Bottom material from the Willamette River was collected and mixed with Willamette and Columbia River waters on May 17, 1977. The elutriate, as well as each sample, was analyzed for selected nutrients, metals, and pesticides. Results show that the average dissolved ammonia, manganese, and zinc concentrations would require dilution by receiving water to achieve aquatic-life criteria levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/ofr7828","usgsCitation":"Rinella, J.F., and McKenzie, S.W., 1977, Elutriation study of Willamette River bottom material and Willamette-Columbia River water: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-28, iv, 8 p.., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7828.","productDescription":"iv, 8 p..","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324110,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0028/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152274,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr7828.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db60593d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rinella, Joseph F. jrinella@usgs.gov","contributorId":1371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rinella","given":"Joseph","email":"jrinella@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":182993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKenzie, Stuart W.","contributorId":27841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenzie","given":"Stuart","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":736,"text":"wsp2137 - 1977 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1966-70, part 16, Hawaii and other Pacific areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:09","indexId":"wsp2137","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2137","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1966-70, part 16, Hawaii and other Pacific areas","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2137","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1977, Surface water supply of the United States, 1966-70, part 16, Hawaii and other Pacific areas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2137, ix, 750 p. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2137.","productDescription":"ix, 750 p. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136323,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2137/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25305,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2137/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af3e4b07f02db691bc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":43633,"text":"ofr77835 - 1977 - Land use and land cover and associated maps for Presque Isle, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:30","indexId":"ofr77835","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-835","title":"Land use and land cover and associated maps for Presque Isle, Maine","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr77835","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1977, Land use and land cover and associated maps for Presque Isle, Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-835, 4 maps., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77835.","productDescription":"4 maps.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":172557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6af671","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":531276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":43638,"text":"ofr7785 - 1977 - Land use and land cover and associated maps for Richmond, Virginia; Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:30","indexId":"ofr7785","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-85","title":"Land use and land cover and associated maps for Richmond, Virginia; Maryland","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr7785","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1977, Land use and land cover and associated maps for Richmond, Virginia; Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-85, 4 maps., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7785.","productDescription":"4 maps.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173462,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6af5e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":531281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":43641,"text":"ofr7724 - 1977 - Land use and land cover and associated maps for Rome, Georgia; Alabama, Tennessee, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:30","indexId":"ofr7724","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-24","title":"Land use and land cover and associated maps for Rome, Georgia; Alabama, Tennessee, North Carolina","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr7724","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1977, Land use and land cover and associated maps for Rome, Georgia; Alabama, Tennessee, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-24, 4 maps., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7724.","productDescription":"4 maps.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173561,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6af48b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":531284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":7171,"text":"ofr77783 - 1977 - The geological investigation of the Taurus-Littrow Valley: Apollo 17 landing site","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":7171,"text":"ofr77783 - 1977 - The geological investigation of the Taurus-Littrow Valley: Apollo 17 landing site","indexId":"ofr77783","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"The geological investigation of the Taurus-Littrow Valley: Apollo 17 landing site"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":25001,"text":"pp1080 - 1981 - The geologic investigation of the Taurus-Littrow Valley; Apollo 17 landing site, with a section on Apollo 17 lunar surface photography","indexId":"pp1080","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"The geologic investigation of the Taurus-Littrow Valley; Apollo 17 landing site, with a section on Apollo 17 lunar surface photography"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":25001,"text":"pp1080 - 1981 - The geologic investigation of the Taurus-Littrow Valley; Apollo 17 landing site, with a section on Apollo 17 lunar surface photography","indexId":"pp1080","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"The geologic investigation of the Taurus-Littrow Valley; Apollo 17 landing site, with a section on Apollo 17 lunar surface photography"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-26T17:17:37.054504","indexId":"ofr77783","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-783","title":"The geological investigation of the Taurus-Littrow Valley: Apollo 17 landing site","docAbstract":"Astronauts Cernan and Schmitt, of Apollo 17, landed in the Taurus-Littrow valley of the Moon on December 11, 1972. Their major objectives were: (1) to sample very ancient lunar material such as might be found in pre-Imbrian highlands as distant as possible from the Imbrium basin, and (2) to sample pyroclastic materials that had been interpreted as significantly younger than the mare basalts returned from previous Apollo landing sites. The crew worked approximately 22 hours on the lunar surface; they traversed about 30 km, collected nearly 120 kg of samples, took more than 2,200 photographs, and recorded many direct geologic observations. The lunar surface data, sample results, and geologic interpretation of orbital photographs are the bases for this geologic synthesis.
