Data from a long-term capture-recapture program were used to assess the status and dynamics of populations of two long-lived, federally endangered catostomids in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. Lost River suckers (Deltistes luxatus) and shortnose suckers (Chasmistes brevirostris) have been captured and tagged with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags during their spawning migrations in each year since 1995. In addition, beginning in 2005, individuals that had been previously PIT-tagged were re-encountered on remote underwater antennas deployed throughout sucker spawning areas. Captures and remote encounters during spring 2012 were used to describe the spawning migrations in that year and also were incorporated into capture-recapture analyses of population dynamics.
\nCormack-Jolly-Seber (CJS) open population capture-recapture models were used to estimate annual survival probabilities, and a reverse-time analog of the CJS model was used to estimate recruitment of new individuals into the spawning populations. In addition, data on the size composition of captured fish were examined to provide corroborating evidence of recruitment. Model estimates of survival and recruitment were used to derive estimates of changes in population size over time and to determine the status of the populations in 2011. Separate analyses were conducted for each species and also for each subpopulation of Lost River suckers (LRS). Shortnose suckers (SNS) and one subpopulation of LRS migrate into tributary rivers to spawn, whereas the other LRS subpopulation spawns at groundwater upwelling areas along the eastern shoreline of the lake.
\nIn 2012, we captured, tagged, and released 749 LRS at four lakeshore spawning areas and recaptured an additional 969 individuals that had been tagged in previous years. Across all four areas, the remote antennas detected 6,578 individual LRS during the spawning season. Spawning activity peaked in April and most individuals were encountered at Cinder Flats and Sucker Springs. In the Williamson River, we captured, tagged, and released 3,376 LRS and 299 SNS, and recaptured 551 LRS and 125 SNS that had been tagged in previous years. Remote PIT tag antennas in the traps at the weir on the Williamson River and remote antenna systems that spanned the river at four different locations on the Williamson and Sprague Rivers detected a total of 19,321 LRS and 6,124 SNS. Most LRS passed upstream between late April and mid-May when water temperatures were increasing and greater than 10 °C. In contrast, most upstream passage for SNS occurred in early and mid-May when water temperatures were increasing and near or greater than 12 °C. Finally, an additional 1,188 LRS and 1,665 SNS were captured in trammel net sampling at pre-spawn staging areas in the northeastern part of the lake. Of these, 291 of the LRS and 653 of the SNS had been PIT-tagged in previous years. For LRS captured at the staging areas that had encounter histories that were informative about their spawning location, over 90 percent of the fish were members of the subpopulation that spawns in the rivers.
\nCapture-recapture analyses for the LRS subpopulation that spawns at the shoreline areas included encounter histories for more than 12,150 individuals, and analyses for the subpopulation that spawns in the rivers included more than 29,500 encounter histories. With a few exceptions, the survival of males and females in both subpopulations was high (greater than 0.9) between 1999 and 2010. Notably lower survival occurred for both sexes from the rivers in 2000, for both sexes from the shoreline areas in 2002, and for males from the rivers in 2006. Between 2001 and 2011, the abundance of males in the lakeshore spawning subpopulation decreased by 53–65 percent and the abundance of females decreased by 36–48 percent. Capture-recapture models suggested that the abundance of both sexes in the river spawning subpopulation of LRS had increased substantially since 2006; increases were due to large estimated recruitment events in 2006 and 2008. We know that the estimates in 2006 are substantially biased in favor of recruitment because of a sampling issue. We are skeptical of the magnitude of recruitment indicated by the 2008 estimates as well because (1) few small individuals that would indicate the presence of new recruits were captured in that year, and (2) recapture probabilities in recruitment models based on just physical recaptures were lower than desired for robust inferences from capture-recapture models. If we assume that little or no recruitment occurred in 2006 or 2008, the abundance of both sexes in the river spawning subpopulation likely has decreased at rates similar to the rates for the lakeshore spawning subpopulation between 2002 and 2011.
\nCapture-recapture analyses for SNS included encounter histories for more than 17,700 individuals. Most annual survival estimates between 2001 and 2010 were high (greater than 0.8), but SNS experienced more years of low survival than either LRS subpopulation. Annual survival of both sexes was particularly low in 2001, 2004, and 2010. In addition, male survival was somewhat low in 2002. Capture-recapture models and size composition data indicate that recruitment of new individuals into the SNS spawning population was trivial between 2001 and 2005. Models indicate substantial recruitment of new individuals into the SNS spawning population in 2006, 2008, and 2009. As a result, capture-recapture modeling suggests that the abundance of adult spawning SNS was relatively stable between 2006 and 2010. We are skeptical of the estimated recruitment in 2006, 2008, and 2009 because few small individuals that would indicate the presence of new recruits were captured in any of those years, and recapture probabilities in recruitment models were low. The best-case scenario for SNS, based on capture-recapture recruitment modeling, indicates that the abundance of males in the spawning population decreased by 71 percent and the abundance of females decreased by 69 percent between 2001 and 2011. The worst-case scenario, which assumes no recruitment and seems more likely, suggests an 86 percent decrease for males and an 81 percent decrease for females.
\nDespite relatively high survival in most years, we conclude that both species have experienced substantial declines in the abundance of spawning fish because losses from mortality have not been balanced by recruitment of new individuals. Although capture-recapture data indicate substantial recruitment of new individuals into the adult spawning populations for SNS and river spawning LRS in some years, size data do not corroborate these estimates. In fact, fork length data indicate that all populations are largely comprised of fish that were present in the late 1990s and early 2000s. As a result, the status of the endangered sucker populations in Upper Klamath Lake remains worrisome, and the situation is especially dire for shortnose suckers. Future investigations should explore the connections between sucker recruitment and survival and various environmental factors, such as water quality and disease. Our monitoring program provides a robust platform for estimating vital population parameters, evaluating the status of the populations, and assessing the effectiveness of conservation and recovery efforts.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141186","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Hewitt, D.A., Janney, E.C., Hayes, B., and Harris, A., 2014, Demographics and run timing of adult Lost River (Deltistes luxatus) and short nose (Chasmistes brevirostris) suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1186, vi, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141186.","productDescription":"vi, 44 p.","numberOfPages":"54","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-056892","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293448,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141186.PNG"},{"id":293447,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1186/pdf/ofr2014-1186.pdf"},{"id":293446,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1186/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Upper Klamath Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.105786,42.233567 ], [ -122.105786,42.598638 ], [ -121.801545,42.598638 ], [ -121.801545,42.233567 ], [ -122.105786,42.233567 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"540ac02fe4b023c1f29d584d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hewitt, David A. 0000-0002-5387-0275 dhewitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5387-0275","contributorId":3767,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hewitt","given":"David","email":"dhewitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Janney, Eric C. 0000-0002-0228-2174","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0228-2174","contributorId":83629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janney","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":499965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayes, Brian S. 0000-0001-8229-4070","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8229-4070","contributorId":37022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Brian S.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":499964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harris, Alta C. 0000-0002-2123-3028 aharris@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2123-3028","contributorId":3490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Alta C.","email":"aharris@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70123519,"text":"ofr20141160 - 2014 - Sea-floor morphology and sedimentary environments of western Block Island Sound, northeast of Gardiners Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-05T10:07:05","indexId":"ofr20141160","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-05T10:01:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1160","title":"Sea-floor morphology and sedimentary environments of western Block Island Sound, northeast of Gardiners Island, New York","docAbstract":"Multibeam-echosounder data, collected during survey H12299 by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in a 162-square-kilometer area of Block Island Sound, northeast of Gardiners Island, New York, are used along with sediment samples and bottom photography, collected at 37 stations in this area by the U.S. Geological Survey during cruise 2013-005-FA, to interpret sea-floor features and sedimentary environments. These data and interpretations provide important base maps for future studies of the sea floor, focused, for example, on benthic ecology and resource management. The features and sedimentary environments on the sea floor are products of the glacial history and modern tidal regime. Features include bedforms such as sand waves and megaripples, boulders, a large current-scoured depression, exposed glaciolacustrine sediments, and areas of modern marine sediment. Sand covers much of the study area and is often in the form of sand waves and megaripples, which indicate environments characterized by coarse-grained bedload transport. Boulders and gravelly lag deposits, which indicate environments of erosion or nondeposition, are found off the coast of Gardiners Island and on bathymetric highs, probably marking areas where deposits associated with recessional ice-front positions, the northern flank of the terminal moraine, or coastal-plain sediments covered with basal till are exposed. Bottom photographs and video of boulders show that they are commonly covered with sessile fauna. Strong tidal currents have produced the deep scour depression along the northwestern edge of the study area. The eastern side of this depression is armored with a gravel lag. Sea-floor areas characterized by modern marine sediments appear featureless at the 2-meter resolution of the bathymetry and flat to current rippled in the photography. These modern environments are indicative of sediment sorting and reworking.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141160","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","usgsCitation":"McMullen, K.Y., Poppe, L., Danforth, W.W., Blackwood, D.S., Clos, A.R., and Parker, C., 2014, Sea-floor morphology and sedimentary environments of western Block Island Sound, northeast of Gardiners Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1160, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141160.