.2-part-per-million tungsten is obtained from a 0.5-gram sample with a sample completion average of 30-50 samples per man-day.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Leinz, R.W., and Grimes, D.J., 1978, Spectrochemical determination of submicrogram amounts of tungsten in geologic materials: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 2, p. 259-262.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"262","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403794,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403793,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leinz, Reinhard W.","contributorId":60628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leinz","given":"Reinhard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grimes, David J.","contributorId":36925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grimes","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70233040,"text":"70233040 - 1978 - Models for calculating density and vapor pressure of geothermal brines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-15T14:37:32.699405","indexId":"70233040","displayToPublicDate":"1978-03-01T09:37:09","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Models for calculating density and vapor pressure of geothermal brines","docAbstract":"In a model for estimating density of a brine, the density of a natural brine at a known temperature, pressure, and composition can be calculated from the densities of the component salt solutions in the complex brine. A model for estimating vapor pressure requires two direct or indirect estimates of the vapor pressure and uses a published \"reference-substance principle\" to extrapolate,; these data 200° to 300° above the temperature of the highest observation. The methods can be used to estimate the partial molal volume and partial molal enthalpy of H2O in the natural brine and the partial molal volume change and partial molal heat change for the H2O component in the vaporization process. The equations for density and vapor pressure and the derived thermochemical properties will help in designing turbines for operation with geothermal and geopressured brines, in optimizing production conditions, and in physical and chemical modeling of a geothermal reservoir.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Potter, R.W., and Haas, J.L., 1978, Models for calculating density and vapor pressure of geothermal brines: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 2, p. 247-257.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"257","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403792,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403790,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Potter, Robert W. II","contributorId":67899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"Robert","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haas, John L. Jr.","contributorId":53816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haas","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012450,"text":"70012450 - 1978 - Temperature computation for temperate lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-28T16:57:35.917625","indexId":"70012450","displayToPublicDate":"1978-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":840,"text":"Applied Mathematical Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temperature computation for temperate lakes","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0307-904X(78)90034-3","usgsCitation":"Walters, R.A., Carey, G.F., and Winter, D.F., 1978, Temperature computation for temperate lakes: Applied Mathematical Modelling, v. 2, no. 1, p. 41-48, https://doi.org/10.1016/0307-904X(78)90034-3.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"48","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480611,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0307-904x(78)90034-3","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":222477,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba4bfe4b08c986b320561","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walters, R. A.","contributorId":34174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carey, G. F.","contributorId":86106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winter, D. F.","contributorId":100124,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Winter","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5221442,"text":"5221442 - 1978 - Insecticides applied to a nursery colony of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus): Lethal concentrations in brain tissues","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-11T15:47:40.4924","indexId":"5221442","displayToPublicDate":"1978-02-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Insecticides applied to a nursery colony of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus): Lethal concentrations in brain tissues","docAbstract":"Forty-six Myotis lucifugus were collected in May and June 1974 at a nursery colony in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire, that had been sprayed with DDT and chlordane in August and September 1973. When collected, 27 bats were alive, two were convulsing, and 17 were dead. Brains, carcasses, and milk and masticated insects from stomachs were analyzed for organochlorine insecticides and poly-chlorinated biphenyls (PCB's).
Concentrations of chemical residues in brains of surviving bats were compared with those of dead and convulsing bats. These comparisons indicated that DDT was the cause of death. Lethal brain concentrations of DDT in adult females averaged 24.52 parts per million (ppm) and suggested that adult M. lucifugus are approximately twice as sensitive to DDT as are adult laboratory rats and mice. Juvenile bats were about 1.5 times more sensitive than adult bats.
Large chemical residues were present in milk. We found a statistically significant relationship between declines in carcass residues in lactating females and uterine regression for six of 10 toxicants. Among juveniles, there were corresponding, significant increases (for nine of 10 toxicants) in carcass levels of residues correlated with increasing age (growth of forearm).
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1379877","usgsCitation":"Clark, D.R., Kunz, T., and Kaiser, T.E., 1978, Insecticides applied to a nursery colony of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus): Lethal concentrations in brain tissues: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 59, no. 1, p. 84-91, https://doi.org/10.2307/1379877.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"84","endPage":"91","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198900,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampsire","county":"Hillsborough County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-72.009,43.1875],[-71.9136,43.2069],[-71.8616,43.1234],[-71.8566,43.1152],[-71.8522,43.1157],[-71.6791,43.1497],[-71.6678,43.1525],[-71.6412,43.0538],[-71.6243,43.0556],[-71.5183,43.0684],[-71.5127,43.048],[-71.4901,43.0507],[-71.4857,43.0452],[-71.4851,43.0416],[-71.4738,43.0348],[-71.455,43.0438],[-71.4494,43.0197],[-71.4124,43.0134],[-71.3924,43.0084],[-71.375,42.9388],[-71.4513,42.9306],[-71.4513,42.9293],[-71.427,42.8247],[-71.3864,42.8228],[-71.3752,42.8124],[-71.3746,42.8115],[-71.3608,42.7987],[-71.3665,42.7914],[-71.364,42.7901],[-71.3627,42.7828],[-71.3577,42.7851],[-71.354,42.7828],[-71.3528,42.7801],[-71.354,42.7778],[-71.3503,42.7746],[-71.3515,42.7719],[-71.3085,42.7641],[-71.3022,42.7632],[-71.2629,42.7563],[-71.2469,42.7432],[-71.2524,42.7404],[-71.2561,42.7377],[-71.2599,42.7349],[-71.2674,42.7277],[-71.2743,42.7191],[-71.2824,42.71],[-71.2968,42.6978],[-71.3854,42.6988],[-71.6293,42.7042],[-71.8651,42.711],[-71.8994,42.7121],[-71.9287,42.713],[-71.9448,42.7885],[-71.9748,42.7888],[-71.9942,42.8833],[-72.0065,42.9437],[-72.0629,42.9444],[-72.059,43.0045],[-72.0585,43.0186],[-72.0433,43.0755],[-72.0427,43.0818],[-72.0439,43.0818],[-72.0343,43.1283],[-72.038,43.1287],[-72.0238,43.1601],[-72.0366,43.1824],[-72.009,43.1875]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Hillsborough\",\"state\":\"NH\"}}]}","volume":"59","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6ce5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, D. R. Jr.","contributorId":40928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"D.","suffix":"Jr.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kunz, T.H.","contributorId":103383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunz","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kaiser, T. Earl","contributorId":84826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaiser","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"Earl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70208454,"text":"70208454 - 1978 - Thermogenic gases in near-surface sediments of Norton Sound, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-11T07:28:19","indexId":"70208454","displayToPublicDate":"1978-02-10T13:19:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Thermogenic gases in near-surface sediments of Norton Sound, Alaska","docAbstract":"A plume of hydrocarbon gases, assumed to be of thermogenic origin based on chemical compositions, has been noted by others in the water column of Norton Sound about 40 km south of Nome, Alaska. We used detailed geophysical transects, side-scan sonar, underwater television, and chromatographic analyses of gases in near-surface sediments to define a probable source area of hydrocarbon gases at the southern apex of the water plume epicenter. Geophysical, geotechnical, and geochemical evidence together indicate that hydrocarbon gases of subsurface, thermogenic origin apparently migrate into the near surface sediments along a fault zone.
Subbottom reflector terminations on continuous seismic profiles outline a large zone of anomalous acoustic responses about 9 km in diameter and at 100-m depth that may be caused by a subsurface accumulation of gas. Gas migration from the accumulation to the surface sediment is indicated by smaller zones of reflector terminations observed in high-resolution profiles and by seafloor craters seen on underwater television at one station. The presence of gas-charged surface sediment also is suggested by low percent pore water saturation, greater penetration of the penetrometer, and more rapid penetration of the vibracorer in sediment at the station with near-surface acoustic anomalies and seafloor craters.
Analyses of hydrocarbon gases in sediments from a 1.6-m vibracore taken at this station showed unusually high concentrations of hydrocarbon gases heavier than methane; the ethane, propane, n-butane, and isobutane were 76, 4, 6, and 52 times greater than in other near-surface sediments in this region, and also significant quantities of gasoline-range hydrocarbons were present. The gas composition and presence in near-surface sediments above a thick underlying section with acoustic anomalies points to the possibility of petroleum at depth in this region. Our work indicates that surface and near-surface studies of the continental shelf may contribute significantly to petroleum-resource evaluations in addition to defining areas of potential hazard from gas-charged sediment.
Earlier workers have overlooked deep-sea bentonite beds when unraveling the Cenozoic volcanic history of an area. In the North Pacific, identification of Miocene and older volcanic episodes is possible only if both altered (bentonite) and unaltered ash beds are recognized. Our study, which includes bentonite beds, shows that volcanism on the Aleutian Ridge and Kamchatka Peninsula has been cyclic. Volcanic activity seems to have increased every 2.5 × 106 years for the past 10 × 106 years and every 5.0 × 106 years for the time span from 10 to 20 × 106 years ago. The middle and late Miocene and the Quaternary were times of greatly increased volcanic activity in the North Pacific and elsewhere around the Pacific Basin. The apparent absence of a volcanic record before the late Miocene at Deep Sea Drilling Project site 192 is the result not of plate motion, as suggested by Stewart and by Ninkovich and Donn, but rather of the diagenesis of ash layers.
