{"pageNumber":"59","pageRowStart":"1450","pageSize":"25","recordCount":2263,"records":[{"id":65248,"text":"i1251G - 1986 - Mineral resource potential for copper, lead, zinc, and combined base metals in the Charlotte 1° x 2° quadrangle, North Carolina and South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-25T20:32:09.766793","indexId":"i1251G","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1251","chapter":"G","title":"Mineral resource potential for copper, lead, zinc, and combined base metals in the Charlotte 1° x 2° quadrangle, North Carolina and South Carolina","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i1251G","usgsCitation":"Gair, J., and Griffitts, W.R., 1986, Mineral resource potential for copper, lead, zinc, and combined base metals in the Charlotte 1° x 2° quadrangle, North Carolina and South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1251, 2 Plates: 44.82 × 40.50 inches and 35.60 × 44.33 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i1251G.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 44.82 × 40.50 inches and 35.60 × 44.33 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":255393,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1251g/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":255392,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1251g/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":255394,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1251g/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":255395,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1251g/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":390915,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9070.htm"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Charlotte 1° x 2° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82,35 ], [ -82,36 ], [ -80,36 ], [ -80,35 ], [ -82,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687792","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gair, J. E.","contributorId":50891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gair","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":272907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffitts, W. R.","contributorId":10428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffitts","given":"W.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":272906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":4266,"text":"cir944 - 1986 - The Conterminous United States Mineral Assessment Program; background information to accompany folio of geologic, geophysical, geochemical, mineral-occurrence, mineral-resource potential, and mineral-production maps of the Charlotte 1 degree x 2 degrees Quadrangle, North Carolina and South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:30","indexId":"cir944","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"944","title":"The Conterminous United States Mineral Assessment Program; background information to accompany folio of geologic, geophysical, geochemical, mineral-occurrence, mineral-resource potential, and mineral-production maps of the Charlotte 1 degree x 2 degrees Quadrangle, North Carolina and South Carolina","docAbstract":"This Circular and the folio of separately published maps described herein are part of a series of reports compiled under the Conterminous United States Mineral Assessment Program ICUSMAP). The folio on the Charlotte 1 degree ? 2 degree quadrangle, North Carolina and South Carolina, includes (1) a geologic map; (2) four geophysical maps; (3) geochemical maps for metamorphic heavy minerals, copper, lead and artifacts, zinc, gold, tin, beryllium, niobium, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, cobalt, lithium, barium, antimony-arsenic-bismuth-cadmium, thorium-cerium-monazite, and limonite; (4) mineral-occurrence maps for kyanite-sillimanite-lithium-mica-feldspar-copper-lead-zinc, gold-quartz-barite-fluorite, iron-thorium-tin-niobium, and construction materials-gemstones; (5) mineral-resource potential maps for copper-lead-zinc-combined base metals, gold, tin-tungsten, beryllium-molybdenum-niobium, lithium-kyanite- sillimanitebarite, thorium (monazite)-uranium, and construction materials; and (6) mineral-production maps. \r\n\r\nThe Charlotte quadrangle is mainly within the Piedmont physiographic province and extends from near the Coastal Plain on the southeast into the Blue Ridge province on the northwest for a short distance. Parts of six lithotectonic belts are present--the Blue Ridge, the Inner Piedmont, the Kings Mountain belt, the Charlotte belt, the Carolina slate belt, and the Wadesboro basin. Igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks are present and range in age from Proterozoic to Mesozoic; alluvial sediments of Quaternary age occur along rivers and larger streams. \r\n\r\nRocks of the Blue Ridge include Middle Proterozoic granitoid gneiss intruded by Late Proterozoic granite; Late Proterozoic paragneiss, schist, and other metasedimentary and metavolcaniclastic rocks (Ashe and Grandfather Mountain Formations); Late Proterozoic and Early Cambrian metasedimentary rocks (Chilhowee Group); and Early Cambrian sedimentary rocks (Shady Dolomite). Paleozoic granites intrude the Proterozoic rocks. The Inner Piedmont contains noncarbonate metasedimentary rocks and amphibolite of medium to high metamorphic grades. These rocks are intruded by the Toluca Granite and Henderson Gneiss of Cambrian and Ordovician(?) age. The Charlotte belt consists largely of Late Proterozoic to Late Paleozoic granitic and gabbroic plutonic rocks and intervening enclaves of metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks. \r\n\r\nThe narrow Kings Mountain belt is located between the Charlotte and the Inner Piedmont belts and contains mainly Late Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks and plutonic rocks similar to those of the Charlotte belt. The Carolina slate belt, flanking the Charlotte belt on the east, contains weakly metamorphosed volcanic and sedimentary rocks. East of this belt, at the southeast corner of the quadrangle, is the Wadesboro basin, which has continental sedimentary rocks of Triassic age. Layered rocks westward from and in the Charlotte belt are complexly folded, are steeply dipping, and in the Blue Ridge and Inner Piedmont are contained within major thrust slices. Rocks of the Carolina slate belt are gently folded. Rocks of the Wadesboro basin occur in downfaulted blocks. \r\n\r\nThe geophysical surveys of the Charlotte quadrangle consisted of Bouguer gravity, aeromagnetic, and aeroradioactivity surveys and used both newly obtained data and information from prior work. The gravity survey disclosed a distinct northeast-trending, northwest-decreasing gradient, which is part of the major gravity gradient that extends the length of the Appalachian Mountains. Granitic plutons of the Charlotte belt, in particular, are marked by gravity lows, and gabbro plutons, by highs. Several of the geologic belts display distinct magnetic character. The aeroradioactivity surveys showed a swath of consistently high gamma-ray intensities along the central part of the Inner Piedmont belt; these high intensities correspond to the so-called monazite belt. Oval patterns of high gamma-ray readi","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir944","usgsCitation":"Gair, J.E., Goldsmith, R., Daniels, D.L., Griffitts, W.R., DeYoung, J.H., and Lee, M.P., 1986, The Conterminous United States Mineral Assessment Program; background information to accompany folio of geologic, geophysical, geochemical, mineral-occurrence, mineral-resource potential, and mineral-production maps of the Charlotte 1 degree x 2 degrees Quadrangle, North Carolina and South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 944, iii, 18 p. :ill., map ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir944.","productDescription":"iii, 18 p. :ill., map ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117490,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1986/0944/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31378,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1986/0944/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ecbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gair, Jacob Eugene","contributorId":14387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gair","given":"Jacob","email":"","middleInitial":"Eugene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldsmith, Richard","contributorId":33283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldsmith","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Daniels, D. L.","contributorId":69114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniels","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Griffitts, W. R.","contributorId":10428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffitts","given":"W.