Spheroidal and cupshaped, carbonaceous alga-like bodies, as well as filamentous structures and amorphous carbonaceous matter occur in sedimentary rocks of the Onverwacht Series (Swaziland System) in South Africa. The Onverwacht sediments are older than 3.2 eons, and they are probably the oldest, little-altered sedimentary rocks on Earth. The basal Onverwacht sediments lie approximately 10,000 meters stratigraphically below the Fig Tree sedimentary rocks, from which similar organic microstructures have been interpreted as alga-like microfossils. The Onverwacht spheroids and filaments are best preserved in black, carbon-rich cherts and siliceous argillites interlayered with thick sequences of lavas. These lifelike forms and the associated carbonaceous substances are probably biological in origin. If so, the origins of unicellular life on Earth are buried in older rocks now obliterated by igneous and metamorphic events.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.161.3845.1005","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Engel, A., Nagy, B., Nagy, L., Engel, C., Kremp, G., and Drew, C., 1968, Alga-like forms in Onverwacht Series, South Africa: Oldest recognized lifelike forms on earth: Science, v. 161, no. 3845, p. 1005-1008, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.161.3845.1005.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1005","endPage":"1008","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221601,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"South Africa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 16.23403149846564,\n -28.18718079792832\n ],\n [\n 17.337489849462173,\n -34.352684286192634\n ],\n [\n 19.903057315501314,\n -35.36147281952401\n ],\n [\n 26.835813143276482,\n -34.49822803917185\n ],\n [\n 32.32221346340066,\n -30.230469918789314\n ],\n [\n 33.16643390226105,\n -27.23436389711216\n ],\n [\n 31.285069199514737,\n -26.255019419128487\n ],\n [\n 32.45630967451314,\n -25.053703074909432\n ],\n [\n 30.88958692034025,\n -22.144501081708313\n ],\n [\n 28.658893908087745,\n -22.317673259981017\n ],\n [\n 25.397042642071938,\n -25.025002170367543\n ],\n [\n 23.29228277822293,\n -25.08691998716075\n ],\n [\n 22.206149328916872,\n -25.887190746870708\n ],\n [\n 20.98660287457773,\n -26.48733965606824\n ],\n [\n 20.82351658541989,\n -25.134557854748003\n ],\n [\n 19.983762238796125,\n -25.07959237848911\n ],\n [\n 19.8219419755585,\n -28.32408933927298\n ],\n [\n 18.92885560896601,\n -28.766316671914137\n ],\n [\n 16.948211402831063,\n -28.11548855525143\n ],\n [\n 16.23403149846564,\n -28.18718079792832\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"161","issue":"3845","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e95ae4b0c8380cd4820d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Engel, A.E.J.","contributorId":52246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engel","given":"A.E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nagy, B.","contributorId":47912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagy","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nagy, L.A.","contributorId":85622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagy","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Engel, C.G.","contributorId":18489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engel","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kremp, G.O.W.","contributorId":43102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kremp","given":"G.O.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Drew, C.M.","contributorId":53089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70209023,"text":"70209023 - 1968 - Chronology of intrusion, volcanism, and ore deposition at Bingham, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-11T17:58:17","indexId":"70209023","displayToPublicDate":"1968-09-01T17:52:43","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chronology of intrusion, volcanism, and ore deposition at Bingham, Utah","docAbstract":"Potassium-argon dates for major igneous rock types in the Bingham mining district, Utah, range from 39 to 32 m.y. and suggest that:(1) Plutonism, volcanism, and hydrothermal activity were sequential stages in a magmatic history of about 7 m.y. duration.(2) Latitic volcanic rocks, in part, postdate emplacement of the Last Chance and Bingham stocks.(3) Sulfide mineralization and hydrothermal alteration followed emplacement of the monzonitic stocks and extrusion of at least the earliest units in the volcanic sequence; the time interval between intrusion and alteration was probably less than 1 m.y.(4) The rhyolites of Shaggy Peak, which may represent terminal differentiation products in a comagmatic series, are the youngest igneous rocks in the area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.63.6.612","usgsCitation":"Moore, W.J., Lanphere, M.A., and Obradovich, J.D., 1968, Chronology of intrusion, volcanism, and ore deposition at Bingham, Utah: Economic Geology, v. 63, no. 6, p. 612-621, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.63.6.612.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"612","endPage":"621","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":373144,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","city":"Bingham","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.19135284423828,\n 40.488215202002614\n ],\n [\n -112.09590911865234,\n 40.488215202002614\n ],\n [\n -112.09590911865234,\n 40.57224011776902\n ],\n [\n -112.19135284423828,\n 40.57224011776902\n ],\n [\n -112.19135284423828,\n 40.488215202002614\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"63","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1968-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, W. J.","contributorId":84334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":784568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Obradovich, J. D.","contributorId":48966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obradovich","given":"J.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70209022,"text":"70209022 - 1968 - Distribution of minor elements in ore and host rock, Illinois-Kentucky fluorite district and Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead district","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-11T17:51:19","indexId":"70209022","displayToPublicDate":"1968-09-01T17:47:54","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of minor elements in ore and host rock, Illinois-Kentucky fluorite district and Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead district","docAbstract":"This paper presents data on the distribution of minor elements in ore and gangue minerals and in adjacent host rock from the Illinois-Kentucky fluorite district and Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead district. Comparisons are made of the minor-element abundances between districts and within the paragenetic sequence in individual districts.The ore of the Illinois-Kentucky fluorite district is characterized by greater abundance of minor elements than in other Mississippi Valley deposits, by large fractionation of silver between galena and sphalerite, and by a low ratio of antimony to silver in galena. Silver and antimony are concentrated in the galena and show a marked zonal pattern within the district. Sphalerite is high in cadmium, gallium, and germanium.The Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead district differs markedly from the Illinois-Kentucky fluorite district in minor-element concentrations and distribution. The minor elements are much less abundant, and silver is slightly more concentrated in sphalerite than in galena.Several analyses of minor elements in ore minerals from the Southeast Missouri lead district are given for comparison.It is concluded that the minor elements were largely leached from the basement by convective circulation of heated oilfield brine.