Crude oil spilled from a pipeline break in a remote area of north-central Minnesota has contaminated a shallow glacial outwash aquifer. Part of the oil was sprayed over a large area to the west of the pipeline and part of it accumulated in an oil body that floats at the water table to the east of the point of discharge. Total dissolved organic carbon (TDOC) concentrations in shallow groundwater collected in the oil spray area reach 16 mg/l. This is nearly an order of magnitude higher than the TDOC concentrations of native groundwater (∼2–3mg/l). The additional TDOC derives from the partial degradation of petroleum residues deposited at the land surface and transported to the aquifer by vertical recharge. In the vicinity of the oil body, TDOC concentrations in groundwater are 48 mg/l, 58% of the TDOC being composed of non-volatile organic C. The majority of the volatile DOC (63%) is a mixture of low-molecular-weight saturated, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons derived from the oil. Downgradient from the oil body along the direction of groundwater flow, concentrations of all measured constituents of the TDOC pool decrease. Concentrations begin to decline most rapidly, however, in the zone where dissolved O2 concentrations begin to increase, ∼50m downgradient from the leading edge of the oil. Within the anoxic zone near the oil body, removal rates of isometric monoaromatic hydrocarbons vary widely. This indicates that the removal processes are mediated mainly by microbiological activity. Molecular and spectroscopic characterization of the TDOC and its spatial and temporal variation provide evidence of the importance of biogeochemical processes in attenuating petroleum contaminants in this perturbed subsurface environment.
The sulfur geochemistry of the lacustrine Paleogene Green River Formation (Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming, USA) is unlike that of most marine and other lacustrine rocks. Distinctive chemical, isotopic, and mineralogical characteristics of the formation are pyrrhotite and marcasite, high contents of iron mineral sulfides strikingly enriched in34S, cyclical trends in sulfur abundance and δ34S values, and long-term evolutionary trends in δ34S values. Analyses that identified and quantified these characteristics include carbonate-free abundance of organic carbon (0.13–47 wt%), total iron (0.31–13 wt%), reactive iron (>70% of total iron), total sulfur (0.02–16 wt%), acid-volatile monosulfide (SAv), disulfide (SDi > 70% of total sulfur), sulfate (SSO4) and organosulfur (SOrg); isotopic composition of separated sulfur phases (δ34SDi,Av up to +49‰); and mineralogy, morphology and paragenesis of sulfide minerals.
Mineralogy, morphology, δ34SDi,Av, and δ34SOrg have a distinctive relation, reflecting variable and unique depositional and early diagenetic conditions in the Green River lakes. When the lakes were brackish, dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacteria in the sediment produced H2S, which initially reacted with labile iron to form pyrite framboids and more gradually with organic matter to form organosulfur compounds. During a long-lived stage of saline lake water, the amount of sulfate supplied by inflow decreased and alkalinity and pH of lake waters increased substantially. Extensive bacterial sulfate reduction in the water column kept lake waters undersaturated with sulfate minerals. A very high H2S:SO4 ratio developed in stagnant bottom water aided by the high pH that kinetically inhibited iron sulfidization. Progressive removal of H2S by coeval formation of iron sulfides and organosulfur compounds caused the isotopic composition of the entire dissolved sulfur reservoir to evolve to δ34S values much greater than that of inflow sulfate, which is estimated to have been +20‰ A six-million-year interval within Lake Uinta cores records this evolution as well as smaller systematic changes in δ34S, interpreted to reflect ~ 100,000-year lake-level cycles. When porewater was exceptionally reducing, unstable FeS phases eventually recrystallized to pyrrhotite during diagenesis. A much later reaction related to weathering altered pyrrhotite to marcasite.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(93)90291-4","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Tuttle, M.L., and Goldhaber, M., 1993, Sedimentary sulfur geochemistry of the Paleogene Green River Formation, western USA: Implications for interpreting depositional and diagenetic processes in saline alkaline lakes: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, no. 13, p. 3023-3039, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90291-4.