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The map is one in a series of U.S. Geological Survey/Afghanistan Geological Survey quadrangle maps covering Afghanistan.  </p>\n<br/>\n<p>Flown at an altitude of 50,000 feet (15,240 meters (m)), the HyMap™ imaging spectrometer measured reflected sunlight in 128 channels, covering wavelengths between 0.4 and 2.5 μm. The data were georeferenced, atmospherically corrected and converted to apparent surface reflectance, empirically adjusted using ground-based reflectance measurements, and combined into a mosaic with 23-m pixel spacing. Variations in water vapor and dust content of the atmosphere, in solar angle, and in surface elevation complicated correction; therefore, some classification differences may be present between adjacent flight lines.  </p>\n<br/>\n<p>The reflectance spectrum of each pixel of HyMap™ imaging spectrometer data was compared to the reference materials in a spectral library of minerals, vegetation, water, and other materials. Minerals occurring abundantly at the surface and those having unique spectral features were easily detected and discriminated, while minerals having slightly different compositions but similar spectral features were less easily discriminated; thus, some map classes consist of several minerals having similar spectra, such as “Epidote or chlorite.” A designation of “Not classified” was assigned to the pixel when there was no match with reference spectra.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131205A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Defense Task Force for Business and Stability Operations","usgsCitation":"Kokaly, R., King, T., Hoefen, T.M., Livo, K.E., Johnson, M., and Giles, S.A., 2013, Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangle 3366, Gizab (513) and Nawer (514) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1205, Report: 37.00 x 23.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131205A.","productDescription":"Report: 37.00 x 23.00 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-050482","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282309,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131205a.jpg"},{"id":283592,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1205/A/"},{"id":283594,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1205/A/pdf/ofr2013-1205a.pdf"}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","datum":"WGS 1984 Datum","country":"Afghanistan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 66.0,33.0 ], [ 66.0,34.0 ], [ 68.0,34.0 ], [ 68.0,33.0 ], [ 66.0,33.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd61d9e4b0b290850fdc80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kokaly, Raymond F. 0000-0003-0276-7101","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0276-7101","contributorId":81442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kokaly","given":"Raymond F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, Trude","contributorId":29831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Trude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoefen, Todd M. 0000-0002-3083-5987 thoefen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-5987","contributorId":403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoefen","given":"Todd","email":"thoefen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Livo, Keith E. 0000-0001-7331-8130 elivo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-8130","contributorId":1750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Livo","given":"Keith","email":"elivo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, Michaela R. 0000-0001-6133-0247 mrjohns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6133-0247","contributorId":1013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Michaela R.","email":"mrjohns@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Giles, Stuart A. 0000-0002-8696-5078 sgiles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8696-5078","contributorId":1233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giles","given":"Stuart","email":"sgiles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70057431,"text":"ofr20131203B - 2013 - Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangles 3360 and 3460, Kawir-e Naizar (413), Kohe-Mahmudo-Esmailjan (414), Kol-e Namaksar (407), and Ghoriyan (408) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing iron-bearing minerals and other materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-03T15:45:41","indexId":"ofr20131203B","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-10T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1203","chapter":"B","title":"Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangles 3360 and 3460, Kawir-e Naizar (413), Kohe-Mahmudo-Esmailjan (414), Kol-e Namaksar (407), and Ghoriyan (408) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing iron-bearing minerals and other materials","docAbstract":"<p>This map shows the spatial distribution of selected iron-bearing minerals and other materials derived from analysis of airborne HyMap™ imaging spectrometer (hyperspectral) data of Afghanistan collected in late 2007. This map is one in a series of U.S. Geological Survey/Afghanistan Geological Survey quadrangle maps covering Afghanistan.</p><p>Flown at an altitude of 50,000 feet (15,240 meters (m)), the HyMap™ imaging spectrometer measured reflected sunlight in 128 channels, covering wavelengths between 0.4 and 2.5 μm. The data were georeferenced, atmospherically corrected and converted to apparent surface reflectance, empirically adjusted using ground-based reflectance measurements, and combined into a mosaic with 23-m pixel spacing. Variations in water vapor and dust content of the atmosphere, in solar angle, and in surface elevation complicated correction; therefore, some classification differences may be present between adjacent flight lines.</p><p>The reflectance spectrum of each pixel of HyMap™ imaging spectrometer data was compared to the reference materials in a spectral library of minerals, vegetation, water, and other materials. 