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"DeYoung, J. H.","contributorId":75908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeYoung","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lee, M. P.","contributorId":40198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":28100,"text":"wri864114 - 1986 - Influence of size-fractioning techniques on concentrations of selected trace metals in bottom materials from two streams in northeastern Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-10T15:22:21","indexId":"wri864114","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4114","title":"Influence of size-fractioning techniques on concentrations of selected trace metals in bottom materials from two streams in northeastern Ohio","docAbstract":"<p>Identical stream-bottom material samples, when fractioned to the same size by different techniques, may contain significantly different trace-metal concentrations. Precision of techniques also may differ, which could affect the ability to discriminate between size-fractioned bottom-material samples having different metal concentrations. </p><p>Bottom-material samples fractioned to less than 0.020 millimeters by means of three common techniques (air elutriation, sieving, and settling) were analyzed for six trace metals to determine whether the technique used to obtain the desired particle-size fraction affects the ability to discriminate between bottom materials having different trace-metal concentrations. In addition, this study attempts to assess whether median trace-metal concentrations in size-fractioned bottom materials of identical origin differ depending on the size-fractioning technique used. Finally, this study evaluates the efficiency of the three size-fractioning techniques in terms of time, expense, and effort involved. </p><p>Bottom-material samples were collected at two sites in northeastern Ohio: One is located in an undeveloped forested basin, and the other is located in a basin having a mixture of industrial and surface-mining land uses. The sites were selected for their close physical proximity, similar contributing drainage areas, and the likelihood that trace-metal concentrations in the bottom materials would be significantly different. </p><p>Statistically significant differences in the concentrations of trace metals were detected between bottom-material samples collected at the two sites when the samples had been size-fractioned by means of air elutriation or sieving. Statistical analyses of samples that had been size fractioned by settling in native water were not measurably different in any of the six trace metals analyzed. </p><p>Results of multiple comparison tests suggest that differences related to size-fractioning technique were evident in median copper, lead, and iron concentrations. Technique-related differences in copper concentrations most likely resulted from contamination of air-elutriated samples by a feed tip on the elutriator apparatus. No technique-related differences were observed in chromium, manganese, or zinc concentrations. </p><p>Although air elutriation was the most expensive sizefractioning technique investigated, samples fractioned by this technique appeared to provide a superior level of discrimination between metal concentrations present in the bottom materials of the two sites. Sieving was an adequate lower-cost but more laborintensive alternative.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Columbus, OH","doi":"10.3133/wri864114","usgsCitation":"Koltun, G., and Helsel, D., 1986, Influence of size-fractioning techniques on concentrations of selected trace metals in bottom materials from two streams in northeastern Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4114, iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864114.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p.","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159020,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":330805,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4114/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4987e4b07f02db5af299","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koltun, G. F. 0000-0003-0255-2960","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0255-2960","contributorId":49817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koltun","given":"G. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helsel, Dennis R.","contributorId":85569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helsel","given":"Dennis R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":14573,"text":"ofr8661 - 1986 - Data on snow chemistry of the Cascade-Sierra Nevada Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-15T13:09:03","indexId":"ofr8661","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-61","title":"Data on snow chemistry of the Cascade-Sierra Nevada Mountains","docAbstract":"Snow chemistry data were measured for solutes found in snow core samples collected from the Cascade-Sierra Nevada Mountains from late February to mid-March 1983. The data are part of a study to assess geographic variations in atmospheric deposition in Washington, Oregon, and California. The constituents and properties include pH and concentrations of hydrogen ion, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, nitrate, fluoride, phosphate, ammonium, iron, aluminum, manganese, copper, cadmium, lead, and dissolved organic carbon. Concentrations of arsenic and bromide were below the detection limit. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr8661","usgsCitation":"Laird, L., Taylor, H.E., and Lombard, R., 1986, Data on snow chemistry of the Cascade-Sierra Nevada Mountains: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-61, 25 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8661.","productDescription":"25 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146573,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0061/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":43242,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0061/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c7f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laird, L.B.","contributorId":23522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laird","given":"L.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":169673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lombard, R.E.","contributorId":25551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lombard","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":14398,"text":"ofr86238 - 1986 - Background hydrologic information in potential lignite mining areas in north-central Mississippi, August 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:08","indexId":"ofr86238","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-238","title":"Background hydrologic information in potential lignite mining areas in north-central Mississippi, August 1985","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Mississippi Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Geology, is conducting a hydrologic data collection program in potential lignite-producing areas in the outcrops of the Wilcox Group in Mississippi. During August 1985, hydrologic data were collected at a total of 15 stream sites in Benton, Lafayette, Marshall, and Union Counties. Main channel widths ranged from approximately 30 feet to 115 feet. Stream depths during low-flow periods were shallow, generally less than 1.0 foot at most sites. Discharges ranged from 0.04 to 74.8 cubic feet per second. The specific conductance of stream water ranged from 28 to 78 microsiemens and dissolved-solids concentrations ranged from 24 to 59 milligrams per liter. Turbidity values were 20 units or less. Chromium and copper concentrations in bottom material samples ranged from below detection limits (1 microgram per gram) to 5 microgram per gram and mercury concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 0.08 microgram per gram. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr86238","usgsCitation":"Kalkhoff, S., 1986, Background hydrologic information in potential lignite mining areas in north-central Mississippi, August 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-238, iv, 16 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86238.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148342,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0238/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":43080,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0238/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64adaf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kalkhoff, S. J.","contributorId":28967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"S. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27100,"text":"wri854023 - 1986 - Results of a preimpoundment water-quality study of Swatara Creek, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-05T11:28:52","indexId":"wri854023","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4023","title":"Results of a preimpoundment water-quality study of Swatara Creek, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"<p>The water quality of Swatara Creek prior to impoundment by the proposed Swatara Creek Reservoir in south-central Pennsylvania was studied from July 1981 through October 1982. The report, done in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources (PaDER), Bureau of State Parks, presents information on existing water-quality conditions. A discussion of possible water-quality conditions in and downstream from the planned impoundment is also included.</p>\n<p>Precipitation measured near the study area at Lebanon, Pennsylvania from October 1981 through September 1982 was 8 percent below normal. Streamflow for the same period at Swatara Creek at Harper Tavern just downstream from the study area was 15 percent below the average annual flow. Swatara Creek above Highway 895 has been degraded by acid mine drainage. The main inflow to the planned impoundment has 2.1 times the discharge of Lower Little Swatara Creek--a forested and agricultural basin that is also tributary to the proposed impoundment. During the 1982 water year, 17,400 tons of suspended sediment were transported from the study area. About 46 percent of the annual load was transported during 3 days of high flow. Inflows to the planned impoundment from both Lower Little Swatara Creek and Swatara Creek above Highway 895 were poorly buffered. Measured concentrations of alkalinity and acidity were usually less than 10 mg/L (milligrams per liter) and 5 mg/L as CaCO3, respectively. The inflows contain high concentrations of nutrients and metals that would probably stratify in a reservoir. Maximum concentrations of dissolved nitrate and total phosphorus were 2.6 mg/L and 0.31 mg/L, respectively. At Lower Little Swatara Creek; these concentrations are well above those needed for growth of algae. Maximum observed concentrations for total recoverable iron, aluminum, and manganese at Swatara Creek above Highway 895 at Pine Grove were 100,000 ug/L (micrograms per liter), 66,000 ug/L, and 2,300 ug/L, respectively.</p>\n<p>Large increases in metal concentrations along with simultaneous decreases in pH and increases in acidity confirm that mine drainage continues to degrade the water quality of Swatara Creek and may have a large impact on water quality of the planned impoundment. Iron, lead, copper, and zinc concentrations periodically exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) criteria for freshwater aquatic life. Concentrations of manganese and lead also exceeded the U.S. EPA criteria for domestic water supplies and human health, respectively.