Major, apparently global volcanic episodes occurred at least twice in the last 20 × 106 years. Yet, only one major glacial epoch (the Pleistocene) has occurred. Therefore, even though glaciation coincided with an increase in Quaternary volcanism, the increased volcanism itself may not have been the primary cause of global cooling.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.199.4325.137","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Hein, J., Scholl, D., and Miller, J., 1978, Episodes of Aleutian Ridge explosive volcanism: Science, v. 199, no. 4325, p. 137-141, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.199.4325.137.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"141","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222592,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aleutian Ridge, Kamchatka Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -179.9,\n 55.61386073255903\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 51.248491838223316\n ],\n [\n -156.4270808390617,\n 51.248491838223316\n ],\n [\n -156.4270808390617,\n 55.61386073255903\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 55.61386073255903\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 179.9,\n 55.58646274703881\n ],\n [\n 165,\n 55.58646274703881\n ],\n [\n 165,\n 51.238175176203185\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n 51.238175176203185\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n 55.58646274703881\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"199","issue":"4325","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a0be4b0c8380cd52185","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scholl, D.W.","contributorId":106461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, J.","contributorId":16939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207129,"text":"70207129 - 1978 - Remote-sensing and subsurface definition of facies and structure related to uranium deposits, Powder River Basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-09T06:29:02","indexId":"70207129","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-12T06:24:09","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote-sensing and subsurface definition of facies and structure related to uranium deposits, Powder River Basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Computer-enhanced Landsat images of the southern Powder River Basin have been used to define facies and linear structural features within the Wasatch Formation. The facies distribution is detectable primarily because of a relation of vegetation density and type to the local substrate. The surface indications of facies are confirmed by sandstone/ mudstone ratios determined from logs of abundant exploration drill holes. These newly defined geologic features are spatially related to known uranium mineral occurrences and are believed to be related to mineralization in the following ways. (1) Major uranium occurrences are virtually restricted to an intermediate grain-size facies of the Wasatch, probably marking the axial zone of the depositional basin. (2) The axial zone is also marked by a change from one structural lineament domain to another, and the structures may have influenced details of fluvial-system patterns and sedimentation and (subsequently) the flow of uranium-bearing ground water. (3) A recently active linear structure may mark the current basin axis; it appears to have some relationship both to groundwater chemistry and the distribution of uranium occurrences, suggesting structural influence on relatively modern ground-water transport and uranium deposition. © 1978 Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists ","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.73.8.1706","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Raines, G.L., Offield, T., and Santos, E., 1978, Remote-sensing and subsurface definition of facies and structure related to uranium deposits, Powder River Basin, Wyoming: Economic Geology, v. 73, no. 8, p. 1706-1723, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.73.8.1706.","productDescription":"18 p. ","startPage":"1706","endPage":"1723","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370086,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"Wyoming ","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-110.048476,40.997555],[-110.121639,40.997101],[-110.125709,40.99655],[-110.237848,40.995427],[-110.250709,40.996089],[-110.375714,40.994947],[-110.500718,40.994746],[-110.539819,40.996346],[-110.715026,40.996347],[-110.750727,40.996847],[-111.046723,40.997959],[-111.046551,41.251716],[-111.0466,41.360692],[-111.046264,41.377731],[-111.045789,41.565571],[-111.045818,41.579845],[-111.046689,42.001567],[-111.047109,42.142497],[-111.047107,42.148971],[-111.047058,42.182672],[-111.047097,42.194773],[-111.047074,42.280787],[-111.04708,42.34942],[-111.046801,42.504946],[-111.046719,42.513118],[-111.046017,42.582723],[-111.043564,42.722624],[-111.044135,42.874924],[-111.043959,42.96445],[-111.043957,42.969482],[-111.043924,42.975063],[-111.044129,43.018702],[-111.044156,43.020052],[-111.044206,43.022614],[-111.044034,43.024581],[-111.044034,43.024844],[-111.044033,43.026411],[-111.044094,43.02927],[-111.043997,43.041415],[-111.044058,43.04464],[-111.044063,43.046302],[-111.044086,43.054819],[-111.044117,43.060309],[-111.04415,43.066172],[-111.044162,43.068222],[-111.044143,43.072364],[-111.044235,43.177121],[-111.044266,43.177236],[-111.044232,43.18444],[-111.044168,43.189244],[-111.044229,43.195579],[-111.044617,43.31572],[-111.045205,43.501136],[-111.045706,43.659112],[-111.04588,43.681033],[-111.046118,43.684902],[-111.046051,43.685812],[-111.04611,43.687848],[-111.046421,43.722059],[-111.046435,43.726545],[-111.04634,43.726957],[-111.046715,43.815832],[-111.046515,43.908376],[-111.046917,43.974978],[-111.047064,43.983467],[-111.047349,43.999921],[-111.049077,44.020072],[-111.048751,44.060403],[-111.048751,44.060838],[-111.048633,44.062903],[-111.048452,44.114831],[-111.049119,44.124923],[-111.049695,44.353626],[-111.049148,44.374925],[-111.049216,44.435811],[-111.049194,44.438058],[-111.048974,44.474072],[-111.055208,44.624927],[-111.055333,44.666263],[-111.055511,44.725343],[-111.056416,44.749928],[-111.056888,44.866658],[-111.055629,44.933578],[-111.056207,44.935901],[-111.055199,45.001321],[-111.044275,45.001345],[-110.785008,45.002952],[-110.761554,44.999934],[-110.750767,44.997948],[-110.705272,44.992324],[-110.552433,44.992237],[-110.547165,44.992459],[-110.48807,44.992361],[-110.402927,44.99381],[-110.362698,45.000593],[-110.342131,44.999053],[-110.324441,44.999156],[-110.28677,44.99685],[-110.199503,44.996188],[-110.110103,45.003905],[-110.026347,45.003665],[-110.025544,45.003602],[-109.99505,45.003174],[-109.875735,45.003275],[-109.798687,45.002188],[-109.75073,45.001605],[-109.663673,45.002536],[-109.574321,45.002631],[-109.386432,45.004887],[-109.375713,45.00461],[-109.269294,45.005283],[-109.263431,45.005345],[-109.103445,45.005904],[-109.08301,44.99961],[-109.062262,44.999623],[-108.621313,45.000408],[-108.578484,45.000484],[-108.565921,45.000578],[-108.500679,44.999691],[-108.271201,45.000251],[-108.249345,44.999458],[-108.238139,45.000206],[-108.218479,45.000541],[-108.14939,45.001062],[-108.000663,45.001223],[-107.997353,45.001565],[-107.911743,45.001292],[-107.750654,45.000778],[-107.608854,45.00086],[-107.607824,45.000929],[-107.49205,45.00148],[-107.351441,45.001407],[-107.13418,45.000109],[-107.125633,44.999388],[-107.105685,44.998734],[-107.084939,44.996599],[-107.074996,44.997004],[-107.050801,44.996424],[-106.892875,44.995947],[-106.888773,44.995885],[-106.263586,44.993788],[-106.024814,44.993688],[-105.928184,44.993647],[-105.914258,44.999986],[-105.913382,45.000941],[-105.848065,45.000396],[-105.076607,45.000347],[-105.038405,45.000345],[-105.025266,45.00029],[-105.019284,45.000329],[-105.01824,45.000437],[-104.765063,44.999183],[-104.759855,44.999066],[-104.72637,44.999518],[-104.665171,44.998618],[-104.663882,44.998869],[-104.470422,44.998453],[-104.470117,44.998453],[-104.250145,44.99822],[-104.057698,44.997431],[-104.055914,44.874986],[-104.056496,44.867034],[-104.055963,44.768236],[-104.055963,44.767962],[-104.055934,44.72372],[-104.05587,44.723422],[-104.055777,44.700466],[