{"pageNumber":"588","pageRowStart":"14675","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40789,"records":[{"id":70120209,"text":"ds847 - 2014 - Coastal bathymetry and backscatter data collected in 2012 from the Chandeleur Islands, Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-13T11:05:20","indexId":"ds847","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-13T10:38:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"847","title":"Coastal bathymetry and backscatter data collected in 2012 from the Chandeleur Islands, Louisiana","docAbstract":"<p>As part of the Barrier Island Evolution Research Project, scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center conducted nearshore geophysical surveys off the northern Chandeleur Islands, Louisiana, in July and August of 2012. The objective of the study is to better understand barrier island geomorphic evolution, particularly storm-related depositional and erosional processes that shape the islands over annual to interannual timescales (1-5 years). Collecting geophysical data will allow us to identify relationships between the geologic history of the island and its present day morphology and sediment distribution. This mapping effort was the second in a series of three planned surveys in this area. High resolution geophysical data collected in each of 3 consecutive years along this rapidly changing barrier island system will provide a unique time-series dataset that will significantly further the analyses and geomorphological interpretations of this and other coastal systems, improving our understanding of coastal response and evolution over short time scales (1-5 years).</p>\n<br/>\n<p>This Data Series report includes the geophysical data that were collected during two cruises (<a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0847/ds847_logs.html\" target=\"_blank\">USGS Field Activity Numbers 12BIM03 and 12BIM04</a>) aboard the RV Survey Cat and the RV Twin Vee along the northern portion of the Chandeleur Islands, Breton National Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana. Data were acquired with the following equipment: a Systems Engineering and Assessment, Ltd., SWATHplus interferometric sonar (468 kilohertz (kHz)), an EdgeTech 424 (4-24 kHz) chirp sub-bottom profiling system, and a Knudsen 320BP (210 kHz) echosounder.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>This report serves as an archive of processed interferometric swath and single-beam bathymetry data. Geographic information system data products include an interpolated digital elevation model, an acoustic backscatter mosaic, trackline maps, and point data files. Additional files include error analysis maps, Field Activity Collection System logs, and formal Federal Geographic Data Committee metadata.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>NOTE: These data are scientific in nature and are not to be used for navigation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds847","usgsCitation":"DeWitt, N.T., Bernier, J., Pfeiffer, W.R., Miselis, J.L., Reynolds, B., Wiese, D.S., and Kelso, K.W., 2014, Coastal bathymetry and backscatter data collected in 2012 from the Chandeleur Islands, Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 847, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds847.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-049115","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292067,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds847.PNG"},{"id":292066,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0847/ds847_abstract.html"},{"id":292059,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0847/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Chandeleur Islands","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.933333,29.858333 ], [ -88.933333,30.075 ], [ -88.75,30.075 ], [ -88.75,29.858333 ], [ -88.933333,29.858333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ec6dade4b02bf5a766a9bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeWitt, Nancy T. 0000-0002-2419-4087 ndewitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2419-4087","contributorId":4095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWitt","given":"Nancy","email":"ndewitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bernier, Julie 0000-0002-9918-5353 jbernier@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9918-5353","contributorId":3549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernier","given":"Julie","email":"jbernier@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pfeiffer, William R. wpfeiffer@usgs.gov","contributorId":3725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pfeiffer","given":"William","email":"wpfeiffer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":497984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miselis, Jennifer L. 0000-0002-4925-3979 jmiselis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4925-3979","contributorId":3914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miselis","given":"Jennifer","email":"jmiselis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reynolds, B.J.","contributorId":47874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wiese, Dana S. dwiese@usgs.gov","contributorId":2476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiese","given":"Dana","email":"dwiese@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kelso, Kyle W. 0000-0003-0615-242X kkelso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0615-242X","contributorId":4307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelso","given":"Kyle","email":"kkelso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70134770,"text":"70134770 - 2014 - Grain-scale imaging and compositional characterization of cryo-preserved India NGHP 01 gas-hydrate-bearing cores","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-12-05T13:27:07","indexId":"70134770","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Grain-scale imaging and compositional characterization of cryo-preserved India NGHP 01 gas-hydrate-bearing cores","docAbstract":"<p>We report on grain-scale characteristics and gas analyses of gas-hydrate-bearing samples retrieved by NGHP Expedition 01 as part of a large-scale effort to study gas hydrate occurrences off the eastern-Indian Peninsula and along the Andaman convergent margin. Using cryogenic scanning electron microscopy, X-ray spectroscopy, and gas chromatography, we investigated gas hydrate grain morphology and distribution within sediments, gas hydrate composition, and methane isotopic composition of samples from Krishna&ndash;Godavari (KG) basin and Andaman back-arc basin borehole sites from depths ranging 26 to 525&nbsp;mbsf. Gas hydrate in KG-basin samples commonly occurs as nodules or coarse veins with typical hydrate grain size of 30&ndash;80&nbsp;&mu;m, as small pods or thin veins 50 to several hundred microns in width, or disseminated in sediment. Nodules contain abundant and commonly isolated macropores, in some places suggesting the original presence of a free gas phase. Gas hydrate also occurs as faceted crystals lining the interiors of cavities. While these vug-like structures constitute a relatively minor mode of gas hydrate occurrence, they were observed in near-seafloor KG-basin samples as well as in those of deeper origin (&gt;100&nbsp;mbsf) and may be original formation features. Other samples exhibit gas hydrate grains rimmed by NaCl-bearing material, presumably produced by salt exclusion during original hydrate formation. Well-preserved microfossil and other biogenic detritus are also found within several samples, most abundantly in Andaman core material where gas hydrate fills microfossil crevices. The range of gas hydrate modes of occurrence observed in the full suite of samples suggests a range of formation processes were involved, as influenced by local&nbsp;<em>in situ</em>conditions. The hydrate-forming gas is predominantly methane with trace quantities of higher molecular weight hydrocarbons of primarily microbial origin. The composition indicates the gas hydrate is Structure I.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.07.027","usgsCitation":"Stern, L.A., and Lorenson, T., 2014, Grain-scale imaging and compositional characterization of cryo-preserved India NGHP 01 gas-hydrate-bearing cores: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 58, no. Part A, p. 206-222, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.07.027.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"206","endPage":"222","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055937","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472820,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1556680","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":296466,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"Part A","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5482e547e4b0aa6d77853007","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stern, Laura A. 0000-0003-3440-5674 lstern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-5674","contributorId":1197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"Laura","email":"lstern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lorenson, T.D. tlorenson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenson","given":"T.D.","email":"tlorenson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":526487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70119940,"text":"fs20143055 - 2014 - The 3D Elevation Program: Summary for Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-13T14:36:58.063532","indexId":"fs20143055","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-12T08:57:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-3055","title":"The 3D Elevation Program: Summary for Massachusetts","docAbstract":"<p>Elevation data are essential to a broad range of applications, including forest resources management, wildlife and habitat management, national security, recreation, and many others. For the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, elevation data are critical for flood risk management, natural resources conservation, agriculture and precision farming, infrastructure and construction management, coastal zone management, and other business uses. Today, high-density light detection and ranging (lidar) data are the primary sources for deriving elevation models and other datasets. Federal, State, Tribal, and local agencies work in partnership to (1) replace data that are older and of lower quality and (2) provide coverage where publicly accessible data do not exist. A joint goal of State and Federal partners is to acquire consistent, statewide coverage to support existing and emerging applications enabled by lidar data.</p>\n<p>The National Enhanced Elevation Assessment evaluated multiple elevation data acquisition options to determine the optimal data quality and data replacement cycle relative to cost to meet the identified requirements of the user community. The evaluation demonstrated that lidar acquisition at quality level 2 for the conterminous United States and quality level 5 interferometric synthetic aperture radar (ifsar) data for Alaska with a 6- to 10-year acquisition cycle provided the highest benefit/cost ratios. The 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) initiative selected an 8-year acquisition cycle for the respective quality levels. 3DEP, managed by the U.S. Geological Survey, the Office of Management and Budget Circular A&ndash;16 lead agency for terrestrial elevation data, responds to the growing need for high-quality topographic data and a wide range of other 3D representations of the Nation&rsquo;s natural and constructed features.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20143055","usgsCitation":"Carswell, W., 2014, The 3D Elevation Program: Summary for Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2014-3055, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20143055.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056072","costCenters":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial 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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53eb1c2ee4b0461e4475c430","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carswell, William J. Jr. carswell@usgs.gov","contributorId":1787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carswell","given":"William J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"carswell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":497869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70116233,"text":"sir20145132 - 2014 - Water-quality and biological conditions in selected tributaries of the Lower Boise River, southwestern Idaho, water years 2009-12","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-11T16:28:26","indexId":"sir20145132","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-11T16:08:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5132","title":"Water-quality and biological conditions in selected tributaries of the Lower Boise River, southwestern Idaho, water years 2009-12","docAbstract":"<p>Water-quality conditions were studied in selected tributaries of the lower Boise River during water years 2009–12, including Fivemile and Tenmile Creeks in 2009, Indian Creek in 2010, and Mason Creek in 2011 and 2012. Biological samples, including periphyton biomass and chlorophyll-a, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish were collected in Mason Creek in October 2011. Synoptic water-quality sampling events were timed to coincide with the beginning and middle of the irrigation season as well as the non-irrigation season, and showed that land uses and irrigation practices affect water quality in the selected tributaries. Large increases in nutrient and sediment concentrations and loads occurred over relatively short stream reaches and affected nutrient and sediment concentrations downstream of those reaches. <i>Escherichia coli (E. coli)</i> values increased in study reaches adjacent to pastured lands or wastewater treatment plants, but increased <i>E. coli</i> values at upstream locations did not necessarily affect <i>E. coli</i> values at downstream locations. A spatial loading analysis identified source areas for nutrients, sediment, and <i>E. coli</i>, and might be useful in selecting locations for water-quality improvement projects. Effluent from wastewater treatment plants increased nutrient loads in specific reaches in Fivemile and Indian Creeks. Increased suspended-sediment loads were associated with increased discharge from irrigation returns in each of the studied tributaries. Samples collected during or shortly after storms showed that surface runoff, particularly during the winter, may be an important source of nutrients in tributary watersheds with substantial agricultural land use. Concentrations of total phosphorus, suspended sediment, and <i>E. coli</i> exceeded regulatory water-quality targets or trigger levels at one or more monitoring sites in each tributary studied, and exceedences occurred during irrigation season more often than during non-irrigation season.</p>\n<br>\n<p>As with water-quality sampling results, bottom-sediment samples analyzed for contaminants of emerging concern indicated that adjacent land uses can affect in-stream conditions. Contaminants of emerging concern were detected in four categories: urban compounds, industrial compounds, fecal steroids, and personal care products. Compounds in one or more of the four contaminant categories were detected at higher concentrations in upstream sites than in downstream sites in the tributaries and in the lower Boise River. High concentrations of compounds in upstream locations indicated that adjacent land use might be an important factor in contributing contaminants of emerging concern to the lower Boise River watershed.