The Taurus-Littrow massifs are interpreted as the upper part of thick faulted ejecta deposited on the rim of the transient cavity of the large southern Serenitatis basin, which was formed by a meteor impact about 3.9 to 4.0 b.y. ago. The target rocks, predominantly of the dunite-anorthosite-norite-troctolite suite or its metamorphosed equivalents, were fractured, sheared, crushed, and melted by the impact. The resulting mixture of crushed rock and melt was transported up and out of the transient cavity and deposited on and beyond its rim. Hot fragmental to partly molten ejecta and relatively cool cataclasite and relict target rocks were intermixed in a melange of lenses, pods, and veins. Crystallization of melts and thermal metamorphism of fine-grained fragmental debris produced breccia composed of lithic and mineral fragments in a fine-grained, coherent, crystalline matrix. Such breccia dominates the massif samples.
Faults that bound the massifs were activated during formation of the basin, so that structural relief of several kilometers, due to high-angle faulting, was imposed on the ejecta almost as soon as it was deposited. Massive slumping, that produced thick wedges of colluvium on the lower massif slopes, probably occurred nearly contemporaneously with the faulting. Sculptured Hills material, perhaps largely cataclasite excavated from the southern Serenitatis basin by the same impact, was then deposited on and around the faulted ejecta of the massifs.
Subfloor basalt, estimated to be about 1,400 m thick in the landing site, flooded the Taurus-Littrow graben prior to approximately 3.7 b. y. ago. The basalt is part of a more extensive unit that was broadly warped and cut by extensional faults before the accumulation in Mare Serenitatis of younger, less deformed basalts that overlap it. A thin volcanic ash unit, probably about 3.5 b. y. old, mantled the subfloor basalt and the nearby highlands. It, too, was subsequently overlapped by the younger basalts of Mare Serenitatis.
In the time since deposition of the volcanic ash, continued bombardment by meteors and secondary projectiles has produced regolith, a mechanical mixture of debris derived mainly from the subfloor basalt, the volcanic ash, and the rocks of the nearby massifs and Sculptured Hills. The regolith, in combination with the underlying volcanic ash, forms an unconsolidated surficial deposit with an average thickness of about 14 m, sufficiently thick to permit abnormally rapid degradation of the smaller craters, especially those less than 200 m in diameter, so as to create a surface that seems less cratered than do other mare surfaces. Admixture of volcanic ash gives the surface a distinctive dark color, which, in combination with the less cratered appearance, led to the pre-mission interpretation of a young dark mantling unit.
The uppermost part of the regolith in the landing area is basalt rich ejecta from the clustered craters of the valley floor. Most of the craters are interpreted as part of a secondary cluster formed by projectiles of ejecta from Tycho. When they struck the face of the South Massif, the projectiles mobilized fine-grained regolith material that was redeposited on the valley floor as the light mantle. Exposure ages suggest that the swarm of secondary projectiles struck the Taurus-Littrow area about 100 m.y. ago.
The Lee-Lincoln fault scarp is part of an extensive system of wrinkle ridges and scarps that transect both mare and highlands rocks. The scarp cuts the crater Lara, but the major part of the displacement occurred before deposition of the light mantle. Minor post-light mantle displacement is shown by small extensional faults that cut its surface west of the Lee-Lincoln scarp.