-104.055938,44.693881],[-104.05581,44.691343],[-104.055877,44.571016],[-104.055892,44.543341],[-104.055927,44.51773],[-104.055389,44.249983],[-104.054487,44.180381],[-104.054562,44.141081],[-104.05495,43.93809],[-104.055077,43.936535],[-104.055488,43.853477],[-104.055488,43.853476],[-104.055138,43.750421],[-104.055133,43.747105],[-104.054902,43.583852],[-104.054885,43.583512],[-104.05484,43.579368],[-104.055032,43.558603],[-104.054787,43.503328],[-104.054786,43.503072],[-104.054779,43.477815],[-104.054766,43.428914],[-104.054614,43.390949],[-104.054403,43.325914],[-104.054218,43.30437],[-104.053884,43.297047],[-104.053876,43.289801],[-104.053127,43.000585],[-104.052863,42.754569],[-104.052809,42.749966],[-104.052583,42.650062],[-104.052741,42.633982],[-104.052586,42.630917],[-104.052773,42.611766],[-104.052775,42.61159],[-104.052775,42.610813],[-104.053107,42.499964],[-104.052776,42.25822],[-104.052793,42.249962],[-104.053125,42.249962],[-104.052761,42.170278],[-104.052547,42.166801],[-104.053001,42.137254],[-104.052738,42.133769],[-104.0526,42.124963],[-104.052954,42.089077],[-104.052967,42.075004],[-104.05288,42.021761],[-104.052729,42.016318],[-104.052704,42.001718],[-104.052699,41.998673],[-104.052761,41.994967],[-104.05283,41.9946],[-104.052856,41.975958],[-104.052734,41.973007],[-104.052991,41.914973],[-104.052931,41.906143],[-104.053026,41.885464],[-104.052774,41.733401],[-104.05283,41.697954],[-104.052913,41.64519],[-104.052945,41.638167],[-104.052975,41.622931],[-104.052735,41.613676],[-104.052859,41.592254],[-104.05254,41.564274],[-104.052531,41.552723],[-104.052584,41.55265],[-104.052692,41.541154],[-104.052686,41.539111],[-104.052476,41.522343],[-104.052478,41.515754],[-104.05234,41.417865],[-104.05216,41.407662],[-104.052287,41.393307],[-104.052288,41.393214],[-104.052687,41.330569],[-104.052324,41.321144],[-104.052476,41.320961],[-104.052568,41.316202],[-104.052453,41.278202],[-104.052574,41.278019],[-104.052666,41.275251],[-104.053514,41.157257],[-104.053142,41.114457],[-104.053083,41.104985],[-104.053025,41.090274],[-104.053177,41.089725],[-104.053097,41.018045],[-104.053158,41.016809],[-104.053249,41.001406],[-104.066961,41.001504],[-104.086068,41.001563],[-104.10459,41.001543],[-104.123586,41.001626],[-104.211473,41.001591],[-104.214191,41.001568],[-104.214692,41.001657],[-104.467672,41.001473],[-104.497058,41.001805],[-104.497149,41.001828],[-104.675999,41.000957],[-104.829504,40.99927],[-104.855273,40.998048],[-104.943371,40.998084],[-105.254779,40.99821],[-105.256527,40.998191],[-105.27686,40.998173],[-105.277138,40.998173],[-105.724804,40.99691],[-105.730421,40.996886],[-106.061181,40.996999],[-106.190554,40.997607],[-106.217573,40.997734],[-106.321165,40.999123],[-106.386356,41.001144],[-106.391852,41.001176],[-106.43095,41.001752],[-106.437419,41.001795],[-106.439563,41.001978],[-106.453859,41.002057],[-106.857773,41.002663],[-107.000606,41.003444],[-107.241194,41.002804],[-107.317794,41.002967],[-107.367443,41.003073],[-107.625624,41.002124],[-107.918421,41.002036],[-108.046539,41.002064],[-108.181227,41.000455],[-108.250649,41.000114],[-108.500659,41.000112],[-108.526667,40.999608],[-108.631108,41.000156],[-108.884138,41.000094],[-109.050076,41.000659],[-109.173682,41.000859],[-109.231985,41.002059],[-109.250735,41.001009],[-109.500694,40.999127],[-109.534926,40.998143],[-109.676421,40.998395],[-109.713877,40.998266],[-109.715409,40.998191],[-109.854302,40.997661],[-109.855299,40.997614],[-109.97553,40.997912],[-109.999838,40.99733],[-110.000708,40.997352],[-110.006495,40.997815],[-110.048476,40.997555]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Wyoming\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"73","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1978-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raines, G. L.","contributorId":90720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"G.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Offield, Terry W.","contributorId":64217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Offield","given":"Terry W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Santos, E.S.","contributorId":95883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santos","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207699,"text":"70207699 - 1978 - VAMPs—Possible hydrocarbon-bearing structures in Bering Sea Basin: Geologic notes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T08:27:51","indexId":"70207699","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-06T16:02:04","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":605,"text":"AAPG Bulletin","printIssn":"0149-1423","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"VAMPs—Possible hydrocarbon-bearing structures in Bering Sea Basin: Geologic notes","docAbstract":"Narrow (1 to 2 km) subsurface columns of concave reflection horizons are common time-base seismic profiles collected in the Bering Sea basin. The columns of recorded downflexures are thought to be velocity pulldowns and commonly are associated with one or more arched or gently domed high-amplitude reflection horizons about 100 m higher in the section. Inferred from this association is that subsurface deposits characterized by anomalously low acoustic velocity are present.
We refer to the velocity-anomaly and reflection-amplitude association as a velocity-amplitude feature, or VAMP, and speculate that VAMPs are deep-seated “bright spots” underlain by a strong velocity pulldown possibly caused by gas-charged deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAPG","doi":"10.1306/C1EA5530-16C9-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Scholl, D.W., and Cooper, A.K., 1978, VAMPs—Possible hydrocarbon-bearing structures in Bering Sea Basin: Geologic notes: AAPG Bulletin, v. 62, no. 12, p. 2481-2488, https://doi.org/10.1306/C1EA5530-16C9-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2481","endPage":"2488","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371028,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea Basin","volume":"62","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scholl, David W. 0000-0001-6500-6962 dscholl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6500-6962","contributorId":3738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"David","email":"dscholl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, Alan K. acooper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Alan","email":"acooper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207698,"text":"70207698 - 1978 - The Aleutian Basin, Bering Sea a frontier area for hydrocarbon exploration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-15T15:11:08.597668","indexId":"70207698","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-06T15:50:02","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The Aleutian Basin, Bering Sea a frontier area for hydrocarbon exploration","docAbstract":"The Aleutian Basin is the deep water (>3000 m) basin that lies north of the Aleutian Islands adjacent to the Bering Sea continental shelf. The basin, about the size of the state of Texas, is underlain by a 2-9 km-thick flat-lying sequence of mostly Cenozoic sediment and rock that includes diatomaceous silty clay interbedded with turbidities in the upper 1 km. Before 1974, geologic and geophysical investigations in the Aleutian Basin were directed at determining its geologic history; more recently, investigations have also been aimed at assessing the basin's hydrocarbon potential. The four major requirements for hydrocarbon accumulation may be present, namely, structural and stratigraphic traps, source rocks, reservoir beds, and an adequate thermal and sedimentation history. Energy resource investigations by the US Geological Survey indicate that: (1) numerous structural features (gentle folds, diapirs, basement ridges) are present in the central and eastern parts of the basin, (2) acoustic features (VAMP's _ Velocity AMPlitude features) that may be due to trapped gases within the sedimentary section are common (over 350 identified) in the central basin, (3) concentrations of organic gases, primarily methane, in the upper 1-3 m beneath the seafloor are very small, they increase with depth, and they are highest in areas near VAMP's, and (4) both the thermal gradient and the sediment thickness are sufficiently great to allow hydrocarbon maturation at depth, if source rocks are present. Adverse conditions in the Aleutian Basin such as excessive water depths and severe weather pose difficult technical problems for the recovery of hydrocarbons that may be present. The data nevertheless suggest the basin is a promising site for hydrocarbon accumulations and therefore warrants further exploration.