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Expanded monitoring at Mason Creek near the mouth included a streamgage, a continuous water-quality monitor, and monthly water-quality sample collection. Data collected during expanded monitoring efforts at Mason Creek near the mouth provided information to develop and compare water-quality models. Regression models were developed using turbidity, discharge, and seasonality as surrogates to estimate concentrations of water-quality constituents. Daily streamflow also was used in a load model to estimate daily loads of water-quality constituents. Surrogate regression models may be useful for long-term monitoring and generally performed better than other models to estimate concentrations and loads of total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and suspended sediment in Mason Creek.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Biological sampling results from Mason Creek showed low periphyton biomass and chlorophyll-a concentrations compared to those historically measured in the Boise River near Parma, Idaho, during October and November. The most abundant invertebrate found in Mason Creek was the highly tolerant and invasive New Zealand mudsnail (<i>Potamopyrgus antipodarum</i>). The presence of small rainbow trout (90 millimeters) may indicate salmonid spawning in Mason Creek. The rangeland-fish-index score of 58 for Mason Creek is comparable to rangeland-fish-index scores calculated for the Boise River near Middleton, indicating intermediate biotic condition.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145132","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lower Boise Watershed Council and Idaho Department of Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"Etheridge, A.B., MacCoy, D.E., and Weakland, R.J., 2014, Water-quality and biological conditions in selected tributaries of the Lower Boise River, southwestern Idaho, water years 2009-12: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5132, Report: 58 p.; 3 Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145132.","productDescription":"Report: 58 p.; 3 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"70","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2008-10-01","temporalEnd":"2012-09-30","ipdsId":"IP-039545","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291984,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145132.jpg"},{"id":291982,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5132/downloads/sir2014-5132_appendixA.xlsx"},{"id":291983,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5132/pdf/sir2014-5132.pdf"},{"id":291981,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5132/"},{"id":291985,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5132/downloads/sir2014-5132_appendixB.pdf"},{"id":291986,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5132/downloads/sir2014-5132_appendixC.xlsx"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Boise River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.276556,43.56983 ], [ -116.276556,43.660068 ], [ -116.144092,43.660068 ], [ -116.144092,43.56983 ], [ -116.276556,43.56983 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e9cab0e4b008eaa4f35a91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Etheridge, Alexandra B. 0000-0003-1282-7315 aetherid@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1282-7315","contributorId":3542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Etheridge","given":"Alexandra","email":"aetherid@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacCoy, Dorene E. 0000-0001-6810-4728 demaccoy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6810-4728","contributorId":948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacCoy","given":"Dorene","email":"demaccoy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weakland, Rhonda J. weakland@usgs.gov","contributorId":3541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weakland","given":"Rhonda","email":"weakland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":495740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70119919,"text":"70119919 - 2014 - Multi-scale observations of the variability of magmatic CO2 emissions, Mammoth Mountain, CA, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-11T10:03:15","indexId":"70119919","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-11T15:44:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multi-scale observations of the variability of magmatic CO2 emissions, Mammoth Mountain, CA, USA","docAbstract":"One of the primary indicators of volcanic unrest at Mammoth Mountain is diffuse emission of magmatic CO<sub>2</sub>, which can effectively track this unrest if its variability in space and time and relationship to near-surface meteorological and hydrologic phenomena versus those occurring at depth beneath the mountain are understood. In June–October 2013, we conducted accumulation chamber soil CO<sub>2</sub> flux surveys and made half-hourly CO<sub>2</sub> flux measurements with automated eddy covariance and accumulation chamber (auto-chamber) instrumentation at the largest area of diffuse CO<sub>2</sub> degassing on Mammoth Mountain (Horseshoe Lake tree kill; HLTK). Estimated CO<sub>2</sub> emission rates for HLTK based on 20 June, 30 July, and 24–25 October soil CO<sub>2</sub> flux surveys were 165, 172, and 231 t d<sup>− 1</sup>, respectively. The average (June–October) CO<sub>2</sub> emission rate estimated for this area was 123 t d<sup>− 1</sup> based on an inversion of 4527 eddy covariance CO<sub>2</sub> flux measurements and corresponding modeled source weight functions. Average daily eddy covariance and auto-chamber CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes consistently declined over the four-month observation time. Wavelet analysis of auto-chamber CO<sub>2</sub> flux and environmental parameter time series was used to evaluate the periodicity of, and local correlation between these variables in time–frequency space. Overall, CO<sub>2</sub> emissions at HLTK were highly dynamic, displaying short-term (hourly to weekly) temporal variability related to meteorological and hydrologic changes, as well as long-term (monthly to multi-year) variations related to migration of CO<sub>2</sub>-rich magmatic fluids beneath the volcano. Accumulation chamber soil CO<sub>2</sub> flux surveys were also conducted in the four additional areas of diffuse CO<sub>2</sub> degassing on Mammoth Mountain in July–August 2013. Summing CO<sub>2</sub> emission rates for all five areas yielded a total for the mountain of 311 t d<sup>− 1</sup>, which may suggest that emissions returned to 1998–2009 levels, following an increase from 2009 to 2011.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.07.011","usgsCitation":"Lewicki, J.L., and Hilley, G.E., 2014, Multi-scale observations of the variability of magmatic CO2 emissions, Mammoth Mountain, CA, USA: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 284, p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.07.011.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","numberOfPages":"15","ipdsId":"IP-056366","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291980,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mammoth Mountain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.09,37.59 ], [ -119.09,37.66 ], [ -119.0,37.66 ], [ -119.0,37.59 ], [ -119.09,37.59 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"284","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e9caafe4b008eaa4f35a7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewicki, Jennifer L. 0000-0003-1994-9104 jlewicki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1994-9104","contributorId":5071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewicki","given":"Jennifer","email":"jlewicki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hilley, George E.","contributorId":85484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hilley","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70119859,"text":"70119859 - 2014 - Sediment accretion in tidal freshwater forests and oligohaline marshes of the Waccamaw and Savannah Rivers, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-11T15:40:52","indexId":"70119859","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-11T15:29:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1584,"text":"Estuaries and Coasts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment accretion in tidal freshwater forests and oligohaline marshes of the Waccamaw and Savannah Rivers, USA","docAbstract":"Sediment accretion was measured at four sites in varying stages of forest-to-marsh succession along a fresh-to-oligohaline gradient on the Waccamaw River and its tributary Turkey Creek (Coastal Plain watersheds, South Carolina) and the Savannah River (Piedmont watershed, South Carolina and Georgia). Sites included tidal freshwater forests, moderately salt-impacted forests at the freshwater–oligohaline transition, highly salt-impacted forests, and oligohaline marshes. Sediment accretion was measured by use of feldspar marker pads for 2.5 year; accessory information on wetland inundation, canopy litterfall, herbaceous production, and soil characteristics were also collected. Sediment accretion ranged from 4.5 mm year<sup>−1</sup> at moderately salt-impacted forest on the Savannah River to 19.1 mm year<sup>−1</sup> at its relict, highly salt-impacted forest downstream. Oligohaline marsh sediment accretion was 1.5–2.5 times greater than in tidal freshwater forests. Overall, there was no significant difference in accretion rate between rivers with contrasting sediment loads. Accretion was significantly higher in hollows than on hummocks in tidal freshwater forests. Organic sediment accretion was similar to autochthonous litter production at all sites, but inorganic sediment constituted the majority of accretion at both marshes and the Savannah River highly salt-impacted forest. A strong correlation between inorganic sediment accumulation and autochthonous litter production indicated a positive feedback between herbaceous plant production and allochthonous sediment deposition. The similarity in rates of sediment accretion and sea level rise in tidal freshwater forests indicates that these habitats may become permanently inundated if the rate of sea level rise increases.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estuaries and Coasts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s12237-013-9744-7","usgsCitation":"Ensign, S., Hupp, C.R., Noe, G., Krauss, K.W., and Stagg, C.L., 2014, Sediment accretion in tidal freshwater forests and oligohaline marshes of the Waccamaw and Savannah Rivers, USA: Estuaries and Coasts, v. 37, no. 5, p. 1107-1119, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9744-7.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1107","endPage":"1119","numberOfPages":"13","ipdsId":"IP-050841","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291979,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291928,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9744-7"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia;South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Savannah River;Waccamaw River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.16,32.16 ], [ -81.16,33.56 ], [ -79.08,33.56 ], [ -79.08,32.16 ], [ -81.16,32.16 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"37","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-12-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e9cab0e4b008eaa4f35a89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ensign, Scott H.","contributorId":81397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ensign","given":"Scott H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hupp, Cliff R. 0000-0003-1853-9197 crhupp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1853-9197","contributorId":2344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"Cliff","email":"crhupp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Noe, Gregory B.","contributorId":77805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noe","given":"Gregory B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krauss, Ken W. 0000-0003-2195-0729 kraussk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-0729","contributorId":2017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"Ken","email":"kraussk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stagg, Camille L. 0000-0002-1125-7253 staggc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1125-7253","contributorId":4111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stagg","given":"Camille","email":"staggc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70119874,"text":"70119874 - 2014 - Environmental and physiological influences to isotopic ratios of N and protein status in a montane ungulate in winter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-11T15:27:15","indexId":"70119874","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-11T15:17:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental and physiological influences to isotopic ratios of N and protein status in a montane ungulate in winter","docAbstract":"Winter severity can influence large herbivore populations through a reduction in maternal proteins available for reproduction. Nitrogen (N) isotopes in blood fractions can be used to track the use of body proteins in northern and montane ungulates. We studied 113 adult female caribou for 13 years throughout a series of severe winters that reduced population size and offspring mass. After these severe winters, offspring mass increased but the size of the population remained low. We devised a conceptual model for routing of isotopic N in blood in the context of the severe environmental conditions experienced by this population. We measured δ<sup>15</sup>N in three blood fractions and predicted the relative mobilization of dietary and body proteins. The δ<sup>15</sup>N of the body protein pool varied by 4‰ and 46% of the variance was associated with year. Annual variation in δ<sup>15</sup>N of body protein likely reflected the fall/early winter diet and winter locations, yet 15% of the isotopic variation in amino acid N was due to body proteins. Consistent isotopic differences among blood N pools indicated that animals tolerated fluxes in diet and body stores. Conservation of body protein in caribou is the result of active exchange among diet and body N pools. Adult females were robust to historically severe winter conditions and prioritized body condition and survival over early investment in offspring. For a vagile ungulate residing at low densities in a predator-rich environment, protein restrictions in winter may not be the primary limiting factor for reproduction.