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056276","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293436,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141160.GIF"},{"id":293435,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1160/ofr2014-1160-title_page.html"},{"id":293431,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1160/"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Block Island Sound","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.5,39.833333 ], [ -72.5,41.5 ], [ -71.5,41.5 ], [ -71.5,39.833333 ], [ -72.5,39.833333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"540ac032e4b023c1f29d5871","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMullen, Katherine Y. kmcmullen@usgs.gov","contributorId":24036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMullen","given":"Katherine","email":"kmcmullen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poppe, Lawrence J. lpoppe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppe","given":"Lawrence J.","email":"lpoppe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":500148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Danforth, William W. 0000-0002-6382-9487 bdanforth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6382-9487","contributorId":3292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danforth","given":"William","email":"bdanforth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":500150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blackwood, Dann S. dblackwood@usgs.gov","contributorId":2457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackwood","given":"Dann","email":"dblackwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":500149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clos, Andrew R.","contributorId":101987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clos","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Parker, Castle E.","contributorId":61754,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parker","given":"Castle E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70123449,"text":"70123449 - 2014 - Incorporating cold-air pooling into downscaled climate models increases potential refugia for snow-dependent species within the Sierra Nevada Ecoregion, CA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-16T13:58:26","indexId":"70123449","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-04T16:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Incorporating cold-air pooling into downscaled climate models increases potential refugia for snow-dependent species within the Sierra Nevada Ecoregion, CA","docAbstract":"We present a unique water-balance approach for modeling snowpack under historic, current and future climates throughout the Sierra Nevada Ecoregion. Our methodology uses a finer scale (270 m) than previous regional studies and incorporates cold-air pooling, an atmospheric process that sustains cooler temperatures in topographic depressions thereby mitigating snowmelt. Our results are intended to support management and conservation of snow-dependent species, which requires characterization of suitable habitat under current and future climates. We use the wolverine (Gulo gulo) as an example species and investigate potential habitat based on the depth and extent of spring snowpack within four National Park units with proposed wolverine reintroduction programs. Our estimates of change in spring snowpack conditions under current and future climates are consistent with recent studies that generally predict declining snowpack. However, model development at a finer scale and incorporation of cold-air pooling increased the persistence of April 1st snowpack. More specifically, incorporation of cold-air pooling into future climate projections increased April 1st snowpack by 6.5% when spatially averaged over the study region and the trajectory of declining April 1st snowpack reverses at mid-elevations where snow pack losses are mitigated by topographic shading and cold-air pooling. Under future climates with sustained or increased precipitation, our results indicate a high likelihood for the persistence of late spring snowpack at elevations above approximately 2,800 m and identify potential climate refugia sites for snow-dependent species at mid-elevations, where significant topographic shading and cold-air pooling potential exist.","language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0106984","usgsCitation":"Curtis, J.A., Flint, L.E., Flint, A.L., Lundquist, J., Hudgens, B., Boydston, E.E., and Young, J.K., 2014, Incorporating cold-air pooling into downscaled climate models increases potential refugia for snow-dependent species within the Sierra Nevada Ecoregion, CA: PLoS ONE, v. 9, no. 9, p. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106984.","productDescription":"e0124729; 13 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"13","ipdsId":"IP-052199","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472777,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106984","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":293430,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293429,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106984"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.96,34.93 ], [ -122.96,42.58 ], [ -116.86,42.58 ], [ -116.86,34.93 ], [ -122.96,34.93 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"9","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-09-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54096eb1e4b03a5cfcdfafbd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curtis, Jennifer A. 0000-0001-7766-994X jacurtis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7766-994X","contributorId":927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtis","given":"Jennifer","email":"jacurtis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":500133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Lorraine E. 0000-0002-7868-441X lflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":1184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Lorraine","email":"lflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":500134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":500135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lundquist, Jessica D.","contributorId":12792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lundquist","given":"Jessica D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hudgens, Brian","contributorId":34058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudgens","given":"Brian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Boydston, Erin E. 0000-0002-8452-835X eboydston@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8452-835X","contributorId":1705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boydston","given":"Erin","email":"eboydston@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":500136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Young, Julie K.","contributorId":69473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"Julie","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70123437,"text":"70123437 - 2014 - Do cities simulate climate change? A comparison of herbivore response to urban and global warming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-12-18T09:56:30","indexId":"70123437","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-04T15:13:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Do cities simulate climate change? A comparison of herbivore response to urban and global warming","docAbstract":"Cities experience elevated temperature, CO2, and nitrogen deposition decades ahead of the global average, such that biological response to urbanization may predict response to future climate change. This hypothesis remains untested due to a lack of complementary urban and long-term observations. Here, we examine the response of an herbivore, the scale insect Melanaspis tenebricosa, to temperature in the context of an urban heat island, a series of historical temperature fluctuations, and recent climate warming. We survey M. tenebricosa on 55 urban street trees in Raleigh, NC, 342 herbarium specimens collected in the rural southeastern United States from 1895 to 2011, and at 20 rural forest sites represented by both modern (2013) and historical samples. We relate scale insect abundance to August temperatures and find that M. tenebricosa is most common in the hottest parts of the city, on historical specimens collected during warm time periods, and in present-day rural forests compared to the same sites when they were cooler. Scale insects reached their highest densities in the city, but abundance peaked at similar temperatures in urban and historical datasets and tracked temperature on a decadal scale. Although urban habitats are highly modified, species response to a key abiotic factor, temperature, was consistent across urban and rural-forest ecosystems. Cities may be an appropriate but underused system for developing and testing hypotheses about biological effects of climate change. Future work should test the applicability of this model to other groups of organisms.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Change Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","doi":"10.1111/gcb.12692","usgsCitation":"Youngsteadt, E., Dale, A.G., Terando, A., Dunn, R.R., and Frank, S.D., 2014, Do cities simulate climate change? A comparison of herbivore response to urban and global warming: Global Change Biology, v. 21, no. 1, p. 97-105, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12692.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"105","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-053996","costCenters":[{"id":565,"text":"Southeast Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293427,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293423,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12692"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","city":"Raleigh","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -85.18,30.34 ], [ -85.18,36.59 ], [ -75.46,36.59 ], [ -75.46,30.34 ], [ -85.18,30.34 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54096eb0e4b03a5cfcdfafba","chorus":{"doi":"10.1111/gcb.12692","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12692","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Youngsteadt Elsa, Dale Adam G., Terando Adam J., Dunn Robert R., Frank Steven D.","journalName":"Global Change Biology","publicationDate":"8/27/2014","auditedOn":"10/29/2014"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Youngsteadt, Elsa","contributorId":23077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Youngsteadt","given":"Elsa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dale, Adam G.","contributorId":62941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dale","given":"Adam","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Terando, Adam aterando@usgs.gov","contributorId":4792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terando","given":"Adam","email":"aterando@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":565,"text":"Southeast Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":500128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dunn, Robert R.","contributorId":50085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunn","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Frank, Steven D.","contributorId":56983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frank","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70136378,"text":"70136378 - 2014 - Ecological risks of shale oil and gas development to wildlife, aquatic resources and their habitats","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-12-31T14:50:15","indexId":"70136378","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecological risks of shale oil and gas development to wildlife, aquatic resources and their habitats","docAbstract":"Technological advances in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling have led to the exploration and exploitation of shale oil and gas both nationally and internationally. Extensive development of shale resources has occurred within the United States over the past decade, yet full build out is not expected to occur for years. Moreover, countries across the globe have large shale resources and are beginning to explore extraction of these resources. Extraction of shale resources is a multistep process that includes site identification, well pad and infrastructure development, well drilling, high-volume hydraulic fracturing and production; each with its own propensity to affect associated ecosystems. Some potential effects, for example from well pad, road and pipeline development, will likely be similar to other anthropogenic activities like conventional gas drilling, land clearing, exurban and agricultural development and surface mining (e.g., habitat fragmentation and sedimentation). Therefore, we can use the large body of literature available on the ecological effects of these activities to estimate potential effects from shale development on nearby ecosystems. However, other effects, such as accidental release of wastewaters, are novel to the shale gas extraction process making it harder to predict potential outcomes. Here, we review current knowledge of the effects of high-volume hydraulic fracturing coupled with horizontal drilling on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in the contiguous United States, an area that includes 20 shale plays many of which have experienced extensive development over the past decade. We conclude that species and habitats most at risk are ones where there is an extensive overlap between a species range or habitat type and one of the shale plays (leading to high vulnerability) coupled with intrinsic characteristics such as limited range, small population size, specialized habitat requirements, and high sensitivity to disturbance. Examples include core forest habitat and forest specialists, sagebrush habitat and specialists, vernal pond inhabitants and stream biota. We suggest five general areas of research and monitoring that could aid in development of effective guidelines and policies to minimize negative impacts and protect vulnerable species and ecosystems: (1) spatial analyses, (2) species-based modeling, (3) vulnerability assessments, (4) ecoregional assessments, and (5) threshold and toxicity evaluations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es5020482","usgsCitation":"Brittingham, M.C., Maloney, K.O., Farag, A.M., Harper, D.D., and Bowen, Z.H., 2014, Ecological risks of shale oil and gas development to wildlife, aquatic resources and their habitats: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 48, no. 19, p. 11034-11047, https://doi.org/10.1021/es5020482.