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tenth annual Offshore Technology Conference proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Offshore Technology Conference","conferenceDate":"May 8-11, 1978","conferenceLocation":"Houston, Texas","language":"English","publisher":"Offshore Technology Conference","publisherLocation":"Dallas, TX","doi":"10.4043/3089-MS","usgsCitation":"Cooper, A.K., Scholl, D.W., Marlow, A., Childs, J.R., Redden, G.D., and Kvenvolden, K.A., 1978, The Aleutian Basin, Bering Sea a frontier area for hydrocarbon exploration, in Tenth annual Offshore Technology Conference proceedings, Houston, Texas, May 8-11, 1978, p. 353-362, https://doi.org/10.4043/3089-MS.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"353","endPage":"362","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371027,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1978-05-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooper, Alan K. acooper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Alan","email":"acooper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scholl, David W. 0000-0001-6500-6962 dscholl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6500-6962","contributorId":3738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"David","email":"dscholl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marlow, A.F.","contributorId":48761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marlow","given":"A.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Childs, Jonathan R. jchilds@usgs.gov","contributorId":3155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Childs","given":"Jonathan","email":"jchilds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Redden, George D.","contributorId":189841,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Redden","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":7848,"text":"ofr781029 - 1978 - Quality of the water in Borrow Ponds near a major highway interchange, Dade County, Florida, October-November 1977","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-05T16:03:09.053161","indexId":"ofr781029","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T22:10:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-1029","title":"Quality of the water in Borrow Ponds near a major highway interchange, Dade County, Florida, October-November 1977","docAbstract":"Water, bottom sediment, and aquatic plants were sampled from ponds near a major south Florida highway interchange to document concentrations of selected constituents in an aquatic environment near heavy vehicular traffic. Generally, concentrations of constituents were within the range expected in an uncontaminated environment in south Florida. However, concentrations did exceed south Florida background levels or Environmental Protection Agency criteria in a few cases. Two trace elements--chromium (20 micrograms per liter) in ponded surface water and lead (500 micrograms per gram) in bottom sediment--exceeded background levels. Concentrations of dieldrin (22 micrograms per kilogram) and polychlorinated biphenyls (53 micrograms per kilogram) also exceed background levels in bottom sediment. The concentration of phenol (23 micrograms per liter) in ground water exceeded Environmental Protection Agency quality criteria by 22 micrograms per liter, but was within the background range for south Florida. Ten metals were detected in the cattail or algal samples, but only iron, manganese, and zinc were in higher concentrations than those in the bottom sediment. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr781029","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Beaven, T., and McPherson, B.F., 1978, Quality of the water in Borrow Ponds near a major highway interchange, Dade County, Florida, October-November 1977: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-1029, v, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr781029.","productDescription":"v, 15 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":141286,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/1029/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":956,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/1029/ofr781029.pdf","text":"Report","size":"606 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Miami-Dade County","otherGeospatial":"Dade County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.22379875183105,\n 25.77407850552097\n ],\n [\n -80.18277168273926,\n 25.77407850552097\n ],\n [\n -80.18277168273926,\n 25.802363957922285\n ],\n [\n -80.22379875183105,\n 25.802363957922285\n ],\n [\n -80.22379875183105,\n 25.77407850552097\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Infiltration from the Miami Canal and its tributaries is an important source of recharge to the Biscayne aquifer in the vicinity of the Miami Springs-Hialeah well fields. Estimates of pumpage contributed by canal infiltration decreased from nearly 100 percent in the late 1940 's to 50 percent in May 1973 while well field pumpage increased from less than 50 Mgal/d to 120 Mgal/d. As increased withdrawals enlarge the well field 's cone of depression, the threat of saltwater intrusion during dry periods has been increased. Data on water quality, water levels, and canal bottom sediments indicate that sediments greatly impede infiltration from the canals in the areas most affected by pumping. Bottom sediments reduce coliform bacteria, pesticides, PCB, metals, and other suspended materials infiltrating canal water.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri7836","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the South Florida Water Management District and the Miami-Dade Water and Sewer Authority","usgsCitation":"Miller, W.L., 1978, Effects of bottom sediments on infiltration from the Miami and tributary canals to the Biscayne aquifer Dade County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-36, v, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7836.","productDescription":"v, 63 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":395992,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_35246.htm"},{"id":159393,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0036/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":2302,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0036/wri7836.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Dade County","otherGeospatial":"Biscayne aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.317,\n 25.7830\n ],\n [\n -80.25,\n 25.7830\n ],\n [\n -80.25,\n 25.867\n ],\n [\n -80.317,\n 25.867\n ],\n [\n -80.317,\n 25.7830\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Water demand for all uses in Iowa is increasing at an accelerated rate. Demand has increased from about 1,800 million gallons per day in 1955 to 3,500 million gallons per day in 1975 (MacKichan, 1957; Murray and Reeves, 1977). By the year 2020, water demand is expected to be eight times that in 1975 (Barnard and Dent, 1976). Historically, about 75 percent of the demand, excluding that required for power generation, has been met by withdrawals from the water-bearing zones (aquifers) in Iowa's ground-water reservoir. Because this percentage is expected to remain about the same, the anticipated future demands will require extensive withdrawals from the ground-water reservoir. The increasing stress on the ground-water system, which already is severely stressed in several places in the state, will create development and management problems that will require hydrologic information to solve. In order to provide this information, the lowa Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey has instituted a series of investigations to define, describe, and evaluate the major aquifers in Iowa's groundwater reservoir. Information from each investigation will be presented in atlas format.