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"3023","endPage":"3039","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228795,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8a41e4b08c986b3170e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tuttle, M. L.","contributorId":71992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuttle","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldhaber, M. B. 0000-0002-1785-4243","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-4243","contributorId":103280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldhaber","given":"M. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017337,"text":"70017337 - 1993 - Relations of ammonium minerals at several hydrothermal systems in the western U.S.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:48","indexId":"70017337","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relations of ammonium minerals at several hydrothermal systems in the western U.S.","docAbstract":"Ammonium bound to silicate and sulfate minerals has recently been located at several major hydrothermal systems in the western U.S. utilizing newly-discovered near-infrared spectral properties. Knowledge of the origin and mineralogic relations of ammonium minerals at known hydrothermal systems is critical for the proper interpretation of remote sensing data and for testing of possible links to mineralization. Submicroscopic analysis of ammonium minerals from two mercury- and gold-bearing hot-springs deposits at Ivanhoe, Nevada and McLaughlin, California shows that the ammonium feldspar, buddingtonite, occurs as fine-grained euhedral crystals coating larger sulfide and quartz crystals. Ammonium feldspar seems to precipitate relatively late in the crystallization sequence and shows evidence for replacement of NH4+ by K+ or other monovalent cations. Some buddingtonite is observed in close association with mercury, but not with gold. Ammonioalunite is found in a variety of isolated crystal forms at both deposits. Nitrogen isotopic values for ammonium-bearing minerals show a 14??? range in composition, precluding assignment of a specific provenance to the nitrogen. The correlations of nitrogen isotopic values with depth and ammonium content suggest some loss of nitrogen in the oxidizing supergene environment, possibly as a metastable mineral. The high ammonium content in these hydrothermal systems, the close association to mercury, and the small crystal size of the ammonium-bearing minerals all suggest that ammonium may be transported in a late-stage vapor phase or as an organic volatile. Such a process could lead to the formation of a non-carbonaceous organic aureole above a buried geothermal source. The discovery of a 10-km outcrop of ammonium minerals confirms that significant substitution of ammonium in minerals is possible over an extensive area and that remote sensing is a feasible means to detect such aureoles. ?? 1993.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Krohn, M.D., Kendall, C., Evans, J., and Fries, T.L., 1993, Relations of ammonium minerals at several hydrothermal systems in the western U.S.: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 56, no. 4, p. 401-413.","startPage":"401","endPage":"413","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224835,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a711e4b0e8fec6cdc36f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krohn, M. D.","contributorId":51250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohn","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, J.R.","contributorId":50526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fries, T. L.","contributorId":12053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fries","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018214,"text":"70018214 - 1993 - Vesiculation of basaltic magma during eruption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-26T16:44:54","indexId":"70018214","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vesiculation of basaltic magma during eruption","docAbstract":"Vesicle size distributions in vent lavas from the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea volcano are used to estimate nucleation and growth rates of H2O-rich gas bubbles in basaltic magma nearing the earth's surface (≤120 m depth). By using well-constrained estimates for the depth of volatile exsolution and magma ascent rate, nucleation rates of 35.9 events ⋅ cm-3 ⋅ s-1 and growth rates of 3.2 x 10-4cm/s are determined directly from size-distribution data. The results are consistent with diffusion-controlled growth as predicted by a parabolic growth law. This empirical approach is not subject to the limitations inherent in classical nucleation and growth theory and provides the first direct measurement of vesiculation kinetics in natural settings. In addition, perturbations in the measured size distributions are used to examine bubble escape, accumulation, and coalescence prior to the eruption of magma.