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,{"id":70057430,"text":"ofr20131203A - 2013 - Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangles 3360 and 3460, Kawir-e Naizar (413), Kohe-Mahmudo-Esmailjan (414), Kol-e Namaksar (407), and Ghoriyan (408) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-03T15:46:40","indexId":"ofr20131203A","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-10T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1203","chapter":"A","title":"Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangles 3360 and 3460, Kawir-e Naizar (413), Kohe-Mahmudo-Esmailjan (414), Kol-e Namaksar (407), and Ghoriyan (408) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials","docAbstract":"<p>This map shows the spatial distribution of selected carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials derived from analysis of airborne HyMap™ imaging spectrometer (hyperspectral) data of Afghanistan collected in late 2007. 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Minerals occurring abundantly at the surface and those having unique spectral features were easily detected and discriminated, while minerals having slightly different compositions but similar spectral features were less easily discriminated; thus, some map classes consist of several minerals having similar spectra, such as “Epidote or chlorite.” A designation of “Not classified” was assigned to the pixel when there was no match with reference spectra.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131203A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Defense Task Force for Business and Stability Operations","usgsCitation":"Kokaly, R.F., King, T., Hoefen, T.M., Livo, K.E., Johnson, M., and Giles, S.A., 2013, Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangles 3360 and 3460, Kawir-e Naizar (413), Kohe-Mahmudo-Esmailjan (414), Kol-e Namaksar (407), and Ghoriyan (408) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1203, 30.00 x 41.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131203A.","productDescription":"30.00 x 41.00 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-050473","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282298,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131203a.jpg"},{"id":283581,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1203/A/pdf/ofr2013-1203a.pdf"},{"id":283580,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1203/A/"}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","datum":"WGS 1984 Datum","country":"Afghanistan","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd61dce4b0b290850fdcbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kokaly, Raymond F. 0000-0003-0276-7101 raymond@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0276-7101","contributorId":150717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kokaly","given":"Raymond","email":"raymond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":486691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, Trude","contributorId":29831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Trude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoefen, Todd M. 0000-0002-3083-5987 thoefen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-5987","contributorId":403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoefen","given":"Todd","email":"thoefen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Livo, Keith E. 0000-0001-7331-8130 elivo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-8130","contributorId":1750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Livo","given":"Keith","email":"elivo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, Michaela R. 0000-0001-6133-0247 mrjohns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6133-0247","contributorId":1013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Michaela R.","email":"mrjohns@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Giles, Stuart A. 0000-0002-8696-5078 sgiles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8696-5078","contributorId":1233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giles","given":"Stuart","email":"sgiles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70057428,"text":"ofr20131202A - 2013 - Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangle 3562, Khawja-Jir (403) and Murghab (404) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-10T10:08:08","indexId":"ofr20131202A","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-10T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1202","chapter":"A","title":"Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangle 3562, Khawja-Jir (403) and Murghab (404) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials","docAbstract":"<p>This map shows the spatial distribution of selected carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials derived from analysis of airborne HyMap™ imaging spectrometer (hyperspectral) data of Afghanistan collected in late 2007. The map is one in a series of U.S. Geological Survey/Afghanistan Geological Survey quadrangle maps covering Afghanistan.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Flown at an altitude of 50,000 feet (15,240 meters (m)), the HyMap™ imaging spectrometer measured reflected sunlight in 128 channels, covering wavelengths between 0.4 and 2.5 μm. The data were georeferenced, atmospherically corrected and converted to apparent surface reflectance, empirically adjusted using ground-based reflectance measurements, and combined into a mosaic with 23-m pixel spacing. Variations in water vapor and dust content of the atmosphere, in solar angle, and in surface elevation complicated correction; therefore, some classification differences may be present between adjacent flight lines.