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"11034","endPage":"11047","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056772","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296966,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-09-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b86e4b08de9379b33d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brittingham, Margaret C.","contributorId":131143,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brittingham","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":7260,"text":"Pennsylvania State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maloney, Kelly O. 0000-0003-2304-0745 kmaloney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2304-0745","contributorId":4636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maloney","given":"Kelly","email":"kmaloney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Farag, Aida M. 0000-0003-4247-6763 aida_farag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-6763","contributorId":1139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farag","given":"Aida","email":"aida_farag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":537459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harper, David D. 0000-0001-7061-8461 david_harper@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7061-8461","contributorId":1140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harper","given":"David","email":"david_harper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":537462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bowen, Zachary H. 0000-0002-8656-1831 bowenz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8656-1831","contributorId":821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowen","given":"Zachary","email":"bowenz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70175449,"text":"70175449 - 2014 - Modeling participation duration, with application to the North American Breeding Bird Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-11T14:59:35","indexId":"70175449","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-03T16:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1282,"text":"Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling participation duration, with application to the North American Breeding Bird Survey","docAbstract":"We consider “participation histories,” binary sequences consisting of alternating finite sequences of 1s and 0s, ending with an infinite sequence of 0s. Our work is motivated by a study of observer tenure in the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS). In our analysis, j indexes an observer’s years of service and Xj is an indicator of participation in the survey; 0s interspersed among 1s correspond to years when observers did not participate, but subsequently returned to service. Of interest is the observer’s duration D = max {j: Xj = 1}. Because observed records X = (X1, X2,..., Xn)1 are of finite length, all that we can directly infer about duration is that D ⩾ max {j ⩽n: Xj = 1}; model-based analysis is required for inference about D. We propose models in which lengths of 0s and 1s sequences have distributions determined by the index j at which they begin; 0s sequences are infinite with positive probability, an estimable parameter. We found that BBS observers’ lengths of service vary greatly, with 25.3% participating for only a single year, 49.5% serving for 4 or fewer years, and an average duration of 8.7 years, producing an average of 7.7 counts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1080/03610926.2014.957854","usgsCitation":"Link, W.A., and Sauer, J.R., 2014, Modeling participation duration, with application to the North American Breeding Bird Survey: Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods, v. 45, no. 21, p. 6311-6320, https://doi.org/10.1080/03610926.2014.957854.","startPage":"6311","endPage":"6320","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056773","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326414,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"21","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-09-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ada1e6e4b0f412a62dfaac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Link, William A. 0000-0002-9913-0256 wlink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":146920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"William","email":"wlink@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":645264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, John R. 0000-0002-4557-3019 jrsauer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":146917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"John","email":"jrsauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":645265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70123286,"text":"sir20125162 - 2014 - Early detection of invasive plants: principles and practices","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-04T09:09:10","indexId":"sir20125162","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-03T10:54:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5162","title":"Early detection of invasive plants: principles and practices","docAbstract":"Invasive plants infest an estimated 2.6 million acres of the 83 million acres managed by the National Park Service (NPS) in the United States. The consequences of these invasions present a significant challenge for the NPS to manage the agency’s natural resources “unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.” More NPS lands are infested daily despite diligent efforts to curtail the problem. Impacts from invasive species have been realized in most parks, resulting in an expressed need to control existing infestations and restore affected ecosystems. There is a growing urgency in the NPS and other resource management organizations to be proactive. The NPS I&M Program, in collaboration with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Status and Trends Program, compiled this document to provide guidance and insight to parks and other natural areas engaged in developing early-detection monitoring protocols for invasive plants. While several rapid response frameworks exist, there is no consistent or comprehensive guidance informing the active detection of nonnative plants early in the invasion process. Early-detection was selected as a primary focus for invasive-species monitoring because, along with rapid response, it is a key strategy for successful management of invasive species. Eradication efforts are most successful on small infestations (that is less than 1 hectare) and become less successful as infestation size increases, to the point that eradication is unlikely for large (that is greater than 1,000 hectares) populations of invasive plants. This document provides guidance for natural resource managers wishing to detect invasive plants early through an active, directed monitoring program. It has a Quick-Start Guide to direct readers to specific chapters and text relevant to their needs. Decision trees and flow charts assist the reader in deciding what methods to choose and when to use them. This document is written in a modular format to accommodate use of individual chapters. It may also be approached in a linear fashion, as a sequence of steps leading to a comprehensive approach to early-detection. Our primary audience comprises resource professionals within the National Park Service (NPS) Inventory and Monitoring (I&M) Program’s networks of parks, but we think that the knowledge and experience captured in this document is more broadly applicable to include other natural areas professionals. We have chosen to emphasize the technical side of invasive species early-detection because this is the arena in which most professionals need more guidance. This approach includes but is not limited to complex techniques that may seem to be just beyond the budgetary and (or) time-bound grasps of some resource professionals. Nonetheless, we have provided low-cost options.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125162","usgsCitation":"Welch, B.A., Geissler, P.H., and Latham, P., 2014, Early detection of invasive plants: principles and practices: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5162, xviii, 193 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125162.","productDescription":"xviii, 193 p.","numberOfPages":"215","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-015261","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293326,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20125162.jpg"},{"id":293318,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5162/"},{"id":293325,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5162/pdf/sir2012-5162.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54081d2fe4b03a4d430775bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Welch, Bradley A.","contributorId":48107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Geissler, Paul H.","contributorId":33746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissler","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Latham, Penelope","contributorId":99413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Latham","given":"Penelope","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70122870,"text":"sir20145169 - 2014 - Hydrogeology, hydraulic characteristics, and water-quality conditions in the surficial, Castle Hayne and Peedee aquifers of the greater New Hanover County area, North Carolina, 2012-13","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T13:15:57","indexId":"sir20145169","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-02T16:10:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5169","title":"Hydrogeology, hydraulic characteristics, and water-quality conditions in the surficial, Castle Hayne and Peedee aquifers of the greater New Hanover County area, North Carolina, 2012-13","docAbstract":"A major issue facing the greater New Hanover County, North Carolina, area is the increased demand for drinking water resources as a result of rapid growth. The principal sources of freshwater supply in the greater New Hanover County area are withdrawals of surface water from the Cape Fear River and groundwater from the underlying Castle Hayne and Peedee aquifers. Industrial, mining, irrigation, and aquaculture groundwater withdrawals increasingly compete with public-supply utilities for freshwater resources. Future population growth and economic expansion will require increased dependence on high-quality sources of fresh groundwater.
\nAn evaluation of the hydrogeology and water-quality conditions in the surficial, Castle Hayne, and Peedee aquifers was conducted in New Hanover, eastern Brunswick, and southern Pender Counties, North Carolina. A hydrogeologic framework was delineated by using a description of the geologic and hydrogeologic units that compose aquifers and their confining units. Current and historic water-level, water-quality, and water-isotope data were used to approximate the present boundary between freshwater and brackish water in the study area.
\nWater-level data collected during August–September 2012 and March 2013 in the Castle Hayne aquifer show that recharge areas with the highest groundwater altitudes are located in central New Hanover County, and the lowest are located in a discharge area along the Atlantic Ocean. Between 1964 and 2012, groundwater levels in the Castle Hayne aquifer in central New Hanover County have rebounded by about 10 feet, but in the Pages Creek area groundwater levels declined in excess of 20 feet. In the Peedee aquifer, the August–September 2012 groundwater levels were affected by industrial withdrawals in north-central New Hanover County. Groundwater levels in the Peedee aquifer declined more than 20 feet between 1964 and 2012 in northeastern New Hanover County because of increased withdrawals. Vertical gradients calculated between the Castle Hayne and Peedee aquifers at six well cluster sites were downward in August–September 2012 and March 2013 with the exception of one well pair that had a slight upward gradient in March 2013.