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0157:VOBMDE>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Mangan, M.T., Cashman, K., and Newman, S., 1993, Vesiculation of basaltic magma during eruption: Geology, v. 21, no. 2, p. 157-160, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0157:VOBMDE>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"160","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc250e4b08c986b32aa77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mangan, Margaret T. 0000-0002-5273-8053 mmangan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5273-8053","contributorId":3343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"Margaret","email":"mmangan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":378897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cashman, Katharine V.","contributorId":40097,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cashman","given":"Katharine V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Newman, Sally","contributorId":191450,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Newman","given":"Sally","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018299,"text":"70018299 - 1993 - Paper plant effluent revisited-southern Lake Champlain, Vermont and New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-14T11:49:25","indexId":"70018299","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paper plant effluent revisited-southern Lake Champlain, Vermont and New York","docAbstract":"We used geologic and geochemical techniques to document the change with time of the distribution and concentration of contaminated bottom sediments in southern Lake Champlain near an International Paper Company plant. Our work, initiated in 1972, was expanded on behalf of Vermont citizens in a class-action suit against the International Paper Company. To update our 1972-1973 results, we collected nine cores in 1988 upstream and downstream from the paper plant effluent diffuser. Water content, volatile solids, organic carbon, and three ratios, Al/Si, Cl/Si, and S/Si, in addition to megascopic and microscopic observations, were evaluated to identify and trace the distribution of effluent and to measure the thickness of sediment affected by or containing components of effluent. Analyses were carried out on samples from the cores as well as from effluent collected directly from the plant's waste treatment facility. In 1973, two years after the plant opened, we cored near the diffuser; sediment contaminated with effluent was 4.5 cm thick. In 1988, in the same area, sediment contaminated with effluent was 17 cm thick. In 15 years, water content increased from 72 to 85 percent, volatile solids from 7 to 20 percent, and organic carbon from 2 to 12 percent. Cl/Si and S/Si were high only near the diffuser and were zero elsewhere. In the area of the diffuser, contaminated sediment appears to be accumulating at a rate of about 1 cm/yr. At a control location 22 km upstream (south) from the plant, the top, poorly consoli-dated layer was only 1 cm or less thick both in 1973 and in 1988. The class-action suit was settled in favor of the plaintiffs for $5 million. ?? 1993 Springer-Verlag.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00775054","issn":"01775146","usgsCitation":"Haupt, R., and Folger, D.W., 1993, Paper plant effluent revisited-southern Lake Champlain, Vermont and New York: Environmental Geology, v. 21, no. 1-2, p. 77-83, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00775054.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"83","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227375,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York, Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Lake