</p>\n<p>The water quality of the Swatara Creek Reservoir will depend on characteristics such as (1) the detention time of water in the lake, (2) the timing and extent of thermal and chemical stratification, (3) sedimentation, and (4) the chemical loading and concentrations in the lake. Each of these characteristics may depend in part, on streamflow.</p>\n<p>The impoundment will act as a sediment trap and thus reduce the concentrations of total phosphorus, iron, aluminum, lead, copper, and zinc immediately downstream from the impoundment. Large storm discharges and releases from the hypolimnion of the reservoir to attain the winter-pool level may contain low oxygen concentrations and elevated concentrations of iron, aluminum, lead, copper, and zinc. Unless conservation releases from the multi-level release gates are carefully controlled, low dissolved-oxygen levels and high metal concentrations may degrade the downstream water quality and be detrimental to the aquatic community.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Harrisburg, PA","doi":"10.3133/wri854023","usgsCitation":"Fishel, D.K., and Richardson, J., 1986, Results of a preimpoundment water-quality study of Swatara Creek, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4023, vi, 84 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854023.","productDescription":"vi, 84 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159028,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri854023.jpg"},{"id":320996,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4023/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Swatara Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.43360137939453,\n              40.527631308999226\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.44218444824219,\n              40.52410829541163\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.46003723144531,\n              40.51980213843489\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.4784049987793,\n              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,{"id":65165,"text":"i1576 - 1986 - Geologic map of the Murphys Well, Pilot Cone, Copper Mountain, and Poinsettia Spring quadrangles, Mineral County, Nevada","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":42887,"text":"ofr78916 - 1978 - Preliminary geologic map of the Luning NW Quadrangle, Mineral County, Nevada","indexId":"ofr78916","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Luning NW Quadrangle, Mineral County, Nevada"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":65165,"text":"i1576 - 1986 - Geologic map of the Murphys Well, Pilot Cone, Copper Mountain, and Poinsettia Spring quadrangles, Mineral County, Nevada","indexId":"i1576","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Murphys Well, Pilot Cone, Copper Mountain, and Poinsettia Spring quadrangles, Mineral County, Nevada"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:07","indexId":"i1576","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1576","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Geologic map of the Murphys Well, Pilot Cone, Copper Mountain, and Poinsettia Spring quadrangles, Mineral County, Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i1576","usgsCitation":"Ekren, E.B., and Byers, F., 1986, Geologic map of the Murphys Well, Pilot Cone, Copper Mountain, and Poinsettia Spring quadrangles, Mineral County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1576, 1 map :col. ;58 x 45 cm., on sheet 79 x 95 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i1576.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;58 x 45 cm., on sheet 79 x 95 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":189144,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":106816,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9326.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"9326"}],"scale":"48000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.5,38.75 ], [ -118.5,39 ], [ -118.25,39 ], [ -118.25,38.75 ], [ -118.5,38.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db6962c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ekren, E. B.","contributorId":14371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ekren","given":"E.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":272766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Byers, F.M. Jr.","contributorId":78338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byers","given":"F.M.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":272767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":11881,"text":"ofr86416 - 1986 - Analytical results and sample locality map of heavy-mineral-concentrate and rock samples from the Castle Peaks Wilderness Study Area (CDCA- 266), San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-02T20:20:41.652268","indexId":"ofr86416","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-416","title":"Analytical results and sample locality map of heavy-mineral-concentrate and rock samples from the Castle Peaks Wilderness Study Area (CDCA- 266), San Bernardino County, California","docAbstract":"The report presents water-quality and geohydrologic information for 106 public water-supply wells in Illinois. These wells were sampled during April to December 1984 as part of a pilot program to develop a ground-water observation network in the State. The pilot program was designed to sample single-aquifer wells from three major aquifer systems--(1) sand and gravel, both confined and unconfined; (2) Silurian dolomite; and (3) the Ironton-Galesville deep sandstone. Data are tabulated for water temperature, pH, specific conductance, oxidation-reduction potential, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate + nitrite nitrogen, phosphorus, silica, arsenic, lead, mercury, fluoride, chloride, sulfate, cyanide, phenols, selenium, residue on evaporation at 180 degrees Celsius, alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, barium, boron, beryllium, cadmium, chormium, copper, cobalt, iron, aluminum, manganese, nickel, silver, strontium, vanadium, zinc, and selected geohydrologic information.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr86416","usgsCitation":"Adrian, B.M., Frisken, J., Malcolm, M., and Crock, J., 1986, Analytical results and sample locality map of heavy-mineral-concentrate and rock samples from the Castle Peaks Wilderness Study Area (CDCA- 266), San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-416, Report: 18 p.; 1 Plate: 17.15 × 22.44 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86416.","productDescription":"Report: 18 p.; 1 Plate: 17.15 × 22.44 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410013,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17038.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":39800,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0416/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39799,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0416/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":145499,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0416/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino County","otherGeospatial":"Castle Peaks Wilderness Study Area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -115.333,\n              35.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.333,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.083,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.083,\n              35.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.333,\n              35.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e48b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adrian, B. M.","contributorId":71535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adrian","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frisken, J. G.","contributorId":90296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frisken","given":"J. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Malcolm, M.J.","contributorId":95064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malcolm","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crock, J.G.","contributorId":58236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crock","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":46432,"text":"ofr86390 - 1986 - Map of Western Copper River Basin, Alaska, Showing Lake Sediments and Shorelines, Glacial Moraines, and Location of Stratigraphic Sections and Radiocarbon-Dated Samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:06","indexId":"ofr86390","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-390","title":"Map of Western Copper River Basin, Alaska, Showing Lake Sediments and Shorelines, Glacial Moraines, and Location of Stratigraphic Sections and Radiocarbon-Dated Samples","docAbstract":"The purpose of this report is to make available basic data on radiocarbon dating of 61 organic samples from 40 locations in the western Copper River Basin and adjacent uplands and in the uppermost Matanuska River Valley. The former distribution of late Quaternary glacial lakes and of glaciers as mapped from field work and photo interpretation is provided as background for interpretation of the radiocarbon dates and are the basic data needed for construction of the late Quaternary chronology. The glacial boundaries, formed and expressed by moraines, ice-contact margins, marginal channels, deltas, and other features, are obscured by a drape of glaciolacustrine deposits in a series of glacial lakes. The highest lake, represented by bottom sediments as high as 914 m to 975 m above sea level, extends from Fog Lakes lowland on Susitna River upstream into the northwestern part of the Copper River Basin (the part now draining to Susitna River) where it apparently was held in by an ice border. It was apparently dammed by ice from the Mt. McKinley area, by Talkeetna G1acier, and may have had a temporary drainage threshold at the headwaters of Chunilna Creek. No shorelines have been noted within the map area, although Nichols and Yehle (1961) reported shorelines within the 914-975 m range in the Denali area to the north of that mapped. Recent work by geologic consultants for the Susitna Hydroelectric Project has confirmed the early inferences (Karlstrom, 1964) about the existence of a lake in the Susitna canyon, based originally on drilling by