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.63.6.655","usgsCitation":"Hall, W.E., and Heyl, A., 1968, Distribution of minor elements in ore and host rock, Illinois-Kentucky fluorite district and Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead district: Economic Geology, v. 63, no. 6, p. 655-670, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.63.6.655.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"655","endPage":"670","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":373143,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Kentucky","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.296875,\n 36.923547681089296\n ],\n [\n -86.60522460937499,\n 36.923547681089296\n ],\n [\n -86.60522460937499,\n 38.565347844885466\n ],\n [\n -89.296875,\n 38.565347844885466\n ],\n [\n -89.296875,\n 36.923547681089296\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"63","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1968-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, Wayne E.","contributorId":89955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heyl, Allen V.","contributorId":17678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heyl","given":"Allen V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":37717,"text":"37717 - 1968 - Big game inventory for 1967","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-24T13:18:45","indexId":"37717","displayToPublicDate":"1968-09-01T13:18:15","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"481","title":"Big game inventory for 1967","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","collaboration":"Compiled in the Bird and Mammal Laboratories, Division of Wildlife Research.","usgsCitation":"U.S. Division Of Wildlife Research, 1968, Big game inventory for 1967 (Revises Wildlife Leaflet 342 (1952).): Wildlife Leaflet 481, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290930,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Revises Wildlife Leaflet 342 (1952).","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffcaa8e4b0824b2d174e2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Division Of Wildlife Research","contributorId":128226,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Division Of Wildlife Research","id":529682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":37718,"text":"37718 - 1968 - Fur catch in the United States, 1967","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-22T13:15:35","indexId":"37718","displayToPublicDate":"1968-09-01T13:13:40","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"482","title":"Fur catch in the United States, 1967","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","collaboration":"Compiled in the Bird and Mammal Laboratories, Division of Wildlife Research.","usgsCitation":"U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, 1968, Fur catch in the United States, 1967 (Revises Wildlife Leaflet BS-140 (1939).): Wildlife Leaflet 482, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","temporalStart":"1967-01-01","temporalEnd":"1967-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290716,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Revises Wildlife Leaflet BS-140 (1939).","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffcaa8e4b0824b2d174e31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife","contributorId":128149,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife","id":529683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221433,"text":"70221433 - 1968 - A fossil assemblage from the wicomico formation in Berkeley County, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-15T18:16:38.281429","indexId":"70221433","displayToPublicDate":"1968-09-01T13:10:24","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A fossil assemblage from the wicomico formation in Berkeley County, South Carolina","docAbstract":"Both megafossils and fossil Foraminifera have been obtained from unconsolidated sediments of the Wicomico Formation, which underlies the Penholoway terrace, a coastal feature that formed when the shoreline of the Atlantic Ocean stood about 70 feet higher than at present. Some of the fossils are Tertiary species and are assumed to have been derived from rocks of that age; the others are species commonly found in near-shore deposits of Quaternary age as well as in present-day south-Atlantic coastal waters. The Penholoway terrace in this area is shown to have been formed during a pause in marine regression from the Wicomico stand, when the sea stood near 100 feet. The relation of the Wicomico and Penholoway terraces to other coastal terraces suggests a Yarmouth age for the fossil-yielding beds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79[1211:AFAFTW]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Colquhoun, D., Herrick, S.M., and Richards, H., 1968, A fossil assemblage from the wicomico formation in Berkeley County, South Carolina: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 79, no. 9, p. 1211-1220, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79[1211:AFAFTW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1211","endPage":"1220","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386505,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Berkeley County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.474609375,\n 32.03602003973757\n ],\n [\n -79.56298828125,\n 32.03602003973757\n ],\n [\n -79.56298828125,\n 33.43144133557529\n ],\n [\n -81.474609375,\n 33.43144133557529\n ],\n [\n -81.474609375,\n 32.03602003973757\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"79","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colquhoun, D.J.","contributorId":260292,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Colquhoun","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herrick, Stephen M.","contributorId":42199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herrick","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richards, H.G.","contributorId":260293,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Richards","given":"H.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70221366,"text":"70221366 - 1968 - Minor epigenetic, diagenetic, and syngenetic sulfide, fluorite, and barite occurrences in the central United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-11T15:46:19.53654","indexId":"70221366","displayToPublicDate":"1968-09-01T10:39:21","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Minor epigenetic, diagenetic, and syngenetic sulfide, fluorite, and barite occurrences in the central United States","docAbstract":"Metallic sulfides, fluorite, barite, and celestite are widespread in the sedimentary rocks of the central United States. Many occurrences are epigenetic concentrations either in known major mineral districts or in clusters of deposits that warrant further exploration for potential ore. Evaluation of trace-element composition, of fluid inclusions, of depositional temperature, and of isotopic composition of sulfur may help discriminate potentially economic deposits from even more widespread, probably noneconomic, syngeneic occurrences. Known major mineral districts and many promising sulfide occurrences are located along complex major fault systems and particularly over structural domes at intersections of fault systems. Economically promising sulfide deposits occur along a west-trending fault system crossing Kentucky and Missouri near the 38th parallel, particularly at associated cryptoexplosion structures along it, at the intersection of the fault system with the Cincinnati arch. Elsewhere in the central United States, promising sulfide occurrences are located along the crest of the Findlay arch, near Serpent Mound, Ohio, along the northwest-trending Mount Carmel fault in southwestern Indiana, and buried at depth in oil fields of west-central Kansas.Other types of deposits that are productive or may have some future economic interest are locally economic and possibly syngenetic red-bed copper occurrences in Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, and Pennsylvania. Most widespread are the black shale and pyritic sandstone beds, some of which have been a source of pyrite for sulfur and sulfuric acid in conjunction with coal mining. Bedded barite deposits of possibly diagenetic origin have been mined in Arkansas. Diagenetic siderite concretions containing sulfides and barite were widespread sources of iron in the 19th century.