\nMajor ion chemistry results from samples collected in August–September 2012 from 97 well sites suggest that seawater is mixing with groundwater in both the Castle Hayne and Peedee aquifers in several locations in Brunswick, New Hanover, and Pender Counties. The 250 milligram per liter line of equal chloride concentration has moved inland in both aquifers since 1965, with the area between Futch and Pages Creeks in northeastern New Hanover County experiencing the greatest increase. Groundwater from the surficial, Castle Hayne, and Peedee aquifers had a stable isotope of water composition similar to that of modern precipitation. A comparison of chloride concentration data collected from public-supply wells in the 1960s with that collected in 2012 shows marked increases in chloride concentrations in the Peedee aquifer near the town of Carolina Beach at the southern end of New Hanover County.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145169","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Cape Fear Public Utility Authority","usgsCitation":"McSwain, K., Gurley, L., and Antolino, D., 2014, Hydrogeology, hydraulic characteristics, and water-quality conditions in the surficial, Castle Hayne and Peedee aquifers of the greater New Hanover County area, North Carolina, 2012-13: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5169, Report: ix, 52 p.; 2 Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145169.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 52 p.; 2 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"66","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-051297","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293317,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145169.jpg"},{"id":293315,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5169/downloads/sir2014-5169_appendix1.xlsx"},{"id":293316,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5169/downloads/sir2014-5169_appendix2.xlsx"},{"id":293313,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5169/"},{"id":293314,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5169/pdf/sir2014-5169.pdf"}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"New Hanover County","otherGeospatial":"Castle Hayne aquifer, Peedee 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,{"id":70119630,"text":"sir20145151 - 2014 - Stream seepage and groundwater levels, Wood River Valley, south-central Idaho, 2012-13","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-04T09:20:13","indexId":"sir20145151","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-02T11:49:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5151","title":"Stream seepage and groundwater levels, Wood River Valley, south-central Idaho, 2012-13","docAbstract":"Stream discharge and water levels in wells were measured at multiple sites in the Wood River Valley, south-central Idaho, in August 2012, October 2012, and March 2013, as a component of data collection for a groundwater-flow model of the Wood River Valley aquifer system. This model is a cooperative and collaborative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Idaho Department of Water Resources.
\nStream-discharge measurements for determination of seepage were made during several days on three occasions: August 27–28, 2012, October 22–24, 2012, and March 27–28, 2013. Discharge measurements were made at 49 sites in August and October, and 51 sites in March, on the Big Wood River, Silver Creek, their tributaries, and nearby canals.
\nThe Big Wood River generally gains flow between the Big Wood River near Ketchum streamgage (13135500) and the Big Wood River at Hailey streamgage (13139510), and loses flow between the Hailey streamgage and the Big Wood River at Stanton Crossing near Bellevue streamgage (13140800). Shorter reaches within these segments may differ in the direction or magnitude of seepage or may be indeterminate because of measurement uncertainty. Additional reaches were measured on Silver Creek, the North Fork Big Wood River, Warm Springs Creek, Trail Creek, and the East Fork Big Wood River. Discharge measurements also were made on the Hiawatha, Cove, District 45, Glendale, and Bypass Canals, and smaller tributaries to the Big Wood River and Silver Creek.
\nWater levels in 93 wells completed in the Wood River Valley aquifer system were measured during October 22–24, 2012; these wells are part of a network established by the U.S. Geological Survey in 2006. Maps of the October 2012 water-table altitude in the unconfined aquifer and the potentiometric-surface altitude of the confined aquifer have similar topology to those on maps of October 2006 conditions.
\nBetween October 2006 and October 2012, water-table altitude in the unconfined aquifer rose by as much as 1.86 feet in 6 wells and declined by as much as 14.28 feet in 77 wells; average decline was 2.9 feet. A map of changes in the water‑table altitude of the unconfined aquifer shows that the largest declines were in tributary canyons and in an area roughly between Baseline and Glendale Roads.
\nFrom October 2006 to October 2012, the potentiometric-surface altitude in 10 wells completed in the confined aquifer declined between 0.12 and 20.50 feet; average decline was 6.8 feet. A map of changes in the potentiometric-surface altitude of the confined aquifer shows that the largest declines were in the southwestern part of the Bellevue fan.
\nReduced precipitation prior to the October 2012 water-level measurements likely is partially responsible for 2006–12 water-table declines in the unconfined aquifer; the relative contribution of precipitation deficit and groundwater withdrawals to the declines is not known. Although the confined aquifer may not receive direct recharge from precipitation or streams, groundwater withdrawal from the confined aquifer induces flow from the unconfined aquifer. Declines in the confined aquifer are likely due to groundwater withdrawals and declines in the water table of the unconfined aquifer. A statistical analysis of five long-term monitoring wells (three completed in the unconfined aquifer, one in the confined aquifer, and one outside the aquifer system boundary) showed statistically significant declining trends in four wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145151","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Bartolino, J.R., 2014, Stream seepage and groundwater levels, Wood River Valley, south-central Idaho, 2012-13: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5151, Report: v, 34 p.; 3 Plates: 16.02 x 24.50 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145151.","productDescription":"Report: v, 34 p.; 3 Plates: 16.02 x 24.50 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-039539","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293290,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145151.jpg"},{"id":293286,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5151/pdf/sir2014-5151.pdf"},{"id":293287,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5151/pdf/sir2014-5151_Plate01.pdf"},{"id":293288,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5151/pdf/sir2014-5151_Plate02.pdf"},{"id":293289,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5151/pdf/sir2014-5151_Plate03.pdf"},{"id":293285,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5151/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Wood River Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.299315,43.3254 ], [ -114.299315,43.341632 ], [ -114.33133,43.341632 ], [ -114.33133,43.3254 ], [ -114.299315,43.3254 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5406cbb1e4b044dc0e823997","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartolino, James R. 0000-0002-2166-7803 jrbartol@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2166-7803","contributorId":2548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartolino","given":"James","email":"jrbartol@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70141387,"text":"70141387 - 2014 - Patterns of lake occupancy by fish indicate different adaptations to life in a harsh Arctic environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-02-18T14:27:22","indexId":"70141387","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of lake occupancy by fish indicate different adaptations to life in a harsh Arctic environment","docAbstract":"The coastal wetlands of southwest Florida that extend from Charlotte Harbor south to Cape Sable, contain more than 60,000 ha of mangroves and 22,177 ha of salt marsh. These coastal wetlands form a transition zone between the freshwater and marine environments of the South Florida Coastal Marine Ecosystem (SFCME). The coastal wetlands provide diverse ecosystem services that are valued by society and thus are important to the economy of the state. Species from throughout the region spend part of their life cycle in the coastal wetlands, including many marine and coastal-dependent species, making this zone critical to the ecosystem health of the Everglades and the SFCME. However, the coastal wetlands are increasingly vulnerable due to rising sea level, changes in storm intensity and frequency, land use, and water management practices. They are at the boundary of the region covered by the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP), and thus are impacted by both CERP and marine resource management decisions. An integrated conceptual ecological model (ICEM) for the southwest coastal wetlands of Florida was developed that illustrates the linkages between drivers, pressures, ecological process, and ecosystem services. Five ecological indicators are presented: (1) mangrove community structure and spatial extent; (2) waterbirds; (3) prey-base fish and macroinvertebrates; (4) crocodilians; and (5) periphyton. Most of these indicators are already used in other areas of south Florida and the SFCME, and therefore will allow metrics from the coastal wetlands to be used in system-wide assessments that incorporate the entire Greater Everglades Ecosystem.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.01.007","collaboration":"NOAA, National Park Service (Everglades NP), US Fish & Wildlife Service, Florida Audubon Society","usgsCitation":"Wingard, G.L., and Lorenz, J.L., 2014, Integrated conceptual ecological model and habitat indices for the southwest Florida coastal wetlands: Ecological Indicators, v. 44, p. 92-107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.01.007.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"92","endPage":"107","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-038687","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307718,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e57ab0e4b05561fa2086a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wingard, G. Lynn 0000-0002-3833-5207 lwingard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3833-5207","contributorId":605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wingard","given":"G.","email":"lwingard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Lynn","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lorenz, J. L.","contributorId":147122,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lorenz","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":16789,"text":"Audubon Society of Florida","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70148177,"text":"70148177 - 2014 - Multiscale habitat selection of wetland birds in the northern Gulf Coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-26T11:05:30","indexId":"70148177","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1584,"text":"Estuaries and Coasts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiscale habitat selection of wetland birds in the northern Gulf Coast","docAbstract":"The spatial scale of habitat selection has become a prominent concept in ecology, but has received less attention in coastal ecology. In coastal marshes, broad-scale marsh types are defined by vegetation composition over thousands of hectares, water-level management is applied over hundreds of hectares, and fine-scale habitat is depicted by tens of meters. Individually, these scales are known to affect wetland fauna, but studies have not examined all three spatial scales simultaneously. We investigated wetland bird habitat selection at the three scales and compared single- and multiscale models. From 2009 to 2011, we surveyed marsh birds (i.e., Rallidae, bitterns, grebes), shorebirds, and wading birds in fresh and intermediate (oligohaline) coastal marsh in Louisiana and Texas, USA. Within each year, six repeated surveys of wintering, resident, and migratory breeding birds were conducted at > 100 points (n = 304). The results revealed fine-scale factors, primarily water depth, were consistently better predictors than marsh type or management. However, 10 of 11 species had improved models with the three scales combined. Birds with a linear association with water depth were, correspondingly, most abundant with deeper fresh marsh and permanently impounded water. Conversely, intermediate marsh had a greater abundance of shallow water species, such as king rail Rallus elegans, least bittern Ixobrychus exilis, and sora Porzana carolina. These birds had quadratic relationships with water depth or no relationship. Overall, coastal birds were influenced by multiple scales corresponding with hydrological characteristics. The effects suggest the timing of drawdowns and interannual variability in spring water levels can greatly affect wetland bird abundance.