the Bureau of Reclamation about 35 years ago. According to dating of deposits at Tyone Bluff (map locations 0, P), Thorson and others (1981) concluded that a late Wisconsin advance of the glaciers between 11,535 and 21,730 years ago was followed by a brief interval of lacustrine sedimentation, and was preceded by a long period of lake deposition broken by a lowering of the lake between 32,000 and about 25,000 years ago. An alternate interpretation of the late Wisconsin till at Tyone Bluff is that it is a glaciolacustrine diamicton of the 914-975 m lake into which the ice advanced to the Hatchet Lake and to the Old Man moraines. The level of this regional lake in the Susitna drainage and on Heartland Ridge then dropped from over 914 m to about 777 m, to uncover the Tyone Spillway. An intermediate lake level in the Susitna-Tyone-Louise lake region was lowered rapidly by erosion of the spillway to 747 m. The drainage of the 747 m lake was concentrated in the spillway leading west from the West Fork Gulkana River. This spillway or a rock threshold downstream apparently was stable enough to permit formation of basin-wide, apparently undeformed, shoreline systems at 747 m, and, on recession, local shorelines at 717 m and 700 m and lower levels. The level of the 747 m lake that was confined to about 9000 km2 of the present Copper River Basin fluctuated for one or more reasons such as: the volume of ice added to or withdrawn from the system, because of changes in water budget (assuming no outflow), and/or because of temporary releases through the only outlets, perhaps Mentasta Pass, but importantly, the Copper River canyon. The 747 m lake persisted until glaciers had withdrawn to well within the Chugach Mountains, perhaps 10 to 20 km from the present glaciers.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr86390","usgsCitation":"Williams, J.R., and Galloway, J.P., 1986, Map of Western Copper River Basin, Alaska, Showing Lake Sediments and Shorelines, Glacial Moraines, and Location of Stratigraphic Sections and Radiocarbon-Dated Samples: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-390, Report: 35 p.; Map: 37 x 36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86390.","productDescription":"Report: 35 p.; Map: 37 x 36 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134663,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0390/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":83372,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0390/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":83373,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0390/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -148,61.5 ], [ -148,63 ], [ -144.75,63 ], [ -144.75,61.5 ], [ -148,61.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a91e4b07f02db656bd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, John R.","contributorId":107260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":233306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Galloway, John P. jgallway@usgs.gov","contributorId":3345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"John","email":"jgallway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":233305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1014242,"text":"1014242 - 1986 - Effects of five metals on susceptibility of striped bass to Flexibacter columnaris","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-08T16:47:00.201335","indexId":"1014242","displayToPublicDate":"1986-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of five metals on susceptibility of striped bass to Flexibacter columnaris","docAbstract":"<p><span>Exposure of young striped bass Morone saxatilis (weight, 8.5–34 g) to a mixture of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, and selenium at 4 and 10 times the average environmental concentrations of 1–3 μg/L protected the fish from experimental infection with Flexibacter columnaris, the causal organism of columnaris disease. In four trials, all striped bass died within 7 d after a 2‐min exposure to 5 × 10</span><sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;F. columnaris cells in untreated water. In contrast, no fish died after a single dayˈs exposure to the metal mixture followed by infection with F. columnaris and a second exposure to the metals for seven more days. When striped bass were exposed 5 d to individual metals, copper protected against infection and cadmium offered marginal protection but was slightly toxic after 2 d exposure. Arsenic increased susceptibility to infection, and lead and selenium were without an apparent effect.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1986)115<227:EOFMOS>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"MacFarlane, R., Bullock, G.L., and McLaughlin, J., 1986, Effects of five metals on susceptibility of striped bass to Flexibacter columnaris: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 115, no. 2, p. 227-231, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1986)115<227:EOFMOS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"227","endPage":"231","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132180,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db61562c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacFarlane, R.D.","contributorId":54559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacFarlane","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bullock, G. L.","contributorId":69498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullock","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McLaughlin, J.J.A.","contributorId":100332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"J.J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70199832,"text":"70199832 - 1986 - Physio-chemical processes affecting copper, tin and zinc toxicity to algae: A review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-01T10:49:50","indexId":"70199832","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T10:47:29","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"9","title":"Physio-chemical processes affecting copper, tin and zinc toxicity to algae: A review","docAbstract":"<p><span>This chapter focuses on the physic-chemical processes affecting copper, zinc, and tin toxicity to algae. Both Cu and Zn are essential algal micronutrients, cofactors in numerous biochemical processes. The availability of a nutrient or toxic substance can be significantly affected by precipitation. Methods for modeling the effects of adsorption–desorption reactions have been previously reviewed. Useful predictions of algal response require an understanding of the relative importance of these interactions (both magnitude and time dependence). Photoreduction and dissolution of Mn oxides by dissolved humic substances has been proposed as an important factor regulating dissolved Mn distribution in seawater. Photodegradation of iron (Fe) chelates also enhances Fe uptake by algae. Anderson&nbsp;</span><i>et al.</i><span>observed that Fe uptake by&nbsp;</span><i>Thalassiosira weissflogii</i><span>&nbsp;in a chemically defined medium dominated by FeEDTA complexation doubled in the presence of light.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Studies in environmental science","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0166-1116(08)72175-7","usgsCitation":"Kuwabara, J.S., 1986, Physio-chemical processes affecting copper, tin and zinc toxicity to algae: A review, chap. 9 <i>of</i> Studies in environmental science, p. 129-144, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-1116(08)72175-7.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"144","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357943,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuwabara, James S. 0000-0003-2502-1601 kuwabara@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2502-1601","contributorId":3374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuwabara","given":"James","email":"kuwabara@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70014920,"text":"70014920 - 1986 - Geochemical and fluid zonation in the skarn environment at the tomboy-minnie gold deposits, Lander County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-18T11:18:13.830805","indexId":"70014920","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical and fluid zonation in the skarn environment at the tomboy-minnie gold deposits, Lander County, Nevada","docAbstract":"<p>The Tomboy—Minnie gold deposits are related to the middle Tertiary porphyry copper system centered at Copper Canyon. Gold-silver ores in the deposits occur mostly in a pyrrhotite- and pyrite-rich basal 30-m-thick sequence of altered calcareous conglomerate belonging to the Middle Pennsylvanian Battle Formation. The entire mineralized system contained at least 3.3 million troy oz gold before large-scale mining operations began. Alteration in the Tomboy—Minnie deposits includes actinolite- and chlorite-dominant assemblages, in marked contrast to the skarn, potassic, and phyllic assemblages characterizing the copper-gold-silver deposits of the system. Introduction of gold occurred penecontemporaneously with replacement of early diopside-alteration assemblages by actinolite and chlorite. Metals are zoned strongly in the Copper Canyon system: the West and East ore bodies occur in a copper-gold-silver zone that is followed outward by a gold-silver zone which includes the Tomboy deposit and in turn, is succeeded by a lead-zinc-silver zone. Locations of drill holes that have Au/Ag assay ratios of ⩾ 1 clearly outline the Tomboy—Minnie deposits within an area of rocks with Au/Ag ratios of ≈ 0.5. Fluid-inclusion studies suggest wide variations in temperature and chemistry prevailed in the fluids associated with mineralization at the Tomboy. Early fluids associated with diopsidequartz assemblages probably were dominantly CaCl<sub>2</sub>-rich brines and were boiling at temperatures higher than 500°C. These fluids were progressively enriched in sodium and potassium over time, and during the hydrosilicate stages, temperatures probably ranged from 320 to 500°C at the time actinolite formed, and from 220 to 320°C at the time chlorite was dominant. Sulfur isotopic data suggest that sulfur, mostly from a magmatic or deep-seated crustal source, was transported by hydrothermal fluids as aqueous H<sub>2</sub>S with a δ<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>34</sup>S of about<span> .