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.63.6.585","usgsCitation":"Heyl, A.V., 1968, Minor epigenetic, diagenetic, and syngenetic sulfide, fluorite, and barite occurrences in the central United States: Economic Geology, v. 63, no. 6, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.63.6.585.","productDescription":"10p.","endPage":"585","numberOfPages":"594","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386429,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1968-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heyl, A. V.","contributorId":70032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heyl","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70206927,"text":"70206927 - 1968 - Observations in deep-scattering layers off Cape Hatteras, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-27T16:40:10","indexId":"70206927","displayToPublicDate":"1968-08-31T16:35:37","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1372,"text":"Deep-Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations in deep-scattering layers off Cape Hatteras, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0011-7471(68)90058-2","usgsCitation":"Milliman, J.D., and Manheim, F.T., 1968, Observations in deep-scattering layers off Cape Hatteras, U.S.A.: Deep-Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts, v. 15, no. 4, p. 505-507, https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(68)90058-2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"505","endPage":"507","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369758,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Cape Hatteras","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.59967041015625,\n 35.775485962767995\n ],\n [\n -76.08032226562499,\n 35.15135442846945\n ],\n [\n -75.93200683593749,\n 34.942236637841184\n ],\n [\n -75.4595947265625,\n 35.185032937998294\n ],\n [\n -75.41015624999999,\n 35.7843988251953\n ],\n [\n -75.59967041015625,\n 35.775485962767995\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milliman, John D.","contributorId":213518,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Milliman","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":38770,"text":"College of William and Mary, Virginia Institute of Marine Science","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":776282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manheim, Frank T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":20770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175446,"text":"70175446 - 1968 - Ground-water flow related to streamflow and water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T12:03:05","indexId":"70175446","displayToPublicDate":"1968-08-15T13:15:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground-water flow related to streamflow and water quality","docAbstract":"A ground-water flow system in southwestern Minnesota illustrates water movement between geologic units and between the land surface and the subsurface. The flow patterns indicate numerous zones of ground-water recharge and discharge controlled by topography, varying thicknesses of geologic units, variation in permeabilities, and the configuration of the basement rock surface. Variations in streamflow along a reach of the Yellow Medicine River agree with the subsurface flow system. Increases and decreases in runoff per square mile correspond, apparently, to ground-water discharge and recharge zones. Ground-water quality variations between calcium sulfate waters typical of the Quaternary drift and sodium chloride waters typical of the Cretaceous rocks are caused by mixing of the two water types. The zones of mixing are in agreement with ground-water flow patterns along the hydrologic section.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR004i004p00769","usgsCitation":"Van Voast, W.A., and Novitzki, R., 1968, Ground-water flow related to streamflow and water quality: Water Resources Research, v. 4, no. 4, p. 769-775, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR004i004p00769.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"769","endPage":"775","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326403,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ada1c7e4b0f412a62dfa7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Voast, Wayne A.","contributorId":91846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Voast","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Novitzki, R.P.","contributorId":73986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Novitzki","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":645257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70221369,"text":"70221369 - 1968 - The non-colloidal origin of 'colloform' textures in sphalerite ores","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-11T16:19:59.632857","indexId":"70221369","displayToPublicDate":"1968-08-01T11:17:15","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The non-colloidal origin of 'colloform' textures in sphalerite ores","docAbstract":"\"Colloform\" ores have generally been considered to have been deposited as colloidal sulfide gels, and even transported as colloidal \"sols.\" However, studies of doubly polished plates of \"colloform\" sphalerite-wurtzite assemblages from various deposits reveal crystal growth features that cannot have been formed by crystallization from gels, and indicate that most, and perhaps all, grew directly as minute druses of continuously euhedral crystals projecting into an ore fluid. Each of the many textural criteria proposed for recognizing colloidal deposition is shown to be invalid, ambiguous, or inapplicable to these samples, and perhaps also to most other \"colloform\" mineral samples.Four conclusions pertinent to ore research are derived from this study: (1) Primary fluid inclusions in \"colloform\" samples are believed to represent the original ore fluid, not merely a residual fluid from the crystallization of a gel. (2) Although euhedral crystals may possibly grow directly from a sol, several features make a noncolloidal (true solution) ore fluid more probable. (3) Maintenance of the large number of crystal nuclei responsible for the \"colloform\" texture is attributed to relatively high supersaturation, and hence relatively high nucleation and growth rates, for the temperatures involved. (4) Remarkably uniform, regular compositional microbands, traversing many crystals in samples from the east Tennessee, Aachen, and particularly the Pine Point deposits, are tentatively interpreted as annual \"varves.\" No actual growth rates have been determined, but each \"varve\" consists of a dark and a light band, outlining sharply euhedral former crystal growth patterns and suggesting an annual change in the ore fluid due to dilution with surface waters of varying volume or chemistry (e.g., oxygen or organic content).