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Horick, P.J., and Steinhilber, W.L., 1978, Jordan aquifer of Iowa.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318305,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":318304,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://s-iihr34.iihr.uiowa.edu/publications/uploads/mms-06.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-91.217706,43.50055],[-91.216035,43.481142],[-91.233367,43.455168],[-91.200359,43.412701],[-91.198953,43.389835],[-91.21477,43.365874],[-91.20662,43.352524],[-91.132813,43.32803],[-91.107237,43.313645],[-91.07371,43.274746],[-91.071698,43.261014],[-91.058644,43.257679],[-91.066398,43.239293],[-91.12217,43.197255],[-91.1462,43.152405],[-91.1562,43.142945],[-91.175253,43.134665],[-91.179457,43.067427],[-91.156562,42.978226],[-91.14543,42.958211],[-91.14988,42.941955],[-91.1438,42.922877],[-91.146177,42.90985],[-91.100565,42.883078],[-91.097656,42.859871],[-91.091837,42.851225],[-91.09406,42.830813],[-91.078665,42.827678],[-91.069549,42.769628],[-91.060261,42.761847],[-91.065783,42.753387],[-91.056297,42.747341],[-91.051275,42.737001],[-91.035418,42.73734],[-91.026786,42.724228],[-91.000128,42.716189],[-90.977735,42.696816],[-90.949213,42.685573],[-90.923634,42.6855],[-90.88743,42.67247],[-90.731132,42.643437],[-90.706303,42.634169],[-90.692031,42.610366],[-90.686975,42.591774],[-90.661527,42.567999],[-90.654127,42.5499],[-90.643927,42.540401],[-90.636927,42.513202],[-90.655927,42.491703],[-90.654027,42.478503],[-90.624328,42.458904],[-90.567968,42.440389],[-90.560439,42.432897],[-90.555018,42.416138],[-90.477279,42.383794],[-90.462619,42.367253],[-90.443874,42.355218],[-90.416535,42.325109],[-90.430884,42.27823],[-90.419326,42.254467],[-90.400653,42.239293],[-90.391108,42.225473],[-90.356964,42.205445],[-90.328273,42.201047],[-90.282173,42.178846],[-90.234919,42.165431],[-90.209479,42.15268],[-90.197342,42.128163],[-90.167533,42.122475],[-90.161159,42.106372],[-90.168358,42.075779],[-90.164485,42.042105],[-90.151579,42.030633],[-90.140061,42.003252],[-90.146225,41.981329],[-90.164135,41.956178],[-90.163847,41.944934],[-90.152659,41.933058],[-90.153584,41.906614],[-90.181401,41.844647],[-90.181973,41.80707],[-90.278633,41.767358],[-90.310708,41.742214],[-90.317668,41.72269],[-90.313435,41.698082],[-90.334525,41.679559],[-90.343452,41.646959],[-90.339528,41.598633],[-90.343228,41.587833],[-90.41283,41.565333],[-90.461432,41.523533],[-90.500633,41.518033],[-90.540935,41.526133],[-90.591037,41.512832],[-90.602137,41.506032],[-90.605937,41.494232],[-90.655839,41.462132],[-90.750142,41.449632],[-90.846558,41.455141],[-90.930016,41.421404],[-90.979815,41.434321],[-91.027787,41.423603],[-91.043988,41.415897],[-91.05101,41.387556],[-91.06652,41.365246],[-91.074841,41.305578],[-91.092034,41.286911],[-91.114186,41.250029],[-91.113648,41.241401],[-91.07298,41.207151],[-91.041536,41.166138],[-91.027214,41.163373],[-91.007586,41.166183],[-90.99496,41.160624],[-90.946627,41.096632],[-90.949383,41.072711],[-90.942253,41.034702],[-90.945949,41.006495],[-90.958142,40.979767],[-90.952233,40.954047],[-90.965344,40.921633],[-91.009536,40.900565],[-91.021562,40.884021],[-91.044653,40.868356],[-91.05643,40.848387],[-91.092993,40.821079],[-91.097649,40.805575],[-91.091703,40.779708],[-91.110424,40.745528],[-91.115735,40.725168],[-91.11194,40.697018],[-91.123928,40.669152],[-91.185428,40.638071],[-91.253074,40.637962],[-91.306524,40.626231],[-91.339719,40.613488],[-91.359873,40.601805],[-91.379752,40.57445],[-91.401482,40.559458],[-91.406373,40.551831],[-91.404125,40.539127],[-91.384531,40.530948],[-91.369059,40.512532],[-91.364211,40.500043],[-91.364915,40.484168],[-91.381769,40.442555],[-91.372554,40.4012],[-91.381958,40.387632],[-91.419422,40.378264],[-91.441243,40.386255],[-91.452458,40.375501],[-91.463895,40.375659],[-91.465116,40.385257],[-91.484507,40.3839],[-91.490977,40.393484],[-91.487829,40.403866],[-91.498093,40.401926],[-91.522333,40.409648],[-91.527057,40.416689],[-91.519012,40.431298],[-91.529132,40.434272],[-91.533548,40.440804],[-91.523271,40.450061],[-91.526155,40.458625],[-91.552691,40.458769],[-91.574746,40.465664],[-91.590817,40.492292],[-91.621353,40.510072],[-91.618028,40.53403],[-91.6219,40.542292],[-91.6887,40.55739],[-91.691557,40.564867],[-91.686357,40.580875],[-91.716769,40.59853],[-91.729115,40.61364],[-92.686693,40.589809],[-94.294813,40.571341],[-94.632032,40.571186],[-95.765645,40.585208],[-95.753148,40.59284],[-95.748626,40.603355],[-95.768926,40.621264],[-95.776251,40.647463],[-95.795489,40.662384],[-95.822913,40.66724],[-95.842801,40.677496],[-95.852615,40.702262],[-95.883178,40.717579],[-95.888907,40.731855],[-95.879027,40.753081],[-95.84662,40.768619],[-95.835232,40.779151],[-95.834523,40.787778],[-95.845342,40.811324],[-95.837186,40.835347],[-95.847084,40.854174],[-95.847785,40.864328],[-95.838735,40.872191],[-95.815933,40.879846],[-95.809474,40.891228],[-95.813458,40.901693],[-95.836438,40.921642],[-95.839743,40.93278],[-95.829074,40.975688],[-95.838908,40.986484],[-95.867286,41.001599],[-95.869486,41.009399],[-95.859918,41.025403],[-95.859654,41.035695],[-95.882415,41.060411],[-95.862587,41.088399],[-95.865888,41.117898],[-95.882088,41.143998],[-95.883489,41.154898],[-95.871912,41.168122],[-95.846188,41.166698],[-95.841288,41.174998],[-95.856788,41.187098],[-95.90969,41.184398],[-95.91829,41.186698],[-95.92599,41.195698],[-95.924891,41.211198],[-95.910891,41.231798],[-95.921891,41.264598],[-95.913991,41.271398],[-95.928691,41.281398],[-95.927491,41.298397],[-95.90589,41.300897],[-95.90429,41.293497],[-95.912491,41.279498],[-95.90249,41.273398],[-95.87689,41.285097],[-95.871489,41.295797],[-95.883089,41.316697],[-95.92569,41.322197],[-95.946891,41.334096],[-95.956691,41.345496],[-95.954891,41.351796],[-95.93549,41.360596],[-95.92879,41.370096],[-95.93689,41.396387],[-95.929721,41.411331],[-95.933169,41.42943],[-95.919865,41.447922],[-95.922529,41.455766],[-95.936801,41.46519],[-95.962329,41.46281],[-96.011757,41.476212],[-96.019542,41.486617],[-95.997903,41.504789],[-95.992599,41.514174],[-95.999529,41.538679],[-96.005079,41.544004],[-96.019686,41.545743],[-96.027289,41.541081],[-96.034305,41.512853],[-96.040701,41.507076],[-96.05369,41.508859],[-96.07307,41.525052],[-96.08822,41.530595],[-96.09409,41.539265],[-96.093613,41.558271],[-96.081152,41.577289],[-96.085771,41.585746],[-96.109387,41.596871],[-96.117558,41.609999],[-96.116233,41.621574],[-96.100701,41.635507],[-96.095046,41.647365],[-96.099837,41.66103],[-96.120983,41.677861],[-96.121401,41.688522],[-96.111968,41.697773],[-96.082429,41.698159],[-96.073063,41.705004],[-96.079682,41.717962],[-96.10261,41.728016],[-96.106425,41.73789],[-96.102772,41.746339],[-96.079915,41.757895],[-96.077543,41.777824],[-96.064537,41.793002],[-96.075548,41.807811],[-96.107592,41.820685],[-96.110246,41.84885],[-96.142045,41.868865],[-96.148826,41.888132],[-96.161756,41.90182],[-96.160767,41.908044],[-96.136743,41.920826],[-96.144583,41.941544],[-96.133318,41.955732],[-96.1289,41.969727],[-96.141228,41.978063],[-96.156538,41.980137],[-96.184243,41.976696],[-96.192141,41.984461],[-96.183568,41.999987],[-96.194556,42.008662],[-96.215225,42.006701],[-96.223896,41.995456],[-96.236487,41.996428],[-96.241932,42.006965],[-96.223611,42.022652],[-96.223822,42.033346],[-96.238392,42.041088],[-96.261132,42.038974],[-96.271427,42.044988],[-96.279342,42.07028],[-96.267636,42.096177],[-96.2689,42.11359],[-96.279203,42.12348],[-96.310085,42.132523],[-96.319528,42.146647],[-96.342395,42.160491],[-96.349688,42.172043],[-96.348066,42.194747],[-96.35987,42.210545],[-96.358141,42.214088],[-96.336323,42.218922],[-96.323723,42.229887],[-96.330004,42.240224],[-96.328905,42.254734],[-96.336003,42.264806],[-96.365792,42.285875],[-96.369212,42.308344],[-96.375307,42.318339],[-96.407998,42.337408],[-96.417786,42.351449],[-96.417093,42.361443],[-96.408436,42.376092],[-96.41498,42.393442],[-96.413609,42.407894],[-96.387608,42.432494],[-96.380707,42.446394],[-96.385407,42.473094],[-96.396107,42.484095],[-96.409408,42.487595],[-96.474409,42.491895],[-96.476909,42.497795],[-96.473339,42.503537],[-96.477454,42.509589],[-96.490089,42.512441],[-96.49297,42.517282],[-96.479909,42.524195],[-96.476952,42.556079],[-96.498041,42.558153],[-96.498709,42.57087],[-96.489328,42.5708],[-96.485