</span><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>4 &amp;#xB1; 1&amp;#x2030;</mtext></math>\"></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(86)90009-9","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Theodore, T.G., Howe, S.S., Blake, D.W., and Wotruba, P., 1986, Geochemical and fluid zonation in the skarn environment at the tomboy-minnie gold deposits, Lander County, Nevada: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 25, no. 1-2, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(86)90009-9.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223955,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a15bce4b0c8380cd54f23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Theodore, T. G.","contributorId":38122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theodore","given":"T.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howe, S. S.","contributorId":103293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howe","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blake, D. W.","contributorId":77976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blake","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wotruba, P.R.","contributorId":95204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wotruba","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70189643,"text":"70189643 - 1986 - Marine birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-19T11:02:27","indexId":"70189643","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"16","title":"Marine birds","docAbstract":"<p><span>In this chapter we review existing knowledge of marine birds in the Gulf of Alaska. Three estuarine systems in the Gulf provide critical habitat for migratory shorebirds and waterfowl: 1) the Stikine River Delta, 2) Cook Inlet, and 3) the Copper River Delta. Over 20 million waterbirds are estimated to use the latter system during spring migration. Western sandpipers, dunlin, and northern pintails numerically dominate this migration. Breeding populations of shorebirds and waterfowl in the Gulf are small compared with those elsewhere in Alaska. Of those Gulf regions suitable for nesting waterfowl and shorebirds, the Copper River Delta is the most important. Species diversity and the number of shorebirds wintering in the Gulf are low; however, water- fowl wintering in the Gulf number at least in the low millions. These birds concentrated in sheltered, near-shore regions where their epibenthic and infaunal prey are accessible.</span></p><p>Over nine million seabirds (twenty-six species) nest in the Gulf of Alaska at more than 800 sites. Seabird productivity varies markedly. Food availability seems to have a large influence on reproductive success, especially for surface-feeding species such as the black-legged kittiwake. Seabird densities are highest over shelf and shelf-break habitats during spring migration and in summer. Sooty and short-tailed shearwaters dominate the pelagic avifauna both numerically and in terms of biomass. Seabird densities are generally lower in winter than in summer as a result of both a southward migration of some species and offshore dispersal of others. A variety of prey species are used by seabirds in the Gulf; of these, capelin, sand lance, and euphausiids are of greatest importance. Trophically, seabirds in the Gulf range from near primary con- sumers to third-order carnivores, ingesting an estimated 1,120,000 mt during the 120-day summer period.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Gulf of Alaska: Physical environment and biological resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Commerce","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"DeGange, A.R., and Sanger, G.A., 1986, Marine birds, chap. 16 <i>of</i> The Gulf of Alaska: Physical environment and biological resources, p. 479-524.","productDescription":"46 p.","startPage":"479","endPage":"524","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344036,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","publicComments":"Minerals Management Service publication number: OCS study, MMS 86-0095","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59706fe0e4b0d1f9f065ab24","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hood, Donald W.","contributorId":111881,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hood","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705552,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zimmerman, Steven T.","contributorId":29325,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705553,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"DeGange, Anthony R. tdegange@usgs.gov","contributorId":139765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeGange","given":"Anthony","email":"tdegange@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":705554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanger, Gerald A.","contributorId":10660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanger","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6654,"text":"USFWS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":705555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":58379,"text":"mf1183B - 1986 - Geochemical maps showing distribution and abundance of copper in two fractions of stream-sediment concentrates, Silver City 1° x 2° quadrangle, New Mexico and Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-17T17:06:10.922988","indexId":"mf1183B","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1183","chapter":"B","title":"Geochemical maps showing distribution and abundance of copper in two fractions of stream-sediment concentrates, Silver City 1° x 2° quadrangle, New Mexico and Arizona","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf1183B","usgsCitation":"Watts, K.C., Hassemer, J., Forn, C., and Siems, D.F., 1986, Geochemical maps showing distribution and abundance of copper in two fractions of stream-sediment concentrates, Silver City 1° x 2° quadrangle, New Mexico and Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1183, 1 Plate: 46.51 x 39.76 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1183B.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 46.51 x 39.76 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":484686,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1183-B/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":105554,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_6593.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"6593"},{"id":182428,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1183-B/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Arizona, New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Silver City quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110,32 ], [ -110,33 ], [ -108,33 ], [ -108,32 ], [ -110,32 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae010","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watts, K. C.","contributorId":49344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"K.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hassemer, J.R.","contributorId":18761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hassemer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Forn, C.L.","contributorId":46935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forn","given":"C.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Siems, D. F.","contributorId":101239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siems","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":27207,"text":"wri864088 - 1986 - Extractable cadmium, mercury, copper, lead, and zinc in the lower Columbia River estuary, Oregon and Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-10T18:34:17.218054","indexId":"wri864088","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4088","title":"Extractable cadmium, mercury, copper, lead, and zinc in the lower Columbia River estuary, Oregon and Washington","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri864088","usgsCitation":"Fuhrer, G.J., 1986, Extractable cadmium, mercury, copper, lead, and zinc in the lower Columbia River estuary, Oregon and Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4088, viii, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864088.","productDescription":"viii, 61 p.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415519,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36539.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56082,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4088/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123036,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4088/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"lower Columbia River estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -124.07820129524416,\n              46.312\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.07820129524416,\n              46.159965275421456\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.75,\n              46.159965275421456\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.75,\n              46.312\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.07820129524416,\n              46.312\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f89fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuhrer, Gregory J. gjfuhrer@usgs.gov","contributorId":944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuhrer","given":"Gregory","email":"gjfuhrer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":197734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70015638,"text":"70015638 - 1986 - Use of detrended correspondence analysis in evaluating factors controlling species composition of periphyton","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-01T10:44:49","indexId":"70015638","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Use of detrended correspondence analysis in evaluating factors controlling species composition of periphyton","docAbstract":"Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was evaluated for its usefulness in elucidating relationships among samples and among species of periphyton in an oligotrophic stream, and for its effectiveness in displaying major gradients where an experimental gradient (copper) affecting species composition was imposed. It was highly sensitive to differences among samples and consistently provided ecologically meaningful species ordinations. Gradients related to seasonality of taxa and year-to-year differences in population densities were evident in DCA ordinations if data for all sampling dates were included, and these gradients complicated interpretation of the copper gradient. Stage of succession was a secondary gradient during exposure and complicated interpretation of the copper gradient after a major disturbance event (flooding).","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Rationale for sampling and interpretation of biological data in the assessment of freshwater ecosystems ","language":"English","publisher":"ASTM","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","issn":"00660558","isbn":"0803104553","usgsCitation":"Leland, H.V., and Carter, J.L., 1986, Use of detrended correspondence analysis in evaluating factors controlling species composition of periphyton, chap. <i>of</i> Rationale for sampling and interpretation of biological data in the assessment of freshwater ecosystems , p. 101-117.