Large quantities of water are needed in the beneficiation and pelletizing processes by which the ore mined from low-grade iron-formations is upgraded into an excellent raw material for the iron and steel industry. Extensive reserves of low-grade iron-formation available for development herald an intensification of the demands upon the area's water supplies. This study was designed to provide water facts for public and private agencies in planning orderly development and in guiding the management of the water resources to meet existing and new requirements.
Inland lakes and streams are the best potential sources of water for immediate development. The natural flow available for 90 percent of the time in the Middle and East Branches of the Escanaba River, the Carp River, and the Michigamme River is about 190 cubic feet per second. Potential storage sites are identified, and their complete development could increase the available supply from the above streams to about 450 cubic feet per second.
Outwash deposits are the best potential sources of ground water. Large supplies could be developed from extensive outwash deposits in the eastern part of the area adjacent to Goose Lake Outlet and the East Branch Escanaba River. Other areas of outwash occur in the vicinity of Humboldt, West Branch Creek, and along the stream valleys. Streamflow data were used to make rough approximations of the ground-water potential in some areas. In general, however, the available data were not sufficient to permit quantitative evaluation of the potential ground-water supplies.
Chemical quality of the surface and ground waters of the area is generally acceptable for most uses. Suspended sediment in the form of mineral tailings in effluents from ore-processing plants is a potential problem. Existing plants use settling basins to effectively remove most of the suspended material. Available records indicate that suspended-sediment concentrations and loads in the receiving waters have not been significantly increased by these operations.
Present water use is about 60 cubic feet per second in the area. Thus, available water supplies are believed to be adequate for existing and foreseeable new uses. Water management, rather than water availability, is of prime consideration in this area. Time distribution of available water supplies, distribution of water to points of use, effect of surface-water development upon ground water and vice versa, and possible conflicts with competing uses are some of the management problems that are discussed. The presence of many inland lakes, favorable storage sites on streams, and several promising acquifers provide flexibility in possible water-management operations. A discussion of the interrelationships between surface and ground water and a ground-water budget are presented to render a better understanding of the hydrologic system with which water management will be concerned.
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,{"id":52624,"text":"ofr67194 - 1967 - Water resources of lower Sycamore Creek, Maricopa County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:36","indexId":"ofr67194","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"67-194","title":"Water resources of lower Sycamore Creek, Maricopa County, Arizona","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr67194","usgsCitation":"Schumann, H.H., 1967, Water resources of lower Sycamore Creek, Maricopa County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 67-194, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr67194.","productDescription":"54 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177537,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f0681","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schumann, H. H.","contributorId":94321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumann","given":"H.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":52620,"text":"ofr67190 - 1967 - Hydrologic and chemical data for wells, springs, and streams in Nevada, TPS. 1-21 N., and Rs. 41-57 E","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-05T13:43:07.402847","indexId":"ofr67190","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"67-190","title":"Hydrologic and chemical data for wells, springs, and streams in Nevada, TPS. 1-21 N., and Rs. 41-57 E","docAbstract":"Studies of published and unpublished geologic, hydrologic, and chemical-quality data for ground and surface water in central Nevada, Tps. 1 to 21 N. and Rs. 41 to 57 E., Mount Diablo base and meridian, reveal the following information: Rocks exposed in central Nevada are of sedimentary and igneous origin and range in age from Cambrian to Recent. Rocks of Paleozoic age generally are carbonate or clastic, and rocks of Mesozoic age generally are clastic and granitic. Rocks of Tertiary age principally are volcanic, and the valley fill of Quaternary age is alluvial-fan and lake deposits. The rocks are folded, faulted, and highly fractured. Precipitation is closely related to altitude. In general, as the altitude increases the precipitation increases. Most of the streamflow in the valleys originates as snow in the nearby mountains. The streams generally flow only in response to snowmelt and to flash-flood-producing storms. Important chemical quality characteristics of the ground and surface water in central Nevada are hardness, expressed as CaCO3, generally in excess of 120 ppm, and a dissolved-solids content of less than 500 ppm. The principal chemical types of both ground and surface waters are sodium and calcium bicarbonates. The major uses of ground water in central Nevada are for irrigation and stock. Frequency of use of wells in decreasing order is: irrigation, stock, domestic, industrial, municipal, and observation. Of the 606 wells tabulated, 29 have multiple uses. Frequency of use of spring water in decreasing order is: stock, irrigation, domestic, and public facilities. Of the 135 springs tabulated, 5 have multiple uses.