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.63.5.451","usgsCitation":"Roedder, E., 1968, The non-colloidal origin of 'colloform' textures in sphalerite ores: Economic Geology, v. 63, no. 5, p. 451-471, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.63.5.451.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"451","endPage":"471","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386432,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1968-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roedder, E.","contributorId":100986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roedder","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221368,"text":"70221368 - 1968 - Temperature, salinity, and origin of the ore-forming fluids at Pine Point, Northwest Territories, Canada, from fluid inclusion studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-11T15:57:58.424528","indexId":"70221368","displayToPublicDate":"1968-08-01T10:53:30","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temperature, salinity, and origin of the ore-forming fluids at Pine Point, Northwest Territories, Canada, from fluid inclusion studies","docAbstract":"Although the Pine Point ore is relatively poor in useable fluid inclusions, some sphalerite crystals from replacements, vugs, and from \" colloform\" crusts were found to contain primary or pseudosecondary liquid-gas inclusions adequate for study. Most (132 of 133) of these had low freezing temperatures, indicating exceedingly saline brines. The 112 inclusions suitable for filling-temperature determination homogenized at +51° to +97° C. A very small pressure correction must be added to obtain the trapping temperature.Dolomite crystals from some of the same vugs contain large numbers of primary inclusions, many of which have leaked. The twenty-three that presumably have not leaked had filling temperatures of 90°-100° C, but somewhat lower salinities. Inclusions in late calcite appeared to have similar gas-liquid ratios, but had still lower salinities.The significance of these data lies in the limitations they place on the choice of possible mechanisms of origin of these large deposits. This choice, in turn, may influence the success in prospecting for blind ore bodies. There is general agreement that the deposits are of Mississippi Valley type. Although the high salinities may reflect solution of salts from evaporites, as are now found to the south, the elevated temperatures seem to require deep circulation, perhaps through known faults in the underlying Pre-cambrian. The densities of these brines, even at their elevated temperatures, are well above that of fresh, cold surface water, thus restricting the possible modes of circulation during ore deposition.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.63.5.439","usgsCitation":"Roedder, E., 1968, Temperature, salinity, and origin of the ore-forming fluids at Pine Point, Northwest Territories, Canada, from fluid inclusion studies: Economic Geology, v. 63, no. 5, p. 439-450, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.63.5.439.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"439","endPage":"450","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386431,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","otherGeospatial":"northwest Canada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -140.9765625,\n 57.51582286553883\n ],\n [\n -112.14843749999999,\n 57.51582286553883\n ],\n [\n -112.14843749999999,\n 70.8446726342528\n ],\n [\n -140.9765625,\n 70.8446726342528\n ],\n [\n -140.9765625,\n 57.51582286553883\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"63","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1968-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roedder, E.","contributorId":100986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roedder","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70180877,"text":"70180877 - 1968 - Analog simulation of ground-water development of the Saginaw Formation, Lansing metropolitan area, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-22T16:16:20.031731","indexId":"70180877","displayToPublicDate":"1968-07-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Analog simulation of ground-water development of the Saginaw Formation, Lansing metropolitan area, Michigan","docAbstract":"This report was prepared as a part of the study of the water resources of Clinton, Eaton and Ingham Counties being made for the Tri-County Planning Commission by the Water Resources Division of the U. S. Geological Survey. The report describes one phase of the investigation, that is, the projections of future time-withdrawal-drawdown relationships obtained from an electric analog model study of the Saginaw Formation, the principal aquifer in the Lansing Metropolitan area.
The study of the Tri-County Region is a part of the continuing program of water resources investigation conducted by the U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Geological Survey Division of the Michigan Department of Conservation and other state and local agencies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70180877","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Tri-County Planning Commission and Michigan Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Vanlier, K., and Wheeler, M., 1968, Analog simulation of ground-water development of the Saginaw Formation, Lansing metropolitan area, Michigan: Open-File Report, ii, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70180877.","productDescription":"ii, 40 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":409544,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70180877/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":334825,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70180877/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Saginaw Formation","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58999946e4b0efcedb71a0c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vanlier, K.E.","contributorId":24332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vanlier","given":"K.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wheeler, M.L.","contributorId":179105,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wheeler","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011521,"text":"70011521 - 1968 - Middle Pennsylvanian plant fossils: Problematic occurrence in the Bronx","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-06T14:32:01.836953","indexId":"70011521","displayToPublicDate":"1968-07-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Middle Pennsylvanian plant fossils: Problematic occurrence in the Bronx","docAbstract":"A possible glacial boulder of undeformed and unmetamorphosed siltstone containing Middle Pennsylvanian plant fossils was recovered from the Bronx. The rock cannot be explained by known geologic relations and suggests the possibility of undetected outliers of Pennsylvanian rocks in the Hudson valley.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.161.3837.157","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Zen, E., and Mamay, S., 1968, Middle Pennsylvanian plant fossils: Problematic occurrence in the Bronx: Science, v. 161, no. 3837, p. 157-158, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.161.3837.157.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"158","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221596,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Bronx, Hudson valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.33269523695748,\n 42.06139546152224\n ],\n [\n -74.33269523695748,\n 40.91767622342306\n ],\n [\n -73.64939627952698,\n 40.91767622342306\n ],\n [\n -73.64939627952698,\n 42.06139546152224\n ],\n [\n -74.33269523695748,\n 42.06139546152224\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"161","issue":"3837","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56e9e4b0c8380cd6d8f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zen, E-an","contributorId":38564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zen","given":"E-an","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mamay, S.H.","contributorId":49422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mamay","given":"S.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70211005,"text":"70211005 - 1968 - Article navigation zonal distribution of variations in structural state of alkali feldspar within the Rader Creek pluton, Boulder Batholith, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-09T18:33:22.628063","indexId":"70211005","displayToPublicDate":"1968-07-09T13:26:50","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Article navigation zonal distribution of variations in structural state of alkali feldspar within the Rader Creek pluton, Boulder Batholith, Montana","docAbstract":"The granodioritic Rader Creek pluton of the composite Boulder batholith contains microperthitic alkali feldspar of bulk composition Or65 to Or86 with a structurally variable potassic phase. Complete cell parameters, 2V measurements, and bulk composition are given for 11 feldspar samples. The 131 and 131 reflections for these and 58 additional samples show the following structural types in the potassic phase: orthoclase only; orthoclase with subordinate maximum or near-maximum microcline (obliquity = 0.75–1.00); orthoclase with subordinate intermediate microcline (obliquity = 0.64–0.71); and intermediate microcline (obliquity = 0.56–0.77) with subordinate orthoclase. Within the pluton different feldspar structural types occur in zones whose boundaries are approximately parallel to contacts with younger intrusive rocks cutting the Rader Creek pluton but are, in places, nearly perpendicular to zonation within the pluton defined by rock composition. In general, the orthoclase zone is closest to the contact with younger intrusives; the intermediate microcline zone is the most distant. Bulk compositions of alkali feldspar are more potassic in the orthoclase zone than elsewhere. The data suggest a complex history for the alkali feldspar, involving at least two stages: 1. Exsolution and partial inversion of orthoclase to intermediate microcline during cooling of the Rader Creek pluton; 2. Transformation of the intermediate-microcline assemblage to orthoclase during reheating of the pluton at the time of intrusion of younger plutons of the batholith. The transitional stage in this transformation is characterized by orthoclase co-existing with subordinate microcline, whose obliquity usually approaches that of maximum microcline.