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"117","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223947,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbb7ee4b08c986b328665","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Isom Billy G.","contributorId":128338,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Isom Billy G.","id":536301,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Leland, Harry V.","contributorId":51158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leland","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carter, James L. 0000-0002-0104-9776 jlcarter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0104-9776","contributorId":3278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"James","email":"jlcarter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70015530,"text":"70015530 - 1986 - A comparison of two methods for determining copper partitioning in oxidized sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-19T10:23:30","indexId":"70015530","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2662,"text":"Marine Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of two methods for determining copper partitioning in oxidized sediments","docAbstract":"<p>Model estimations of the proportion of Cu in oxidized sediments associated with extractable organic materials show some agreement with the proportion of Cu extracted from those sediments with ammonium hydroxide. Data were from 17 estuaries of widely differing sediment chemistry. The modelling and extraction methods agreed best where concentrations of organic materials were either in very high concentrations, relative to other sediment components, or in very low concentrations. In the range of component concentrations where the model predicted Cu should be distributed among a variety of components, agreement between the methods was poor. Both approaches indicated that Cu was predominantly partitioned to organic materials in some sediments, and predominantly partitioned to other components (most probably iron oxides and manganese oxides) in other sediments, and that these differences were related to the relative abundances of the specific components in the sediment. Although the results of the two methods of estimating Cu partitioning to organics correlated significantly among 24 stations from the 17 estuaries, the variability in the relationship suggested refinement of parameter values and verification of some important assumptions were essential to the further development of a reasonable model.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0304-4203(86)90065-4","issn":"03044203","usgsCitation":"Luoma, S.N., 1986, A comparison of two methods for determining copper partitioning in oxidized sediments: Marine Chemistry, v. 20, no. 1, p. 45-59, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(86)90065-4.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"59","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223775,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e37ae4b0c8380cd4605f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70015191,"text":"70015191 - 1986 - Genesis of the Spar Lake strata-bound copper-silver deposit, Montana: Part I. Controls inherited from sedimentation and preore diagenesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-05T16:57:01.735791","indexId":"70015191","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genesis of the Spar Lake strata-bound copper-silver deposit, Montana: Part I. Controls inherited from sedimentation and preore diagenesis","docAbstract":"<p><span>Mineable zones of the Spar Lake deposit occur where argentiferous copper sulfides and native silver formed cements and replaced certain earlier cements and clasts in the gently dipping middle quartzite beds of the upper member of the Revett Formation, middle Proterozoic Belt Supergroup. The copper sulfides and native silver are part of a large, zoned system of authigenic ore and gangue minerals at Spar Lake. Mineral zone boundaries of ore and gangue phases cross all five stratigraphic units of the upper member.Deduced depositional environments for the host sedimentary rocks include beach and near-shore slope environments for the lower quartzite beds and subtidal(?) channels for the middle quartzite beds. The deposit must be epigenetic because mineral zone boundaries cross every facies in the sequence of beach and nearshore slope sediments.Mineral zonation has been mapped, and seven major associations, each named for its most abundant sulfide and/or most characteristic gangue cement, are recognized. Zones that appear to be developed on a regional scale include, in spatial order, pyrite-calcite, chalcopyrite-ankerite, and the lavender (hematitic) zone. Minor concentrations of base and precious metals occur along boundaries between the hematite and chalcopyrite-ankerite zones, and between the chalcopyrite-ankerite and pyrite-calcite zones; however, at the major concentrations of metals in the Revett Formation, including the Spar Lake deposit, additional mineral zones are developed between the chalcopyrite-ankerite and pyrite-calcite regional zones. Mineral zones at the deposit are, from northwest to southeast: pyrite-calcite, galena-calcite, chalcopyrite-calcite, bornite-calcite, chalcocite-chlorite, and chalcopyrite-ankerite. Gangue minerals, including carbonates, Fe-Ti oxides, chlorite, barite, authigenic feldspars, and apatite, are zonally distributed with boundaries parallel to the sulfide-mineral zone boundaries. Bornite-calcite and chalcocite-chlorite zones form ore grades in certain, but not all, quartzite intervals.As observed at unmetamorphosed deposits where sulfide-mineral zonation is similar, some pyrite-calcite-zone minerals were probably replaced by galena-calcite-zone minerals, which were probably succeeded, in sequence, by minerals of the chalcopyrite-calcite, bornite-calcite, and chalcocite-chlorite zones. This inferred paragenesis suggests that the chalcocite-chlorite zone is more proximal to the source of ore solutions than the galena-calcite or pyrite-calcite zones. The subeconomic chalcopyrite-ankerite zone, found farthest to the southeast at the Spar Lake deposit, was apparently even more proximal to the source than ore. Ore deposition took place during diagenesis from solutions that migrated upward and laterally through the sediments from a southeasterly source.The distributions of mineral zones and ore grades were controlled by two factors, one inherited from sedimentation and the other from preore diagenesis. All mineral zones spread out within coarser grained portions of quartzite units, suggesting that lateral migration of ore solutions was controlled by primary permeability of the sediments. However, high grades of copper and silver are found only in certain of the coarser grained beds. The distributions of higher grades suggest that ore mineral abundances reflect the abundances of preore diagenetic phases which were involved in the ore precipitation reactions. Preore reactant phases were evidently more abundant in sandstones deposited in subtidal(?) channels (the ore-grade middle quartzite beds) than in sandstones deposited in beach and nearshore slope environments (the lower quartzite beds). The identity of the reactant phases and the processes that resulted in their concentration at the site of later ore deposition remain unknown, although a preore sulfide- and hydrocarbon-bearing pore fluid appears to be the best hypothesis as to the identity of the reactants.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.81.8.1899","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Hayes, T.S., and Einaudi, M., 1986, Genesis of the Spar Lake strata-bound copper-silver deposit, Montana: Part I. Controls inherited from sedimentation and preore diagenesis: Economic Geology, v. 81, no. 8, p. 1899-1931, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.81.8.1899.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"1899","endPage":"1931","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224355,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1986-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a155ce4b0c8380cd54d97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayes, T. S.","contributorId":14001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Einaudi, M.T.","contributorId":27201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Einaudi","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70015039,"text":"70015039 - 1986 - Use of detrended correspondence analysis to evaluate factors controlling spatial distribution of benthic insects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T11:49:40","indexId":"70015039","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of detrended correspondence analysis to evaluate factors controlling spatial distribution of benthic insects","docAbstract":"<p>Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was evaluated for its effectiveness in displaying factors controlling the spatial distribution of benthic insects in an oligotrophic stream where an experimental gradient (copper) that selectively affects population abundances was imposed. DCA proved to be highly sensitive to differences among samples and consistently provided ecologically meaningful species ordinations.