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G.","contributorId":14408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lucchitta, B.K.","contributorId":35288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucchitta","given":"B.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Muehlberger, W.R.","contributorId":66732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muehlberger","given":"W.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scott, D. H.","contributorId":73565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sutton, R. 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1977 - Land use and land cover and associated maps for Gold Beach, Oregon, Calfornia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:30","indexId":"ofr77451","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-451","title":"Land use and land cover and associated maps for Gold Beach, Oregon, Calfornia","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr77451","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1977, Land use and land cover and associated maps for Gold Beach, Oregon, Calfornia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-451, maps ;57 x 84 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77451.","productDescription":"maps ;57 x 84 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173563,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1260","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":531286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10028,"text":"ofr7775 - 1977 - Geology and water-yielding characteristics of rocks of the northern Powder River Basin, southeastern Montana","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":10028,"text":"ofr7775 - 1977 - Geology and water-yielding characteristics of rocks of the northern Powder River Basin, southeastern Montana","indexId":"ofr7775","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and water-yielding characteristics of rocks of the northern Powder River Basin, southeastern Montana"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":66378,"text":"i847D - 1978 - Geology and water-yielding characteristics of rocks of the northern Powder River basin, southeastern Montana","indexId":"i847D","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Geology and water-yielding characteristics of rocks of the northern Powder River basin, southeastern Montana"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":66378,"text":"i847D - 1978 - Geology and water-yielding characteristics of rocks of the northern Powder River basin, southeastern Montana","indexId":"i847D","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and water-yielding characteristics of rocks of the northern Powder River basin, southeastern Montana"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:31","indexId":"ofr7775","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-75","title":"Geology and water-yielding characteristics of rocks of the northern Powder River Basin, southeastern Montana","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr7775","usgsCitation":"Lewis, B.D., and Roberts, R., 1977, Geology and water-yielding characteristics of rocks of the northern Powder River Basin, southeastern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-75, ii, 22 leaves :fold. ill. (some in pocket), maps (1 fold. col. in pocket) ;27 cm.; (40 p., 2 sheets, scale 1:250,000 - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7775.","productDescription":"ii, 22 leaves :fold. ill. (some in pocket), maps (1 fold. col. in pocket) ;27 cm.; (40 p., 2 sheets, scale 1:250,000 - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143901,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db684049","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewis, Barney D.","contributorId":93873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"Barney","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roberts, R.S.","contributorId":35747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":11249,"text":"ofr77188 - 1977 - Geologic map of the northernmost Park Range and southernmost Sierra Madre, Jackson and Routt counties, Colorado","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":11249,"text":"ofr77188 - 1977 - Geologic map of the northernmost Park Range and southernmost Sierra Madre, Jackson and Routt counties, Colorado","indexId":"ofr77188","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the northernmost Park Range and southernmost Sierra Madre, Jackson and Routt counties, Colorado"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":67176,"text":"i1113 - 1980 - Geologic map of the northernmost Park Range and the southernmost Sierra Madre, Jackson and Routt counties, Colorado","indexId":"i1113","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the northernmost Park Range and the southernmost Sierra Madre, Jackson and Routt counties, Colorado"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":67176,"text":"i1113 - 1980 - Geologic map of the northernmost Park Range and the southernmost Sierra Madre, Jackson and Routt counties, Colorado","indexId":"i1113","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the northernmost Park Range and the southernmost Sierra Madre, Jackson and Routt counties, Colorado"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-18T12:48:13","indexId":"ofr77188","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-188","title":"Geologic map of the northernmost Park Range and southernmost Sierra Madre, Jackson and Routt counties, Colorado","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr77188","usgsCitation":"Snyder, G.L., 1977, Geologic map of the northernmost Park Range and southernmost Sierra Madre, Jackson and Routt counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-188, 27 leaves :ill., map ;27 cm.; 3 sheets, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77188.","productDescription":"27 leaves :ill., map ;27 cm.; 3 sheets","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":108484,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_14337.