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"PLoS ONE","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0103471","usgsCitation":"Gustine, D.D., Barboza, P.S., Adams, L., and Wolf, N.B., 2014, Environmental and physiological influences to isotopic ratios of N and protein status in a montane ungulate in winter: PLoS ONE, v. 9, no. 8, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103471.","productDescription":"13 p.","numberOfPages":"13","ipdsId":"IP-052428","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472821,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103471","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":291978,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291944,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103471"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -153.3084,62.1895 ], [ -153.3084,64.2574 ], [ -148.2959,64.2574 ], [ -148.2959,62.1895 ], [ -153.3084,62.1895 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"9","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e9caafe4b008eaa4f35a78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gustine, David D. dgustine@usgs.gov","contributorId":3776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gustine","given":"David","email":"dgustine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barboza, Perry S.","contributorId":36454,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barboza","given":"Perry","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":497824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adams, Layne G. 0000-0001-6212-2896 ladams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6212-2896","contributorId":2776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Layne G.","email":"ladams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wolf, Nathan B.","contributorId":67811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"Nathan","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70099987,"text":"ofr20111039 - 2014 - Continuous resistivity profiling and seismic-reflection data collected in April 2010 from Indian River Bay, Delaware","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-11T14:25:37","indexId":"ofr20111039","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-11T14:07:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1039","title":"Continuous resistivity profiling and seismic-reflection data collected in April 2010 from Indian River Bay, Delaware","docAbstract":"A geophysical survey to delineate the fresh-saline groundwater interface and associated sub-bottom sedimentary structures beneath Indian River Bay, Delaware, was carried out in April 2010. This included surveying at higher spatial resolution in the vicinity of a study site at Holts Landing, where intensive onshore and offshore studies were subsequently completed. The total length of continuous resistivity profiling (CRP) survey lines was 145 kilometers (km), with 36 km of chirp seismic lines surveyed around the perimeter of the bay. Medium-resolution CRP surveying was performed using a 50-meter streamer in a baywide grid. Results of the surveying and data inversion showed the presence of many buried paleochannels beneath Indian River Bay that generally extended perpendicular from the shoreline in areas of modern tributaries, tidal creeks, and marshes. An especially wide and deep paleochannel system was imaged in the southeastern part of the bay near White Creek. Many paleochannels also had high-resistivity anomalies corresponding to low-salinity groundwater plumes associated with them, likely due to the presence of fine-grained estuarine mud and peats in the channel fills that act as submarine confining units. Where present, these units allow plumes of low-salinity groundwater that was recharged onshore to move beyond the shoreline, creating a complex fresh-saline groundwater interface in the subsurface. The properties of this interface are important considerations in construction of accurate coastal groundwater flow models. These models are required to help predict how nutrient-rich groundwater, recharged in agricultural watersheds such as this one, makes its way into coastal bays and impacts surface-water quality and estuarine ecosystems.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111039","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University of Delaware","usgsCitation":"Cross, V., Bratton, J., Michael, H., Kroeger, K., Mann, A.G., and Bergeron, E., 2014, Continuous resistivity profiling and seismic-reflection data collected in April 2010 from Indian River Bay, Delaware: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1039, Report: HTML Document; Report: iv, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111039.","productDescription":"Report: HTML Document; Report: iv, 23 p.","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-027859","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291970,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20111039.jpg"},{"id":291974,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1039/pdf/ofr2011-1039.pdf"},{"id":291969,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1039/ofr2011-1039-title_page.html"},{"id":291968,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1039/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware","otherGeospatial":"Indian River Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.25,38.55 ], [ -75.25,38.666667 ], [ -75.05,38.666667 ], [ -75.05,38.55 ], [ -75.25,38.55 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e9caaee4b008eaa4f35a6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cross, V.A.","contributorId":88687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cross","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bratton, J.F.","contributorId":94354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bratton","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Michael, H.A.","contributorId":98858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"H.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kroeger, K.D.","contributorId":26060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroeger","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mann, Adrian G. 0000-0003-1689-8524 adriangreen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1689-8524","contributorId":4328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mann","given":"Adrian","email":"adriangreen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bergeron, Emile M. ebergeron@usgs.gov","contributorId":3449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergeron","given":"Emile M.","email":"ebergeron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":492095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70099972,"text":"sir20145051 - 2014 - Quality of groundwater in the Denver Basin aquifer system, Colorado, 2003-5","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-05T12:18:15","indexId":"sir20145051","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-11T11:29:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5051","title":"Quality of groundwater in the Denver Basin aquifer system, Colorado, 2003-5","docAbstract":"<p>Groundwater resources from alluvial and bedrock aquifers of the Denver Basin are critical for municipal, domestic, and agricultural uses in Colorado along the eastern front of the Rocky Mountains. Rapid and widespread urban development, primarily along the western boundary of the Denver Basin, has approximately doubled the population since about 1970, and much of the population depends on groundwater for water supply. As part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted groundwater-quality studies during 2003&ndash;5 in the Denver Basin aquifer system to characterize water quality of shallow groundwater at the water table and of the bedrock aquifers, which are important drinking-water resources. For the Denver Basin, water-quality constituents of concern for human health or because they might otherwise limit use of water include total dissolved solids, fluoride, sulfate, nitrate, iron, manganese, selenium, radon, uranium, arsenic, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds. For the water-table studies, two monitoring-well networks were installed and sampled beneath agricultural (31 wells) and urban (29 wells) land uses at or just below the water table in either alluvial material or near-surface bedrock. For the bedrock-aquifer studies, domestic- and municipal-supply wells completed in the bedrock aquifers were sampled. The bedrock aquifers, stratigraphically from youngest (shallowest) to oldest (deepest), are the Dawson, Denver, Arapahoe, and Laramie-Fox Hills aquifers. The extensive dataset collected from wells completed in the bedrock aquifers (79 samples) provides the opportunity to evaluate factors and processes affecting water quality and to establish a baseline that can be used to characterize future changes in groundwater quality. Groundwater samples were analyzed for inorganic, organic, isotopic, and age-dating constituents and tracers. This report discusses spatial and statistical distributions of chemical constituents and evaluates natural and human-related processes that affect water quality. Findings are synthesized to assess the vulnerability of the Denver Basin aquifer system to groundwater contamination.</p>\n<p>The chemistry of groundwater samples collected from the water-table wells was generally different from that of samples collected from the bedrock-aquifer wells. Samples from the water-table wells tended to have higher concentrations of total dissolved solids and most major ions. Concentrations of several constituents with potential human-health concerns, including nitrate, selenium, uranium, and arsenic, decreased with depth and were highest in samples from the water-table wells. Exceedances of drinking-water standards and water-quality benchmarks were more frequently associated with shallow groundwater samples; concentrations of total dissolved solids and sulfate exceeded water-quality benchmarks for about half or more of samples from the water-table wells. The sediments and rocks of the Denver Basin are natural sources of the trace elements selenium, uranium, and arsenic, which affect their concentrations in groundwater. Detections of organic contaminants, which are typically indicative of human sources of contamination to groundwater, were more frequent in samples from the water-table wells. Pesticide compounds and volatile organic compounds were detected in 33 and 62 percent, respectively, of water-table well samples. Detected organic contaminant concentrations were much less than the associated drinking-water standards. Samples collected from the bedrock aquifers had lower concentrations of total dissolved solids than did samples collected from the water-table wells, although within the bedrock-aquifer samples, concentrations increased from the Dawson to Denver to Arapahoe to Laramie-Fox Hills aquifers. Concentrations of total dissolved solids and many constituents varied spatially and with depth in the bedrock aquifers, likely as a result of ion-exchange and oxidation-reduction reactions, which are important processes affecting water quality. Major-ion chemistry generally evolved from a calcium-bicarbonate to calcium-sulfate composition, with some sodium-bicarbonate and sodium-sulfate facies in the deeper bedrock aquifers, likely resulting from longer residence times and more extensive water-rock interaction. Oxidation-reduction conditions generally evolved from oxic at the water table to anoxic with increasing depth in the bedrock aquifers. Most samples from the bedrock aquifers were anoxic. Exceedances of drinking-water standards and water-quality benchmarks for the bedrock aquifers occurred in 1 percent or less of samples for nitrate, selenium, or arsenic; there were no exceedances for uranium. Exceedances for total dissolved solids, sulfate, manganese, and iron were generally between about 10 and 20 percent for the bedrock-aquifer samples. Radon concentrations, which were only measured in samples collected from two of the bedrock aquifers, exceeded the lower proposed drinking-water standard for more than 90 percent of samples but exceeded the higher alternative standard for less than 5 percent of samples. Pesticide compounds and volatile organic compounds were detected in 3 and 22 percent, respectively, of bedrock-aquifer samples, all at concentrations that were that were much less than drinking-water standards.</p>\n<p>Water-quality data were synthesized to evaluate factors that affect spatial and depth variability in water quality and to assess aquifer vulnerability to contaminants from geologic materials and those of human origin. The quality of shallow groundwater in the alluvial aquifer and shallow bedrock aquifer system has been adversely affected by development of agricultural and urban areas. Land use has altered the pattern and composition of recharge. Increased recharge from irrigation water has mobilized dissolved constituents and increased concentrations in the shallow groundwater. Concentrations of most constituents associated with poor or degraded water quality in shallow groundwater decreased with depth; many of these constituents are not geochemically conservative and are affected by geochemical reactions such as oxidation-reduction reactions. Groundwater age tracers provide additional insight into aquifer vulnerability and help determine if young groundwater of potentially poor quality has migrated to deeper parts of the bedrock aquifers used for drinking-water supply. Age-tracer results were used to group samples into categories of young, mixed, and old groundwater. Groundwater ages transitioned from mostly young in the water-table wells to mostly mixed in the shallowest bedrock aquifer, the Dawson aquifer, to mostly old in the deeper bedrock aquifers. Although the bedrock aquifers are mostly old groundwater of good water quality, several lines of evidence indicate that young, contaminant-bearing recharge has reached shallow to moderate depths in some areas of the bedrock aquifers. The Dawson aquifer is the most vulnerable of the bedrock aquifers to contamination, but results indicate that the older (deeper) bedrock aquifers are also vulnerable to groundwater contamination and that mixing with young recharge has occurred in some areas. Heavy pumping has caused water-level declines in the bedrock aquifers in some parts of the Denver Basin, which has the potential to enhance the transport of contaminants from overlying units. Results of this study are consistent with the existing conceptual understanding of aquifer processes and groundwater issues in the Denver Basin and add new insight into the vulnerability of the bedrock aquifers to groundwater contamination.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145051","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Musgrove, M., Beck, J., Paschke, S.S., Bauch, N.J., and Mashburn, S.L., 2014, Quality of groundwater in the Denver Basin aquifer system, Colorado, 2003-5: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5051, xi, 107 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145051.","productDescription":"xi, 107 p.","numberOfPages":"123","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-051259","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291953,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145051.jpg"},{"id":291950,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5051/"},{"id":291952,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5051/pdf/sir2014-5051.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Denver Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -108.0,38.0 ], [ -108.0,40.0 ], [ -102.0,40.0 ], [ -102.0,38.0 ], [ -108.0,38.