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The reflectance spectrum of each pixel of HyMap™ imaging spectrometer data was compared to the reference materials in a spectral library of minerals, vegetation, water, and other materials. Minerals occurring abundantly at the surface and those having unique spectral features were easily detected and discriminated, while minerals having slightly different compositions but similar spectral features were less easily discriminated; thus, some map classes consist of several minerals having similar spectra, such as “Epidote or chlorite.” A designation of “Not classified” was assigned to the pixel when there was no match with reference spectra.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131202A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Defense Task Force for Business and Stability Operations","usgsCitation":"Kokaly, R., King, T., Hoefen, T.M., Livo, K.E., Johnson, M., and Giles, S.A., 2013, Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangle 3562, Khawja-Jir (403) and Murghab (404) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1202, 37 x 23 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131202A.","productDescription":"37 x 23 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-050471","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282355,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131202A.jpg"},{"id":283576,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1202/A/"},{"id":283577,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1202/A/pdf/ofr2013-1202a.pdf"}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","datum":"WGS 1984","country":"Afghanistan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 62.0,35.0 ], [ 62.0,36.0 ], [ 64.0,36.0 ], [ 64.0,35.0 ], [ 62.0,35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd61dae4b0b290850fdc9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kokaly, Raymond F. 0000-0003-0276-7101","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0276-7101","contributorId":81442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kokaly","given":"Raymond F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, Trude","contributorId":29831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Trude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoefen, Todd M. 0000-0002-3083-5987 thoefen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-5987","contributorId":403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoefen","given":"Todd","email":"thoefen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Livo, Keith E. 0000-0001-7331-8130 elivo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-8130","contributorId":1750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Livo","given":"Keith","email":"elivo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, Michaela R. 0000-0001-6133-0247 mrjohns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6133-0247","contributorId":1013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Michaela R.","email":"mrjohns@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Giles, Stuart A. 0000-0002-8696-5078 sgiles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8696-5078","contributorId":1233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giles","given":"Stuart","email":"sgiles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70056193,"text":"ofr20131201B - 2013 - Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangle 3568, Pul-e Khumri (503) and Charikar (504) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing iron-bearing minerals and other materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-10T10:06:41","indexId":"ofr20131201B","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-10T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1201","chapter":"B","title":"Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangle 3568, Pul-e Khumri (503) and Charikar (504) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing iron-bearing minerals and other materials","docAbstract":"<p>This map shows the spatial distribution of selected iron-bearing minerals and other materials derived from analysis of airborne HyMap™ imaging spectrometer (hyperspectral) data of Afghanistan collected in late 2007. 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,{"id":70056181,"text":"ofr20131195A - 2013 - Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangle 3266, Uruzgan (519) and Moqur (520) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-10T09:47:53","indexId":"ofr20131195A","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-10T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1195","chapter":"A","title":"Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangle 3266, Uruzgan (519) and Moqur (520) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials","docAbstract":"<p>This map shows the spatial distribution of selected carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials derived from analysis of airborne HyMap™ imaging spectrometer (hyperspectral) data of Afghanistan collected in late 2007. 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,{"id":70056178,"text":"ofr20131192A - 2013 - Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangles 3664 and 3764, Char Shengo (123), Shibirghan (124), Jalajin (117), and Kham-Ab (118) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-10T09:42:51","indexId":"ofr20131192A","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-10T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1192","chapter":"A","title":"Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangles 3664 and 3764, Char Shengo (123), Shibirghan (124), Jalajin (117), and Kham-Ab (118) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials","docAbstract":"<p>This map shows the spatial distribution of selected carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials derived from analysis of airborne HyMap™ imaging spectrometer (hyperspectral) data of Afghanistan collected in late 2007. 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Minerals occurring abundantly at the surface and those having unique spectral features were easily detected and discriminated, while minerals having slightly different compositions but similar spectral features were less easily discriminated; thus, some map classes consist of several minerals having similar spectra, such as “Epidote or chlorite.” A designation of “Not classified” was assigned to the pixel when there was no match with reference spectra.