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr67190","usgsCitation":"Robinson, B., Thordarson, W., and Beetam, W.A., 1967, Hydrologic and chemical data for wells, springs, and streams in Nevada, TPS. 1-21 N., and Rs. 41-57 E: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 67-190, Report: i, 61 p.; 1 Plate: 30.69 × 39.57 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr67190.","productDescription":"Report: i, 61 p.; 1 Plate: 30.69 × 39.57 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177439,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0190/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86990,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0190/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86991,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0190/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.0810546875,\n 38.03078569382294\n ],\n [\n -115.00488281250001,\n 38.03078569382294\n ],\n [\n -115.00488281250001,\n 40.413496049701955\n ],\n [\n -118.0810546875,\n 40.413496049701955\n ],\n [\n -118.0810546875,\n 38.03078569382294\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6118bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, B.P.","contributorId":7685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"B.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thordarson, William","contributorId":23539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thordarson","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beetam, W. A.","contributorId":64327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beetam","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":3159,"text":"wsp1839B - 1967 - Water resources of Pulaski and Saline Counties, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:34","indexId":"wsp1839B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1839","chapter":"B","title":"Water resources of Pulaski and Saline Counties, Arkansas","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wsp1839B","usgsCitation":"Plebuch, R.O., and Hines, M.S., 1967, Water resources of Pulaski and Saline Counties, Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1839, 25 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1839B.","productDescription":"25 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138931,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1839b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30108,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1839b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30109,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1839b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629a09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plebuch, Raymond O.","contributorId":15177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plebuch","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hines, Marion S.","contributorId":29388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"Marion","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3607,"text":"cir536 - 1967 - Are we running out of water?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-27T17:54:58","indexId":"cir536","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"536","title":"Are we running out of water?","docAbstract":"Water supplies are not running out, but time is getting short to stem waste of water and destructive exploitation of the environment before harm is done that may be irreparable. Most of the world's water is oceanic brine. Of the waters on the land, most is frozen in Antarctica and Greenland. Only a small part of continental water is available for use and management. The discharge of rivers to the sea is a close measure of the availability of liquid water, but ground-water reservoirs have important functions as inexpensive equalizers of water supply. Soil moisture is a major factor in the water economy, and its function usually is overlooked in assessments of water use and future water demand. Despite outcries of water shortage, the principal use of water in advanced countries is as a medium for waste disposal. In reality, despite regional maldistribution of water, United States supplies are adequate, given rational management. Also, contrary to common belief, water pollution is primarily a problem of economics, not of health. A paramount problem in most parts of the world is the shortage of water development and management facilities, not a shortage of water. The International Hydrological Decade is a program to awaken people everywhere to the crucial importance of water in man's future and to promote rational approach to water problems.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir536","usgsCitation":"Nace, R.L., 1967, Are we running out of water?: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 536, 7 p. :ill. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir536.","productDescription":"7 p. :ill. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1967/0536/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30642,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1967/0536/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abee4b07f02db674d4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nace, Raymond L.","contributorId":93460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nace","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12879,"text":"ofr6735 - 1967 - Geologic reconnaissance of possible powersites at Spur Mountain, Tyee, and Eagle lakes, southeastern Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":12879,"text":"ofr6735 - 1967 - Geologic reconnaissance of possible powersites at Spur Mountain, Tyee, and Eagle lakes, southeastern Alaska","indexId":"ofr6735","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic reconnaissance of possible powersites at Spur Mountain, Tyee, and Eagle lakes, southeastern Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":33906,"text":"b1211B - 1969 - Geologic reconnaissance of possible powersites at Tyee, Eagle, and Spur Mountain Lakes, southeastern Alaska","indexId":"b1211B","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Geologic reconnaissance of possible powersites at Tyee, Eagle, and Spur Mountain Lakes, southeastern Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":33906,"text":"b1211B - 1969 - Geologic reconnaissance of possible powersites at Tyee, Eagle, and Spur Mountain Lakes, southeastern Alaska","indexId":"b1211B","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic reconnaissance of possible powersites at Tyee, Eagle, and Spur Mountain Lakes, southeastern Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-28T17:47:53.763213","indexId":"ofr6735","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"67-35","title":"Geologic reconnaissance of possible powersites at Spur Mountain, Tyee, and Eagle lakes, southeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"Spur Mountain, Tyee, and Eagle Lakes fill glacially scoured bedrock basins in the Coast Range of southeastern Alaska. The bedrock consists of granitic intrusive rocks and high rank metamorphic rocks associated with or resulting from emplacement of the Coast Range batholith.