Champlain","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-73.39279174804688,43.700644071512464],[-73.38317871093749,43.71057158566884],[-73.36944580078125,43.72148995228582],[-73.36669921875,43.73439091160204],[-73.36669921875,43.74530493763506],[-73.35296630859375,43.758200767075934],[-73.34197998046875,43.77109381775651],[-73.3502197265625,43.777043519302175],[-73.35296630859375,43.78695837311561],[-73.35983276367186,43.79984522482957],[-73.3721923828125,43.79885402720353],[-73.37493896484374,43.80876526350847],[-73.38729858398438,43.8186748554532],[-73.388671875,43.82858280301419],[-73.38180541992188,43.83452678223682],[-73.3721923828125,43.83155486662414],[-73.36669921875,43.84443209873525],[-73.37493896484374,43.854335770789575],[-73.37356567382812,43.86324766961987],[-73.36669921875,43.865227910689136],[-73.36807250976562,43.874138181474734],[-73.37493896484374,43.88601647043421],[-73.37356567382812,43.898881944430414],[-73.38043212890625,43.906797777763856],[-73.388671875,43.906797777763856],[-73.39553833007812,43.9058083561574],[-73.39004516601562,43.92064795343025],[-73.39141845703125,43.92757183247526],[-73.40377807617188,43.93251696697599],[-73.399658203125,43.93845058564535],[-73.39553833007812,43.94438361223957],[-73.40377807617188,43.954270674161876],[-73.40789794921875,43.97008655228108],[-73.40927124023438,43.97700467496408],[-73.3941650390625,43.98095752608484],[-73.40652465820311,43.99775420746853],[-73.39279174804688,44.019484033157234],[-73.40652465820311,44.03528254251139],[-73.42163085937499,44.044167353572185],[-73.4161376953125,44.05699861738566],[-73.41339111328125,44.06884039356983],[-73.4161376953125,44.081666311450526],[-73.40377807617188,44.090544164574716],[-73.38317871093749,44.09350315285847],[-73.38729858398438,44.104351509943406],[-73.38592529296875,44.11421192552102],[-73.37493896484374,44.12308489306967],[-73.36257934570312,44.135899049380775],[-73.36807250976562,44.14575420090964],[-73.3502197265625,44.17136989600329],[-73.35159301757811,44.180234276372886],[-73.36257934570312,44.18318877371037],[-73.36944580078125,44.18121912526982],[-73.37081909179688,44.19303602884215],[-73.36669921875,44.19894359225986],[-73.35708618164062,44.208788215176114],[-73.34747314453125,44.2146941992524],[-73.33648681640624,44.21863119293724],[-73.32000732421875,44.220599591069444],[-73.31451416015625,44.23240859791255],[-73.30764770507812,44.238312212932016],[-73.29734802246092,44.236344407066746],[-73.29803466796875,44.244707127506686],[-73.28910827636717,44.23978802414443],[-73.27949523925781,44.23536047945612],[-73.28018188476562,44.22798049797115],[-73.28567504882812,44.223552064879726],[-73.28842163085938,44.21912329863967],[-73.28567504882812,44.21567847235113],[-73.28155517578124,44.220599591069444],[-73.28224182128906,44.21420205653367],[-73.28636169433594,44.21026476671932],[-73.28704833984375,44.204850563427364],[-73.27743530273438,44.20928040313676],[-73.27468872070312,44.215186337858206],[-73.2740020751953,44.22158376545796],[-73.2733154296875,44.22896454897114],[-73.267822265625,44.22601234661563],[-73.26919555664062,44.22109168032017],[-73.26576232910155,44.2171548511523],[-73.2623291015625,44.220107497705804],[-73.25889587402344,44.215186337858206],[-73.25889587402344,44.20681942220478],[-73.25340270996094,44.20238939741596],[-73.24928283691406,44.21124911385029],[-73.25477600097656,44.22158376545796],[-73.25752258300781,44.2250282462601],[-73.25271606445312,44.2309326016155],[-73.26095581054688,44.22945656830167],[-73.27194213867188,44.236344407066746],[-73.27674865722656,44.24421523567905],[-73.26988220214844,44.24667465368691],[-73.27812194824219,44.25011766615044],[-73.27743530273438,44.25651129745745],[-73.26919555664062,44.25552770711544],[-73.26850891113281,44.260445494302466],[-73.26713562011719,44.264871151101985],[-73.2623291015625,44.2678214038788],[-73.26370239257812,44.27273816279087],[-73.26988220214844,44.269788156801084],[-73.2733154296875,44.27224650540873],[-73.27812194824219,44.2751963880046],[-73.28567504882812,44.2751963880046],[-73.28773498535156,44.27224650540873],[-73.29597473144531,44.265854585146684],[-73.29460144042969,44.269788156801084],[-73.30284118652344,44.26683800273895],[-73.2952880859375,44.276671273775186],[-73.28224182128906,44.28404514735239],[-73.28224182128906,44.28896054892435],[-73.28636169433594,44.28797750151544],[-73.28498840332031,44.29240108529005],[-73.28842163085938,44.295841420108864],[-73.29597473144531,44.290926594383954],[-73.30352783203125,44.29043508918884],[-73.30009460449219,44.294858487869526],[-73.30078125,44.2982986787259],[-73.29460144042969,44.29731578761873],[-73.29460144042969,44.30124725332995],[-73.30146789550781,44.30370428571944],[-73.30078125,44.30714395830852],[-73.29460144042969,44.31402269883775],[-73.29048156738281,44.324339298000694],[-73.28292846679688,44.33367180085156],[-73.28155517578124,44.34152959888481],[-73.2843017578125,44.34840430835639],[-73.27812194824219,44.351350365612326],[-73.26988220214844,44.35822392333254],[-73.26438903808594,44.36509667482153],[-73.26988220214844,44.365587554791375],[-73.26507568359375,44.37295026072434],[-73