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petrology/9.3.331","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R.I., 1968, Article navigation zonal distribution of variations in structural state of alkali feldspar within the Rader Creek pluton, Boulder Batholith, Montana: Journal of Petrology, v. 9, no. 3, p. 331-357, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/9.3.331.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"331","endPage":"357","costCenters":[{"id":153,"text":"California Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376224,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Boulder Batholith, Montana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.7581787109375,\n 45.57175504130605\n ],\n [\n -111.68701171875,\n 45.57175504130605\n ],\n [\n -111.68701171875,\n 46.65697731621612\n ],\n [\n -112.7581787109375,\n 46.65697731621612\n ],\n [\n -112.7581787109375,\n 45.57175504130605\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":792403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011470,"text":"70011470 - 1968 - Mazama ash in the Northeastern Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-05T21:13:09.868919","indexId":"70011470","displayToPublicDate":"1968-07-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mazama ash in the Northeastern Pacific","docAbstract":"Volcanic glass in marine sediments off Oregon and Washington correlates with continental deposits of Mount Mazama ash by stratigraphic position, refractive index, and radiocarbon dating. Ash deposited in the abyssal regions by turbidity currents is used for tracing of the dispersal routes of postglacial sediments and for evaluation of marine sedimentary processes.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.161.3836.47","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Nelson, C., Kulm, L., Carlson, P., and Duncan, J.R., 1968, Mazama ash in the Northeastern Pacific: Science, v. 161, no. 3836, p. 47-49, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.161.3836.47.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"47","endPage":"49","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221756,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125.44656269240008,\n 49.290109520182824\n ],\n [\n -125.44656269240008,\n 41.99299886254482\n ],\n [\n -116.75008208609876,\n 41.99299886254482\n ],\n [\n -116.75008208609876,\n 49.290109520182824\n ],\n [\n -125.44656269240008,\n 49.290109520182824\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"161","issue":"3836","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a52aee4b0c8380cd6c5d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, C.H.","contributorId":88346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kulm, L.D.","contributorId":102628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kulm","given":"L.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carlson, P.R.","contributorId":97055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Duncan, J. R.","contributorId":26440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duncan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5220630,"text":"5220630 - 1968 - Sensitive resettable odometer aids roadside census of red-winged blackbirds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-12T16:43:20.316283","indexId":"5220630","displayToPublicDate":"1968-07-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sensitive resettable odometer aids roadside census of red-winged blackbirds","docAbstract":"A sensitive resettable odometer reading to 0.01 mile facilitated censusing breeding male redwinged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) from a vehicle. Territorial males along roadsides were 'marked' with recorded mileage readings rather than with landmarks of the types employed by Hewitt for censuses based on the Lincoln index principle. Sensitive odometers that can be reset have many potential uses in wildlife investigations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3798950","usgsCitation":"Harke, D., and Stickley, A., 1968, Sensitive resettable odometer aids roadside census of red-winged blackbirds: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 32, no. 3, p. 635-636, https://doi.org/10.2307/3798950.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"635","endPage":"636","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193373,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4c16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harke, D.T.","contributorId":78422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harke","given":"D.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stickley, A.R. Jr.","contributorId":14538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickley","given":"A.R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70221432,"text":"70221432 - 1968 - The formation of columnar joints in the upper part of Kilauean lava lakes, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-15T18:08:36.772279","indexId":"70221432","displayToPublicDate":"1968-07-01T13:02:19","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The formation of columnar joints in the upper part of Kilauean lava lakes, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Cracks were observed forming at the surface of Makaopuhi lava lake during the March 1965 Kilauea eruption, and were studied by repeated mapping and observations of this lake; the 1963 Alae lava lake was similarly studied. Cracks open within a minute after molten lava is exposed at the surface, and form either random or oriented orthogonal networks which outline large plates of unjointed crust. Within a few hours, additional cracks subdivide the plates into polygons averaging 15 ft in width. The accumulation of gases trapped beneath the crust near centers of polygons, and the escape of gases from marginal parts, cause upbowing of polygon centers and downsagging of margins. As the crust cools and increases in thickness following stagnation of the lake, existing cracks extend downward and new cracks open. Some new cracks subdivide pre-existing polygons, and short cracks of shallow depth form near polygon centers. Still other cracks apparently open at depths of tens of feet within the crust, propagate upward, and finally feather out near the surface into short cracks which are concentrated in long swarms that cross several polygons. Cracks initiate at temperatures ranging from ambient to about 900°C, and propagate downward into parts of the crust near 1000°C. Cracking results from stresses induced largely by thermal contraction, but also by differential subsidence of the crust. Seismic recordings of shock vibrations due to cracking of Kilauea Iki lava lake indicate a diurnal variation in frequency, with a maximum around midnight and a minimum around noon.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79[1151:TFOCJI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Peck, D.L., and Minakami, T., 1968, The formation of columnar joints in the upper part of Kilauean lava lakes, Hawaii: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 79, no. 9, p. 1151-1166, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79[1151:TFOCJI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1151","endPage":"1166","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386504,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Hawai'i Volcano National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.9674072265625,\n 18.898491104062323\n ],\n [\n -154.60784912109375,\n 18.898491104062323\n ],\n [\n -154.60784912109375,\n 19.518375478601566\n ],\n [\n -155.9674072265625,\n 19.518375478601566\n ],\n [\n -155.9674072265625,\n 18.898491104062323\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"79","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peck, Dallas L.","contributorId":60187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"Dallas","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Minakami, Takeshi","contributorId":260291,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Minakami","given":"Takeshi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70221431,"text":"70221431 - 1968 - A further contribution to the petrology of Haleakala volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-15T17:54:45.41248","indexId":"70221431","displayToPublicDate":"1968-07-01T12:50:53","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A further contribution to the petrology of Haleakala volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Sixteen new chemical analyses of the later rocks of Haleakala Volcano, on the island of Maui, Hawaii, add to the differentiation picture for that volcano. The early rocks of the volcano are tholeiitic. These are followed by dominant hawaiites with less abundant alkalic olivine basalts, picrite-basalts of ankaramite type, and a few mugearites. Still later rocks, separated from earlier ones by a profound erosional unconformity, include some hawaiites and ankaramites, but are dominantly alkalic olivine basalts (basanitoids) containing as much as 16.5 percent normative nepheline, some of them transitional to ankaramite. The progression toward ultramafic, strongly undersaturated rocks (nephelinites), characteristic of the post-erosional lavas of other Hawaiian volcanoes, appears to have just begun at Haleakala.