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e9caafe4b008eaa4f35a85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Musgrove, MaryLynn","contributorId":34878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Musgrove","given":"MaryLynn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beck, Jennifer A.","contributorId":53922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beck","given":"Jennifer A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paschke, Suzanne S. 0000-0002-3471-4242 spaschke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3471-4242","contributorId":1347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paschke","given":"Suzanne","email":"spaschke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bauch, Nancy J. 0000-0002-0302-2892 njbauch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0302-2892","contributorId":1297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauch","given":"Nancy","email":"njbauch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mashburn, Shana L. 0000-0001-5163-778X shanam@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5163-778X","contributorId":2140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mashburn","given":"Shana","email":"shanam@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70119761,"text":"70119761 - 2014 - Comparing population exposure to multiple Washington earthquake scenarios for prioritizing loss estimation studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T11:07:11","indexId":"70119761","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-11T09:07:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":836,"text":"Applied Geography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparing population exposure to multiple Washington earthquake scenarios for prioritizing loss estimation studies","docAbstract":"Scenario-based, loss-estimation studies are useful for gauging potential societal impacts from earthquakes but can be challenging to undertake in areas with multiple scenarios and jurisdictions. We present a geospatial approach using various population data for comparing earthquake scenarios and jurisdictions to help emergency managers prioritize where to focus limited resources on data development and loss-estimation studies. Using 20 earthquake scenarios developed for the State of Washington (USA), we demonstrate how a population-exposure analysis across multiple jurisdictions based on Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) classes helps emergency managers understand and communicate where potential loss of life may be concentrated and where impacts may be more related to quality of life. Results indicate that certain well-known scenarios may directly impact the greatest number of people, whereas other, potentially lesser-known, scenarios impact fewer people but consequences could be more severe. The use of economic data to profile each jurisdiction’s workforce in earthquake hazard zones also provides additional insight on at-risk populations. This approach can serve as a first step in understanding societal impacts of earthquakes and helping practitioners to efficiently use their limited risk-reduction resources.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.05.013","usgsCitation":"Wood, N.J., Ratliff, J.L., Schelling, J., and Weaver, C.S., 2014, Comparing population exposure to multiple Washington earthquake scenarios for prioritizing loss estimation studies: Applied Geography, v. 52, p. 191-203, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.05.013.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"191","endPage":"203","numberOfPages":"13","ipdsId":"IP-054868","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.05.013","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":291921,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.79,45.55 ], [ -124.79,49.0 ], [ -116.92,49.0 ], [ -116.92,45.55 ], [ -124.79,45.55 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"52","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e9caaee4b008eaa4f35a68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, Nathan J. 0000-0002-6060-9729 nwood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6060-9729","contributorId":3347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Nathan","email":"nwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ratliff, Jamie L. 0000-0002-9967-3314 jratliff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9967-3314","contributorId":665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratliff","given":"Jamie","email":"jratliff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schelling, John","contributorId":49707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schelling","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weaver, Craig S. craig@usgs.gov","contributorId":2690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"Craig","email":"craig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70134860,"text":"70134860 - 2014 - The Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Consortium: 20 years of development and integration of USA national land cover data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-21T13:03:39","indexId":"70134860","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3250,"text":"Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Consortium: 20 years of development and integration of USA national land cover data","docAbstract":"<p>The Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Consortium demonstrates the national benefits of USA Federal collaboration. Starting in the mid-1990s as a small group with the straightforward goal of compiling a comprehensive national Landsat dataset that could be used to meet agencies’ needs, MRLC has grown into a group of 10 USA Federal Agencies that coordinate the production of five different products, including the National Land Cover Database (NLCD), the Coastal Change Analysis Program (C-CAP), the Cropland Data Layer (CDL), the Gap Analysis Project (GAP), and the Landscape Fire and Resource Management Planning Tools (LANDFIRE). As a set, the products include almost every aspect of land cover from impervious surface to detailed crop and vegetation types to fire fuel classes. Some products can be used for land cover change assessments because they cover multiple time periods. The MRLC Consortium has become a collaborative forum, where members share research, methodological approaches, and data to produce products using established protocols, and we believe it is a model for the production of integrated land cover products at national to continental scales. We provide a brief overview of each of the main products produced by MRLC and examples of how each product has been used. We follow that with a discussion of the impact of the MRLC program and a brief overview of future plans.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/rs6087424","usgsCitation":"Wickham, J.D., Homer, C.G., Vogelmann, J., McKerrow, A., Mueller, R., Herold, N., and Coluston, J., 2014, The Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Consortium: 20 years of development and integration of USA national land cover data: Remote Sensing, v. 6, no. 8, p. 7424-7441, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6087424.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"7424","endPage":"7441","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-050924","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37226,"text":"Core Science Analytics, Synthesis, and Libraries","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38315,"text":"GAP Analysis Project","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472824,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6087424","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":296471,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5482e54ae4b0aa6d7785300e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wickham, James D.","contributorId":72278,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wickham","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6914,"text":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":526624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Homer, Collin G. 0000-0003-4755-8135 homer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4755-8135","contributorId":2262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Homer","given":"Collin","email":"homer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vogelmann, James E. 0000-0002-0804-5823 vogel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0804-5823","contributorId":649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogelmann","given":"James E.","email":"vogel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":526626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McKerrow, Alexa 0000-0002-8312-2905 amckerrow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8312-2905","contributorId":4542,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKerrow","given":"Alexa","email":"amckerrow@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":7091,"text":"North Carolina State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":526627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mueller, Rick","contributorId":101182,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mueller","given":"Rick","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":526628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Herold, Nate","contributorId":127749,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Herold","given":"Nate","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7054,"text":"NOAA/NMFS, Silver Spring, MD","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":526629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Coluston, John","contributorId":127750,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Coluston","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6684,"text":"USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Aiken, SC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":526630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70129883,"text":"70129883 - 2014 - <i>Globigerinoides ruber</i> morphotypes in the Gulf of Mexico: a test of null hypothesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-11-14T13:18:31","indexId":"70129883","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3358,"text":"Scientific Reports","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"<i>Globigerinoides ruber</i> morphotypes in the Gulf of Mexico: a test of null hypothesis","docAbstract":"<p>Planktic foraminifer <em>Globigerinoides ruber</em> (<em>G. ruber</em>), due to its abundance and ubiquity in the tropical/subtropical mixed layer, has been the workhorse of paleoceanographic studies investigating past sea-surface conditions on a range of timescales. Recent geochemical work on the two principal white <em>G. ruber</em> (W) morphotypes, sensu stricto (ss) and sensu lato (sl), has hypothesized differences in seasonal preferences or calcification depths, implying that reconstructions using a non-selective mixture of morphotypes could potentially be biased. Here, we test these hypotheses by performing stable isotope and abundance measurements on the two morphotypes in sediment trap, core-top, and downcore samples from the northern Gulf of Mexico. As a test of null hypothesis, we perform the same analyses on couplets of <em>G. ruber</em> (W) specimens with attributes intermediate to the holotypic ss and sl morphologies. We find no systematic or significant offsets in coeval ss-sl &delta;<sup>18</sup>O, and &delta;<sup>13</sup>C. These offsets are no larger than those in the intermediate pairs. Coupling our results with foraminiferal statistical model INFAUNAL, we find that contrary to previous work elsewhere, there is no evidence for discrepancies in ss-sl calcifying depth habitat or seasonality in the Gulf of Mexico.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","doi":"10.1038/srep06018","usgsCitation":"Thirumalai, K., Richey, J.N., Quinn, T.M., and Poore, R.Z., 2014, <i>Globigerinoides ruber</i> morphotypes in the Gulf of Mexico: a test of null hypothesis: Scientific Reports, v. 4, 6018; 7 p., https://doi.org/10.1038/srep06018.","productDescription":"6018; 7 p.","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057017","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472825,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/srep06018","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":296094,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -100.1953125,\n              18.104087015773956\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.1953125,\n              31.50362930577303\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.9140625,\n              31.50362930577303\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.9140625,\n              18.104087015773956\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.1953125,\n              18.104087015773956\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"546727ade4b04d4b7dbde824","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thirumalai, Kaustubh","contributorId":127444,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thirumalai","given":"Kaustubh","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6732,"text":"Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richey, Julie N. 0000-0002-2319-7980 jrichey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2319-7980","contributorId":5182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richey","given":"Julie","email":"jrichey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":519939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Quinn, Terrence M.","contributorId":82949,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quinn","given":"Terrence","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6732,"text":"Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Poore, Richard Z. rpoore@usgs.gov","contributorId":345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"Richard","email":"rpoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":519938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70148178,"text":"70148178 - 2014 - Linking multi-temporal satellite imagery to coastal wetland dynamics and bird distribution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-26T11:01:51","indexId":"70148178","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-10T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Linking multi-temporal satellite imagery to coastal wetland dynamics and bird distribution","docAbstract":"<p>Ecosystems are characterized by dynamic ecological processes, such as flooding and fires, but spatial models are often limited to a single measurement in time. The characterization of direct, fine-scale processes affecting animals is potentially valuable for management applications, but these are difficult to quantify over broad extents. Direct predictors are also expected to improve transferability of models beyond the area of study. Here, we investigated the ability of non-static and multi-temporal habitat characteristics to predict marsh bird distributions, while testing model generality and transferability between two coastal habitats. Distribution models were developed for king rail (<i>Rallus elegans</i>), common gallinule (<i>Gallinula galeata</i>), least bittern (<i>Ixobrychus exilis</i>), and purple gallinule (<i>Porphyrio martinica</i>) in fresh and intermediate marsh types in the northern Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Texas, USA. For model development, repeated point count surveys of marsh birds were conducted from 2009 to 2011. Landsat satellite imagery was used to quantify both annual conditions and cumulative, multi-temporal habitat characteristics. We used multivariate adaptive regression splines to quantify bird-habitat relationships for fresh, intermediate, and combined marsh habitats. Multi-temporal habitat characteristics ranked as more important than single-date characteristics, as temporary water was most influential in six of eight models. Predictive power was greater for marsh type-specific models compared to general models and model transferability was poor. Birds in fresh marsh selected for annual habitat characterizations, while birds in intermediate marsh selected for cumulative wetness and heterogeneity. Our findings emphasize that dynamic ecological processes can affect species distribution and species-habitat relationships may differ with dominant landscape characteristics.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.04.013","collaboration":"U.S. Geological Survey; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Gulf Coast Joint Venture","usgsCitation":"Pickens, B.A., and King, S.L., 2014, Linking multi-temporal satellite imagery to coastal wetland dynamics and bird distribution: Ecological Modelling, v. 285, p. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.04.013.