.26713562011719,44.3768766587829],[-73.27125549316406,44.381293541917195],[-73.27262878417969,44.386200799061896],[-73.27606201171875,44.3920889646517],[-73.27537536621094,44.397485929414124],[-73.26988220214844,44.401901257636936],[-73.26301574707031,44.40435407378617],[-73.2568359375,44.40974990732028],[-73.25340270996094,44.41563570350107],[-73.25752258300781,44.42103049629628],[-73.25889587402344,44.42838622977046],[-73.25340270996094,44.43230890916896],[-73.25408935546875,44.4377021634654],[-73.2513427734375,44.442114455841875],[-73.24722290039062,44.439663223436106],[-73.24859619140625,44.43377984606822],[-73.24516296386719,44.43181858864192],[-73.25065612792967,44.426424791343855],[-73.25340270996094,44.4190688110522],[-73.24790954589844,44.417597503926196],[-73.24516296386719,44.4136738372583],[-73.2403564453125,44.41073091448634],[-73.23760986328125,44.40484462467532],[-73.23692321777344,44.401901257636936],[-73.23074340820312,44.397485929414124],[-73.22456359863281,44.39993893067345],[-73.22181701660156,44.40680678709622],[-73.22113037109375,44.41073091448634],[-73.2183837890625,44.414654778606874],[-73.21632385253906,44.42250171703636],[-73.21701049804688,44.42887657909302],[-73.21975708007812,44.4357410376761],[-73.2190704345703,44.442604689982],[-73.22799682617188,44.44309492000842],[-73.23348999023438,44.44505579897742],[-73.23074340820312,44.44750680513074],[-73.23074340820312,44.450447876762865],[-73.22662353515624,44.45436907523842],[-73.22250366210938,44.45878010882453],[-73.22113037109375,44.464170919586834],[-73.22044372558594,44.47250119351298],[-73.22593688964844,44.48376967178836],[-73.23623657226562,44.49111750693031],[-73.24172973632812,44.49258696288604],[-73.24653625488281,44.48866833139464],[-73.25202941894531,44.48768863238376],[-73.24859619140625,44.49356657962081],[-73.24928283691406,44.49944393446856],[-73.25614929199219,44.50287211789361],[-73.26644897460938,44.50434127765394],[-73.27056884765625,44.503851561847675],[-73.27125549316406,44.49993368729936],[-73.2740020751953,44.49699510860722],[-73.27468872070312,44.50287211789361],[-73.27743530273438,44.5058104003897],[-73.2740020751953,44.51070720877548],[-73.27056884765625,44.51560360577554],[-73.27056884765625,44.52049959138874],[-73.2740020751953,44.52686375766053],[-73.27880859375,44.53175879707938],[-73.27949523925781,44.53714286528377],[-73.28498840332031,44.542037040780734],[-73.29460144042969,44.54497334861026],[-73.29734802246092,44.548888195335735],[-73.30764770507812,44.549866865877675],[-73.31314086914062,44.553781383487305],[-73.30490112304686,44.554270679675696],[-73.29940795898438,44.558674160243065],[-73.2952880859375,44.55524925971063],[-73.29048156738281,44.551824157594105],[-73.28498840332031,44.55524925971063],[-73.28086853027344,44.55916341529182],[-73.27812194824219,44.55475997175016],[-73.27262878417969,44.55280277876862],[-73.26438903808594,44.55231347023833],[-73.25408935546875,44.554270679675696],[-73.24378967285156,44.55622782328973],[-73.23829650878906,44.562098859190996],[-73.2403564453125,44.56650174734629],[-73.24241638183592,44.571393454467895],[-73.23898315429688,44.57432828126911],[-73.23280334472656,44.57237174652431],[-73.23074340820312,44.56650174734629],[-73.23074340820312,44.562098859190996],[-73.23554992675781,44.55573854355717],[-73.22799682617188,44.55035619497771],[-73.2190704345703,44.545462718849755],[-73.2073974609375,44.5435052132082],[-73.1964111328125,44.549377532663684],[-73.19297790527344,44.553781383487305],[-73.19229125976562,44.55916341529182],[-73.19023132324219,44.562588085441945],[-73.18817138671874,44.56699093657141],[-73.18405151367188,44.570415145955515],[-73.18679809570312,44.57383915375391],[-73.18267822265625,44.57970841241188],[-73.18885803222656,44.58215376200718],[-73.19297790527344,44.58215376200718],[-73.19984436035156,44.57824115328649],[-73.20259094238281,44.575306523957494],[-73.20671081542969,44.57824115328649],[-73.21014404296875,44.57432828126911],[-73.21495056152344,44.5772629599662],[-73.22113037109375,44.58019749055897],[-73.22731018066405,44.5772629599662],[-73.22731018066405,44.58215376200718],[-73.22731018066405,44.58753316908299],[-73.23211669921875,44.5924231071787],[-73.22799682617188,44.59437896722391],[-73.22868347167969,44.60024615241099],[-73.2293701171875,44.60513502085406],[-73.23211669921875,44.610023477890515],[-73.23829650878906,44.61148993477701],[-73.24378967285156,44.61148993477701],[-73.245849609375,44.61491152351938],[-73.2513427734375,44.6188216638084],[-73.24172973632812,44.62468638055057],[-73.23692321777344,44.62859586258382],[-73.22319030761719,44.632993715141666],[-73.21151733398436,44.63836