796,42.575001],[-96.49545,42.579474],[-96.494777,42.585741],[-96.499885,42.588539],[-96.509468,42.61273],[-96.517048,42.615343],[-96.525671,42.609312],[-96.531604,42.615148],[-96.518542,42.62035],[-96.516338,42.630435],[-96.537881,42.646446],[-96.542366,42.660736],[-96.559281,42.657903],[-96.556461,42.663939],[-96.566684,42.675942],[-96.576381,42.671302],[-96.575299,42.682665],[-96.596405,42.688514],[-96.59908,42.697296],[-96.61017,42.694568],[-96.629625,42.705102],[-96.624446,42.714294],[-96.624704,42.725497],[-96.631931,42.725086],[-96.638621,42.734921],[-96.630485,42.750378],[-96.620548,42.753534],[-96.620272,42.757124],[-96.632212,42.761512],[-96.633168,42.768325],[-96.61949,42.784034],[-96.604559,42.783034],[-96.595283,42.792982],[-96.590757,42.808255],[-96.596008,42.815044],[-96.585699,42.818041],[-96.577937,42.827645],[-96.581604,42.837521],[-96.571353,42.837155],[-96.565605,42.830434],[-96.560572,42.839373],[-96.552092,42.836057],[-96.549513,42.839143],[-96.554709,42.846142],[-96.545502,42.849956],[-96.54146,42.857682],[-96.550439,42.863171],[-96.549659,42.870281],[-96.537851,42.878475],[-96.540396,42.888877],[-96.526563,42.893755],[-96.542847,42.903737],[-96.537354,42.908791],[-96.541689,42.922576],[-96.525536,42.935511],[-96.516203,42.933769],[-96.52012,42.938183],[-96.500308,42.959391],[-96.505028,42.970844],[-96.515922,42.972886],[-96.520773,42.980385],[-96.512237,42.985937],[-96.509986,42.995126],[-96.49782,42.998143],[-96.49167,43.009707],[-96.499187,43.019213],[-96.510995,43.024701],[-96.509146,43.03668],[-96.518431,43.042068],[-96.510256,43.049917],[-96.490365,43.050789],[-96.476905,43.062383],[-96.463094,43.062981],[-96.458201,43.067554],[-96.454188,43.083379],[-96.462636,43.089614],[-96.460516,43.09494],[-96.436589,43.120842],[-96.450361,43.142237],[-96.458854,43.143356],[-96.466537,43.150281],[-96.464896,43.182034],[-96.473834,43.189804],[-96.470781,43.205099],[-96.475571,43.221054],[-96.496454,43.223652],[-96.519273,43.21769],[-96.535741,43.22764],[-96.56044,43.224219],[-96.568505,43.231554],[-96.571194,43.238961],[-96.552963,43.247281],[-96.552591,43.257769],[-96.582904,43.26769],[-96.586317,43.274319],[-96.577588,43.2788],[-96.580346,43.298204],[-96.553087,43.29286],[-96.530392,43.300034],[-96.526004,43.309999],[-96.534913,43.336473],[-96.524289,43.347214],[-96.527345,43.368109],[-96.521323,43.374607],[-96.521572,43.38564],[-96.524044,43.394762],[-96.529152,43.397735],[-96.537116,43.395063],[-96.573579,43.419228],[-96.569628,43.427527],[-96.575181,43.431756],[-96.592905,43.43317],[-96.602608,43.449649],[-96.600039,43.45708],[-96.584603,43.46961],[-96.586364,43.478251],[-96.580997,43.481384],[-96.590452,43.494298],[-96.598396,43.495074],[-96.598929,43.500441],[-91.217706,43.50055]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Iowa\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56cc3feee4b059daa47e462b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horick, P. J.","contributorId":167109,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Horick","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steinhilber, W. L.","contributorId":79456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinhilber","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70168654,"text":"70168654 - 1978 - Water resources data for Iowa, water year 1977","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-22T15:56:01","indexId":"70168654","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T17:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Water resources data for Iowa, water year 1977","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City","doi":"10.3133/70168654","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1978, Water resources data for Iowa, water year 1977, https://doi.org/10.3133/70168654.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318300,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-91.217706,43.50055],[-91.216035,43.481142],[-91.233367,43.455168],[-91.200359,43.412701],[-91.198953,43.389835],[-91.21477,43.365874],[-91.20662,43.352524],[-91.132813,43.32803],[-91.107237,43.313645],[-91.07371,43.274746],[-91.071698,43.261014],[-91.058644,43.257679],[-91.066398,43.239293],[-91.12217,43.197255],[-91.1462,43.152405],[-91.1562,43.142945],[-91.175253,43.134665],[-91.179457,43.067427],[-91.156562,42.978226],[-91.14543,42.958211],[-91.14988,42.941955],[-91.1438,42.922877],[-91.146177,42.90985],[-91.100565,42.883078],[-91.097656,42.859871],[-91.091837,42.851225],[-91.09406,42.830813],[-91.078665,42.827678],[-91.069549,42.769628],[-91.060261,42.761847],[-91.065783,42.753387],[-91.056297,42.747341],[-91.051275,42.737001],[-91.035418,42.73734],[-91.026786,42.724228],[-91.000128,42.716189],[-90.977735,42.696816],[-90.949213,42.685573],[-90.923634,42.6855],[-90.88743,42.67247],[-90.731132,42.643437],[-90.706303,42.634169],[-90.692031,42.610366],[-90.686975,42.591774],[-90.661527,42.567999],[-90.654127,42.5499],[-90.643927,42.540401],[-90.636927,42.513202],[-90.655927,42.491703],[-90.654027,42.478503],[-90.624328,42.458904],[-90.567968,42.440389],[-90.560439,42.432897],[-90.555018,42.416138],[-90.477279,42.383794],[-90.462619,42.367253],[-90.443874,42.355218],[-90.416535,42.325109],[-90.430884,42.27823],[-90.419326,42.254467],[-90.400653,42.239293],[-90.391108,42.225473],[-90.356964,42.205445],[-90.328273,42.201047],[-90.282173,42.178846],[-90.234919,42.165431],[-90.209479,42.15268],[-90.197342,42.128163],[-90.167533,42.122475],[-90.161159,42.106372],[-90.168358,42.075779],[-90.164485,42.042105],[-90.151579,42.030633],[-90.140061,42.003252],[-90.146225,41.981329],[-90.164135,41.956178],[-90.163847,41.944934],[-90.152659,41.933058],[-90.153584,41.906614],[-90.181401,41.844647],[-90.181973,41.80707],[-90.278633,41.767358],[-90.310708,41.742214],[-90.317668,41.72269],[-90.313435,41.698082],[-90.334525,41.679559],[-90.343452,41.646959],[-90.339528,41.598633],[-90.343228,41.587833],[-90.41283,41.565333],[-90.461432,41.523533],[-90.500633,41.518033],[-90.540935,41.526133],[-90.591037,41.512832],[-90.602137,41.506032],[-90.605937,41.494232],[-90.655839,41.462132],[-90.750142,41.449632],[-90.846558,41.455141],[-90.930016,41.421404],[-90.979815,41.434321],[-91.027787,41.423603],[-91.043988,41.415897],[-91.05101,41.387556],[-91.06652,41.365246],[-91.074841,41.305578],[-91.092034,41.286911],[-91.114186,41.250029],[-91.113648,41.241401],[-91.07298,41.207151],[-91.041536,41.166138],[-91.027214,41.163373],[-91.007586,41.166183],[-90.99496,41.160624],[-90.946627,41.096632],[-90.949383,41.072711],[-90.942253,41.034702],[-90.945949,41.006495],[-90.958142,40.979767],[-90.952233,40.954047],[-90.965344,40.921633],[-91.009536,40.900565],[-91.021562,40.884021],[-91.044653,40.868356],[-91.05643,40.848387],[-91.092993,40.821079],[-91.097649,40.805575],[-91.091703,40.779708],[-91.110424,40.745528],[-91.115735,40.725168],[-91.11194,40.697018],[-91.123928,40.669152],[-91.185428,40.638071],[-91.253074,40.637962],[-91.306524,40.626231],[-91.339719,40.613488],[-91.359873,40.601805],[-91.379752,40.57445],[-91.401482,40.559458],[-91.406373,40.551831],[-91.404125,40.539127],[-91.384531,40.530948],[-91.369059,40.512532],[-91.364211,40.500043],[-91.364915,40.484168],[-91.381769,40.442555],[-91.372554,40.4012],[-91.381958,40.387632],[-91.419422,40.378264],[-91.441243,40.386255],[-91.452458,40.375501],[-91.463895,40.375659],[-91.465116,40.385257],[-91.484507,40.3839],[-91.490977,40.393484],[-91.487829,40.403866],[-91.498093,40.401926],[-91.522333,40.409648],[-91.527057,40.416689],[-91.519012,40.431298],[-91.529132,40.434272],[-91.533548,40.440804],[-91.523271,40.450061],[-91.526155,40.458625],[-91.552691,40.458769],[-91.574746,40.465664],[-91.590817,40.492292],[-91.621353,40.510072],[-91.618028,40.53403],[-91.6219,40.542292],[-91.6887,40.55739],[-91.691557,40.564867],[-91.686357,40.580875],[-91.716769,40.59853],[-91.729115,40.61364],[-92.686693,40.589809],[-94.294813,40.571341],[-94.632032,40.571186],[-95.765645,40.585208],[-95.753148,40.59284],[-95.748626,40.603355],[-95.768926,40.621264],[-95.776251,40.647463],[-95.795489,40.662384],[-95.822913,40.66724],[-95.842801,40.677496],[-95.852615,40.702262],[-95.883178,40.717579],[-95.888907,40.731855],[-95.879027,40.753081],[-95.84662,40.768619],[-95.835232,40.779151],[-95.834523,40.787778],[-95.845342,40.811324],[-95.837186