","language":"English","publisher":"Estuarine Research Federation","publisherLocation":"Port Republic, MD","doi":"10.1007/s12237-013-9757-2","collaboration":"US Geological Survey; US Fish and Wildlife Service; Gulf Coast Joint Venture; Louisiana State University","usgsCitation":"Pickens, B.A., and King, S.L., 2014, Multiscale habitat selection of wetland birds in the northern Gulf Coast: Estuaries and Coasts, v. 37, no. 5, p. 1301-1311, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9757-2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1301","endPage":"1311","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-050159","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300783,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-01-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5565994de4b0d9246a9eb633","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pickens, Bradley A.","contributorId":140926,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pickens","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, Sammy L. 0000-0002-5364-6361 sking@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5364-6361","contributorId":557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Sammy","email":"sking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70155272,"text":"70155272 - 2014 - Indo-Pacific sea surface temperature influences on failed consecutive rainy seasons over eastern Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T11:32:03","indexId":"70155272","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1248,"text":"Climate Dynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Indo-Pacific sea surface temperature influences on failed consecutive rainy seasons over eastern Africa","docAbstract":"Rainfall over eastern Africa (10°S–10°N; 35°E–50°E) is bimodal, with seasonal maxima during the \"long rains\" of March–April–May (MAM) and the \"short rains\" of October–November–December (OND). Below average precipitation during consecutive long and short rains seasons over eastern Africa can have devastating long-term impacts on water availability and agriculture. Here, we examine the forcing of drought during consecutive long and short rains seasons over eastern Africa by Indo-Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The forcing of eastern Africa precipitation and circulation by SSTs is tested using ten ensemble simulations of a global weather forecast model forced by 1950–2010 observed global SSTs. Since the 1980s, Indo-Pacific SSTs have forced more frequent droughts spanning consecutive long and short rains seasons over eastern Africa. The increased frequency of dry conditions is linked to warming SSTs over the Indo-west Pacific and to a lesser degree to Pacific Decadal Variability. During MAM, long-term warming of tropical west Pacific SSTs from 1950–2010 has forced statistically significant precipitation reductions over eastern Africa. The warming west Pacific SSTs have forced changes in the regional lower tropospheric circulation by weakening the Somali Jet, which has reduced moisture and rainfall over the Horn of Africa. During OND, reductions in precipitation over recent decades are oftentimes overshadowed by strong year-to-year precipitation variability forced by the Indian Ocean Dipole and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation.
","language":"English","publisher":"EBSCO Publishing","publisherLocation":"Heidelberg","doi":"10.1007/s00382-013-1991-6","usgsCitation":"Hoell, A., and Funk, C.C., 2014, Indo-Pacific sea surface temperature influences on failed consecutive rainy seasons over eastern Africa: Climate Dynamics, v. 43, no. 5-6, p. 1645-1660, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1991-6.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1645","endPage":"1660","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-048997","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306485,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"5-6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-11-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f076e4b0bc0bec09f795","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoell, Andrew","contributorId":145803,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoell","given":"Andrew","affiliations":[{"id":16236,"text":"UCSB Climate Hazards Group","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Funk, Christopher C. 0000-0002-9254-6718 cfunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9254-6718","contributorId":721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Funk","given":"Christopher","email":"cfunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":565444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70138589,"text":"70138589 - 2014 - The effect of call libraries and acoustic filters on the identification of bat echolocation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-20T10:24:42","indexId":"70138589","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1467,"text":"Ecology and Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of call libraries and acoustic filters on the identification of bat echolocation","docAbstract":"Quantitative methods for species identification are commonly used in acoustic surveys for animals. While various identification models have been studied extensively, there has been little study of methods for selecting calls prior to modeling or methods for validating results after modeling. We obtained two call libraries with a combined 1556 pulse sequences from 11 North American bat species. We used four acoustic filters to automatically select and quantify bat calls from the combined library. For each filter, we trained a species identification model (a quadratic discriminant function analysis) and compared the classification ability of the models. In a separate analysis, we trained a classification model using just one call library. We then compared a conventional model assessment that used the training library against an alternative approach that used the second library. We found that filters differed in the share of known pulse sequences that were selected (68 to 96%), the share of non-bat noises that were excluded (37 to 100%), their measurement of various pulse parameters, and their overall correct classification rate (41% to 85%). Although the top two filters did not differ significantly in overall correct classification rate (85% and 83%), rates differed significantly for some bat species. In our assessment of call libraries, overall correct classification rates were significantly lower (15% to 23% lower) when tested on the second call library instead of the training library. Well-designed filters obviated the need for subjective and time-consuming manual selection of pulses. Accordingly, researchers should carefully design and test filters and include adequate descriptions in publications. Our results also indicate that it may not be possible to extend inferences about model accuracy beyond the training library. If so, the accuracy of acoustic-only surveys may be lower than commonly reported, which could affect ecological understanding or management decisions based on acoustic surveys.
","language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Pub. Ltd.","publisherLocation":"Oxford, England","doi":"10.1002/ece3.1201","usgsCitation":"Clement, M., Murray, K.L., Solick, D.I., and Gruver, J.C., 2014, The effect of call libraries and acoustic filters on the identification of bat echolocation: Ecology and Evolution, v. 4, no. 17, p. 3482-3493, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1201.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"3482","endPage":"3493","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057879","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472787,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1201","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":297382,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":297381,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.1201/full"}],"volume":"4","issue":"17","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c6be4b08de9379b37cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clement, Matthew mclement@usgs.gov","contributorId":138815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clement","given":"Matthew","email":"mclement@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murray, Kevin L","contributorId":138816,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murray","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"L","affiliations":[{"id":6660,"text":"Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Solick, Donald I","contributorId":138817,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Solick","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"I","affiliations":[{"id":6660,"text":"Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gruver, Jeffrey C","contributorId":138818,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gruver","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"C","affiliations":[{"id":6660,"text":"Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70132321,"text":"70132321 - 2014 - Combining demographic and genetic factors to assess population vulnerability in stream species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-28T12:29:46.865868","indexId":"70132321","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T10:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Combining demographic and genetic factors to assess population vulnerability in stream species","docAbstract":"Accelerating climate change and other cumulative stressors create an urgent need to understand the influence of environmental variation and landscape features on the connectivity and vulnerability of freshwater species. Here, we introduce a novel modeling framework for aquatic systems that integrates spatially explicit, individual‐based, demographic and genetic (demogenetic) assessments with environmental variables. To show its potential utility, we simulated a hypothetical network of 19 migratory riverine populations (e.g., salmonids) using a riverscape connectivity and demogenetic model (CDFISH). We assessed how stream resistance to movement (a function of water temperature, fluvial distance, and physical barriers) might influence demogenetic connectivity, and hence, population vulnerability. We present demographic metrics (abundance, immigration, and change in abundance) and genetic metrics (diversity, differentiation, and change in differentiation), and combine them into a single vulnerability index for identifying populations at risk of extirpation. We considered four realistic scenarios that illustrate the relative sensitivity of these metrics for early detection of reduced connectivity: (1) maximum resistance due to high water temperatures throughout the network, (2) minimum resistance due to low water temperatures throughout the network, (3) increased resistance at a tributary junction caused by a partial barrier, and (4) complete isolation of a tributary, leaving resident individuals only. We then applied this demogenetic framework using empirical data for a bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) metapopulation in the upper Flathead River system, Canada and USA, to assess how current and predicted future stream warming may influence population vulnerability. Results suggest that warmer water temperatures and associated barriers to movement (e.g., low flows, dewatering) are predicted to fragment suitable habitat for migratory salmonids, resulting in the loss of genetic diversity and reduced numbers in certain vulnerable populations. This demogenetic simulation framework, which is illustrated in a web‐based interactive mapping prototype, should be useful for evaluating population vulnerability in a wide variety of dendritic and fragmented riverscapes, helping to guide conservation and management efforts for freshwater species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/13-0499.1","usgsCitation":"Landguth, E., Muhlfeld, C.C., Jones, L.W., Waples, R.S., Whited, D., Lowe, W.H., Lucotch, J., Neville, H., and Luikart, G., 2014, Combining demographic and genetic factors to assess population vulnerability in stream species: Ecological Applications, v. 24, no. 6, p. 1505-1524, https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0499.1.