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79[877:AFCTTP]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Macdonald, G.A., and Powers, H., 1968, A further contribution to the petrology of Haleakala volcano, Hawaii: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 79, no. 7, p. 877-888, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79[877:AFCTTP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"877","endPage":"888","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386503,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Maui","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.73095703125,\n 20.555652403773365\n ],\n [\n -155.775146484375,\n 20.555652403773365\n ],\n [\n -155.775146484375,\n 21.058870866501536\n ],\n [\n -156.73095703125,\n 21.058870866501536\n ],\n [\n -156.73095703125,\n 20.555652403773365\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"79","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macdonald, G. A.","contributorId":86824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macdonald","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powers, H. A.","contributorId":68363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"H. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5220556,"text":"5220556 - 1968 - Structure of the New England herring gull population","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T17:58:36.045768","indexId":"5220556","displayToPublicDate":"1968-07-01T12:17:38","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure of the New England herring gull population","docAbstract":"Measurements of the rates of population increase, reproduction, and mortality together with an observed age ratio, were used to analyze the population of the Herring Gull in New England. Data from sporadic censuses prior to this study, aerial censuses by the authors, and National Audubon Society Christmas Bird Count indicated that the New England breeding population has been doubling every 12 to 15 years since the early 1900's. This increase has involved founding new colonies and expanding the breeding range There is evidence that 15 to 30% of the adults do not breed in any given year. Sixty—one productivity measurements on 43 islands from 1963 through 1966, involving almost 13,000 nests, showed that from 0.8 to 1.4 young/breeding pair/year is the usual range of rate of production. The age distribution in the population was determined by classifying Herring Gulls by plumage category on an aerial census of the coast from Tampico, Mexico, to Cape Sable, Nova Scotia. Of the 622,000 gulls observed, 68% were adults, 17% were second— and third—year birds, and 15% were first—year birds. Mortality rates derived from band recovery data were too high to be consistent with the observed rate of population growth, productivity, and age structure. Loss of bands increasing to the rate of about 20%/year 5 years after banding eliminates most of the discrepancy. The age structure and rate of population increase indicate a mortality rate of 4 to 9% for gulls 2 years old or older, compared with the 25 to 30% indicated by band recoveries. The population structure we have developed fits everything we have observed about Herring Gull population dynamics, except mortality based on band recoveries.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1935530","usgsCitation":"Kadlec, J.A., and Drury, W.H., 1968, Structure of the New England herring gull population: Ecology, v. 49, no. 4, p. 644-676, https://doi.org/10.2307/1935530.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"644","endPage":"676","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198016,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649408","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kadlec, John A.","contributorId":113405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kadlec","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drury, William H.","contributorId":20012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drury","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70120879,"text":"70120879 - 1968 - The geochronology of foraminiferal ooze deposits in the \"Southern Ocean\"","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-18T11:11:11","indexId":"70120879","displayToPublicDate":"1968-07-01T11:04:50","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The geochronology of foraminiferal ooze deposits in the \"Southern Ocean\"","docAbstract":"Many cores raised from the Drake Passage are characterized by alternating zones of foraminiferal ooze and sandysilt. Cores raised from the East Pacific Rise are foraminiferal ooze or alternating siliceous and carbonate ooze. The uranium and thorium concentrations and isotopic ratios in foraminifers separated from these cores were measured by alpha-spectroscopy. 230Th in foraminiferal tests is found to be out of equilibrium with its parent (234U), enabling the “excess 230Th” method to be used in estimating sedimentation rates. The uranium concentration of the tests is constant, suggesting constant uranium concentrations in the sea and thus constant production of 230Th during periods of foraminiferal production. 232Th concentration is 2.1 ± 0.7 ppm in the Drake Passage and below the level of detection in tests from the East Pacific Rise. Within each core the 232Th is constant, varying closely with distance from the source.
\nBased on the degree of disequilibrium of 230Th, correlations between cores can be made. Age estimates of the foraminiferal zones indicate deposition occurred between 8 000 and 120 000 and between 190 000 and 280 000 years before present. Reported dates of high stands of the sea fall between the ages estimated for the foraminiferal zones, suggesting these zones were deposited during northern hemisphere glacial maxima.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(68)90065-4","usgsCitation":"Holmes, C.W., Osmond, J., and Goodell, H., 1968, The geochronology of foraminiferal ooze deposits in the \"Southern Ocean\": Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 4, no. 5, p. 368-374, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(68)90065-4.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"368","endPage":"374","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292404,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292402,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(68)90065-4"}],"otherGeospatial":"Drake Passage","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -170.0,-75.0 ], [ -170.0,-50.0 ], [ -20.0,-50.0 ], [ -20.0,-75.0 ], [ -170.0,-75.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"4","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25ff3e4b0333418718976","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, Charles W.","contributorId":31071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":498535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Osmond, J.K.","contributorId":78467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osmond","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goodell, H.G.","contributorId":53300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodell","given":"H.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70221389,"text":"70221389 - 1968 - The relationship between specific capacity and aquifer transmissibility in the Houston Area, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-14T12:28:08.220514","indexId":"70221389","displayToPublicDate":"1968-07-01T07:23:43","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relationship between specific capacity and aquifer transmissibility in the Houston Area, Texas","docAbstract":"Water well drillers gather information essential to recovery tests as part of normal procedure. Added effort could yield additional valuable information. More care in measurement of water levels both before and after a period of pumping can be used with ground‐water formulae to determine approximate well efficiency. A relationship exists between the ability of an aquifer to perform (transmissibility) and the specific capacity of a well. By means of pumping tests, both transmissibility and specific capacity may be measured. The theoretical specific capacity can be obtained based on the measured transmissibility. Well efficiency may be estimated from a comparison between measured specific capacity and theoretical specific capacity. Tests of wells owned by the City of Houston, Texas, were selected for analysis. Test results were compared with curves showing theoretical relationships. From the comparison, wells in the Houston area are not completely developed. It may not be economical to develop a well to 100 percent efficiency, but theoretical relationships should be used in well development.