,40.835347],[-95.847084,40.854174],[-95.847785,40.864328],[-95.838735,40.872191],[-95.815933,40.879846],[-95.809474,40.891228],[-95.813458,40.901693],[-95.836438,40.921642],[-95.839743,40.93278],[-95.829074,40.975688],[-95.838908,40.986484],[-95.867286,41.001599],[-95.869486,41.009399],[-95.859918,41.025403],[-95.859654,41.035695],[-95.882415,41.060411],[-95.862587,41.088399],[-95.865888,41.117898],[-95.882088,41.143998],[-95.883489,41.154898],[-95.871912,41.168122],[-95.846188,41.166698],[-95.841288,41.174998],[-95.856788,41.187098],[-95.90969,41.184398],[-95.91829,41.186698],[-95.92599,41.195698],[-95.924891,41.211198],[-95.910891,41.231798],[-95.921891,41.264598],[-95.913991,41.271398],[-95.928691,41.281398],[-95.927491,41.298397],[-95.90589,41.300897],[-95.90429,41.293497],[-95.912491,41.279498],[-95.90249,41.273398],[-95.87689,41.285097],[-95.871489,41.295797],[-95.883089,41.316697],[-95.92569,41.322197],[-95.946891,41.334096],[-95.956691,41.345496],[-95.954891,41.351796],[-95.93549,41.360596],[-95.92879,41.370096],[-95.93689,41.396387],[-95.929721,41.411331],[-95.933169,41.42943],[-95.919865,41.447922],[-95.922529,41.455766],[-95.936801,41.46519],[-95.962329,41.46281],[-96.011757,41.476212],[-96.019542,41.486617],[-95.997903,41.504789],[-95.992599,41.514174],[-95.999529,41.538679],[-96.005079,41.544004],[-96.019686,41.545743],[-96.027289,41.541081],[-96.034305,41.512853],[-96.040701,41.507076],[-96.05369,41.508859],[-96.07307,41.525052],[-96.08822,41.530595],[-96.09409,41.539265],[-96.093613,41.558271],[-96.081152,41.577289],[-96.085771,41.585746],[-96.109387,41.596871],[-96.117558,41.609999],[-96.116233,41.621574],[-96.100701,41.635507],[-96.095046,41.647365],[-96.099837,41.66103],[-96.120983,41.677861],[-96.121401,41.688522],[-96.111968,41.697773],[-96.082429,41.698159],[-96.073063,41.705004],[-96.079682,41.717962],[-96.10261,41.728016],[-96.106425,41.73789],[-96.102772,41.746339],[-96.079915,41.757895],[-96.077543,41.777824],[-96.064537,41.793002],[-96.075548,41.807811],[-96.107592,41.820685],[-96.110246,41.84885],[-96.142045,41.868865],[-96.148826,41.888132],[-96.161756,41.90182],[-96.160767,41.908044],[-96.136743,41.920826],[-96.144583,41.941544],[-96.133318,41.955732],[-96.1289,41.969727],[-96.141228,41.978063],[-96.156538,41.980137],[-96.184243,41.976696],[-96.192141,41.984461],[-96.183568,41.999987],[-96.194556,42.008662],[-96.215225,42.006701],[-96.223896,41.995456],[-96.236487,41.996428],[-96.241932,42.006965],[-96.223611,42.022652],[-96.223822,42.033346],[-96.238392,42.041088],[-96.261132,42.038974],[-96.271427,42.044988],[-96.279342,42.07028],[-96.267636,42.096177],[-96.2689,42.11359],[-96.279203,42.12348],[-96.310085,42.132523],[-96.319528,42.146647],[-96.342395,42.160491],[-96.349688,42.172043],[-96.348066,42.194747],[-96.35987,42.210545],[-96.358141,42.214088],[-96.336323,42.218922],[-96.323723,42.229887],[-96.330004,42.240224],[-96.328905,42.254734],[-96.336003,42.264806],[-96.365792,42.285875],[-96.369212,42.308344],[-96.375307,42.318339],[-96.407998,42.337408],[-96.417786,42.351449],[-96.417093,42.361443],[-96.408436,42.376092],[-96.41498,42.393442],[-96.413609,42.407894],[-96.387608,42.432494],[-96.380707,42.446394],[-96.385407,42.473094],[-96.396107,42.484095],[-96.409408,42.487595],[-96.474409,42.491895],[-96.476909,42.497795],[-96.473339,42.503537],[-96.477454,42.509589],[-96.490089,42.512441],[-96.49297,42.517282],[-96.479909,42.524195],[-96.476952,42.556079],[-96.498041,42.558153],[-96.498709,42.57087],[-96.489328,42.5708],[-96.485796,42.575001],[-96.49545,42.579474],[-96.494777,42.585741],[-96.499885,42.588539],[-96.509468,42.61273],[-96.517048,42.615343],[-96.525671,42.609312],[-96.531604,42.615148],[-96.518542,42.62035],[-96.516338,42.630435],[-96.537881,42.646446],[-96.542366,42.660736],[-96.559281,42.657903],[-96.556461,42.663939],[-96.566684,42.675942],[-96.576381,42.671302],[-96.575299,42.682665],[-96.596405,42.688514],[-96.59908,42.697296],[-96.61017,42.694568],[-96.629625,42.705102],[-96.624446,42.714294],[-96.624704,42.725497],[-96.631931,42.725086],[-96.638621,42.734921],[-96.630485,42.750378],[-96.620548,42.753534],[-96.620272,42.757124],[-96.632212,42.761512],[-96.633168,42.768325],[-96.61949,42.784034],[-96.604559,42.783034],[-96.595283,42.792982],[-96.590757,42.808255],[-96.596008,42.815044],[-96.585699,42.818041],[-96.577937,42.827645],[-96.581604,42.837521],[-96.571353,42.837155],[-96.565605,42.830434],[-96.560572,42.839373],[-96.552092,42.836057],[-96.549513,42.839143],[-96.554709,42.846142],[-96.545502,42.849956],[-96.54146,42.857682],[-96.550439,42.863171],[-96.549659,42.870281],[-96.537851,42.878475],[-96.540396,42.888877],[-96.526563,42.893755],[-96.542847,42.903737],[-96.537354,42.908791],[-96.541689,42.922576],[-96.525536,42.935511],[-96.516203,42.933769],[-96.52012,42.938183],[-96.500308,42.959391],[-96.505028,42.970844],[-96.515922,42.972886],[-96.520773,42.980385],[-96.512237,42.985937],[-96.509986,42.995126],[-96.49782,42.998143],[-96.49167,43.009707],[-96.499187,43.019213],[-96.510995,43.024701],[-96.509146,43.03668],[-96.518431,43.042068],[-96.510256,43.049917],[-96.490365,43.050789],[-96.476905,43.062383],[-96.463094,43.062981],[-96.458201,43.067554],[-96.454188,43.083379],[-96.462636,43.089614],[-96.460516,43.09494],[-96.436589,43.120842],[-96.450361,43.142237],[-96.458854,43.143356],[-96.466537,43.150281],[-96.464896,43.182034],[-96.473834,43.189804],[-96.470781,43.205099],[-96.475571,43.221054],[-96.496454,43.223652],[-96.519273,43.21769],[-96.535741,43.22764],[-96.56044,43.224219],[-96.568505,43.231554],[-96.571194,43.238961],[-96.552963,43.247281],[-96.552591,43.257769],[-96.582904,43.26769],[-96.586317,43.274319],[-96.577588,43.2788],[-96.580346,43.298204],[-96.553087,43.29286],[-96.530392,43.300034],[-96.526004,43.309999],[-96.534913,43.336473],[-96.524289,43.347214],[-96.527345,43.368109],[-96.521323,43.374607],[-96.521572,43.38564],[-96.524044,43.394762],[-96.529152,43.397735],[-96.537116,43.395063],[-96.573579,43.419228],[-96.569628,43.427527],[-96.575181,43.431756],[-96.592905,43.43317],[-96.602608,43.449649],[-96.600039,43.45708],[-96.584603,43.46961],[-96.586364,43.478251],[-96.580997,43.481384],[-96.590452,43.494298],[-96.598396,43.495074],[-96.598929,43.500441],[-91.217706,43.50055]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Iowa\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56cc402de4b059daa47e4837","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128037,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey","id":621165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70168656,"text":"70168656 - 1978 - Water resources of east-central Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T20:43:46.881042","indexId":"70168656","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T17:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5106,"text":"Iowa Geological Survey Water Atlas","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"6","title":"Water resources of east-central Iowa","docAbstract":"Water is vital in the lives of the people and the economy of any area. To utilize this natural resource in the most efficient and beneficial manner, a basic knowledge and understanding of its sources and the occurrence and potential of each source must be gained. To provide this knowledge, the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Iowa Geological Survey compiled this atlas describing the water resources available for development in an 12-county area in east-central Iowa. The report contains information on the availability, quality, and utilization of water from all known sources and the future demands upon the water resources in east-central Iowa. The information is presented to aid water users and other persons searching for and evaluating sources of water in a particular place, and planners and water managers who must consider water resources on a regional basis.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City","usgsCitation":"Wahl, K., Ludvigson, G., Ryan, G., and Steinkampf, W., 1978, Water resources of east-central Iowa: Iowa Geological Survey Water Atlas 6, x, 91 p.","productDescription":"x, 91 p.","numberOfPages":"102","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":493148,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70168656/IGS_Water_Atlas_Number_6.pdf","text":"Report","size":"19.