841571474],[-73.21083068847656,44.646673791982664],[-73.21563720703125,44.67744217165251],[-73.21701049804688,44.7018498980029],[-73.2073974609375,44.72332018895825],[-73.18954467773438,44.74868389996833],[-73.17581176757812,44.762336674810996],[-73.15933227539062,44.77306159217168],[-73.14147949218749,44.788657917188104],[-73.135986328125,44.8042500291152],[-73.14834594726562,44.81204450516513],[-73.16070556640625,44.8042500291152],[-73.16482543945311,44.79645449978889],[-73.17718505859375,44.78475923091046],[-73.18267822265625,44.77696106840196],[-73.18954467773438,44.788657917188104],[-73.18679809570312,44.79840348086502],[-73.17581176757812,44.80522439622254],[-73.17306518554688,44.813018740612776],[-73.18817138671874,44.813992959602935],[-73.1964111328125,44.80522439622254],[-73.1964111328125,44.817889670988784],[-73.1854248046875,44.83152608719319],[-73.1854248046875,44.85781578061526],[-73.17855834960938,44.87436239539944],[-73.16619873046875,44.89090425391711],[-73.15933227539062,44.91716684156227],[-73.17581176757812,44.932724194996155],[-73.19778442382812,44.935640729718365],[-73.2073974609375,44.923001342833096],[-73.22250366210938,44.93175198383987],[-73.23074340820312,44.9405012917663],[-73.223876953125,44.95799590837475],[-73.21014404296875,44.972570682240644],[-73.19915771484375,44.9754851926527],[-73.18817138671874,44.98617046357793],[-73.18267822265625,44.99394031891056],[-73.1689453125,44.99199795382439],[-73.15658569335936,44.999767019181284],[-73.1634521484375,45.008505958683955],[-73.14834594726562,45.01141864227728],[-73.14010620117188,45.00365115687186],[-73.14422607421875,44.99685374310617],[-73.14010620117188,44.98714175309689],[-73.14010620117188,44.97937097612598],[-73.12774658203125,44.977428117304974],[-73.11126708984375,44.977428117304974],[-73.09616088867188,44.98519915760114],[-73.08929443359375,44.99588261816546],[-73.092041015625,45.01141864227728],[-73.08929443359375,45.03083274759959],[-73.0755615234375,45.03956694724904],[-73.07693481445312,45.06091160094602],[-73.08654785156249,45.07255078193609],[-73.12637329101562,45.07449041502553],[-73.135986328125,45.059941562221226],[-73.13323974609374,45.08030891930731],[-73.14010620117188,45.086126831109596],[-73.1524658203125,45.07546020688359],[-73.15521240234375,45.06091160094602],[-73.16757202148438,45.055091121730385],[-73.1689453125,45.042478050891546],[-73.17306518554688,45.03083274759959],[-73.18405151367188,45.02015580433459],[-73.20465087890625,45.01141864227728],[-73.212890625,45.00073807829067],[-73.21975708007812,44.97839955494438],[-73.23074340820312,44.966741217055315],[-73.2403564453125,44.959939425508466],[-73.25408935546875,44.95799590837475],[-73.26370239257812,44.95410867661361],[-73.26370239257812,44.94244540138094],[-73.26644897460938,44.93077975622576],[-73.2733154296875,44.91716684156227],[-73.26644897460938,44.90841397875737],[-73.26919555664062,44.89187715629887],[-73.25820922851561,44.90841397875737],[-73.24722290039062,44.921056574907226],[-73.23623657226562,44.921056574907226],[-73.22799682617188,44.904523389609324],[-73.22799682617188,44.88506649401471],[-73.23898315429688,44.879228141635245],[-73.24722290039062,44.87436239539944],[-73.24996948242188,44.86268292575171],[-73.26095581054688,44.85100108620399],[-73.2623291015625,44.83834308566653],[-73.27056884765625,44.823734244342546],[-73.28292846679688,44.817889670988784],[-73.28292846679688,44.80230124552821],[-73.28567504882812,44.782809789027425],[-73.289794921875,44.77306159217168],[-73.27606201171875,44.76818687659432],[-73.26644897460938,44.75551069059177],[-73.25820922851561,44.74868389996833],[-73.25271606445312,44.73697895420882],[-73.25958251953125,44.73014997478245],[-73.2733154296875,44.722344439440775],[-73.28292846679688,44.722344439440775],[-73.2843017578125,44.71258603912908],[-73.2843017578125,44.7018498980029],[-73.29116821289062,44.68818283842486],[-73.29391479492188,44.67744217165251],[-73.30490112304686,44.6706061651103],[-73.31863403320312,44.669629526920104],[-73.31451416015625,44.65009330721098],[-73.30490112304686,44.65888542068506],[-73.29940795898438,44.65204722540161],[-73.29254150390625,44.66083904265621],[-73.28292846679688,44.674512553303565],[-73.27743530273438,44.66474608911831],[-73.27468872070312,44.655954864303425],[-73.27056884765625,44.64911632343077],[-73.2623291015625,44.63836841571474],[-73.27056884765625,44.62761851676016],[-73.2733154296875,44.61979915773973],[-73.28155517578124,44.610023477890515],[-73.29254150390625,44.612956354636815],[-73.29940795898438,44.60024615241099],[-73.3172607421875,44.6061127451739],[-73.32138061523438,44.62077663521467],[-73.34197998046875,44