","language":"English","publisher":"NGWA The Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1968.tb01651.x","usgsCitation":"Gabrysch, R., 1968, The relationship between specific capacity and aquifer transmissibility in the Houston Area, Texas: Groundwater, v. 6, no. 4, p. 9-14, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1968.tb01651.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386454,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Houston","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.8447265625,\n 29.53522956294847\n ],\n [\n -94.81201171875,\n 29.53522956294847\n ],\n [\n -94.81201171875,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -95.8447265625,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -95.8447265625,\n 29.53522956294847\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gabrysch, R.K.","contributorId":105691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gabrysch","given":"R.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221387,"text":"70221387 - 1968 - Estimating cost of ground‐water withdrawal for river basin planning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-14T12:15:51.598564","indexId":"70221387","displayToPublicDate":"1968-07-01T07:09:27","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating cost of ground‐water withdrawal for river basin planning","docAbstract":"Comparative costs of ground water were needed for comprehensive planning of water resources development in the Susquehanna River basin in order to appraise the feasibility of alternative sources of water supply. Log‐normal plots on logarithmic‐probability paper that represented specific capacities adjusted to 180 days of pumping were used to estimate well yields and costs of obtaining the ground water from each of 65 potential aquifers. The 25, 50, and 75 percent probability of occurrence of the specific capacities of successful wells were used in the calculations. The estimated well yields at these probabilities of occurrence were obtained using hypothetical well designs and selected drawdowns. Ground‐water costs for the estimated or design yields were calculated using amortized costs of well construction, electrical power costs, and maintenance costs, all obtained from standard sources. The calculated well yields and costs for the 25 to 75 percent probability interval range from 15 to 9,000 gpm (gallons per minute) and from $0.004 to $0.11 per thousand gallons of design yield. The yields and costs group according to aquifer rock type. The calculated costs decrease with increasing well yield and the available yield depends upon the aquifer rock type available. Representative costs per thousand gallons of design yield for selected yields from aquifers composed of different rock types analyzed are: 50 gpm −$0.060 for shale and interbedded sandstone and shale, and $0.050 for metamorphic rock; 100 gpm ‐ $0.043 or shale and interbedded sandstone and shale, $0.037 for metamorphic rock, and $0.032 for carbonate rock; 500 gpm—$0.020 for sandstone, $0.015 for carbonate rock, and $0.012 for glacial sand and gravel; and 1,000 gpm —$0.009 for glacial sand and gravel. Differences in cost to obtain the same yield from different rock types are primarily due to differences in electrical power costs as determined by differences in pumping water levels. If used with caution, the generalized yield and cost estimates for aquifer rock types may have usefulness in estimating ground‐water costs and yields in similar humid areas. They are primarily useful for planning and comparative purposes, but not for the actual design of engineering projects.
","language":"English","publisher":"NGWA The Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1968.tb01652.x","usgsCitation":"Hollyday, E.F., and Seaber, P.R., 1968, Estimating cost of ground‐water withdrawal for river basin planning: Groundwater, v. 6, no. 4, p. 15-23, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1968.tb01652.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386452,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hollyday, Este F.","contributorId":27089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollyday","given":"Este","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seaber, Paul R.","contributorId":67492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seaber","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1003266,"text":"1003266 - 1968 - Observations on handling and maintenance of bioassay fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-04T15:42:06.70972","indexId":"1003266","displayToPublicDate":"1968-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations on handling and maintenance of bioassay fish","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1968)30[164:OOTHAM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hunn, J.B., Schoettger, R.A., and Whealdon, E.W., 1968, Observations on handling and maintenance of bioassay fish: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 30, no. 3, p. 164-167, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1968)30[164:OOTHAM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"164","endPage":"167","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131429,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696466","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunn, Joseph B.","contributorId":52109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunn","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schoettger, Richard A.","contributorId":6801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoettger","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whealdon, Everett W.","contributorId":36087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whealdon","given":"Everett","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70206899,"text":"70206899 - 1968 - Disposable syringe techniques for obtaining small quantities of pore water from unconsolidated sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-26T11:07:32","indexId":"70206899","displayToPublicDate":"1968-06-30T11:03:48","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Disposable syringe techniques for obtaining small quantities of pore water from unconsolidated sediments","docAbstract":"Disposable plastic syringes, fitted with screen discs and circles of filter paper, can be used to extract small amounts of pore water from unconsolidated sediments. A wooden screw frame or large C clamp supplies pressure for field use. Supplementary techniques enable small volumes of fluid to be recovered and handled easily. The Goldberg compensating refractometer provides a useful companion tool for field studies. It can determine, in less than a minute, total dissolved solids in brackish to salt waters to an accuracy of 0.5 parts per thousand on a drop of fluid.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geological Institute","doi":"10.1306/74D71A23-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F., 1968, Disposable syringe techniques for obtaining small quantities of pore water from unconsolidated sediments: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 38, no. 2, p. 666-668, https://doi.org/10.1306/74D71A23-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"666","endPage":"668","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369637,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70226796,"text":"70226796 - 1968 - Television observations from Surveyor 3","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-13T20:41:21.912777","indexId":"70226796","displayToPublicDate":"1968-06-15T14:33:18","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Television observations from Surveyor 3","docAbstract":"A total of 6315 pictures were taken by the television camera on Surveyor 3 after the lunar landing. These pictures have provided much new information about the location of the landing site on the moon, the detailed topographic and geologic characteristics of the lunar surface, and the appearance of the earth as seen from the moon, both during eclipse of the sun and during partial direct illumination by the sun. Surveyor 3 landed in a subdued crater slightly more than 200 meters in diameter, which has a low rounded rim and is about 15 meters deep. The spacecraft is situated on the east wall of the crater, about half way between the center of the crater and the rim crest. The spacecraft is inclined 14.7° ± 1.0° toward the west. The selenographic coordinates of the landing site are 2.94°S latitude, 23.34°W longitude, relative to selenodetic control adopted by the Aeronautical Chart and Information Center.