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-040505","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300782,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"285","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5565994ce4b0d9246a9eb62f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pickens, Bradley A.","contributorId":140926,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pickens","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, Sammy L. 0000-0002-5364-6361 sking@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5364-6361","contributorId":557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Sammy","email":"sking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70110810,"text":"sir20145094 - 2014 - Flood-inundation maps for the West Branch Susquehanna River near the Boroughs of Lewisburg and Milton, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-08T15:47:17","indexId":"sir20145094","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-08T15:38:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5094","title":"Flood-inundation maps for the West Branch Susquehanna River near the Boroughs of Lewisburg and Milton, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"<p>Digital flood-inundation maps for an approximate 8-mile reach of the West Branch Susquehanna River from approximately 2 miles downstream from the Borough of Lewisburg, extending upstream to approximately 1 mile upstream from the Borough of Milton, Pennsylvania, were created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Susquehanna River Basin Commission (SRBC). The inundation maps, which can be accessed through the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Science Web site at <a href=\"http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/\">http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/</a>, depict the estimated areal extent and depth of flooding corresponding to selected water levels (stages) at the USGS streamgage 01553500, West Branch Susquehanna River at Lewisburg, Pa. In addition, the information has been provided to the Susquehanna River Basin Commission (SRBC) for incorporation into their Susquehanna Inundation Map Viewer (SIMV) flood warning system (<a href=\"http://maps.srbc.net/simv/\">http://maps.srbc.net/simv/</a>). The National Weather Service (NWS) forecasted peak-stage information (<a href=\"http://water.weather.gov/ahps\">http://water.weather.gov/ahps</a>) for USGS streamgage 01553500, West Branch Susquehanna River at Lewisburg, Pa., may be used in conjunction with the maps developed in this study to show predicted areas of flood inundation.</p>\n<br>\n<p>In this study, flood profiles were computed for the stream reach by means of a one-dimensional step-backwater model. Calibration of the model was achieved using the most current stage-discharge relations (rating number 11.1) at USGS streamgage 01553500, West Branch Susquehanna River at Lewisburg, Pa., a documented water-surface profile from the December 2, 2010, flood, and recorded peak stage data. The hydraulic model was then used to determine 26 water-surface profiles for flood stages at 1-foot intervals referenced to the streamgage datum ranging from 14 feet (ft) to 39 ft. Modeled flood stages, as defined by NWS, include Action Stage, 14 ft; Flood Stage, 18 ft; Moderate Flood Stage, 23 ft; and Major Flood Stage, 28 ft. Geographic information system (GIS) technology was then used to combine the simulated water-surface profiles with a digital elevation model (DEM) derived from light detection and ranging (lidar) data to delineate the area flooded at each water level.</p>\n<br>\n<p>The availability of these maps, along with World Wide Web information regarding current stage from USGS streamgages and forecasted stream stages from the NWS, provide emergency management personnel and residents with information that is critical for flood response activities, such as evacuations and road closures, as well as for post-flood recovery efforts.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145094","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Susquehanna River Basin Commission","usgsCitation":"Roland, M.A., and Hoffman, S.A., 2014, Flood-inundation maps for the West Branch Susquehanna River near the Boroughs of Lewisburg and Milton, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5094, Report: v, 13 p.; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145094.","productDescription":"Report: v, 13 p.; Downloads Directory","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2013-01-01","temporalEnd":"2013-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-049552","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291915,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145094.jpg"},{"id":291912,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5094/"},{"id":291913,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5094/pdf/sir2014-5094.pdf"},{"id":291914,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5094/downloads"}],"scale":"100000","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Lewisburg;Milton;Susquehanna River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.9,40.95 ], [ -76.9,41.05 ], [ -76.85,41.05 ], [ -76.85,40.95 ], [ -76.9,40.95 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e5d630e4b0b6c2798a65cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roland, Mark A. 0000-0002-0268-6507 mroland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0268-6507","contributorId":2116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roland","given":"Mark","email":"mroland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoffman, Scott A. shoffman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"Scott","email":"shoffman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70115925,"text":"sir20145125 - 2014 - A precipitation-runoff model for simulating natural streamflow conditions in the Smith River watershed, Montana, water years 1996-2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-08T12:44:08","indexId":"sir20145125","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-08T11:55:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5125","title":"A precipitation-runoff model for simulating natural streamflow conditions in the Smith River watershed, Montana, water years 1996-2008","docAbstract":"<p>This report documents the construction of a precipitation-runoff model for simulating natural streamflow in the Smith River watershed, Montana. This Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System model, constructed in cooperation with the Meagher County Conservation District, can be used to examine the general hydrologic framework of the Smith River watershed, including quantification of precipitation, evapotranspiration, and streamflow; partitioning of streamflow between surface runoff and subsurface flow; and quantifying contributions to streamflow from several parts of the watershed.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The model was constructed by using spatial datasets describing watershed topography, the streams, and the hydrologic characteristics of the basin soils and vegetation. Time-series data (daily total precipitation, and daily minimum and maximum temperature) were input to the model to simulate daily streamflow. The model was calibrated for water years 2002–2007 and evaluated for water years 1996–2001. Though water year 2008 was included in the study period to evaluate water-budget components, calibration and evaluation data were unavailable for that year. During the calibration and evaluation periods, simulated-natural flow values were compared to reconstructed-natural streamflow data. These reconstructed-natural streamflow data were calculated by adding Bureau of Reclamation’s depletions data to the observed streamflows. Reconstructed-natural streamflows represent estimates of streamflows for water years 1996–2007 assuming there was no agricultural water-resources development in the watershed. Additional calibration targets were basin mean monthly solar radiation and potential evapotranspiration.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The model estimated the hydrologic processes in the Smith River watershed during the calibration and evaluation periods. Simulated-natural mean annual and mean monthly flows generally were the same or higher than the reconstructed-natural streamflow values during the calibration period, whereas they were lower during the evaluation period. The shape of the annual hydrographs for the simulated-natural daily streamflow values matched the shape of the hydrographs for the reconstructed-natural values for most of the calibration period, but daily streamflow values were underestimated during the evaluation period for water years 1996–1998.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The model enabled a detailed evaluation of the components of the water budget within the Smith River watershed during the water year 1996–2008 study period. During this study period, simulated mean annual precipitation across the Smith River watershed was 16 inches, out of which 14 inches evaporated or transpired and 2 inches left the basin as streamflow. Per the precipitation-runoff model simulations, during most of the year, surface runoff rarely (less than 2 percent of the time during water years 2002–2008) makes up more than 10 percent of the total streamflow. Subsurface flow (the combination of interflow and groundwater flow) makes up most of the total streamflow (99 or more percent of total streamflow for 71 percent of the time during water years 2002–2008).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145125","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Meagher County Conservation District","usgsCitation":"Chase, K.J., Caldwell, R.R., and Stanley, A.K., 2014, A precipitation-runoff model for simulating natural streamflow conditions in the Smith River watershed, Montana, water years 1996-2008: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5125, vi, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145125.","productDescription":"vi, 29 p.","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1995-10-01","temporalEnd":"2008-09-30","ipdsId":"IP-055228","costCenters":[{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291909,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145125.jpg"},{"id":291908,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5125/pdf/sir2014-5125.pdf"},{"id":291906,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5125/"}],"projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Smith River Watershed","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.0,46.25 ], [ -112.0,47.5 ], [ -110.5,47.5 ], [ -110.5,46.25 ], [ -112.0,46.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e5d62ee4b0b6c2798a65b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chase, Katherine J. 0000-0002-5796-4148 kchase@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5796-4148","contributorId":454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chase","given":"Katherine","email":"kchase@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caldwell, Rodney R. 0000-0002-2588-715X caldwell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2588-715X","contributorId":2577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"Rodney","email":"caldwell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stanley, Andrea K.","contributorId":61353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"Andrea","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70118891,"text":"ofr20141164 - 2014 - Technical review of managed underground storage of water study of the upper Catherine Creek watershed, Union County, northeastern Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-08T12:33:24","indexId":"ofr20141164","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-07T16:35:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1164","title":"Technical review of managed underground storage of water study of the upper Catherine Creek watershed, Union County, northeastern Oregon","docAbstract":"<p>Because of water diversions during summer, flow in Catherine Creek, a tributary to the Grande Ronde River in northeastern Oregon, is insufficient to sustain several aquatic species for which the stream is listed as critical habitat. A feasibility study for managed underground storage (MUS) in the upper Catherine Creek watershed in Union County, Oregon, was undertaken by Anderson Perry and Associates, Inc., to address the issue of low flows in summer. The results of the study were released as a report titled “Upper Catherine Creek Storage Feasibility Study for Grande Ronde Model Watershed,” which evaluated the possibility of diverting Catherine Creek streamflow during winter (when stream discharge is high), storing the water by infiltration or injection into an aquifer adjacent to the stream, and discharging the water back to the stream in summer to augment low flows. The method of MUS would be accomplished using either (1) aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) that allows for the injection of water that meets drinking-water-quality standards into an aquifer for later recovery and use, or (2) artificial recharge (AR) that involves the intentional addition of water diverted from another source to a groundwater reservoir.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Concerns by resource managers that the actions taken to improve water availability for upper Catherine Creek be effective, cost-efficient, long-term, and based on sound analysis led the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation to request that the U.S. Geological Survey conduct an independent review and evaluation of the feasibility study. This report contains the results of that review.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The primary objectives of the Anderson Perry and Associates study reviewed here included (1) identifying potentially fatal flaws with the concept of using AR and (or) ASR to augment the streamflow of Catherine Creek, (2) identifying potentially favorable locations for augmenting streamflow, (3) developing and evaluating alternatives for implementing AR and (or) ASR, and (4) identifying next steps and estimated costs for implementation. The Anderson Perry study was not intended as a comprehensive evaluation of feasibility, but, rather, an effort to develop a concept and preliminary evaluation of feasibility. Additionally, the feasibility study was limited to using existing data from which additional data needs were to be identified. The feasibility study mostly accomplished the goals of identifying potential fatal flaws and developing a project implementation plan. However, a more practical discussion of conclusions regarding the feasibility, likelihood for success, achievement of goals, and overall project costs could have received greater emphasis and would be of value to decision makers. With regard to objective (2), the subject report analyzed information from several possible sites examined for an MUS system. Sufficient cause is provided in the subject report to identify the basalt aquifer in the Milk Creek sub-area as having the greatest potential for MUS. Therefore, this review is primarily focused on the Milk Creek sub-area and the basalt aquifer.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141164","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation","usgsCitation":"Snyder, D.T., 2014, Technical review of managed underground storage of water study of the upper Catherine Creek watershed, Union County, northeastern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1164, iv, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141164.","productDescription":"iv, 38 p.","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-049469","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291874,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291872,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1164/"},{"id":291873,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1164/pdf/ofr2014-1164.