.62077663521467],[-73.3447265625,44.611001119928936],[-73.36257934570312,44.60709045303749],[-73.35433959960938,44.62468638055057],[-73.34747314453125,44.63836841571474],[-73.35159301757811,44.654977979262924],[-73.355712890625,44.679395168267874],[-73.35296630859375,44.70770622183535],[-73.333740234375,44.73795445686983],[-73.32000732421875,44.74478251469654],[-73.3062744140625,44.751609766121646],[-73.29254150390625,44.74478251469654],[-73.28842163085938,44.761361583580005],[-73.30078125,44.767211884106956],[-73.31588745117188,44.76331174958473],[-73.32550048828125,44.767211884106956],[-73.32687377929688,44.78183504339988],[-73.31588745117188,44.79158175909386],[-73.3172607421875,44.80327564555043],[-73.32000732421875,44.820812031724444],[-73.311767578125,44.83639545410477],[-73.289794921875,44.82860426955568],[-73.27743530273438,44.84029065139799],[-73.27743530273438,44.84808025602074],[-73.2952880859375,44.8490538825394],[-73.29666137695312,44.861709529639704],[-73.31863403320312,44.864629668602866],[-73.31039428710938,44.87630874326679],[-73.3062744140625,44.89382291168926],[-73.311767578125,44.904523389609324],[-73.311767578125,44.93175198383987],[-73.31451416015625,44.956052325409814],[-73.311767578125,44.968684437948376],[-73.32687377929688,44.98422783516651],[-73.34197998046875,44.98131376911565],[-73.34197998046875,44.992969144596394],[-73.32412719726562,44.99394031891056],[-73.355712890625,45.00656408733261],[-73.36669921875,44.9754851926527],[-73.355712890625,44.96285457777543],[-73.3502197265625,44.94730538740607],[-73.35845947265625,44.93661287504354],[-73.36944580078125,44.94730538740607],[-73.38317871093749,44.94244540138094],[-73.38729858398438,44.92883525162427],[-73.37493896484374,44.91522187614324],[-73.37493896484374,44.90160527494205],[-73.377685546875,44.881174324925844],[-73.39004516601562,44.867549659447214],[-73.38729858398438,44.853921768268805],[-73.39004516601562,44.84029065139799],[-73.40103149414062,44.84126440957738],[-73.399658203125,44.826656308843],[-73.39553833007812,44.820812031724444],[-73.38180541992188,44.81496716213563],[-73.37631225585938,44.82178611905465],[-73.36807250976562,44.811070253260006],[-73.36395263671875,44.80035239611148],[-73.37493896484374,44.78183504339988],[-73.37493896484374,44.766236875162335],[-73.39141845703125,44.7691618526244],[-73.4051513671875,44.77208668197081],[-73.40789794921875,44.76038647589176],[-73.41201782226562,44.749659205143296],[-73.40789794921875,44.73795445686983],[-73.39828491210936,44.73014997478245],[-73.38317871093749,44.722344439440775],[-73.377685546875,44.71258603912908],[-73.38317871093749,44.70575417971902],[-73.38317871093749,44.692088041727786],[-73.39691162109375,44.69696917557669],[-73.41201782226562,44.715513732021336],[-73.41751098632812,44.722344439440775],[-73.43399047851562,44.716489596738064],[-73.45184326171875,44.70965819812379],[-73.44497680664061,44.69013547299005],[-73.43948364257812,44.66767620116954],[-73.4326171875,44.64911632343077],[-73.43399047851562,44.63445959194018],[-73.44635009765625,44.62468638055057],[-73.4381103515625,44.616866626576595],[-73.43536376953125,44.60220174915696],[-73.43536376953125,44.58655513209543],[-73.42987060546874,44.574817404670306],[-73.42025756835938,44.564055739510955],[-73.42163085937499,44.55035619497771],[-73.41339111328125,44.540568831327874],[-73.40377807617188,44.52882182279489],[-73.39279174804688,44.51903083890047],[-73.38729858398438,44.50923820945519],[-73.39553833007812,44.49552576372451],[-73.40927124023438,44.48376967178836],[-73.41064453125,44.47299117260252],[-73.39691162109375,44.46613109099745],[-73.39828491210936,44.45142820106398],[-73.40103149414062,44.4357410376761],[-73.41201782226562,44.42397290075389],[-73.41201782226562,44.41416430998939],[-73.41201782226562,44.40337295966717],[-73.40377807617188,44.39552345436279],[-73.39004516601562,44.40042951858466],[-73.39828491210936,44.41024041296011],[-73.39141845703125,44.41514524311076],[-73.39141845703125,44.429857265397246],[-73.38592529296875,44.442604689982],[-73.37905883789062,44.44750680513074],[-73.37356567382812,44.43181858864192],[-73.37081909179688,44.422011314236634],[-73.37081909179688,44.4092593975669],[-73.377685546875,44.40042951858466],[-73.36807250976562,44.381784286142434],[-73.35708618164062,44.373931884919834],[-73.35296630859375,44.34644018791789],[-73.35296630859375,44.326795363769975],[-73.34060668945312,44.280604121518145],[-73.34609985351562,44.2678214038788],[-73.32000732421875,44.26192075025349],[-73.333740234375,44.242247627238285],[-73.355712890625,44.22945656830167],[-73.36257934570312,44.223552064879726],[-73.38455200195312,44.208788215