Spur Mountain damsite is underlain by granodiorite and diorite. The foundation properties of the bedrock are excellent, but the narrowness of the ridge that forms the right abutment and two prominent joint sets that intersect the abutments at high angles may be serious disadvantages. Two possible tunnel routes extend from the upper and lower ends of the lake to the Hulakon River and Unuk River valleys, respectively. They are approximately the same length and both are underlain by intrusive rocks with similar physical properties. Both routes are geologically satisfactory and the choice of one, will probably depend on other factors. The reservoir is underlain and surrounded by impermeable granodiorite, diorite, or related rocks.
The abutments of the Tyee Lake damsite are in massive quartz diorite. The channel section is filled to an undetermined depth with coarse talus which is probably too permeable to grout. If the talus deposit is too deep to be removed economically, it might be possible to develop the site by drawing the lake down. The tunnel and penstock route is underlain by granodiorite, composite gneiss, hornblendite, and quartz diorite which are impermeable except possibly along two zones of close-spaced or open joints. The powerhouse site on Bradfield Canal is underlain by quartz diorite similar to the bedrock at damsite.
The Eagle Lake powersite includes two possible damsites. The Eagle Lake damsize at the outlet of Eagle Lake is underlain by composite gneiss consisting of foliated biotite gneiss interlayered with banded quartz diorite, which is largely concealed with thin deposits of soil and colluvium. The foliation strikes normal to the alignment of the dam, and minor leakage along foliation planes might be expected. The possibility of a deep buried channel or solution cavities in marble underlying the stream bed should be considered. The other damsite is located at the outlet of Little Eagle Lake about 2 1/2 miles below the Eagle Lake damsite. The drainage area and storage capacity above the Little Eagle Lake site would be about 70 percent greater than for the Eagle Lake damsite, but the dam would have to be three to four times larger than the one at Eagle Lake to reach the same water level. This dam may be economically feasible due to large volumes of impervious fill material available for construction of an earthfill dam near Little Eagle Lake. Four saddles, which are probably abandoned stream channels, are in a low divide at the head of Eagle Lake. The depth and permeability of fill in the saddles are unknown factors which should be investigated. The tunnel route extends from the headward part of Eagle River to the head of Bell Arm and is underlain by poorly foliated gneissic quart diorite.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr6735","usgsCitation":"Callahan, J.E., and Wanek, A.A., 1967, Geologic reconnaissance of possible powersites at Spur Mountain, Tyee, and Eagle lakes, southeastern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 67-35, Report: 80 p.; 10 Plates: 18.07 x 27.52 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6735.","productDescription":"Report: 80 p.; 10 Plates: 18.07 x 27.52 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":428296,"rank":12,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0035/figure-1.pdf","text":"Figure 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428289,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0035/figure-7.pdf","text":"Figure 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428287,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0035/figure-9.pdf","text":"Figure 9","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":147065,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0035/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":428286,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0035/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428288,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0035/figure-8.pdf","text":"Figure 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428290,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0035/figure-6.pdf","text":"Figure 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428291,"rank":7,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0035/figure-5.pdf","text":"Figure 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428292,"rank":8,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0035/figure-4.pdf","text":"Figure 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428293,"rank":9,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0035/figure-3.pdf","text":"Figure 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428294,"rank":10,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0035/figure-2.pdf","text":"Figure 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428295,"rank":11,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0035/figure-10.pdf","text":"Figure 10","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Eagle Lake, Spur Mountain Lake, Tyee Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -132.34743902675507,\n 56.419416363887734\n ],\n [\n -132.34743902675507,\n 55.43574345350419\n ],\n [\n -130.62859519915568,\n 55.43574345350419\n ],\n [\n -130.62859519915568,\n 56.419416363887734\n ],\n [\n -132.34743902675507,\n 56.419416363887734\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68839b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Callahan, James E.","contributorId":7273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Callahan","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wanek, Alexander