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1505","endPage":"1524","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-044696","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296045,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Flathead River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n 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USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":522726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lowe, Winsor H.","contributorId":126722,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lowe","given":"Winsor","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":6577,"text":"University of Montana, Division of Biological Sciences, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":522730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lucotch, John","contributorId":126720,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lucotch","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6577,"text":"University of Montana, Division of Biological Sciences, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":522728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Neville, 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well","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-04T08:49:01","indexId":"70146655","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A ternary age-mixing model to explain contaminant occurrence in a deep supply well","docAbstract":"The age distribution of water from a public-supply well in a deep alluvial aquifer was estimated and used to help explain arsenic variability in the water. The age distribution was computed using a ternary mixing model that combines three lumped parameter models of advection-dispersion transport of environmental tracers, which represent relatively recent recharge (post- 1950s) containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs), old intermediate depth groundwater (about 6500 years) that was free of drinking-water contaminants, and very old, deep groundwater (more than 21,000 years) containing arsenic above the USEPA maximum contaminant level of 10 µg/L. The ternary mixing model was calibrated to tritium, chloroflorocarbon-113, and carbon-14 (14C) concentrations that were measured in water samples collected on multiple occasions. Variability in atmospheric 14C over the past 50,000 years was accounted for in the interpretation of 14C as a tracer. Calibrated ternary models indicate the fraction of deep, very old groundwater entering the well varies substantially throughout the year and was highest following long periods of nonoperation or infrequent operation, which occurred during the winter season when water demand was low. The fraction of young water entering the well was about 11% during the summer when pumping peaked to meet water demand and about 3% to 6% during the winter months. This paper demonstrates how collection of multiple tracers can be used in combination with simplified models of fluid flow to estimate the age distribution and thus fraction of contaminated groundwater reaching a supply well under different pumping conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Ground Water Association","publisherLocation":"Malden, MA","doi":"10.1111/gwat.12170","usgsCitation":"Jurgens, B.C., Bexfield, L.M., and Eberts, S.M., 2014, A ternary age-mixing model to explain contaminant occurrence in a deep supply well: Groundwater, v. 52, no. S1, p. 25-39, https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12170.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"39","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-053056","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472788,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12170","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":299767,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"S1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-03-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55362330e4b0b22a15807a7b","chorus":{"doi":"10.1111/gwat.12170","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12170","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Jurgens Bryant C., Bexfield Laura M., Eberts Sandra M.","journalName":"Groundwater","publicationDate":"3/5/2014","auditedOn":"3/17/2016"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jurgens, Bryant C. 0000-0002-1572-113X bjurgens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1572-113X","contributorId":127842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jurgens","given":"Bryant","email":"bjurgens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bexfield, Laura M. 0000-0002-1789-654X bexfield@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1789-654X","contributorId":1273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bexfield","given":"Laura","email":"bexfield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eberts, Sandra M. 0000-0001-5138-8293 smeberts@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5138-8293","contributorId":127844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberts","given":"Sandra","email":"smeberts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":38131,"text":"WMA - Office of Planning and Programming","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70126219,"text":"70126219 - 2014 - Tidal and seasonal effects on survival rates of the endangered California clapper rail: Does invasive Spartina facilitate greater survival in a dynamic environment?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-30T11:22:24","indexId":"70126219","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T09:17:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1018,"text":"Biological Invasions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Tidal and seasonal effects on survival rates of the endangered California clapper rail: Does invasive Spartina facilitate greater survival in a dynamic environment?","title":"Tidal and seasonal effects on survival rates of the endangered California clapper rail: Does invasive Spartina facilitate greater survival in a dynamic environment?","docAbstract":"Invasive species frequently degrade habitats, disturb ecosystem processes, and can increase the likelihood of extinction of imperiled populations. However, novel or enhanced functions provided by invading species may reduce the impact of processes that limit populations. It is important to recognize how invasive species benefit endangered species to determine overall effects on sensitive ecosystems. For example, since the 1990s, hybrid Spartina (Spartina foliosa × alterniflora) has expanded throughout South San Francisco Bay, USA, supplanting native vegetation and invading mudflats. The endangered California clapper rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus) uses the tall, dense hybrid Spartina for cover and nesting, but the effects of hybrid Spartina on clapper rail survival was unknown. We estimated survival rates of 108 radio-marked California clapper rails in South San Francisco Bay from January 2007 to March 2010, a period of extensive hybrid Spartina eradication, with Kaplan–Meier product limit estimators. Clapper rail survival patterns were consistent with hybrid Spartina providing increased refuge cover from predators during tidal extremes which flood native vegetation, particularly during the winter when the vegetation senesces. Model averaged annual survival rates within hybrid Spartina dominated marshes before eradication (Ŝ = 0.466) were greater than the same marshes posttreatment (Ŝ = 0.275) and a marsh dominated by native vegetation (Ŝ = 0.272). However, models with and without marsh treatment as explanatory factor for survival rates had nearly equivalent support in the observed data, lending ambiguity as to whether hybrid Spartina facilitated greater survival rates than native marshland. Conservation actions to aid in recovery of this endangered species should recognize the importance of available of high tide refugia, particularly in light of invasive species eradication programs and projections of future sea-level rise.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10530-013-0634-5","usgsCitation":"Overton, C.T., Casazza, M.L., Takekawa, J.Y., Strong, D.R., and Holyoak, M., 2014, Tidal and seasonal effects on survival rates of the endangered California clapper rail: Does invasive Spartina facilitate greater survival in a dynamic environment?: Biological Invasions, v. 16, no. 9, p. 1897-1914, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-013-0634-5.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1897","endPage":"1914","ipdsId":"IP-034687","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/1w5589nv","text":"External Repository"},{"id":294285,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Arrowhead Marsh, Cogswell Marsh, Colma Creek, Laumeister Marsh, San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.414343,37.426651 ], [ -122.414343,37.754344 ], [ -121.988832,37.754344 ], [ -121.988832,37.426651 ], [ -122.414343,37.426651 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"16","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-01-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5422bb38e4b08312ac7cf10b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Overton, Cory T. 0000-0002-5060-7447 coverton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-7447","contributorId":3262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Overton","given":"Cory","email":"coverton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casazza, Michael L. 0000-0002-5636-735X mike_casazza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-735X","contributorId":2091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casazza","given":"Michael","email":"mike_casazza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":501951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Strong, Donald R.","contributorId":73882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strong","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Holyoak, Marcel","contributorId":15076,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holyoak","given":"Marcel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7082,"text":"University of California - Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":501954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70132324,"text":"70132324 - 2014 - Partitioning the non‑consumptive effects of predators on preywith complex life histories","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-31T19:58:30.229705","indexId":"70132324","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Partitioning the non‑consumptive effects of predators on preywith complex life histories","docAbstract":"Non-consumptive effects (NCEs) of predators on prey can be as strong as consumptive effects (CEs) and may be driven by numerous mechanisms, including predator characteristics. Previous work has highlighted the importance of predator characteristics in predicting NCEs, but has not addressed how complex life histories of prey could mediate predator NCEs. We conducted a meta-analysis to compare the effects of predator gape limitation (gape limited or not) and hunting mode (active or sit-and-pursue) on the activity, larval period, and size at metamorphosis of larval aquatic amphibians and invertebrates. Larval prey tended to reduce their activity and require more time to reach metamorphosis in the presence of all predator functional groups, but the responses did not differ from zero. Prey metamorphosed at smaller size in response to non-gape-limited, active predators, but counter to expectations, prey metamorphosed larger when confronted by non-gape-limited, sit-and-pursue predators. These results indicate NCEs on larval prey life history can be strongly influenced by predator functional characteristics. More broadly, our results suggest that understanding predator NCEs would benefit from greater consideration of how prey life history attributes mediate population and community-level outcomes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00442-014-2996-5","usgsCitation":"Davenport, J., Hossack, B.R., and Lowe, W.H., 2014, Partitioning the non‑consumptive effects of predators on preywith complex life histories: Oecologia, v. 176, no. 1, p. 149-155, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-014-2996-5.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"155","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051612","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295942,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"176","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-06-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"545ded2de4b0ba8303f92b93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davenport, Jon M.","contributorId":126727,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davenport","given":"Jon M.","affiliations":[{"id":6583,"text":"University of Montana, Division of Biological Sciences, Missoula, MT, USA 59812","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":522748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hossack, Blake R. 0000-0001-7456-9564 blake_hossack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7456-9564","contributorId":1177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hossack","given":"Blake","email":"blake_hossack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":522747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lowe, Winsor H.","contributorId":126722,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lowe","given":"Winsor","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":6577,"text":"University of Montana, Division of Biological Sciences, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":522749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70154987,"text":"70154987 - 2014 - Circulating fat-soluble vitamin concentrations and nutrient composition of aquatic prey eaten by American oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus) in the southeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-07-22T13:09:28","indexId":"70154987","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2191,"text":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Circulating fat-soluble vitamin concentrations and nutrient composition of aquatic prey eaten by American oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus) in the southeastern United States","docAbstract":"The American oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus palliatus) is currently listed as a species of high concern by the United States Shorebird Conservation Plan. Because nutritional status directly impacts overall health and reproduction