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","county":"Union County","otherGeospatial":"Upper Catherine Creek Watershed","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.00,45.125 ], [ -118.00,45.375 ], [ -117.625,45.375 ], [ -117.625,45.125 ], [ -118.00,45.125 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f097e4b0bc0bec09f855","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, Daniel T. dtsnyder@usgs.gov","contributorId":820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Daniel","email":"dtsnyder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":497340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70118860,"text":"ofr20141162 - 2014 - Preliminary simulation of chloride transport in the <i>Equus</i> Beds aquifer and simulated effects of well pumping and artificial recharge on groundwater flow and chloride transport near the city of Wichita, Kansas, 1990 through 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-07T10:26:26","indexId":"ofr20141162","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-07T10:18:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1162","title":"Preliminary simulation of chloride transport in the <i>Equus</i> Beds aquifer and simulated effects of well pumping and artificial recharge on groundwater flow and chloride transport near the city of Wichita, Kansas, 1990 through 2008","docAbstract":"<p>The <i>Equus</i> Beds aquifer in south-central Kansas is a primary water-supply source for the city of Wichita. Water-level declines because of groundwater pumping for municipal and irrigation needs as well as sporadic drought conditions have caused concern about the adequacy of the Equus Beds aquifer as a future water supply for Wichita. In March 2006, the city of Wichita began construction of the Equus Beds Aquifer Storage and Recovery project, a plan to artificially recharge the aquifer with excess water from the Little Arkansas River. Artificial recharge will raise groundwater levels, increase storage volume in the aquifer, and deter or slow down a plume of chloride brine approaching the Wichita well field from the Burrton, Kansas area caused by oil production activities in the 1930s. Another source of high chloride water to the aquifer is the Arkansas River. This study was prepared in cooperation with the city of Wichita as part of the Equus Beds Aquifer Storage and Recovery project.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Chloride transport in the <i>Equus</i> Beds aquifer was simulated between the Arkansas and Little Arkansas Rivers near the Wichita well field. Chloride transport was simulated for the <i>Equus</i> Beds aquifer using SEAWAT, a computer program that combines the groundwater-flow model MODFLOW-2000 and the solute-transport model MT3DMS. The chloride-transport model was used to simulate the period from 1990 through 2008 and the effects of five well pumping scenarios and one artificial recharge scenario. The chloride distribution in the aquifer for the beginning of 1990 was interpolated from groundwater samples from around that time, and the chloride concentrations in rivers for the study period were interpolated from surface water samples.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Five well-pumping scenarios and one artificial-recharge scenario were assessed for their effects on simulated chloride transport and water levels in and around the Wichita well field. The scenarios were: (1) existing 1990 through 2008 pumping conditions, to serve as a baseline scenario for comparison with the hypothetical scenarios; (2) no pumping in the model area, to demonstrate the chloride movement without the influence of well pumping; (3) double municipal pumping from the Wichita well field with existing irrigation pumping; (4) existing municipal pumping with no irrigation pumping in the model area; (5) double municipal pumping in the Wichita well field and no irrigation pumping in the model area; and (6) increasing artificial recharge to the Phase 1 Artificial Storage and Recovery project sites by 2,300 acre-feet per year.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The effects of the hypothetical pumping and artificial recharge scenarios on simulated chloride transport were measured by comparing the rate of movement of the 250-milligrams-per-liter-chloride front for each hypothetical scenario with the baseline scenario at the Arkansas River area near the southern part of the Wichita well field and the Burrton plume area. The scenarios that increased the rate of movement the most compared to the baseline scenario of existing pumping between the Arkansas River and the southern boundary of the well field were those that doubled the city of Wichita’s pumping from the well field (scenarios 3 and 5), increasing the rate of movement by 50 to 150 feet per year, with the highest rate increases in the shallow layer and the lowest rate increases in the deepest layer. The no pumping and no irrigation pumping scenarios (2 and 4) slowed the rate of movement in this area by 150 to 210 feet per year and 40 to 70 feet per year, respectively. In the double Wichita pumping scenario (3), the rate of movement in the shallow layer of the Burrton area decreased by about 50 feet per year. Simulated chloride rate of movement in the deeper layers of the Burrton area was decreased in the no pumping and no irrigation scenarios (2 and 4) by 80 to 120 feet per year and 50 feet per year, respectively, and increased in the scenarios that double Wichita’s pumping (3 and 5) from the well field by zero to 130 feet per year, with the largest increases in the deepest layer. In the increased Phase 1 artificial recharge scenario (6), the rate of chloride movement in the Burrton area increased in the shallow layer by about 30 feet per year, and decreased in the middle and deepest layer by about 10 and 60 feet per year, respectively. Comparisons of the rate of movement of the simulated 250-milligrams-per-liter-chloride front in the hypothetical scenarios to the baseline scenario indicated that, in general, increases to pumping in the well field area increased the rate of simulated chloride movement toward the well field area by as much as 150 feet per year. Reductions in pumping slowed the advance of chloride toward the well field by as much as 210 feet per year, although reductions did not stop the movement of chloride toward the well field, including when pumping rates were eliminated. If pumping is completely discontinued, the rate of chloride movement is about 500 to 600 feet per year in the area between the Arkansas River and the southern part of the Wichita well field, and 70 to 500 feet per year in the area near Burrton with the highest rate of movement in the shallow aquifer layer.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The averages of simulated water-levels in index monitoring wells in the Wichita well field at the end of 2008 were calculated for each scenario. Compared to the baseline scenario, the average simulated water level was 5.05 feet higher for the no pumping scenario, 4.72 feet lower for the double Wichita pumping with existing irrigation scenario, 2.49 feet higher for the no irrigation pumping with existing Wichita pumping scenario, 1.53 feet lower for the double Wichita pumping with no irrigation scenario, and 0.48 feet higher for the increased Phase 1 artificial recharge scenario.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The groundwater flow was simulated with a preexisting groundwater-flow model, which was not altered to calibrate the solute-transport model to observed chloride-concentration data. Therefore, some areas in the model had poor fit between simulated chloride concentrations and observed chloride concentrations, including the area between Arkansas River and the southern part of the Wichita well field, and the Hollow-Nikkel area about 6 miles north of Burrton. Compared to the interpreted location of the 250-milligrams per liter-chloride front based on data collected in 2011, in the Arkansas River area the simulated 250-milligrams per liter-chloride front moved from the river toward the well field about twice the rate of the actual 250-milligrams per liter-chloride front in the shallow layer and about four times the rate of the actual 250-milligrams per liter-chloride front in the deep layer. Future groundwater-flow and chloride-transport modeling efforts may achieve better agreement between observed and simulated chloride concentrations in these areas by taking the chloride-transport model fit into account when adjusting parameters such as hydraulic conductivity, riverbed conductance, and effective porosity during calibration.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Results of the hypothetical scenarios simulated indicate that the Burrton chloride plume will continue moving toward the well field regardless of pumping in the area and that one alternative may be to increase pumping from within the plume area to reverse the groundwater-flow gradients and remove the plume. Additionally, the results of modeling these scenarios indicate that eastward movement of the Burrton plume could be slowed by the additional artificial recharge at the Phase 1 sites and that decreasing pumping along the Arkansas River or increasing water levels could retard the movement of chloride and may prevent further encroachment into the southern part of the well field area.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141162","collaboration":"In cooperation with the City of Wichita","usgsCitation":"Klager, B.J., Kelly, B.P., and Ziegler, A., 2014, Preliminary simulation of chloride transport in the <i>Equus</i> Beds aquifer and simulated effects of well pumping and artificial recharge on groundwater flow and chloride transport near the city of Wichita, Kansas, 1990 through 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1162, Report: viii, 76 p.; Appendix 1, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141162.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 76 p.; Appendix 1","numberOfPages":"84","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1990-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-052749","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291822,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141162.jpg"},{"id":291821,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1162/downloads/"},{"id":291819,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1162/pdf/ofr2014-1162.pdf"},{"id":291804,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1162/"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 14","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Kansas","city":"Wichita","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98.333333,37.633333 ], [ -98.333333,38.5 ], [ -97.0,38.5 ], [ -97.0,37.633333 ], [ -98.333333,37.633333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e484b6e4b0fff4042801cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klager, Brian J. 0000-0001-8361-6043 bklager@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8361-6043","contributorId":5543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klager","given":"Brian","email":"bklager@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kelly, Brian P. 0000-0001-6378-2837 bkelly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6378-2837","contributorId":897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"Brian","email":"bkelly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ziegler, Andrew C. aziegler@usgs.gov","contributorId":433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ziegler","given":"Andrew C.","email":"aziegler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":497337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70116610,"text":"ofr20141148 - 2014 - Updated estimates of long-term average dissolved-solids loading in streams and rivers of the Upper Colorado River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-12T15:44:04","indexId":"ofr20141148","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-06T12:02:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1148","title":"Updated estimates of long-term average dissolved-solids loading in streams and rivers of the Upper Colorado River Basin","docAbstract":"<p>The Colorado River and its tributaries supply water to more than 35 million people in the United States and 3 million people in Mexico, irrigating over 4.5 million acres of farmland, and annually generating about 12 billion kilowatt hours of hydroelectric power. The Upper Colorado River Basin, part of the Colorado River Basin, encompasses more than 110,000 mi<sup>2</sup> and is the source of much of more than 9 million tons of dissolved solids that annually flows past the Hoover Dam. High dissolved-solids concentrations in the river are the cause of substantial economic damages to users, primarily in reduced agricultural crop yields and corrosion, with damages estimated to be greater than 300 million dollars annually. In 1974, the Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act created the Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Program to investigate and implement a broad range of salinity control measures. A 2009 study by the U.S. Geological Survey, supported by the Salinity Control Program, used the Spatially Referenced Regressions on Watershed Attributes surface-water quality model to examine dissolved-solids supply and transport within the Upper Colorado River Basin. Dissolved-solids loads developed for 218 monitoring sites were used to calibrate the 2009 Upper Colorado River Basin Spatially Referenced Regressions on Watershed Attributes dissolved-solids model. This study updates and develops new dissolved-solids loading estimates for 323 Upper Colorado River Basin monitoring sites using streamflow and dissolved-solids concentration data through 2012, to support a planned Spatially Referenced Regressions on Watershed Attributes modeling effort that will investigate the contributions to dissolved-solids loads from irrigation and rangeland practices.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141148","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Tillman, F., and Anning, D.W., 2014, Updated estimates of long-term average dissolved-solids loading in streams and rivers of the Upper Colorado River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1148, Report: v, 10 p.; Appendixes 1-2, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141148.","productDescription":"Report: v, 10 p.; Appendixes 1-2","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051915","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291789,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1148/"},{"id":291790,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1148/downloads/ofr2014-1148_appendix1.xlsx"},{"id":291791,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1148/pdf/ofr2014-1148.pdf"},{"id":291792,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1148/downloads/ofr2014-1148_appendix2.xlsx"},{"id":291793,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141148.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": 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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anning, David W. dwanning@usgs.gov","contributorId":432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anning","given":"David","email":"dwanning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70110586,"text":"sim3300 - 2014 - An expanded model: flood-inundation maps for the Leaf River at Hattiesburg, Mississippi, 2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-08T14:12:01","indexId":"sim3300","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-06T11:21:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3300","title":"An expanded model: flood-inundation maps for the Leaf River at Hattiesburg, Mississippi, 2013","docAbstract":"<p>Digital flood-inundation maps for a 6.8-mile reach of the Leaf River at Hattiesburg, Mississippi (Miss.), were created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the City of Hattiesburg, City of Petal, Forrest County, Mississippi Emergency Management Agency, Mississippi Department of Homeland Security, and the Emergency Management District. The inundation maps, which can be accessed through the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Science Web site at <a href=\"http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/\" target=\"_blank\">http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/</a>, depict estimates of the areal extent and depth of flooding corresponding to selected water levels (stages) at the USGS streamgage at Leaf River at Hattiesburg, Miss. (station no. 02473000). Current conditions for estimating near-real-time areas of inundation by use of USGS streamgage information may be obtained on the Internet at <a href=\"http://waterdata.