</p><p>Seasonality of taxa was the major gradient displayed by DCA prior to copper exposure when data for all sampling dates were included. Sensitivity of taxa to copper was a more important factor affecting community structure than was seasonality during periods of continuous exposure to copper (2.5 to 15 µg l<sup>-1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Cu<sub>T</sub>; approximately 12 to 75 ng l<sup>-1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Cu<sup>2+</sup>. When pre-dose data for each sampling date were ordinated independently, substratum composition and biological interactions were the major gradients displayed in species ordinations. During periods of exposure, sensitivity of taxa to copper was the primary gradient. This gradient also reflected a generally greater sensitivity to copper of herbivorous than of detritivorous or predatory benthic insects. DCA revealed the persistence, eleven months after dosing ceased, of differences in community structure between the control and high treatment (5 and 10 µg l<sup>-1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Cu<sub>T</sub>) sections. Differences between sections were not evident on this sampling date from total biomass or total density (numerical) estimates.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00006774","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Leland, H., Carter, J.L., and Fend, S.V., 1986, Use of detrended correspondence analysis to evaluate factors controlling spatial distribution of benthic insects: Hydrobiologia, v. 131, no. 2, p. 113-123, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00006774.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"113","endPage":"123","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223908,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"131","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbee2e4b08c986b329834","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leland, H.V.","contributorId":82455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leland","given":"H.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carter, James L. 0000-0002-0104-9776 jlcarter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0104-9776","contributorId":3278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"James","email":"jlcarter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fend, Steven V. 0000-0002-4638-6602 svfend@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4638-6602","contributorId":3591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fend","given":"Steven","email":"svfend@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70014899,"text":"70014899 - 1986 - Renierite, Cu10ZnGe2Fe4S16-Cu11GeAsFe4S16: a coupled solid solution series.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:36","indexId":"70014899","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Renierite, Cu10ZnGe2Fe4S16-Cu11GeAsFe4S16: a coupled solid solution series.","docAbstract":"The composition of renierite is found to be Cu10(Zn1-xCux)Ge2-xAsxFe4S16 (0 = or < x = or < 1), with continuous solid solution between the zincian and arsenian end-members, Cu10ZnGe2Fe4S16 and Cu11GeAsFe4S16, through the coupled substitution Zn(II) + Ge(IV) = Cu(I) + As(V). This is the first reported example of extensive coupled solid solution in a sulphide mineral. Arsenian renierite, not previously characterized, is similar to zincian renierite in polished section, with a slightly redder colour and lower anisotropy. It is reddish orange with relief very similar to that of bornite, though it is harder (VHN25 = 286) and does not tarnish in air. It is slightly bireflective, with colours varying from orange-yellow to reddish orange in nearly crossed polarizers. The strongest powder XRD lines are: 3.042(100), 1.861(29), 1.869(16), 1.594(11) and 1.017(10) A; D(calc.) 4.50 g/cm3. Specimens have been found at the Ruby Creek copper deposit, Alaska, where zincian renierite also occurs, and at the Inexco no. 1 mine, Jamestown, Colorado.-J.A.Z.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Bernstein, L., 1986, Renierite, Cu10ZnGe2Fe4S16-Cu11GeAsFe4S16: a coupled solid solution series.: American Mineralogist, v. 71, no. 1-2, p. 210-221.","startPage":"210","endPage":"221","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225344,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa745e4b0c8380cd85305","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bernstein, L.R.","contributorId":85972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernstein","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70014652,"text":"70014652 - 1986 - Adaptation of Selenastrum capricornutum (Chlorophyceae) to copper","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-18T13:51:30.585652","indexId":"70014652","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adaptation of Selenastrum capricornutum (Chlorophyceae) to copper","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p><i>Selenastrum capricornutum</i><span>&nbsp;</span>Printz, growing in a chemically defined medium, was used as a model for studying adaptation of algae to a toxic metal (copper) ion. Cells exhibited lag‐phase adaptation to 0.8 μM total Cu (10<sup>−12</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>M free ion concentration) after 20 generations of Cu exposure.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Selenastrum</i><span>&nbsp;</span>adapted to the same concentration when Cu was gradually introduced over an 8‐h period using a specially designed apparatus that provided a transient increase in exposure concentration. Cu adaptation was not attributable to media conditioning by algal exudates. Duration of lag phase was a more sensitive index of copper toxicity to<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Selenastrum</i><span>&nbsp;</span>that was growth rate or stationary‐phase cell density under the experimental conditions used. Chemical speciation of the Cu dosing solution influenced the duration of lag phase even when media formulations were identical after dosing.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Selenastrum</i><span>&nbsp;</span>initially exposed to Cu in a CuCl<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>injection solution exhibited a lag phase of 3.9 d, but this was reduced to 1.5 d when a CuEDTA solution was used to achieve the same total Cu and EDTA concentrations. Physical and chemical processes that accelerated the rate of increase in cupric ion concentration generally increased the duration of lag phase.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620050211","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Kuwabara, J., and Leland, H., 1986, Adaptation of Selenastrum capricornutum (Chlorophyceae) to copper: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 5, no. 2, p. 197-203, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620050211.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"197","endPage":"203","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1986-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6e0e4b0c8380cd476bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuwabara, J.S.","contributorId":57905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuwabara","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leland, H.V.","contributorId":82455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leland","given":"H.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70014677,"text":"70014677 - 1986 - Inductively coupled plasma atomic fluorescence spectrometric determination of cadmium, copper, iron, lead, manganese and zinc","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-01T16:07:56.371743","indexId":"70014677","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2155,"text":"Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inductively coupled plasma atomic fluorescence spectrometric determination of cadmium, copper, iron, lead, manganese and zinc","docAbstract":"An inductively coupled plasma atomic fluorescence spectrometric method is described for the determination of six elements in a variety of geological materials. Sixteen reference materials are analysed by this technique to demonstrate its use in geochemical exploration. Samples are decomposed with nitric, hydrofluoric and hydrochloric acids, and the residue dissolved in hydrochloric acid and diluted to volume. The elements are determined in two groups based on compatibility of instrument operating conditions and consideration of crustal abundance levels. Cadmium, Cu, Pb and Zn are determined as a group in the 50-ml sample solution under one set of instrument conditions with the use of scatter correction. Limitations of the scatter correction technique used with the fluorescence instrument are discussed. Iron and Mn are determined together using another set of instrumental conditions on a 1-50 dilution of the sample solution without the use of scatter correction. The ranges of concentration (??g g-1) of these elements in the sample that can be determined are: Cd, 0.3-500; Cu, 0.4-500; Fe, 85-250 000; Mn, 45-100 000; Pb, 5-10 000; and Zn, 0.4-300. The precision of the method is usually less than 5% relative standard deviation (RSD) over a wide concentration range and acceptable accuracy is shown by the agreement between values obtained and those recommended for the reference materials.","language":"English","publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry","doi":"10.1039/JA9860100343","issn":"02679477","usgsCitation":"Sanzolone, R.F., 1986, Inductively coupled plasma atomic fluorescence spectrometric determination of cadmium, copper, iron, lead, manganese and zinc: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, v. 1, no. 5, p. 343-347, https://doi.org/10.1039/JA9860100343.