Andrew","contributorId":27069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanek","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21185,"text":"ofr67222 - 1967 - Palynological investigations in the upper Cretaceous and Tertiary of the Mississippi embayment region - IV","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-22T20:14:37.23748","indexId":"ofr67222","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"67-222","title":"Palynological investigations in the upper Cretaceous and Tertiary of the Mississippi embayment region - IV","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr67222","usgsCitation":"Tschudy, R.H., 1967, Palynological investigations in the upper Cretaceous and Tertiary of the Mississippi embayment region - IV: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 67-222, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr67222.","productDescription":"48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":383478,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0222/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153070,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0222/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi embayment region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.0986328125,\n 29.6880527498568\n ],\n [\n -89.4287109375,\n 29.6880527498568\n ],\n [\n -89.4287109375,\n 37.50972584293751\n ],\n [\n -91.0986328125,\n 37.50972584293751\n ],\n [\n -91.0986328125,\n 29.6880527498568\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db6895d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tschudy, Robert H.","contributorId":67879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tschudy","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12948,"text":"ofr6742 - 1967 - Phosphate exploration in Colombia - a case history","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":12948,"text":"ofr6742 - 1967 - Phosphate exploration in Colombia - a case history","indexId":"ofr6742","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"title":"Phosphate exploration in Colombia - a case history"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":33960,"text":"b1272A - 1969 - Phosphate rock in Colombia - a preliminary report, with a section on the phosphate occurrence at Turmeque","indexId":"b1272A","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Phosphate rock in Colombia - a preliminary report, with a section on the phosphate occurrence at Turmeque"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":33960,"text":"b1272A - 1969 - Phosphate rock in Colombia - a preliminary report, with a section on the phosphate occurrence at Turmeque","indexId":"b1272A","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Phosphate rock in Colombia - a preliminary report, with a section on the phosphate occurrence at Turmeque"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-22T18:35:31.190577","indexId":"ofr6742","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"67-42","title":"Phosphate exploration in Colombia - a case history","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr6742","usgsCitation":"Cathcart, J.B., 1967, Phosphate exploration in Colombia - a case history: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 67-42, i, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6742.","productDescription":"i, 19 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":383437,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0042/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":147045,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0042/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Columbia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.1015625,\n -1.4061088354351594\n ],\n [\n -66.97265625,\n -1.4061088354351594\n ],\n [\n -66.97265625,\n 11.178401873711785\n ],\n [\n -79.1015625,\n 11.178401873711785\n ],\n [\n -79.1015625,\n -1.4061088354351594\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687782","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cathcart, James Bachelder","contributorId":19540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cathcart","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"Bachelder","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12877,"text":"ofr6734 - 1967 - The geology of the western limb of the Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis, West Pakistan and Kashmir","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":12877,"text":"ofr6734 - 1967 - The geology of the western limb of the Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis, West Pakistan and Kashmir","indexId":"ofr6734","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"title":"The geology of the western limb of the Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis, West Pakistan and Kashmir"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":5811,"text":"pp716C - 1975 - Geology of the southern Himalaya in Hazara, Pakistan, and adjacent areas","indexId":"pp716C","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Geology of the southern Himalaya in Hazara, Pakistan, and adjacent areas"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":5811,"text":"pp716C - 1975 - Geology of the southern Himalaya in Hazara, Pakistan, and adjacent areas","indexId":"pp716C","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the southern Himalaya in Hazara, Pakistan, and adjacent areas"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-05T01:12:54.306069","indexId":"ofr6734","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"67-34","title":"The geology of the western limb of the Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis, West Pakistan and Kashmir","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr6734","usgsCitation":"Calkins, J.A., 1967, The geology of the western limb of the Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis, West Pakistan and Kashmir: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 67-34, Report: viii, 141 p.; 1 Figure: 16.28 x 10.02 inches; 6 Plates: 25.32 x 39.39 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6734.