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">http://waterdata.usgs.gov/</a>. In addition, the information has been provided to the National Weather Service (NWS) for incorporation into their Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service (AHPS) flood warning system (<a href=\"http://water.weather.gov/ahps/\" target=\"_blank\">http://water.weather.gov/ahps/</a>). The NWS forecasts flood hydrographs at many places that are often colocated with USGS streamgages. NWS-forecasted peak-stage information may be used in conjunction with the maps developed in this study to show predicted areas of flood inundation.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>In this study, flood profiles were computed for the stream reach by means of a one-dimensional step-backwater model. The model was calibrated by using the most current stage-discharge relations at the Leaf River at Hattiesburg, Miss. streamgage (02473000) and documented high-water marks from recent and historical floods. The hydraulic model was then used to determine 13 water-surface profiles for flood stages at 1.0-foot intervals referenced to the streamgage datum and ranging from bankfull to approximately the highest recorded water level at the streamgage. The simulated water-surface profiles were then combined with a geographic information system (GIS) digital elevation model (DEM, derived from light detection and ranging (lidar) data having a 0.6-foot vertical and 9.84-foot horizontal resolution) in order to delineate the area flooded at each water level.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Development of the estimated flood inundation maps as described in this report update previously published inundation estimates by including reaches of the Bouie and Leaf Rivers above their confluence. The availability of these maps along with Internet information regarding current stage from USGS streamgages and forecasted stream stages from the NWS provide emergency management personnel and residents with information that is critical for flood response activities such as evacuations and road closures as well as for post flood recovery efforts.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3300","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Hattiesburg, City of Petal, Forrest County, Mississippi Emergency Management Agency, Mississippi Department of Homeland Security, and the Emergency Management District and Prepared in collaboration with the National Weather Service","usgsCitation":"Storm, J.B., 2014, An expanded model: flood-inundation maps for the Leaf River at Hattiesburg, Mississippi, 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3300, Report: vi, 8 p.; 13 Plates: 18.00 x 22.83 inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3300.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 8 p.; 13 Plates: 18.00 x 22.83 inches; Downloads Directory","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-045674","costCenters":[{"id":394,"text":"Mississippi Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291773,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim3300.jpg"},{"id":291775,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3300/pdf/mapsheets/sim3300_sheet11.pdf"},{"id":291774,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3300/pdf/mapsheets/sim3300_sheet1.pdf"},{"id":291779,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3300/pdf/mapsheets/sim3300_sheet2.pdf"},{"id":291780,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3300/pdf/mapsheets/sim3300_sheet3.pdf"},{"id":291781,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3300/pdf/mapsheets/sim3300_sheet4.pdf"},{"id":291782,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3300/pdf/mapsheets/sim3300_sheet5.pdf"},{"id":291776,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3300/pdf/mapsheets/sim3300_sheet10.pdf"},{"id":291777,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3300/pdf/mapsheets/sim3300_sheet12.pdf"},{"id":291778,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3300/pdf/mapsheets/sim3300_sheet13.pdf"},{"id":291783,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3300/pdf/mapsheets/sim3300_sheet6.pdf"},{"id":291784,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3300/pdf/mapsheets/sim3300_sheet7.pdf"},{"id":291785,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3300/pdf/mapsheets/sim3300_sheet9.pdf"},{"id":291786,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3300/pdf/mapsheets/sim3300_sheet8.pdf"},{"id":291770,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3300/"},{"id":291771,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3300/pdf/sim3300_pamphlet.pdf"},{"id":291772,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3300/downloads"}],"projection":"Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","city":"Hattiesburg","otherGeospatial":"Leaf River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89.314293,31.295882 ], [ -89.314293,31.363778 ], [ -89.243122,31.363778 ], [ -89.243122,31.295882 ], [ -89.314293,31.295882 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e3332ee4b0567f276f7cf8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storm, John B. 0000-0002-5657-536X jbstorm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5657-536X","contributorId":3684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storm","given":"John","email":"jbstorm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70175906,"text":"70175906 - 2014 - Seismicity, faulting, and structure of the Koyna-Warna seismic region, Western India from local earthquake tomography and hypocenter locations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-20T15:32:00","indexId":"70175906","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-06T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismicity, faulting, and structure of the Koyna-Warna seismic region, Western India from local earthquake tomography and hypocenter locations","docAbstract":"<p><span>Although seismicity near Koyna Reservoir (India) has persisted for ~50&thinsp;years and includes the largest induced earthquake (</span><i>M</i><span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>6.3) reported worldwide, the seismotectonic framework of the area is not well understood. We recorded ~1800 earthquakes from 6 January 2010 to 28 May 2010 and located a subset of 343 of the highest-quality earthquakes using the tomoDD code of Zhang and Thurber (2003) to better understand the framework. We also inverted first arrivals for 3-D<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span></span><i>Vp</i><span>,<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span></span><i>Vs</i><span>, and<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span></span><i>Vp</i><span>/</span><i>Vs</i><span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>and Poisson's ratio tomography models of the upper 12&thinsp;km of the crust. Epicenters for the recorded earthquakes are located south of the Koyna River, including a high-density cluster that coincides with a shallow depth (&lt;1.5&thinsp;km) zone of relatively high<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span></span><i>Vp</i><span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>and low<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span></span><i>Vs</i><span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>(also high<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span></span><i>Vp</i><span>/</span><i>Vs</i><span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>and Poisson's ratios) near Warna Reservoir. This anomalous zone, which extends near vertically to at least 8&thinsp;km depth and laterally northward at least 15&thinsp;km, is likely a water-saturated zone of faults under high pore pressures. Because many of the earthquakes occur on the periphery of the fault zone, rather than near its center, the observed seismicity-velocity correlations are consistent with the concept that many of the earthquakes nucleate in fractures adjacent to the main fault zone due to high pore pressure. We interpret our velocity images as showing a series of northwest trending faults locally near the central part of Warna Reservoir and a major northward trending fault zone north of Warna Reservoir.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2014JB010950","usgsCitation":"Dixit, M.M., Kumar, S., Catchings, R.D., Suman, K., Sarkar, D., and Sen, M., 2014, Seismicity, faulting, and structure of the Koyna-Warna seismic region, Western India from local earthquake tomography and hypocenter locations: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 119, no. 8, p. 6372-6398, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB010950.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"6372","endPage":"6398","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-042844","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472826,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jb010950","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":327121,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"India","state":"Maharashtra","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              73.7,\n              17.7\n            ],\n            [\n              73.7,\n              16.8\n            ],\n            [\n              74.2,\n              16.8\n            ],\n            [\n              74.2,\n              17.7\n            ],\n            [\n              73.7,\n              17.7\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"119","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b97f29e4b03fd6b7db87d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dixit, Madan M.","contributorId":173893,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dixit","given":"Madan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":27315,"text":"National Geophysical Research Institute, India","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":646527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kumar, Sanjay","contributorId":173894,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kumar","given":"Sanjay","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27315,"text":"National Geophysical Research Institute, India","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":646528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Catchings, Rufus D. 0000-0002-5191-6102 catching@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5191-6102","contributorId":1519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Catchings","given":"Rufus","email":"catching@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":646524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Suman, K.","contributorId":173892,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Suman","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27315,"text":"National Geophysical Research Institute, India","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":646554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sarkar, Dipankar","contributorId":173891,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sarkar","given":"Dipankar","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27315,"text":"National Geophysical Research Institute, India","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":646525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sen, M.K.","contributorId":94482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sen","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70103394,"text":"ds844 - 2014 - Land cover trends dataset, 1973-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T12:37:51","indexId":"ds844","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-06T08:44:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"844","title":"Land cover trends dataset, 1973-2000","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey Land Cover Trends Project is releasing a 1973&ndash;2000 time-series land-use/land-cover dataset for the conterminous United States. The dataset contains 5 dates of land-use/land-cover data for 2,688 sample blocks randomly selected within 84 ecological regions. The nominal dates of the land-use/land-cover maps are 1973, 1980, 1986, 1992, and 2000. The land-use/land-cover maps were classified manually from Landsat Multispectral Scanner, Thematic Mapper, and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus imagery using a modified Anderson Level I classification scheme. The resulting land-use/land-cover data has a 60-meter resolution and the projection is set to Albers Equal-Area Conic, North American Datum of 1983. The files are labeled using a standard file naming convention that contains the number of the ecoregion, sample block, and Landsat year. The downloadable files are organized by ecoregion, and are available in the ERDAS IMAGINE<sup>TM</sup> (.img) raster file format.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds844","usgsCitation":"Soulard, C.E., Acevedo, W., Auch, R.F., Sohl, T.L., Drummond, M.A., Sleeter, B.M., Sorenson, D.G., Kambly, S., Wilson, T.S., Taylor, J., Sayler, K., Stier, M.P., Barnes, C., Methven, S.C., Loveland, T., Headley, R., and Brooks, M.S., 2014, Land cover trends dataset, 1973-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 844, Report: v, 10 p.; National data, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds844.","productDescription":"Report: v, 10 p.; National data","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-049832","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science 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0000-0003-2514-242X sayler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2514-242X","contributorId":2988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sayler","given":"Kristi","email":"sayler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Stier, Michael P. 0000-0002-8518-9855 mpstier@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8518-9855","contributorId":3121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stier","given":"Michael","email":"mpstier@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Barnes, Christopher A. 0000-0002-4608-4364","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4608-4364","contributorId":92793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Christopher A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Methven, Steven C. scmethven@usgs.gov","contributorId":5295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Methven","given":"Steven","email":"scmethven@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":493300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":3005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center 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,{"id":70104555,"text":"70104555 - 2014 - Simulating soil-water movement through loess-veneered landscapes using nonconsilient saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-27T11:46:22","indexId":"70104555","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulating soil-water movement through loess-veneered landscapes using nonconsilient saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements","docAbstract":"<p><span>Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO) data are available for the entire United States, so are incorporated in many regional and national models of hydrology and environmental management. However, SSURGO does not provide an understanding of spatial variability and only includes saturated hydraulic conductivity (</span><i>K</i><sub>sat</sub><span>) values estimated from particle size analysis (PSA). This study showed model sensitivity to the substitution of SSURGO data with locally described soil properties or alternate methods of measuring&nbsp;</span><i>K</i><sub>sat</sub><span>. Incorporation of these different soil data sets significantly changed the results of hydrologic modeling as a consequence of the amount of space available to store soil water and how this soil water is moved downslope. Locally described soil profiles indicated a difference in&nbsp;</span><i>K</i><sub>sat</sub><span>&nbsp;when measured in the field vs. being estimated from PSA. This, in turn, caused a difference in which soil layers were incorporated in the hydrologic simulations using TOPMODEL, ultimately affecting how soil water storage was simulated. Simulations of free-flowing soil water, the amount of water traveling through pores too large to retain water against gravity, were compared with field observations of water in wells at five slope positions along a catena. Comparison of the simulated data with the observed data showed that the ability to model the range of conditions observed in the field varied as a function of three soil data sets (SSURGO and local field descriptions using PSA-derived&nbsp;</span><i>K</i><sub>sat</sub><span>&nbsp;or field-measured&nbsp;</span><i>K</i><sub>sat</sub><span>) and that comparison of absolute values of soil water storage are not valid if different characterizations of soil properties are used.