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"347","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226102,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ab5e4b0c8380cd61ed6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanzolone, R. F.","contributorId":64199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanzolone","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5222101,"text":"5222101 - 1986 - Selenium and heavy metals in San Francisco Bay diving ducks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-15T15:57:18.11358","indexId":"5222101","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selenium and heavy metals in San Francisco Bay diving ducks","docAbstract":"<p>We analyzed for selenium (Se) and heavy metals in greater scaups (<i>Aythya marila</i>) and surf scoters (<i>Melanitta perspicillata</i>) collected from southern San Francisco Bay in March and April 1982. There were no differences (P &gt; 0.05) between species for liver concentrations of silver (Ag), mercury (Hg), or lead (Pb). Copper (Cu) (P &lt; 0.001) and zinc (Zn) (P &lt; 0.01) levels were higher in scaups, whereas Se was higher in scoters (P &lt; 0.001). Chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) occurred in &lt; 50% of the samples, and there was no difference (P &gt; 0.05) between the 2 species. The geometric mean cadmium (Cd) concentration in scoter kidneys (24.6 ppm, dry wt) was higher than in scaups (15.5 ppm) (0.1 &gt; P &gt; 0.05). Liver concentrations of Hg and Se were correlated (P &lt; 0.01). The toxicological significance of some elements in these species is not known. However, Se levels in scoters (34.4 ppm, dry wt) were similar to those in livers of dabbling ducks (Anas spp.) in the nearby San Joaquin Valley where reproduction was impaired severely.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801489","usgsCitation":"Ohlendorf, H.M., Lowe, R.W., Kelly, P.R., and Harvey, T.E., 1986, Selenium and heavy metals in San Francisco Bay diving ducks: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 50, no. 1, p. 64-70, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801489.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"64","endPage":"70","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198246,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.59656918719827,\n              37.957325469924925\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.59656918719827,\n              37.601089561175186\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.20620193662234,\n              37.601089561175186\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.20620193662234,\n              37.957325469924925\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.59656918719827,\n              37.957325469924925\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a00e4b07f02db5f7d11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ohlendorf, Harry M.","contributorId":60291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohlendorf","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowe, Roy W.","contributorId":50847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lowe","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kelly, Paul R.","contributorId":175074,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kelly","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harvey, Thomas E.","contributorId":38089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5222063,"text":"5222063 - 1985 - Reproduction, mortality, and heavy metal concentrations in great blue herons from three colonies in Washington and Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T12:27:44.149773","indexId":"5222063","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:32","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reproduction, mortality, and heavy metal concentrations in great blue herons from three colonies in Washington and Idaho","docAbstract":"We collected eggs in nests, hatchlings and eggs with advanced embryos on the ground, and prefledgling young of Great Blue Herons (Ardea  herodias) at three nesting colonies in Washington and Idaho. Intact fish were also collected on the ground at the Idaho colony. The Ft. Lewis colony  near Puget Sound in Washington and the Lake Chatcolet colony in northern Idaho were located near areas extensively polluted with heavy metals  from minning or smelting activities. The Hanford Reservation colony near Richland, Washington was located some distance from point sources of  heavy metal pollution. Heavy metals in heron samples were generally low and were all below concentrations known to induce mortality or adversely  affect reproductive success. The elevated copper in one of three prefledglings from Ft. Lewis paralleled that found in an occasional nestling of  several species of birds in other studies; the significance of this relationship is unclear. Breeding herons apparently fed near their colonies in areas  removed from the sites of heaviest contamination, but birds in the Lake Chatcolet colony were preying on fish containing as much as 6 mu-g/g lead.","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1521060","usgsCitation":"Blus, L.J., Henny, C.J., Anderson, A., and Fitzner, R.E., 1985, Reproduction, mortality, and heavy metal concentrations in great blue herons from three colonies in Washington and Idaho: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 8, no. 2, p. 110-116, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521060.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"110","endPage":"116","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196365,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -126.20078209206712,\n              49.647928540946936\n            ],\n            [\n              -126.20078209206712,\n              45.129588362574765\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.89609459206717,\n              45.129588362574765\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.89609459206717,\n              49.647928540946936\n            ],\n            [\n              -126.20078209206712,\n              49.647928540946936\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a55e4b07f02db62c93a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blus, L. J.","contributorId":38116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blus","given":"L.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henny, Charles J.","contributorId":12578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, A.","contributorId":43727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fitzner, R. E.","contributorId":107242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzner","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":60341,"text":"mf1246J - 1985 - Maps showing distribution of tungsten in heavy-mineral concentrates, Richfield 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-22T19:26:09.570433","indexId":"mf1246J","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1246","chapter":"J","title":"Maps showing distribution of tungsten in heavy-mineral concentrates, Richfield 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah","docAbstract":"<p>These maps are part of a folio of maps of the Richfield 1° x 2 ° quadrangle, Utah, prepared under the Conterminuous United States Mineral Assessment Program. Other publications in this folio are listed in the selected references.</p><p>Located in west-central Utah, the Richfield quadrangle covers the eastern part of the Plioche-Marysvale igneous and mineral belt, which extends from the vicinity of Plioche in southeastern Nevada east-northeastward for 250 km (155 mi) into central Utah. The western two-thirds of the Richfield quadrangle is in the Basin and Range province and the eastern third is in the High Plateaus of Utah, a subprovince of the Colorado Plateau.</p><p>Bedrock in the northern part of the Richfield quadrangle consists predominantly of latest Precambrian and Paleozoic sedimentary strata that were thrust eastward during the Sevier orogeny in Cretaceous time onto an autochthon of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks in the eastern part of the quadrangle. The southern part of the quadrangle is largely underlain by Oligocene and younger volcanic rocks and related intrusions. Extensional tectonism in late Cenozoic time broke the bedrock terrane into a series of north-trending fault blocks; the uplifted mountain areas were deeply eroded and the resulting debris deposited in the adjacent basins. Most of the mineral deposits in the Pioche-Marysvale mineral belt were formed during igneous activity in middle and late Cenozoic time.</p><p>The regional sampling program was designed to define broad geochemical patterns and trends which can be utilized along with geologic and geophysical data to assess the mineral resource potential for this quadrangle. These maps of the Richfield 1° x 2° quadrangle show the regional distributions of copper in two fractions of heavy-mineral concentrates of drainage sediments.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/mf1246J","usgsCitation":"Miller, W.R., Motooka, J.M., and McHugh, J., 1985, Maps showing distribution of tungsten in heavy-mineral concentrates, Richfield 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1246, 1 Plate: 35.98 x 27.39 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1246J.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 35.98 x 27.39 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf1246j.jpg"},{"id":393329,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1246-J/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":390902,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_6854.htm"}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Richfield quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.0,38.0 ], [ -114.0,39.0 ], [ -112.0,39.0 ], [ -112.0,38.0 ], [ -114.0,38.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db6057bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, William R.","contributorId":53838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":263579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Motooka, Jerry M.","contributorId":36611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Motooka","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":263578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McHugh, John B.","contributorId":64651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McHugh","given":"John B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":263580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}