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131192A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Defense Task Force for Business and Stability Operations","usgsCitation":"Kokaly, R., King, T., Hoefen, T.M., Livo, K.E., Johnson, M., and Giles, S.A., 2013, Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangles 3664 and 3764, Char Shengo (123), Shibirghan (124), Jalajin (117), and Kham-Ab (118) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1192, 37 x 36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131192A.","productDescription":"37 x 36 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-050281","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282261,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131192A.jpg"},{"id":283510,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1192/A/"},{"id":283511,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1192/A/pdf/ofr2013-1192a.pdf"}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","datum":"World Geodetic System 1984","country":"Afghanistan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 64.0,36.0 ], [ 64.0,37.75 ], [ 66.0,37.75 ], [ 66.0,36.0 ], [ 64.0,36.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd61dce4b0b290850fdcc2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kokaly, Raymond F. 0000-0003-0276-7101","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0276-7101","contributorId":81442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kokaly","given":"Raymond F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, Trude","contributorId":29831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Trude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoefen, Todd M. 0000-0002-3083-5987 thoefen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-5987","contributorId":403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoefen","given":"Todd","email":"thoefen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Livo, Keith E. 0000-0001-7331-8130 elivo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-8130","contributorId":1750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Livo","given":"Keith","email":"elivo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, Michaela R. 0000-0001-6133-0247 mrjohns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6133-0247","contributorId":1013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Michaela R.","email":"mrjohns@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Giles, Stuart A. 0000-0002-8696-5078 sgiles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8696-5078","contributorId":1233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giles","given":"Stuart","email":"sgiles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70056176,"text":"ofr20131194A - 2013 - Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangle 3162, Chakhansur (603) and Kotalak (604) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-10T09:46:23","indexId":"ofr20131194A","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-10T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1194","chapter":"A","title":"Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangle 3162, Chakhansur (603) and Kotalak (604) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials","docAbstract":"<p>This map shows the spatial distribution of selected carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials derived from analysis of airborne HyMap™ imaging spectrometer (hyperspectral) data of Afghanistan collected in late 2007. 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,{"id":70056170,"text":"ofr20131195B - 2013 - Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangle 3266, Uruzgan (519) and Moqur (520) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing iron-bearing minerals and other materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-10T09:49:37","indexId":"ofr20131195B","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-10T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1195","chapter":"B","title":"Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangle 3266, Uruzgan (519) and Moqur (520) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing iron-bearing minerals and other materials","docAbstract":"<p>This map shows the spatial distribution of selected iron-bearing minerals and other materials derived from analysis of airborne HyMap™ imaging spectrometer (hyperspectral) data of Afghanistan collected in late 2007. This map is one in a series of U.S. Geological Survey/Afghanistan Geological Survey quadrangle maps covering Afghanistan.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Flown at an altitude of 50,000 feet (15,240 meters (m)), the HyMap™ imaging spectrometer measured reflected sunlight in 128 channels, covering wavelengths between 0.4 and 2.5 μm. The data were georeferenced, atmospherically corrected and converted to apparent surface reflectance, empirically adjusted using ground-based reflectance measurements, and combined into a mosaic with 23-m pixel spacing. Variations in water vapor and dust content of the atmosphere, in solar angle, and in surface elevation complicated correction; therefore, some classification differences may be present between adjacent flight lines.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The reflectance spectrum of each pixel of HyMap™ imaging spectrometer data was compared to the reference materials in a spectral library of minerals, vegetation, water, and other materials. Minerals occurring abundantly at the surface and those having unique spectral features were easily detected and discriminated, while minerals having slightly different compositions but similar spectral features were less easily discriminated; thus, some map classes consist of several minerals having similar spectra, such as “Goethite and jarosite.” A designation of “Not classified” was assigned to the pixel when there was no match with reference spectra.