of individuals and populations, adequate management of a wildlife population requires intimate knowledge of a species' diet and nutrient requirements. Fat-soluble vitamin concentrations in blood plasma obtained from American oystercatchers and proximate, vitamin, and mineral composition of various oystercatcher prey species were determined as baseline data to assess nutritional status and nutrient supply. Bird and prey species samples were collected from the Cape Romain region, South Carolina, USA, and the Altamaha River delta islands, Georgia, USA, where breeding populations appear relatively stable in recent years. Vitamin A levels in blood samples were higher than ranges reported as normal for domestic avian species, and vitamin D concentrations were lower than anticipated based on values observed in poultry. Vitamin E levels were within ranges previously reported for avian groups with broadly similar feeding niches such as herons, gulls, and terns (eg, aquatic/estuarine/marine). Prey species (oysters, mussels, clams, blood arks [Anadara ovalis], whelks [Busycon carica], false angel wings [Petricola pholadiformis]) were similar in water content to vertebrate prey, moderate to high in protein, and moderate to low in crude fat. Ash and macronutrient concentrations in prey species were high compared with requirements of carnivores or avian species. Prey items analyzed appear to meet nutritional requirements for oystercatchers, as estimated by extrapolation from domestic carnivores and poultry species; excesses, imbalances, and toxicities—particularly of minerals and fat-soluble vitamins—may warrant further investigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association of Avian Veterinarians","doi":"10.1647/2013-033","usgsCitation":"Carlson-Bremer, D., Norton, T., Sanders, F.J., Winn, B., Spinks, M.D., Glatt, B.A., Mazzaro, L., Jodice, P.G., Chen, T.C., and Dierenfeld, E.S., 2014, Circulating fat-soluble vitamin concentrations and nutrient composition of aquatic prey eaten by American oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus) in the southeastern United States: Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, v. 28, no. 3, p. 216-224, https://doi.org/10.1647/2013-033.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"216","endPage":"224","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-033674","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305895,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Cape Romain; Wolfe Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.40162658691405,\n 33.008087679871835\n ],\n [\n -79.40162658691405,\n 33.10534697199519\n ],\n [\n -79.288330078125,\n 33.10534697199519\n ],\n [\n -79.288330078125,\n 33.008087679871835\n ],\n [\n -79.40162658691405,\n 33.008087679871835\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.33865356445312,\n 31.315514771622293\n ],\n [\n -81.33865356445312,\n 31.371226579385738\n ],\n [\n -81.27204895019531,\n 31.371226579385738\n ],\n [\n -81.27204895019531,\n 31.315514771622293\n ],\n [\n -81.33865356445312,\n 31.315514771622293\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55b0beaae4b09a3b01b53081","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlson-Bremer, Daphne","contributorId":27304,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carlson-Bremer","given":"Daphne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Norton, Terry M.","contributorId":71020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norton","given":"Terry M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sanders, Felicia J.","contributorId":56574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sanders","given":"Felicia","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":35670,"text":"South Carolina Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Winn, Brad","contributorId":90852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winn","given":"Brad","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Spinks, Mark D.","contributorId":140933,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spinks","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Glatt, Batsheva A.","contributorId":145791,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Glatt","given":"Batsheva","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mazzaro, Lisa","contributorId":145792,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mazzaro","given":"Lisa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Jodice, Patrick G.R. 0000-0001-8716-120X pjodice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8716-120X","contributorId":1119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jodice","given":"Patrick","email":"pjodice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.R.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":564466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Chen, Tai C.","contributorId":145793,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chen","given":"Tai","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Dierenfeld, Ellen S.","contributorId":7677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dierenfeld","given":"Ellen","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70148148,"text":"70148148 - 2014 - Evaluation of a regional monitoring program's statistical power to detect temporal trends in forest health indicators","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-27T13:20:56","indexId":"70148148","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of a regional monitoring program's statistical power to detect temporal trends in forest health indicators","docAbstract":"Forests are socioeconomically and ecologically important ecosystems that are exposed to a variety of natural and anthropogenic stressors. As such, monitoring forest condition and detecting temporal changes therein remain critical to sound public and private forestland management. The National Parks Service’s Vital Signs monitoring program collects information on many forest health indicators, including species richness, cover by exotics, browse pressure, and forest regeneration. We applied a mixed-model approach to partition variability in data for 30 forest health indicators collected from several national parks in the eastern United States. We then used the estimated variance components in a simulation model to evaluate trend detection capabilities for each indicator. We investigated the extent to which the following factors affected ability to detect trends: (a) sample design: using simple panel versus connected panel design, (b) effect size: increasing trend magnitude, (c) sample size: varying the number of plots sampled each year, and (d) stratified sampling: post-stratifying plots into vegetation domains. Statistical power varied among indicators; however, indicators that measured the proportion of a total yielded higher power when compared to indicators that measured absolute or average values. In addition, the total variability for an indicator appeared to influence power to detect temporal trends more than how total variance was partitioned among spatial and temporal sources. Based on these analyses and the monitoring objectives of theVital Signs program, the current sampling design is likely overly intensive for detecting a 5 % trend·year−1 for all indicators and is appropriate for detecting a 1 % trend·year−1 in most indicators.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00267-014-0313-z","usgsCitation":"Perles, S.J., Wagner, T., Irwin, B.J., Manning, D.R., Callahan, K.K., and Marshall, M.R., 2014, Evaluation of a regional monitoring program's statistical power to detect temporal trends in forest health indicators: Environmental Management, v. 54, no. 3, p. 641-655, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-014-0313-z.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"641","endPage":"655","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-042096","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300860,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Eastern Rivers and Mountains Network","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.38720703125,\n 39.707186656826565\n ],\n [\n -79.60693359375,\n 38.53097889440026\n ],\n [\n -79.541015625,\n 38.20365531807149\n ],\n [\n -79.98046875,\n 38.03078569382294\n ],\n [\n -80.2880859375,\n 37.70120736474139\n ],\n [\n -80.35400390625,\n 37.52715361723378\n ],\n [\n -81.32080078125,\n 37.28279464911045\n ],\n [\n -81.62841796875,\n 37.17782559332976\n ],\n [\n -81.82617187499999,\n 39.027718840211605\n ],\n [\n -81.49658203125,\n 39.436192999314095\n ],\n [\n -81.298828125,\n 39.38526381099777\n ],\n [\n -80.85937499999999,\n 39.65645604812829\n ],\n [\n -80.61767578124999,\n 40.49709237269567\n ],\n [\n -80.66162109375,\n 40.6306300839918\n ],\n [\n -80.5517578125,\n 40.730608477796636\n ],\n [\n -80.5517578125,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -79.65087890624999,\n 42.32606244456202\n ],\n [\n -74.619140625,\n 42.293564192170095\n ],\n [\n -74.24560546875,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -73.98193359375,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n -73.98193359375,\n 41.3108238809182\n ],\n [\n -74.33349609375,\n 40.863679665481676\n ],\n [\n -74.59716796875,\n 40.74725696280421\n ],\n [\n -74.619140625,\n 40.26276066437183\n ],\n [\n -75.146484375,\n 40.04443758460859\n ],\n [\n -75.498046875,\n 39.85915479295669\n ],\n [\n -75.76171875,\n 39.9434364619742\n ],\n [\n -75.56396484375,\n 40.17887331434696\n ],\n [\n -75.5859375,\n 40.43022363450859\n ],\n [\n -75.91552734375,\n 40.59727063442027\n ],\n [\n -76.88232421875,\n 40.56389453066509\n ],\n [\n -77.9150390625,\n 40.38002840251183\n ],\n [\n -78.837890625,\n 40.16208338164619\n ],\n [\n -79.38720703125,\n 39.707186656826565\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"54","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-07-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5566eac5e4b0d9246a9ec2df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perles, Stephanie J.","contributorId":140969,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Perles","given":"Stephanie","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wagner, Tyler 0000-0003-1726-016X twagner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1726-016X","contributorId":1050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"Tyler","email":"twagner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Irwin, Brian J. 0000-0002-0666-2641 bjirwin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0666-2641","contributorId":4037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"Brian","email":"bjirwin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Manning, Douglas R.","contributorId":61154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Callahan, Kristina K.","contributorId":140970,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Callahan","given":"Kristina","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Marshall, Matthew R.","contributorId":140971,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marshall","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70133242,"text":"70133242 - 2014 - Age-specific survival of male golden-cheeked warblers on the Fort Hood Military Reservation, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-11-18T10:01:52","indexId":"70133242","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":947,"text":"Avian Conservation and Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age-specific survival of male golden-cheeked warblers on the Fort Hood Military Reservation, Texas","docAbstract":"Population models are essential components of large-scale conservation and management plans for the federally endangered Golden-cheeked Warbler (Setophaga chrysoparia; hereafter GCWA). However, existing models are based on vital rate estimates calculated using relatively small data sets that are now more than a decade old. We estimated more current, precise adult and juvenile apparent survival (Φ) probabilities and their associated variances for male GCWAs. In addition to providing estimates for use in population modeling, we tested hypotheses about spatial and temporal variation in Φ. We assessed whether a linear trend in Φ or a change in the overall mean Φ corresponded to an observed increase in GCWA abundance during 1992-2000 and if Φ varied among study plots. To accomplish these objectives, we analyzed long-term GCWA capture-resight data from 1992 through 2011, collected across seven study plots on the Fort Hood Military Reservation using a Cormack-Jolly-Seber model structure within program MARK. We also estimated Φ process and sampling variances using a variance-components approach. Our results did not provide evidence of site-specific variation in adult Φ on the installation. Because of a lack of data, we could not assess whether juvenile Φ varied spatially. We did not detect a strong temporal association between GCWA abundance and Φ. Mean estimates of Φ for adult and juvenile male GCWAs for all years analyzed were 0.47 with a process variance of 0.0120 and a sampling variance of 0.0113 and 0.28 with a process variance of 0.0076 and a sampling variance of 0.0149, respectively. Although juvenile Φ did not differ greatly from previous estimates, our adult Φ estimate suggests previous GCWA population models were overly optimistic with respect to adult survival. These updated Φ probabilities and their associated variances will be incorporated into new population models to assist with GCWA conservation decision making.