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 141 p.; 1 Figure: 16.28 x 10.02 inches; 6 Plates: 25.32 x 39.39 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":384015,"rank":9,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0034/Figure-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":384014,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0034/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":384013,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0034/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":384012,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0034/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":384011,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0034/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":384010,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0034/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":384009,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0034/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":384008,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0034/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":146920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0034/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Pakistan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 60.5126953125,\n 24.886436490787712\n ],\n [\n 68.115234375,\n 24.886436490787712\n ],\n [\n 68.115234375,\n 31.466153715024294\n ],\n [\n 60.5126953125,\n 31.466153715024294\n ],\n [\n 60.5126953125,\n 24.886436490787712\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d5de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calkins, James Alfred","contributorId":75504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calkins","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"Alfred","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12950,"text":"ofr6743 - 1967 - Phosphate rock in Colombia - a preliminary report, with a section on the phosphate occurrence at Turmeque","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":12950,"text":"ofr6743 - 1967 - Phosphate rock in Colombia - a preliminary report, with a section on the phosphate occurrence at Turmeque","indexId":"ofr6743","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"title":"Phosphate rock in Colombia - a preliminary report, with a section on the phosphate occurrence at Turmeque"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":33960,"text":"b1272A - 1969 - Phosphate rock in Colombia - a preliminary report, with a section on the phosphate occurrence at Turmeque","indexId":"b1272A","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Phosphate rock in Colombia - a preliminary report, with a section on the phosphate occurrence at Turmeque"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":33960,"text":"b1272A - 1969 - Phosphate rock in Colombia - a preliminary report, with a section on the phosphate occurrence at Turmeque","indexId":"b1272A","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Phosphate rock in Colombia - a preliminary report, with a section on the phosphate occurrence at Turmeque"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T19:47:31.89876","indexId":"ofr6743","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"67-43","title":"Phosphate rock in Colombia - a preliminary report, with a section on the phosphate occurrence at Turmeque","docAbstract":"Exploration for phosphate rock in Colombia was successfully carried out in 3 1/2 months by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Inventorio Minero of the Servicio Geologico Nacional, under the auspices of the U.S. Agency for International Development. A modern theory of exploration based on model studies of phosphorite deposits is that phosphate is deposited in the miogeosyncline adjacent to the foreland or craton, where parts of the ocean are deep, where deposition of clastic material is at a minimum, and where upwelling currents deposit a suite of rocks characterized by chert, black shale, carbonate rock, and phosphorite. Although phosphate is found in rocks of all geologic periods, economic deposits are known only in certain of: the periods--one of these being the Late Cretaceous.
As previous work had demonstrated that phosphate is present in Colombia only in rocks of Cretaceous age, and is most abundant in rocks of Late Cretaceous age--the La Luna Formations and Guadalupe--in the Cordillera Oriental, work was accordingly confined to the Cordillera Oriental and to rocks of Late Cretaceous age. Particular emphasis was paid to facies changes in the miogeosyncline; the field investigation pointed to the area in Norte de Santander where the best phosphorite was found. Phosphate deposits were found in both the geosynclinal and the platform facies in Upper Cretaceous rocks spread through a large area of the Cordillera Oriental, from Huila in the south to Norte de Santander in the north, a distance of more than 600 kilometers.
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