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2136/sssaj2014.01.0045","usgsCitation":"Williamson, T., Lee, B.D., Schoeneberger, P.J., McCauley, W.M., Indorante, S.J., and Owens, P.R., 2014, Simulating soil-water movement through loess-veneered landscapes using nonconsilient saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 78, no. 4, p. 1320-1331, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2014.01.0045.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1320","endPage":"1331","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051268","costCenters":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297589,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c58e4b08de9379b373e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williamson, Tanja N. tnwillia@usgs.gov","contributorId":452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"Tanja N.","email":"tnwillia@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":518851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Brad D.","contributorId":138937,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lee","given":"Brad","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":12425,"text":"University of Kentucky","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":539372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schoeneberger, Philip J.","contributorId":138938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schoeneberger","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6688,"text":"National Soil Survey Center, Natural Resources Conservation Service – United States Department of Agriculture. 100 Centennial Mall North, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":539373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McCauley, W. M.","contributorId":138939,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCauley","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":539374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Indorante, Samuel J.","contributorId":138940,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Indorante","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":539375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Owens, Phillip R.","contributorId":119740,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Owens","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":518854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70100418,"text":"fs20143029 - 2014 - Simulation of groundwater flow in the Edwards-Trinity and related aquifers in the Pecos County region, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-05T12:19:58","indexId":"fs20143029","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-05T16:59:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-3029","title":"Simulation of groundwater flow in the Edwards-Trinity and related aquifers in the Pecos County region, Texas","docAbstract":"<p>The Edwards-Trinity aquifer, a major aquifer in the Pecos County region of western Texas, is a vital groundwater resource for agricultural, industrial, and public supply uses. Resource managers would like to better understand the future availability of water in the Edwards-Trinity aquifer in the Pecos County region and the effects of the possible increase or temporal redistribution of groundwater withdrawals. To that end, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Middle Pecos Groundwater Conservation District, Pecos County, City of Fort Stockton, Brewster County, and Pecos County Water Control and Improvement District No. 1, completed a comprehensive, integrated analysis of available hydrogeologic data to develop a groundwater-flow model of the Edwards-Trinity and related aquifers in parts of Brewster, Jeff Davis, Pecos, and Reeves Counties. Following calibration, the model was used to evaluate the sustainability of recent (2008) and projected water-use demands on groundwater resources in the study area.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20143029","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Middle Pecos Groundwater Conservation District, Pecos County, City of Fort Stockton, Brewster County, and Pecos County Water Control and Improvement District No. 1","usgsCitation":"Thomas, J.V., 2014, Simulation of groundwater flow in the Edwards-Trinity and related aquifers in the Pecos County region, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2014-3029, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20143029.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-054256","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291744,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20143029.jpg"},{"id":291742,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3029/pdf/fs2014-3029.pdf"},{"id":291743,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3029/"}],"scale":"2000000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Pecos County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.50,30.25 ], [ -104.50,31.50 ], [ -101.50,31.50 ], [ -101.50,30.25 ], [ -104.50,30.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e1e1b5e4b0fe532be24a97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Jonathan V. 0000-0003-0903-9713 jvthomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0903-9713","contributorId":2194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Jonathan","email":"jvthomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70099988,"text":"fs20143025 - 2014 - A multiphased approach to groundwater investigations for the Edwards-Trinity and related aquifers in the Pecos County region, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-05T12:21:45","indexId":"fs20143025","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-05T16:54:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-3025","title":"A multiphased approach to groundwater investigations for the Edwards-Trinity and related aquifers in the Pecos County region, Texas","docAbstract":"<p>The Edwards-Trinity aquifer is a vital groundwater resource for agricultural, industrial, and public supply uses in the Pecos County region of western Texas. Resource managers would like to understand the future availability of water in the Edwards-Trinity aquifer in the Pecos County region and the effects of the possible increase or temporal redistribution of groundwater withdrawals. To provide resource managers with that information, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Middle Pecos Groundwater Conservation District, Pecos County, City of Fort Stockton, Brewster County, and Pecos County Water Control and Improvement District No. 1, completed a three-phase study of the Edwards-Trinity and related aquifers in parts of Brewster, Jeff Davis, Pecos, and Reeves Counties. The first phase was to collect groundwater, surface-water, geochemical, geophysical, and geologic data in the study area and develop a geodatabase of historical and collected data. Data compiled in the first phase of the study were used to develop the conceptual model in the second phase of the study. The third phase of the study involved the development and calibration of a numerical groundwater-flow model of the Edwards-Trinity aquifer to simulate groundwater conditions based on various groundwater-withdrawal scenarios. Analysis of well, geophysical, geochemical, and hydrologic data contributed to the development of the conceptual model in phase 1. Lithologic information obtained from well reports and geophysical data was used to describe the hydrostratigraphy and structural features of the groundwater-flow system, and aquifer-test data were used to estimate aquifer hydraulic properties. Geochemical data were used to evaluate groundwater-flow paths, water-rock interaction, aquifer interaction, and the mixing of water from different sources in phase 2. Groundwater-level data also were used to evaluate aquifer interaction, as well as to develop a potentiometric-surface map, delineate regional groundwater divides, and describe regional groundwater-flow paths. During phase 3, the data collected and compiled along with the conceptual information in the study area were incorporated into a numerical groundwater-flow model to evaluate the sustainability of recent (2008) and projected water-use demands on groundwater resources in the study area.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20143025","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Middle Pecos Groundwater Conservation District, Pecos County, City of Fort Stockton, Brewster County, and Pecos County Water Control and Improvement District No. 1","usgsCitation":"Thomas, J.V., 2014, A multiphased approach to groundwater investigations for the Edwards-Trinity and related aquifers in the Pecos County region, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2014-3025, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20143025.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-054855","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291741,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20143025.jpg"},{"id":291739,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3025/"},{"id":291740,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3025/pdf/fs2014-3025.pdf"}],"scale":"2000000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Pecos County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.00,30.25 ], [ -104.00,31.50 ], [ -102.00,31.50 ], [ -102.00,30.25 ], [ -104.00,30.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e1e1aee4b0fe532be24a4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Jonathan V. 0000-0003-0903-9713 jvthomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0903-9713","contributorId":2194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Jonathan","email":"jvthomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70119249,"text":"70119249 - 2014 - Density-stratified flow events in Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA: implications for mercury and salinity cycling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-14T16:03:01","indexId":"70119249","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-05T14:53:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":866,"text":"Aquatic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Density-stratified flow events in Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA: implications for mercury and salinity cycling","docAbstract":"Density stratification in saline and hypersaline water bodies from throughout the world can have large impacts on the internal cycling and loading of salinity, nutrients, and trace elements. High temporal resolution hydroacoustic and physical/chemical data were collected at two sites in Great Salt Lake (GSL), a saline lake in the western USA, to understand how density stratification may influence salinity and mercury (Hg) distributions. The first study site was in a causeway breach where saline water from GSL exchanges with less saline water from a flow restricted bay. Near-surface-specific conductance values measured in water at the breach displayed a good relationship with both flow and wind direction. No diurnal variations in the concentration of dissolved (<0.45 μm) methylmercury (MeHg) were observed during the 24-h sampling period; however, the highest proportion of particulate Hg<sub>total</sub> and MeHg loadings was observed during periods of elevated salinity. The second study site was located on the bottom of GSL where movement of a high-salinity water layer, referred to as the deep brine layer (DBL), is restricted to a naturally occurring 1.5-km-wide “spillway” structure. During selected time periods in April/May, 2012, wind-induced flow reversals in a railroad causeway breach, separating Gunnison and Gilbert Bays, were coupled with high-velocity flow pulses (up to 55 cm/s) in the DBL at the spillway site. These flow pulses were likely driven by a pressure response of highly saline water from Gunnison Bay flowing into the north basin of Gilbert Bay. Short-term flow reversal events measured at the railroad causeway breach have the ability to move measurable amounts of salt and Hg from Gunnison Bay into the DBL. Future disturbance to the steady state conditions currently imposed by the railroad causeway infrastructure could result in changes to the existing chemical balance between Gunnison and Gilbert Bays. Monitoring instruments were installed at six additional sites in the DBL during October 2012 to assess impacts from any future modifications to the railroad causeway.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10498-014-9237-8","usgsCitation":"Naftz, D.L., Carling, G.T., Angeroth, C., Freeman, M., Rowland, R., and Pazmino, E., 2014, Density-stratified flow events in Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA: implications for mercury and salinity cycling: Aquatic Geochemistry, v. 20, no. 6, p. 547-571, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10498-014-9237-8.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"547","endPage":"571","ipdsId":"IP-042028","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291724,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291721,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10498-014-9237-8"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Salt Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.9012,40.6237 ], [ -112.9012,41.299 ], [ -111.8002,41.299 ], [ -111.8002,40.6237 ], [ -112.9012,40.6237 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"20","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e1e1b3e4b0fe532be24a70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naftz, David L. 0000-0003-1130-6892 dlnaftz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1130-6892","contributorId":1041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"David","email":"dlnaftz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carling, Gregory T.","contributorId":11964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carling","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Angeroth, Cory","contributorId":75070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angeroth","given":"Cory","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Freeman, Michael","contributorId":51222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rowland, Ryan","contributorId":43685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowland","given":"Ryan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pazmino, Eddy","contributorId":62531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pazmino","given":"Eddy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
]}