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"14337"},{"id":145770,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688974","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, George L.","contributorId":6843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":34007,"text":"b1278E - 1977 - Geochemical exploration techniques based on distribution of selected elements in rocks, soils, and plants, Vekol porphyry copper deposit area, Pinal County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:26","indexId":"b1278E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1278","chapter":"E","title":"Geochemical exploration techniques based on distribution of selected elements in rocks, soils, and plants, Vekol porphyry copper deposit area, Pinal County, Arizona","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/b1278E","usgsCitation":"Chaffee, M.A., 1977, Geochemical exploration techniques based on distribution of selected elements in rocks, soils, and plants, Vekol porphyry copper deposit area, Pinal County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1278, v, 78 p. :ill., maps ;23 cm. --, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1278E.","productDescription":"v, 78 p. :ill., maps ;23 cm. --","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163686,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1278e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":61933,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1278e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae29d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chaffee, Maurice A. mchaffee@usgs.gov","contributorId":4047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaffee","given":"Maurice","email":"mchaffee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":212316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":37229,"text":"rp130 - 1977 - Population ecology of the mallard: IV. A review of duck hunting regulations, activity, and success, with special reference to the mallard","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-10T14:08:06","indexId":"rp130","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":79,"text":"Resource Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"130","title":"Population ecology of the mallard: IV. A review of duck hunting regulations, activity, and success, with special reference to the mallard","docAbstract":"This, the fourth in a series of reports on the mallard, (Anas platyrhynchos), deals at length with the harvest of mallards by waterfowl hunters. Long-term summaries of duck hunting regulations (1948- 1974), Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp sales (1934-1974), Hunter Questionnaire (1952-1974), Duck Wing Collection (1960-1974), and Hunter Performance (1965-1972) Survey data for the United States are presented and discussed. Similar data from Canada are also summarized. Mallard harvest figures for 1961-1974 are presented by Mallard Harvest Area, of which 100 are defined for the United States and 14 for Canada, as well as by State or Province and flyway.
During the 23-year period beginning in 1952, an average of 1.6 million adult and 0.2 million junior waterfowl hunters accumulated almost 12.3 million hunter-days of recreation and a harvest of 11.2 million ducks each year. Hunter reports indicate that mallards made up about 43% (5.5 million annually) of the ducks taken before 1960, when mallard regulations were less restrictive; the Duck Wing Survey indicates that mallards have made up 33% of the harvest (3.6 million annually) since 1960. The age and sex compositions and the chronological distribution of the mallard harvest are examined in detail. Among the patterns noted are peak harvests during the first few days of the season in many States, alternately increasing and decreasing annual age ratios, and sex ratios that suggest differential migration of adult drakes and hunter selectivity for males. It is estimated that almost 19% of the ducks shot down are not retrieved.
Relationships between duck hunting regulations and hunter behavior are examined briefly. Hunter compliance with mallard bag limits, hunter selectivity of mallards by sex, and, to a lesser extent, the size of the unretrieved kill are all sensitive to the particular bag limit regulations in effect. Survey data are also examined for relationships between harvest and various hunting regulations: starting time and day of the week for opening day, opening date, season length, split seasons, daily shooting hours, and daily bag limits. Tables are presented relating changes in duck and mallard harvests to season length and bag limit, and examples of what effects changes in other regulations have on harvest are also given.
The evaluation of bag limit regulations, one of the most important tools used in managing harvest, is carried a step further with the development of a procedure for calculating expected hunter success under a wide variety of bag limit regulations. This method appears promising for evaluating point-limit as well as fixed-limit regulations. In addition, it may provide useful measurements of the degree of hunter selectivity induced by various types of bag limit regulations, an increasingly important aspect of harvest management. Finally, this study clearly demonstrates that the effects of a particular regulation can differ dramatically from area to area, so it is usually necessary to evaluate each proposal on a State-by-State basis.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Martin, E.M., and Carney, S.M., 1977, Population ecology of the mallard: IV. A review of duck hunting regulations, activity, and success, with special reference to the mallard: Resource Publication 130, ix, 137 p.","productDescription":"ix, 137 p.","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":165192,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":330929,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/5230112/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683efd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Elwood M.","contributorId":107342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Elwood","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carney, Samuel M.","contributorId":70031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carney","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":43168,"text":"ofr77443 - 1977 - Land use and land cover and associated maps for Canyonville, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:09","indexId":"ofr77443","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-443","title":"Land use and land cover and associated maps for Canyonville, Oregon","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr77443","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1977, Land use and land cover and associated maps for Canyonville, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-443, 4 maps ;56 x 82 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77443.","productDescription":"4 maps ;56 x 82 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176394,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1663","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":531005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":11635,"text":"ofr77734 - 1977 - Quantity and quality of drainage from the Argo Tunnel and other sources related to metal mining in Gilpin, Clear Creek and Park Counties, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-04-19T17:28:34","indexId":"ofr77734","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-734","title":"Quantity and quality of drainage from the Argo Tunnel and other sources related to metal mining in Gilpin, Clear Creek and Park Counties, Colorado","docAbstract":"Eighteen metal-mine drainage sources have been located in that part of Gilpin, Clear Creek, and Park Counties, Colo., lying within the Missouri River basin. At least 13 of these sources are known to contain high acidity and (or) trace-element concentrations or to contribute water to adversely affected streams. From January 1976 to March 1977, drainage from the Argo Tunnel in Idaho Springs--one of the major metal-mine drainage sources in the study area--exhibited variations in discharge from 0.35 to 0.55 cubic feet per second (0.010 to 0.016 cubic meters per second), a relatively constant temperature of 16 degrees Celsius, and variations in specific conductance from 2,680 to 3,410 micromhos per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (though a value of about 3,100 micromhos persisted throughout most of the period of record). High, but relatively constant, total concentrations (in micrograms per liter) of arsenic (100 to 180), cadmium (140 to 170), copper (5,000 to 6,000), iron (160,000 to 200,000), lead (less than 100 to 200), manganese (80,000 to 110,000), and zinc (40,000 to 49,000) were measured in the Argo Tunnel drainage from March 1976 to March 1977. Except for lead, the trace elements were mostly dissolved (82 percent or greater) and appear to represent baseline concentrations. Long-term degradation of water flowing from the Argo Tunnel is shown by increases of at least 2.5 to 8.0 times for dissolved solids, dissolved iron, calcium, magnesium, and sulfate since 1906. The acidity has changed from neutral in 1906 to a median pH value of 2.9 in 1976-77. Comparison of current Argo Tunnel data with those collected previously by other investigators indicates that spring chemical flushes containing higher than baseline trace-element concentrations occurred in 1973 and 1974, but not in 1975 or 1976, and probably not in 1972. The spring chemical flushes appear to be associated with increased infiltration from snowmelt in the catchment of the Argo Tunnel. Because of the wide ranges in mine-drainage quality and quantity expected for discharges from abandoned mines in the study area, each situation must be examined individually, and the management alternative chosen for mine-drainage abatement must be tailored to solve the particular mining and hydrologic problems at a given site.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water and Related Land Resources Management Study","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr77734","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Omaha District, Omaha, Nebraska","usgsCitation":"Wentz, D.A., 1977, Quantity and quality of drainage from the Argo Tunnel and other sources related to metal mining in Gilpin, Clear Creek and Park Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-734, iv, 61 leaves :ill., maps; Volume V: Supporting Technical Reports Appendices; Appendix F: USGS Mine Drainage Study; 27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77734.","productDescription":"iv, 61 leaves :ill., maps; Volume V: Supporting Technical Reports Appendices; Appendix F: USGS Mine Drainage Study; 27 cm.","numberOfPages":"128","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144951,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_77_734.png"},{"id":254517,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0734/ofr77-0734.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Gilpin County;Clear Creek County;Park County","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64adf5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wentz, Dennis A. dawentz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wentz","given":"Dennis","email":"dawentz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":163482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3157,"text":"wsp2162 - 1977 - Ground-water levels in the United States, 1971-74, southwestern states","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:27","indexId":"wsp2162","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2162","title":"Ground-water levels in the United States, 1971-74, southwestern states","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2162","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1977, Ground-water levels in the United States, 1971-74, southwestern states: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2162, v, 86 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2162.","productDescription":"v, 86 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":94730,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2162/report.pdf","size":"5766","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138859,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2162/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667517","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":36946,"text":"fwsobs77_03 - 1977 - Coastal marsh productivity: a bibliography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:01","indexId":"fwsobs77_03","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"77/03","title":"Coastal marsh productivity: a bibliography","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Bagur, J., 1977, Coastal marsh productivity: a bibliography: FWS/OBS 77/03, xvi, 300 p.; 27 cm.","productDescription":"xvi, 300 p.; 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162452,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aeac7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bagur, J.D.","contributorId":88795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bagur","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24521,"text":"ofr77525 - 1977 - Water resources in western Cortland County, New York: hydrologic data for 1972-75 and progress report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:04","indexId":"ofr77525","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-525","title":"Water resources in western Cortland County, New York: hydrologic data for 1972-75 and progress report","docAbstract":"Basic data on the surface water, ground water, and water quality of Cortland County, New York, are presented with a short explanatory text. Seepage investigations showed that during periods of base flow, the surface-water regime cannot be predicted on the basis of flow-duration figures alone. The investigations also indicate that the streambeds are permeable for extended reaches throughout the areas studied. Inconsistent data on gain or loss for a given reach are assumed to be indicative of the changes in rate of ground-water recharge or discharge. Analysis of surface-water quality since 1972 showed high nitrate (as NO3) concentrations (4 to 18 mg/liter) in the Cortland area and in Factory Brook. The nitrate source is probably from human activities. Although ground water in the Gridley Creek basin is moderately hard (34 to 140 mg/liter CaCO3), it generally meets standards of the New York State Department of Health. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77525","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Shindel, H.L., Buller, W., and Johnston, W.H., 1977, Water resources in western Cortland County, New York: hydrologic data for 1972-75 and progress report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-525, 36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; (55 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77525.","productDescription":"36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; (55 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155927,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0525/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53572,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0525/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db69861a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shindel, Harold L.","contributorId":43383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shindel","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buller, William","contributorId":16449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buller","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnston, William H.","contributorId":59834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":8405,"text":"ofr77421 - 1977 - Distribution and relationships of 4-10 km diameter craters to global geologic units on Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:12","indexId":"ofr77421","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-421","title":"Distribution and relationships of 4-10 km diameter craters to global geologic units on Mars","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77421","usgsCitation":"Condit, C.D., 1977, Distribution and relationships of 4-10 km diameter craters to global geologic units on Mars: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-421, v, 24 leaves :ill., maps (col.) ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77421.","productDescription":"v, 24 leaves :ill., maps (col.) ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142167,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0421/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":35969,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0421/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649612","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Condit, Christopher D.","contributorId":37328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Condit","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10754,"text":"ofr77566 - 1977 - Ground-water hydrology and subsurface migration of radioisotopes at a low-level solid radioactive-waste disposal site, West Valley, New York","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":10754,"text":"ofr77566 - 1977 - Ground-water hydrology and subsurface migration of radioisotopes at a low-level solid radioactive-waste disposal site, West Valley, New York","indexId":"ofr77566","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water hydrology and subsurface migration of radioisotopes at a low-level solid radioactive-waste disposal site, West Valley, New York"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38538,"text":"pp1325 - 1986 - Ground-water hydrology and subsurface migration of radionuclides at a commercial radioactive-waste burial site, West Valley, Cattaraugus County, New York","indexId":"pp1325","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water hydrology and subsurface migration of radionuclides at a commercial radioactive-waste burial site, West Valley, Cattaraugus County, New York"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":38538,"text":"pp1325 - 1986 - Ground-water hydrology and subsurface migration of radionuclides at a commercial radioactive-waste burial site, West Valley, Cattaraugus County, New York","indexId":"pp1325","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water hydrology and subsurface migration of radionuclides at a commercial radioactive-waste burial site, West Valley, Cattaraugus County, New York"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:23","indexId":"ofr77566","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-566","title":"Ground-water hydrology and subsurface migration of radioisotopes at a low-level solid radioactive-waste disposal site, West Valley, New York","docAbstract":"Burial trenches for disposal of solid radioactive waste at West Valley, N.Y., are excavated in till that has very low hydraulic conductivity (about 5 x 10 to the minus 8th power centimeters per second). Fractures and root tubes with chemically oxidized and (or) reduced soil in their walls extend to 3 to 4.5 meters below natural land surface. Preliminary simulations of pressure heads with a digital model suggest that hydraulic conductivity is an order of magnitude greater in the fractured till near land surface than at greater depth. Hydraulic gradients are predominantly downward, even beneath small valleys. The upper part of a body of underlying lacustrine silt is unsaturated; in the lower, saturated part, slow lateral flow may occur. In the older trenches, water began to build up in 1971, overflowed briefly in 1975, and was pumped out in 1975-76. Water levels rose abruptly during major rainstorms in mid-1975, indicating rapid infiltration through cracks in the cover material. The new trenches have maintained low, stable water levels, perhaps because of thicker, more compact cover and less waste settlement; pressure heads near these trenches are low, locally approaching zero, perhaps because of slight infiltration and limited near-surface storage. Peak tritium concentrations in test-hole cores (generally 0.00001 to 0.001 microcuries per milliliter) were found within 3 meters of land surface and are attributed to surface contamination. Concentrations declined rapidly with depth within the fractured till; secondary peaks found at about 9 meters in three holes are attributed to lateral migration from trenches. Other radioisotopes were detected only near land surface. Samples from the walls of shallow fractures revealed no accumulation of radioisotopes. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77566","usgsCitation":"Prudic, D.E., and Randall, A.D., 1977, Ground-water hydrology and subsurface migration of radioisotopes at a low-level solid radioactive-waste disposal site, West Valley, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-566, iv, 28 leaves :ill., map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77566.","productDescription":"iv, 28 leaves :ill., map ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143580,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0566/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38559,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0566/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668c43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":161905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Randall, Allan D. arandall@usgs.gov","contributorId":1168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randall","given":"Allan","email":"arandall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":161904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3866,"text":"cir745 - 1977 - Water consumption by nuclear powerplants and some hydrological implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-07T08:39:03","indexId":"cir745","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"745","title":"Water consumption by nuclear powerplants and some hydrological implications","docAbstract":"Published data show that estimated water consumption varies with the cooling system adopted, being least in once-through cooling (about 18 cubic feet per second per 1,000 megawatts electrical) and greatest in closed cooling with mechanical draft towers (about 30 cubic feet per second per 1,000 megawatts electrical). When freshwater is used at this magnitude, water-resources economy may be affected in a given region. The critical need for cooling water at all times by the nuclear powerplant industry, coupled with the knowledge that water withdrawal in the basin will generally increase with time and will be at a maximum during low-flow periods, indicates a need for reexamination of the design low flow currently adopted and the methods used to estimate it. The amount of power generated, the name of the cooling water source, and the cooling method adopted for all nuclear powerplants projected to be in operation by 1985 in the United States are tabulated and the estimated annual evaporation at each powerplant site is shown on a map of the conterminous United States. Another map is presented that shows all nuclear powerplants located on river sites as well as stream reaches in the United States where the 7-day, 10-year low flow is at least 300 cubic feet per second or where this amount of flow can be developed with storage. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir745","usgsCitation":"Giusti, E.V., and Meyer, E., 1977, Water consumption by nuclear powerplants and some hydrological implications: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 745, iii, 14 p. :ill. ;26 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/cir745.","productDescription":"iii, 14 p. :ill. ;26 cm. ","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":30959,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1977/0745/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123994,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1977/0745/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48d8e4b07f02db54942f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giusti, Ennio V.","contributorId":35301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giusti","given":"Ennio","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, E.L.","contributorId":102870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":11332,"text":"ofr77313 - 1977 - A review of the effects of earthquakes on underground mines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:25","indexId":"ofr77313","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-313","title":"A review of the effects of earthquakes on underground mines","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77313","usgsCitation":"Stevens, P.R., 1977, A review of the effects of earthquakes on underground mines: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-313, ii, 47 leaves :map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77313.","productDescription":"ii, 47 leaves :map ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7fbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stevens, Peter R.","contributorId":66239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4254,"text":"cir757 - 1977 - Coal geology and the future; symposium abstracts and selected references","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T18:12:02","indexId":"cir757","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"757","title":"Coal geology and the future; symposium abstracts and selected references","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir757","usgsCitation":"Cecil, C.B., and Stricker, G.D., 1977, Coal geology and the future; symposium abstracts and selected references: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 757, v, 20 p. ;23 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/cir757.","productDescription":"v, 20 p. ;23 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":31367,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1977/0757/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118104,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1977/0757/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d5e4b07f02db5ddb34","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Meissner, Charles R.","contributorId":27863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meissner","given":"Charles R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749258,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Cecil, C. B. 0000-0002-9032-1689","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9032-1689","contributorId":62204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stricker, G. D.","contributorId":38977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stricker","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}