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131195B","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Defense Task Force for Business and Stability Operations","usgsCitation":"King, T., Hoefen, T.M., Kokaly, R., Livo, K.E., Giles, S.A., and Johnson, M., 2013, Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangle 3266, Uruzgan (519) and Moqur (520) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing iron-bearing minerals and other materials: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1195, Report: 38.0 x 23.0 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131195B.","productDescription":"Report: 38.0 x 23.0 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-050452","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282313,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131195B.jpg"},{"id":283531,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1195/B/"},{"id":283532,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1195/B/pdf/ofr2013-1195b.pdf"}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator, Zone 42","datum":"World Geodetic System 1984","country":"Afghanistan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 66.0,32.0 ], [ 66.0,33.0 ], [ 68.0,33.0 ], [ 68.0,32.0 ], [ 66.0,32.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd61d9e4b0b290850fdc74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Trude","contributorId":29831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Trude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoefen, Todd M. 0000-0002-3083-5987 thoefen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-5987","contributorId":403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoefen","given":"Todd","email":"thoefen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kokaly, Raymond F. 0000-0003-0276-7101","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0276-7101","contributorId":81442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kokaly","given":"Raymond F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Livo, Keith E. 0000-0001-7331-8130 elivo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-8130","contributorId":1750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Livo","given":"Keith","email":"elivo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Giles, Stuart A. 0000-0002-8696-5078 sgiles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8696-5078","contributorId":1233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giles","given":"Stuart","email":"sgiles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, Michaela R. 0000-0001-6133-0247 mrjohns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6133-0247","contributorId":1013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Michaela R.","email":"mrjohns@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70056169,"text":"ofr20131193A - 2013 - Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangle 3166, Jaldak (701) and Maruf-Nawa (702) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-10T09:44:28","indexId":"ofr20131193A","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-10T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1193","chapter":"A","title":"Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangle 3166, Jaldak (701) and Maruf-Nawa (702) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials","docAbstract":"<p>This map shows the spatial distribution of selected carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials derived from analysis of airborne HyMap™ imaging spectrometer (hyperspectral) data of Afghanistan collected in late 2007. The map is one in a series of U.S. Geological Survey/Afghanistan Geological Survey quadrangle maps covering Afghanistan.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Flown at an altitude of 50,000 feet (15,240 meters (m)), the HyMap™ imaging spectrometer measured reflected sunlight in 128 channels, covering wavelengths between 0.4 and 2.5 μm. The data were georeferenced, atmospherically corrected and converted to apparent surface reflectance, empirically adjusted using ground-based reflectance measurements, and combined into a mosaic with 23-m pixel spacing. Variations in water vapor and dust content of the atmosphere, in solar angle, and in surface elevation complicated correction; therefore, some classification differences may be present between adjacent flight lines.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The reflectance spectrum of each pixel of HyMap™ imaging spectrometer data was compared to the reference materials in a spectral library of minerals, vegetation, water, and other materials. Minerals occurring abundantly at the surface and those having unique spectral features were easily detected and discriminated, while minerals having slightly different compositions but similar spectral features were less easily discriminated; thus, some map classes consist of several minerals having similar spectra, such as “Epidote or chlorite.” A designation of “Not classified” was assigned to the pixel when there was no match with reference spectra.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131193A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Defense Task Force for Business and Stability Operations","usgsCitation":"Kokaly, R., King, T., Hoefen, T.M., Livo, K.E., Giles, S.A., and Johnson, M., 2013, Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangle 3166, Jaldak (701) and Maruf-Nawa (702) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1193, 38 x 23 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131193A.","productDescription":"38 x 23 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-050283","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":283516,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1193/A/"},{"id":283517,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1193/A/pdf/ofr2013-1193a.pdf"},{"id":282275,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131193A.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","datum":"World Geodetic System 1984","country":"Afghanistan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 66.0,31.0 ], [ 66.0,32.0 ], [ 68.0,32.0 ], [ 68.0,31.0 ], [ 66.0,31.