","language":"English","publisher":"Resilience Alliance Publications","doi":"10.5751/ACE-00693-090204","usgsCitation":"Duarte, A., Hines, J., Nichols, J., Hatfield, J., and Weckerly, F.W., 2014, Age-specific survival of male golden-cheeked warblers on the Fort Hood Military Reservation, Texas: Avian Conservation and Ecology, v. 9, no. 2, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.5751/ACE-00693-090204.","productDescription":"9 p.","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057174","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472792,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5751/ace-00693-090204","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":296046,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Fort Hood","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.87307739257812,\n 30.99291427996619\n ],\n [\n -97.87307739257812,\n 31.34132223690837\n ],\n [\n -97.47001647949219,\n 31.34132223690837\n ],\n [\n -97.47001647949219,\n 30.99291427996619\n ],\n [\n -97.87307739257812,\n 30.99291427996619\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5465d62ce4b04d4b7dbd6541","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duarte, Adam","contributorId":28492,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duarte","given":"Adam","affiliations":[{"id":6960,"text":"Department of Biology, Texas State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":524961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hines, James E. jhines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James E.","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":524960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":524962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hatfield, Jeffrey S. jhatfield@usgs.gov","contributorId":151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Jeffrey S.","email":"jhatfield@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":524963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Weckerly, Floyd W.","contributorId":10298,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weckerly","given":"Floyd","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":6960,"text":"Department of Biology, Texas State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":524964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70137967,"text":"70137967 - 2014 - Cross-scale assessment of potential habitat shifts in a rapidly changing climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-14T15:42:57","indexId":"70137967","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2100,"text":"Invasive Plant Science and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cross-scale assessment of potential habitat shifts in a rapidly changing climate","docAbstract":"We assessed the ability of climatic, environmental, and anthropogenic variables to predict areas of high-risk for plant invasion and consider the relative importance and contribution of these predictor variables by considering two spatial scales in a region of rapidly changing climate. We created predictive distribution models, using Maxent, for three highly invasive plant species (Canada thistle, white sweetclover, and reed canarygrass) in Alaska at both a regional scale and a local scale. Regional scale models encompassed southern coastal Alaska and were developed from topographic and climatic data at a 2 km (1.2 mi) spatial resolution. Models were applied to future climate (2030). Local scale models were spatially nested within the regional area; these models incorporated physiographic and anthropogenic variables at a 30 m (98.4 ft) resolution. Regional and local models performed well (AUC values > 0.7), with the exception of one species at each spatial scale. Regional models predict an increase in area of suitable habitat for all species by 2030 with a general shift to higher elevation areas; however, the distribution of each species was driven by different climate and topographical variables. In contrast local models indicate that distance to right-of-ways and elevation are associated with habitat suitability for all three species at this spatial level. Combining results from regional models, capturing long-term distribution, and local models, capturing near-term establishment and distribution, offers a new and effective tool for highlighting at-risk areas and provides insight on how variables acting at different scales contribute to suitability predictions. The combinations also provides easy comparison, highlighting agreement between the two scales, where long-term distribution factors predict suitability while near-term do not and vice versa.
","language":"English","publisher":"Weed Science Society of America","doi":"10.1614/IPSM-D-13-00071.1","usgsCitation":"Jarnevich, C.S., Holcombe, T.R., Bell, E., Carlson, M.L., Graziano, G., Lamb, M., Seefeldt, S.S., and Morisette, J.T., 2014, Cross-scale assessment of potential habitat shifts in a rapidly changing climate: Invasive Plant Science and Management, v. 7, no. 3, p. 491-502, https://doi.org/10.1614/IPSM-D-13-00071.1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"491","endPage":"502","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-054976","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297255,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kenai Peninsula, Prince of Wales Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.138671875,\n 59.07444815466584\n ],\n [\n -152.138671875,\n 61.07423085631768\n ],\n [\n -147.744140625,\n 61.07423085631768\n ],\n [\n -147.744140625,\n 59.07444815466584\n ],\n [\n -152.138671875,\n 59.07444815466584\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -133.96728515625,\n 54.64205540129178\n ],\n [\n -133.96728515625,\n 56.37133494106981\n ],\n [\n -131.923828125,\n 56.37133494106981\n ],\n [\n -131.923828125,\n 54.64205540129178\n ],\n [\n -133.96728515625,\n 54.64205540129178\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b6be4b08de9379b3379","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jarnevich, Catherine S. 0000-0002-9699-2336 jarnevichc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9699-2336","contributorId":3424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarnevich","given":"Catherine","email":"jarnevichc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holcombe, Tracy R. holcombet@usgs.gov","contributorId":3694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holcombe","given":"Tracy","email":"holcombet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bell, Elizabeth 0000-0002-1587-8241","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1587-8241","contributorId":49736,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bell","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carlson, Matthew L.","contributorId":138686,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carlson","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":12492,"text":"UAA Alaska Natural Heritage Program & Biological Sciences Department","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Graziano, Gino","contributorId":138687,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Graziano","given":"Gino","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12493,"text":"UAF Cooperative Extension Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lamb, Melinda","contributorId":138688,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lamb","given":"Melinda","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6762,"text":"U.S. Forest Service, La Grande, Oregon","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Seefeldt, Steven S.","contributorId":138689,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seefeldt","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12493,"text":"UAF Cooperative Extension Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Morisette, Jeffrey T. 0000-0002-0483-0082 morisettej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0483-0082","contributorId":307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morisette","given":"Jeffrey","email":"morisettej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":569,"text":"Southwest Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":477,"text":"North Central Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70162586,"text":"70162586 - 2014 - Heterogeneous occupancy and density estimates of the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in waters of North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T15:01:40","indexId":"70162586","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heterogeneous occupancy and density estimates of the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in waters of North America","docAbstract":"Biodiversity losses are occurring worldwide due to a combination of stressors. For example, by one estimate, 40% of amphibian species are vulnerable to extinction, and disease is one threat to amphibian populations. The emerging infectious disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the aquatic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is a contributor to amphibian declines worldwide. Bd research has focused on the dynamics of the pathogen in its amphibian hosts, with little emphasis on investigating the dynamics of free-living Bd. Therefore, we investigated patterns of Bd occupancy and density in amphibian habitats using occupancy models, powerful tools for estimating site occupancy and detection probability. Occupancy models have been used to investigate diseases where the focus was on pathogen occurrence in the host. We applied occupancy models to investigate free-living Bd in North American surface waters to determine Bd seasonality, relationships between Bd site occupancy and habitat attributes, and probability of detection from water samples as a function of the number of samples, sample volume, and water quality. We also report on the temporal patterns of Bd density from a 4-year case study of a Bd-positive wetland. We provide evidence that Bd occurs in the environment year-round. Bd exhibited temporal and spatial heterogeneity in density, but did not exhibit seasonality in occupancy. Bd was detected in all months, typically at less than 100 zoospores L−1. The highest density observed was ∼3 million zoospores L−1. We detected Bd in 47% of sites sampled, but estimated that Bd occupied 61% of sites, highlighting the importance of accounting for imperfect detection. When Bd was present, there was a 95% chance of detecting it with four samples of 600 ml of water or five samples of 60 mL. Our findings provide important baseline information to advance the study of Bd disease ecology, and advance our understanding of amphibian exposure to free-living Bd in aquatic habitats over time.
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