Small morphologic elements of the landing site include small craters, linear ridges and troughs, and fragmental debris. The craters and fragmental debris resemble those observed at the Surveyor 1 landing site, both in distribution of shape and in distribution of size. Most of the craters in Surveyor 1 and 3 pictures are inferred to be of impact origin. Their size-frequency distribution corresponds to the distribution that would be produced by repetitive bombardment by meteoroids, a bombardment sufficiently prolonged that the crater population has reached a steady state or has come to equilibrium. Some of the craters observed at the Surveyor 3 landing site are inferred to be of secondary impact origin, and some probably have been formed either by subsidence or by drainage of fragmental debris into cracks or fissures in the subsurface. Fragmental debris at the landing site is inferred to have been derived primarily by the same process of repetitive bombardment that produced the majority of craters. The inferred volumetric size-frequency distribution of fragments, derived from the observed size distribution of fragments on the surface, is similar to the distribution that would be produced by repetitive bombardment of coherent rocks by meteoroids with a mass-frequency distribution like that found from observed meteors and recovered meteorites on earth. Two prominent strewn fields of blocky debris were observed around two craters, 13 and 15 meters across, at the Surveyor 3 site. The 13-meter crater has a sharp raised rim, and the 15-meter crater has a more subdued rounded rim. The blocks associated with the subdued crater have twice as high a mean roundness as the blocks associated with the raised-rim crater, and they are much more deeply buried. The size-frequency distribution function for the fragments in each of the strewn fields of blocks resembles the size-frequency distribution for fragments ejected by impacts in strong rock, such as Meteor Crater, Arizona. Most of the fragments at the surface of the Surveyor 3 landing site are evidently part of a layer of fragmental material of low cohesion that is at least 1 meter thick along the upper parts of the wall of the crater in which Surveyor 3 landed and may be much thicker near the center of the crater. The evidence from the Surveyor 3 pictures suggests that this layer of debris, or regolith, is subject to downslope creep or mass movement. Creep is probably caused by seismic shaking, due mainly to near and far impact events and perhaps due partly to internal lunar seismicity.
Disturbances of the lunar surface produced by Surveyor 3, like those produced by Surveyor 1, exposed material at depths of a few centimeters or less that was darker than the material at the surface. The albedo of the fine-grained fragmental debris is probably 20 to 30% lower at depths of only a fraction of a millimeter than it is at the optically observed surface. All coarse fragments protruding above the general level of the surface have a higher albedo than the fine-grained matrix of the surface. These general photometric relationships can be explained if it is assumed that the surfaces of the particles in the shallow lunar subsurface tend to become coated with a dark substance; the term proposed for this hypothetical substance is ‘lunar varnish’ On the protruding surface of blocks and coarse fragments the lunar varnish is scrubbed off by the processes that cause rounding. The exposed surfaces of fine particles on the lunar surface are similarly affected, but, because they are mixed relatively rapidly with particles just beneath the surface, the process is incomplete and the fine-grained material exposed at the lunar surface, therefore, has a lower albedo than blocks and other large fragments. Coating of particles by lunar varnish evidently takes place just beneath the surface. The estimated normal luminance factor (normal albedo) of an undisturbed part of the lunar surface next to footpad 2 of the Surveyor 3 spacecraft is 8.5%. An area of the lunar surface disturbed by the surface sampler has an estimated normal luminance factor of 6.6%, and fine-grained material placed on footpad 2 by the surface sampler has an estimated normal luminance factor of 7.6%. The errors in all these estimates may be as high as 25% because of uncertainties of correction required for light scattered from the camera mirror. Preliminary search for color differences, by color reconstitution methods, revealed no determinable differences in color among various coarse blocks, the fine-grained matrix of the surface, or fine-grained material disturbed by the surface sampler.
Surveyor 3 pictures of the eclipse of the sun by the earth revealed a bright region in the refraction halo surrounding the earth, which was correlated with the position of the sun, and a series of bright beads that occurred over regions of the earth largely clear of clouds. Clouds tend to occult the refracted rays of the sun, most of which pass through the lower part of the atmosphere at the limb; the beads occurred in the depressions in the optical silhouette of the earth. Preliminary reduction of the color of the refracted light showed that the brightest region, near the position of the sun, exhibited a correlated color temperature close to 4800°K. The color temperature tended to be lower for light that followed paths of greater atmospheric absorption. Preliminary analysis of Surveyor 3 pictures of the partly illuminated earth revealed colors similar to the colors recorded from orbit by the Mercury and Gemini astronauts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","doi":"10.1029/JB073i012p03989","usgsCitation":"Shoemaker, E.M., Batson, R.M., Holt, H.E., Morris, E.C., Rennilson, J.J., and Whitaker, E.A., 1968, Television observations from Surveyor 3: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 73, no. 12, p. 3989-4043, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB073i012p03989.","productDescription":"55 p.","startPage":"3989","endPage":"4043","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392820,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"73","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shoemaker, Eugene Merle","contributorId":20342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"Merle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Batson, R. M.","contributorId":76714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holt, H. E.","contributorId":64694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holt","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morris, E. C.","contributorId":84381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rennilson, J. J.","contributorId":107336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rennilson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Whitaker, E. A.","contributorId":43086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitaker","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}