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd61d7e4b0b290850fdc62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kokaly, Raymond F. 0000-0003-0276-7101","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0276-7101","contributorId":81442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kokaly","given":"Raymond F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, Trude","contributorId":29831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Trude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoefen, Todd M. 0000-0002-3083-5987 thoefen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-5987","contributorId":403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoefen","given":"Todd","email":"thoefen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Livo, Keith E. 0000-0001-7331-8130 elivo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-8130","contributorId":1750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Livo","given":"Keith","email":"elivo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Giles, Stuart A. 0000-0002-8696-5078 sgiles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8696-5078","contributorId":1233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giles","given":"Stuart","email":"sgiles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, Michaela R. 0000-0001-6133-0247 mrjohns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6133-0247","contributorId":1013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Michaela R.","email":"mrjohns@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70057051,"text":"sir20135196 - 2013 - Persistent organic pollutants in wetlands of the Mekong Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-27T09:49:34","indexId":"sir20135196","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-27T09:33:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5196","title":"Persistent organic pollutants in wetlands of the Mekong Basin","docAbstract":"In this study, the presence and concentration of persistent organic pollutants (POP) were assessed in surface sediments collected from a wide variety of wetlands located throughout the Mekong Basin in Myanmar, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR), Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Of the 39 POPs tested in 531 sediment samples, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites endosulfan, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and endrin were most commonly detected. Even though DDT was banned in the 1990s, some use of DDT may still be occurring in the Mekong Basin. The amount of metabolites for DDT—dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD)—found, however, suggests that use of DDT is on the decline throughout the region. HCB and endrin were found distributed broadly throughout the Mekong Basin but not in high amounts. The concentration and distribution of endosulfan and its metabolites represent a serious problem requiring further study and management action. While the total loading of POPs in wetland sediments of the Mekong Basin was generally low, hotspot sites occurred where concentrations exceeded established ecological risk thresholds. For example, wetlands of the open, dry dipterocarp forest of northern Cambodia and Vietnam as well as wetlands in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam contained high concentrations of some POPs. High concentrations of POPs were detected in some wetlands important for biodiversity conservation. Hotspots identified in wetlands such as the Tonle Sap not only had concentrations of DDT and DDE that exceeded Canadian and U.S. benchmarks, but fauna sampled in the area also showed high degrees of bioaccumulation of the same substances. Further and more extensive attention to monitoring POP presence in water birds, fish, and other aquatic organisms is warranted because of the bioaccumulation of these chemicals at higher levels in the food chain. This study represents a collaboration of eight universities from five countries in the Mekong Region (Myanmar, Lao PDR, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam) and four universities and research institutions from the United States. Funding for the study came from the Lower Mekong Initiative, U.S. Department of State.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135196","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University Network for Wetland Research and Training in the Mekong Region and the International Crane Foundation","usgsCitation":"Triet, T., Barzen, J.A., Choowaew, S., Engels, J.M., Ni, D.V., Mai, N.A., Inkhavilay, K., Soben, K., Sethik, R., Gomotean, B., Thuyen, L.X., Kyi, A., Du, N.H., Nordheim, R., Lam, H.T., Moore, D.M., and Wilson, S., 2013, Persistent organic pollutants in wetlands of the Mekong Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5196, xiii, 108 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135196.","productDescription":"xiii, 108 p.","numberOfPages":"121","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-042127","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282879,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135196.jpg"},{"id":282878,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5196/"}],"country":"Cambodia;Thailand;Vietnam","otherGeospatial":"Mekong Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 95.0,10.0 ], [ 95.0,20.0 ], [ 110.0,20.0 ], [ 110.0,10.0 ], [ 95.0,10.