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":318301,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-91.3649,42.2964],[-91.2496,42.2949],[-91.1292,42.295],[-91.0163,42.2952],[-90.8991,42.2933],[-90.7831,42.2941],[-90.6683,42.2944],[-90.6679,42.3817],[-90.5505,42.3818],[-90.4746,42.3811],[-90.4724,42.3796],[-90.4661,42.3733],[-90.456,42.3638],[-90.4473,42.3566],[-90.4425,42.3516],[-90.4378,42.3453],[-90.4319,42.3386],[-90.4265,42.333],[-90.4227,42.3309],[-90.4216,42.3307],[-90.4208,42.3305],[-90.4186,42.3301],[-90.4162,42.3282],[-90.4152,42.326],[-90.4145,42.3232],[-90.4145,42.3201],[-90.415,42.3141],[-90.4162,42.3096],[-90.4187,42.3055],[-90.4218,42.3006],[-90.4245,42.2952],[-90.4265,42.2895],[-90.4266,42.2877],[-90.4268,42.2844],[-90.4264,42.2825],[-90.4258,42.2791],[-90.4242,42.2739],[-90.4216,42.267],[-90.4197,42.2638],[-90.4156,42.2568],[-90.4105,42.2488],[-90.4062,42.2448],[-90.4003,42.2383],[-90.3923,42.2303],[-90.3849,42.2225],[-90.3796,42.2185],[-90.3785,42.2176],[-90.3705,42.2126],[-90.3641,42.2091],[-90.3577,42.2068],[-90.3486,42.2047],[-90.3411,42.2034],[-90.3337,42.2016],[-90.3295,42.2002],[-90.3225,42.1974],[-90.321,42.1968],[-90.3113,42.1926],[-90.3021,42.1891],[-90.2907,42.1829],[-90.2808,42.1787],[-90.2709,42.1756],[-90.2634,42.1743],[-90.2546,42.1723],[-90.2516,42.1716],[-90.2441,42.1696],[-90.2436,42.1694],[-90.2333,42.1646],[-90.2228,42.1606],[-90.2162,42.1587],[-90.2114,42.1559],[-90.2081,42.1528],[-90.2056,42.1483],[-90.2039,42.1444],[-90.2029,42.1398],[-90.2023,42.1338],[-90.1984,42.1301],[-90.1942,42.1284],[-90.1892,42.1276],[-90.1887,42.1275],[-90.1806,42.126],[-90.1757,42.1264],[-90.1708,42.1249],[-90.1672,42.1225],[-90.1638,42.1185],[-90.163,42.1154],[-90.1626,42.1142],[-90.1628,42.1097],[-90.1619,42.1076],[-90.162,42.1006],[-90.1637,42.092],[-90.1653,42.0822],[-90.1668,42.0744],[-90.1671,42.0726],[-90.1668,42.0652],[-90.1658,42.0575],[-90.1657,42.0568],[-90.1644,42.0509],[-90.1606,42.0418],[-90.1553,42.0354],[-90.1543,42.0335],[-90.1525,42.03],[-90.1502,42.0248],[-90.1468,42.0205],[-90.1437,42.0146],[-90.1404,42.0109],[-90.1393,42.0083],[-90.1395,42.0041],[-90.1411,42.0006],[-90.1435,41.9969],[-90.1461,41.9938],[-90.1482,41.9902],[-90.149,41.9866],[-90.1496,41.9824],[-90.1501,41.9787],[-90.1533,41.974],[-90.1565,41.97],[-90.1624,41.9637],[-90.166,41.9596],[-90.1666,41.9537],[-90.1656,41.9475],[-90.1628,41.9414],[-90.1594,41.9365],[-90.1568,41.9309],[-90.154,41.9242],[-90.1527,41.9188],[-90.1525,41.9127],[-90.1544,41.9074],[-90.1548,41.9068],[-90.1573,41.9028],[-90.1591,41.8995],[-90.1605,41.8969],[-90.1653,41.8898],[-90.1702,41.881],[-90.1726,41.8728],[-90.1744,41.8642],[-90.1762,41.8587],[-90.1775,41.8547],[-90.1798,41.851],[-90.1814,41.8489],[-90.1834,41.8464],[-90.1846,41.8419],[-90.185,41.8381],[-90.1866,41.8304],[-90.1857,41.828],[-90.1844,41.8246],[-90.1835,41.8176],[-90.1843,41.8124],[-90.1871,41.8077],[-90.1904,41.8046],[-90.1959,41.8018],[-90.2022,41.8001],[-90.2027,41.8],[-90.211,41.7983],[-90.2184,41.7967],[-90.2242,41.7944],[-90.2298,41.7918],[-90.2303,41.7915],[-90.2385,41.7866],[-90.2407,41.7853],[-90.2411,41.785],[-90.2443,41.7833],[-90.2495,41.7809],[-90.2597,41.7761],[-90.2713,41.7715],[-90.2771,41.7693],[-90.2787,41.7687],[-90.286,41.765],[-90.2903,41.7623],[-90.2946,41.7595],[-90.3017,41.7538],[-90.3094,41.7463],[-90.3147,41.7403],[-90.3179,41.736],[-90.3195,41.7321],[-90.3195,41.7302],[-90.3194,41.7262],[-90.3186,41.7192],[-90.3165,41.7124],[-90.3163,41.7037],[-90.3173,41.6985],[-90.3184,41.6944],[-90.3236,41.6908],[-90.3306,41.6859],[-90.3345,41.6815],[-90.3367,41.6771],[-90.3375,41.6743],[-90.3385,41.6712],[-90.3389,41.6657],[-90.3402,41.6598],[-90.3425,41.6553],[-90.3444,41.6502],[-90.3437,41.6452],[-90.3445,41.6377],[-90.3432,41.6245],[-90.343,41.6158],[-90.3422,41.6063],[-90.3419,41.5999],[-90.3427,41.5948],[-90.3449,41.5917],[-90.3498,41.5883],[-90.3552,41.5848],[-90.3611,41.5827],[-90.3673,41.5805],[-90.3748,41.5788],[-90.3828,41.5777],[-90.3932,41.5759],[-90.4042,41.5717],[-90.4115,41.568],[-90.4163,41.5639],[-90.4206,41.5589],[-90.4244,41.5538],[-90.4285,41.5516],[-90.4339,41.5484],[-90.4376,41.545],[-90.443,41.5401],[-90.4479,41.5351],[-90.4524,41.5308],[-90.4581,41.5264],[-90.4643,41.5232],[-90.4706,41.5204],[-90.4765,41.519],[-90.4838,41.5181],[-90.4934,41.5182],[-90.5075,41.5194],[-90.517,41.5205],[-90.5256,41.5223],[-90.5305,41.5236],[-90.5361,41.5249],[-90.5416,41.5256],[-90.5457,41.5257],[-90.5465,41.5257],[-90.5471,41.5257],[-90.5526,41.5254],[-90.5607,41.5224],[-90.5664,41.5198],[-90.5726,41.5173],[-90.5776,41.5164],[-90.5837,41.5157],[-90.5887,41.5145],[-90.5935,41.5126],[-90.5987,41.5101],[-90.6037,41.5062],[-90.6057,41.5039],[-90.6065,41.4999],[-90.6077,41.4958],[-90.6098,41.4925],[-90.6118,41.49],[-90.6158,41.4879],[-90.6237,41.4833],[-90.6344,41.4769],[-90.6407,41.4725],[-90.647,41.4676],[-90.6528,41.4635],[-90.6571,41.4615],[-90.6613,41.4598],[-90.6668,41.4598],[-90.6749,41.4601],[-90.6754,41.4601],[-90.683,41.4588],[-90.6889,41.4568],[-90.6947,41.4555],[-90.7034,41.4539],[-90.7121,41.453],[-90.7194,41.4524],[-90.7249,41.4516],[-90.7311,41.4509],[-90.739,41.45],[-90.7458,41.45],[-90.7464,41.4499],[-90.7538,41.4495],[-90.7611,41.4501],[-90.7703,41.4508],[-90.7782,41.4515],[-90.7874,41.4527],[-90.7905,41.4531],[-90.791,41.4532],[-90.7991,41.4535],[-90.7996,41.4535],[-90.8082,41.4538],[-90.8161,41.4545],[-90.8235,41.4546],[-90.8296,41.4543],[-90.839,41.4545],[-90.8395,41.4544],[-90.8494,41.4539],[-90.856,41.4526],[-90.8616,41.4504],[-90.8621,41.4501],[-90.8679,41.4474],[-90.8729,41.4443],[-90.8798,41.4408],[-90.8864,41.4376],[-90.8929,41.4343],[-90.9034,41.4306],[-90.9127,41.4278],[-90.9177,41.4266],[-90.9263,41.424],[-90.9307,41.4232],[-90.9343,41.4233],[-90.9468,41.4247],[-90.9539,41.4255],[-90.9603,41.4273],[-90.9678,41.4294],[-90.9727,41.4309],[-90.9781,41.4319],[-90.9843,41.432],[-90.9898,41.4317],[-90.9947,41.4305],[-90.9996,41.4291],[-91.0063,41.4276],[-91.0127,41.4262],[-91.0258,41.4242],[-91.0325,41.4228],[-91.0373,41.4212],[-91.0422,41.419],[-91.0455,41.4164],[-91.048,41.4128],[-91.0494,41.4087],[-91.0508,41.4051],[-91.0509,41.4011],[-91.0511,41.3956],[-91.0514,41.3912],[-91.0519,41.3867],[-91.0539,41.3839],[-91.0573,41.3803],[-91.061,41.3758],[-91.0642,41.3704],[-91.0674,41.3638],[-91.069,41.3565],[-91.0707,41.3479],[-91.0715,41.3379],[-91.0711,41.3343],[-91.0713,41.3329],[-91.1395,41.3333],[-91.2551,41.3344],[-91.3701,41.335],[-91.3687,41.4235],[-91.4839,41.4222],[-91.4843,41.4286],[-91.492,41.4405],[-91.5033,41.4493],[-91.5026,41.452],[-91.4989,41.4538],[-91.4988,41.4592],[-91.5145,41.4676],[-91.5156,41.4704],[-91.5136,41.4767],[-91.5038,41.4779],[-91.5029,41.4874],[-91.5039,41.4933],[-91.5076,41.4939],[-91.5107,41.4944],[-91.5112,41.4971],[-91.508,41.5016],[-91.5098,41.5034],[-91.5117,41.5016],[-91.5148,41.4985],[-91.5197,41.4981],[-91.5196,41.5027],[-91.5281,41.5078],[-91.528,41.511],[-91.5991,41.5107],[-91.7138,41.511],[-91.8291,41.5116],[-91.9463,41.5108],[-92.0659,41.5104],[-92.183,41.5098],[-92.2995,41.5096],[-92.4136,41.5088],[-92.5301,41.5084],[-92.6423,41.5083],[-92.7564,41.509],[-92.7567,41.6011],[-92.7683,41.6007],[-92.768,41.6879],[-92.7683,41.776],[-92.7674,41.8618],[-92.7671,41.9494],[-92.7662,42.0348],[-92.7672,42.1234],[-92.7687,42.2101],[-92.7697,42.2964],[-92.6531,42.2971],[-92.5353,42.2972],[-92.418,42.2976],[-92.2996,42.2975],[-92.1811,42.2972],[-92.0658,42.2974],[-91.9498,42.2979],[-91.8319,42.2987],[-91.7153,42.2971],[-91.5969,42.2959],[-91.4809,42.296],[-91.3649,42.2964]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Benton\",\"state\":\"IA\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56cc402de4b059daa47e4839","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wahl, K.D.","contributorId":167129,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wahl","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ludvigson, G.A.","contributorId":90528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludvigson","given":"G.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryan, G.L.","contributorId":68727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Steinkampf, W.C.","contributorId":8137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinkampf","given":"W.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}