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6ae7e4b0b290851038c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Triet, Tran","contributorId":32824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triet","given":"Tran","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barzen, Jeb Anthony","contributorId":24278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barzen","given":"Jeb","email":"","middleInitial":"Anthony","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Choowaew, Sansanee","contributorId":30546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choowaew","given":"Sansanee","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Engels, Jon Michael","contributorId":104813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engels","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ni, Duong Van","contributorId":27358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ni","given":"Duong","email":"","middleInitial":"Van","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mai, Nguyen Anh","contributorId":56155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mai","given":"Nguyen","email":"","middleInitial":"Anh","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Inkhavilay, Khamla","contributorId":80190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Inkhavilay","given":"Khamla","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Soben, Kim","contributorId":6374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soben","given":"Kim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sethik, Rath","contributorId":17914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sethik","given":"Rath","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Gomotean, Bhuvadol","contributorId":104401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomotean","given":"Bhuvadol","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Thuyen, Le Xuan","contributorId":29737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thuyen","given":"Le","email":"","middleInitial":"Xuan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Kyi, Aung","contributorId":100743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kyi","given":"Aung","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Du, Nguyen Huy","contributorId":76650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Du","given":"Nguyen","email":"","middleInitial":"Huy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Nordheim, Richard","contributorId":81016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordheim","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Lam, Ho Tung","contributorId":22684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lam","given":"Ho","email":"","middleInitial":"Tung","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Moore, Dorn M.","contributorId":42876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Dorn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Wilson, Scott 0000-0001-8055-8618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8055-8618","contributorId":93103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Scott","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":486633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17}]}}
,{"id":70059197,"text":"sir20135175 - 2013 - Characterization of stormwater at selected South Carolina Department of Transportation maintenance yard and section shed facilities in Ballentine, Conway, and North Charleston, South Carolina, 2010-2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-17T20:54:29","indexId":"sir20135175","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-26T07:44:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5175","title":"Characterization of stormwater at selected South Carolina Department of Transportation maintenance yard and section shed facilities in Ballentine, Conway, and North Charleston, South Carolina, 2010-2012","docAbstract":"<p>The South Carolina Department of Transportation operates section shed and maintenance yard facilities throughout the State. The U.S. Geological Survey conducted a cooperative investigation with the South Carolina Department of Transportation to characterize water-quality constituents that are transported in stormwater from representative maintenance yard and section shed facilities in South Carolina. At a section shed in Ballentine, S.C., stormwater discharges to a retention pond outfall (Ballentine). At the Conway maintenance yard, stormwater in the southernmost section discharges to a pipe outfall (Conway1), and stormwater in the remaining area discharges to a grass-lined ditch (Conway2). At the North Charleston maintenance yard, stormwater discharges from the yard to Turkey Creek through a combination of pipes, ditches, and overland flow; therefore, samples were collected from the main channel of Turkey Creek at the upstream (North Charleston1) and downstream (North Charleston2) limits of the North Charleston maintenance yard facility.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The storms sampled during this study had a wide range of rainfall amounts, durations, and intensities at each of the facilities and, therefore, were considered to be reasonably representative of the potential for contaminant transport. At all facilities, stormwater discharge was significantly correlated to rainfall amount and intensity. Event-mean unit-area stormwater discharge increased with increasing impervious surface at the Conway and North Charleston maintenance yards. The Ballentine facility with 79 percent impervious surface had a mean unit-area discharge similar to that of the North Charleston maintenance yard (62 percent impervious surface). That similarity may be attributed, in part, to the effects of the retention pond on the stormwater runoff at the Ballentine facility and to the greater rainfall intensities and amounts at the North Charleston facility.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Stormwater samples from the facilities were analyzed for multiple constituents and characteristics. Concentrations of sediment and concentrations of nutrients and fecal indicator bacteria, which are commonly transported with the sediment in stormwater, were measured. Total and dissolved concentrations of six trace metals were determined in the samples. Stormwater samples also were analyzed for organic compounds including 10 herbicides, 18 organochlorine pesticides, 7 Aroclor or polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, 44 volatile organic compounds, and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Stormwater often transports large quantities of sediment and sediment-bound contaminants, including nutrients and fecal indicator bacteria. Median event-mean concentrations of suspended sediment in stormwater at these facilities ranged from 54 milligrams per liter in Turkey Creek at North Charleston2 to 147 milligrams per liter in stormwater discharging from the Ballentine retention pond outfall. In general, event-mean concentrations of total nitrogen consisted mainly of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (organic nitrogen plus ammonia) rather than nitrate plus nitrite in stormwater, and the median event-mean concentrations of total nitrogen ranged from 1.59 milligrams per liter at the Conway1 pipe outfall to 2.00 milligrams per liter at the Ballentine retention pond outfall. Median event-mean concentrations of total phosphorus in stormwater ranged from 0.15 milligram per liter at the Conway1 outfall to 0.42 milligram per liter in Turkey Creek at North Charleston1.</p>\n<br/>\n<p><i>Escherichia coli</i> and enterococcus concentrations often varied by 3 to 4 orders of magnitude in grab samples collected during the “first flush” of stormwater discharging to the sampled outfalls of Turkey Creek. Additionally, enterococcus concentrations consistently were greater than the corresponding <i>Escherichia coli</i> concentrations in stormwater. Specifically, median \"first-flush\" <i>Escherichia coli</i> concentrations ranged from 30 colonies per 100 milliliters at the Conway1 outfall to 4,359 colonies per 100 milliliters in Turkey Creek at North Charleston2, whereas enterococcus concentrations ranged from 512 colonies per 100 milliliters at the Conway1 outfall to 6,329 colonies per 100 milliliters in Turkey Creek at North Charleston2. In comparison to the proposed South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control primary and secondary body contact criterion of 349 colonies per 100 milliliter, stormwater had Escherichia coli concentrations that were greater than the criterion in 4 of the 9 storms at Ballentine retention pond outfall, 1 of the 8 storms at the Conway1 pipe outfall, 5 of the 7 storms at the Conway2 grass-lined ditch outfall, 2 of the 8 storms at North Charleston1 on Turkey Creek, and 8 of the 8 storms at North Charleston2 on Turkey Creek.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Of the six trace metals measured in stormwater, only copper and zinc had event-mean concentrations greater than the hardness-dependent South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control aquatic life criteria maximum concentrations. Measured dissolved copper event-mean concentrations in stormwater were greater than the criterion in 5 of the samples at the Ballentine facility, 1 of the samples at Conway1, 2 of the samples at Conway2, and 1 of the samples at North Charleston2. Measured dissolved zinc event-mean concentrations in stormwater were greater than the criterion in 3 of the samples at the Ballentine facility, 1 of the samples at Conway1, 2 of the samples at Conway2, and 0 of the samples at North Charleston2. At North Charleston1 upstream from the North Charleston maintenance yard, the measured dissolved trace-metal concentrations were all less than the criterion maximum concentrations.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Among the three facilities, Conway1 outfall had the greatest range in event-mean yields in stormwater for total phosphorus, total nitrogen, total suspended solids, and suspended sediment, and both Conway outfalls tended to have median event-mean yields greater than those of the Ballentine and North Charleston yard facilities. \"First-flush” yields of<i> Escherichia coli</i> in stormwater were not statistically different among the three facilities.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Median event-mean yields of suspended sediment, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total copper, and total zinc in stormwater demonstrated a strong linear relation to impervious surface at the three facilities. However, median \"first-flush\" fecal indicator bacterial yields did not have a linear relation to impervious surface.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135175","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the South Carolina Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Journey, C.A., and Conlon, K.J., 2013, Characterization of stormwater at selected South Carolina Department of Transportation maintenance yard and section shed facilities in Ballentine, Conway, and North Charleston, South Carolina, 2010-2012: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5175, Report: xi, 82 p.; 7 Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135175.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 82 p.; 7 Appendices","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-051470","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282802,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135175.jpg"},{"id":282799,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5175/pdf/sir2013-5175.pdf"},{"id":282801,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5175/appendixes"},{"id":282800,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5175/"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Ballentine, Conway, North Charleston","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -83.0,31.0 ], [ -83.0,35.0 ], [ -79.0,35.0 ], [ -79.0,31.0 ], [ -83.0,31.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd50bce4b0b290850f383a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Journey, Celeste A. 0000-0002-2284-5851 cjourney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2284-5851","contributorId":2617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Journey","given":"Celeste","email":"cjourney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":487518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conlon, Kevin J. 0000-0003-0798-368X kjconlon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0798-368X","contributorId":2561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conlon","given":"Kevin","email":"kjconlon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":487517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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