176114],[-73.40652465820311,44.199928128583025],[-73.4381103515625,44.189097324204134],[-73.43124389648438,44.17530978512216],[-73.41888427734375,44.16742974366932],[-73.40652465820311,44.16250418310723],[-73.40652465820311,44.14969580090781],[-73.41476440429688,44.143783302207424],[-73.42575073242188,44.13984130739739],[-73.42987060546874,44.13097085672744],[-73.42849731445312,44.11815563115412],[-73.44223022460938,44.10533762552548],[-73.44772338867188,44.09744824027576],[-73.44772338867188,44.089557802247704],[-73.44772338867188,44.067853669357596],[-73.45046997070312,44.050089820756796],[-73.45733642578125,44.037257060109305],[-73.46282958984375,44.03232064275081],[-73.45596313476562,44.01257086123085],[-73.45184326171875,44.000717834282774],[-73.43673706054688,44.003681313066664],[-73.43536376953125,44.01158319944901],[-73.4381103515625,44.02540896761498],[-73.443603515625,44.03133330993372],[-73.4271240234375,44.02738381418133],[-73.42025756835938,44.01849648651216],[-73.41751098632812,43.99972997512581],[-73.41888427734375,43.982933852960805],[-73.42025756835938,43.96909818325171],[-73.41751098632812,43.95031604675417],[-73.41201782226562,43.93251696697599],[-73.41339111328125,43.9186695542589],[-73.40927124023438,43.906797777763856],[-73.39828491210936,43.89690282163987],[-73.38592529296875,43.88601647043421],[-73.38592529296875,43.86423779837694],[-73.37905883789062,43.84146067645133],[-73.39828491210936,43.835517387886],[-73.39553833007812,43.819665724206956],[-73.39004516601562,43.80975629669955],[-73.36395263671875,43.77208547578765],[-73.36532592773438,43.75423311551578],[-73.37631225585938,43.72744458647464],[-73.39279174804688,43.700644071512464]]]}}]}","volume":"21","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a74bde4b0c8380cd777da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haupt, R.S.","contributorId":24901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haupt","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Folger, D. W.","contributorId":97126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folger","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27778,"text":"wri914135 - 1992 - Effects of dried wastewater-treatment sludge application on ground-water quality in South Dade County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-13T14:57:32.301863","indexId":"wri914135","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-13T11:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4135","title":"Effects of dried wastewater-treatment sludge application on ground-water quality in South Dade County, Florida","docAbstract":"Four test fields in the south Dade agricultural area were studied to determine the effects of sludge application on ground-water quality. Two fields had been cultivated for 10 years or more, and two had not been farmed for at least 10 years. The fields were representative of the area's two soil types (Rockdale and Perrine marl) and two major crop types (row crops and groves). Before the application of sludge, wells upgradient of, within, and downgradient of each field were sampled for possible sludge contaminants at the end of wet and dry seasons. Municipal wastewater treatment sludge from the Dade County Water and Sewe Authority Department was then applied to the fields at varying application rates. The wells at each field were sampled over a 2-year period under different hydrologic conditions for possible sludge-related constituents (specific conductance, pH, alkalinity, nitrogen, phosphorus, total organic carbon, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, chloride, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, and sodium). Comparisons were made between water quality in the vicinity of the test fields and Florida Department of Environmental Regulation primary and secondary drinking-water regulations, an between water quality upgradient of, beneath, and downgradient of the fields. Comparisons between presludge and postsludge water quality did not indicate any improvement because of retention of agrichemicals by the sludge nor did they indicate any deterioration because of leaching from the sludge. Comparisons of water quality upgradient of the fields to water quality beneath and downgradient of the fields also did not indicate any changes related to sludge. Florida Department of Environmental Regulation primary and secondary drinking-water regulations wer exceeded at the Rockdale maximum-application field by mercury (9.5 ug/L (micrograms per liter)), and the Perrine marl maximum-application field by manganese (60 ug/L) and lead (85 ug/L), and at the Perrine marl row-crop field by mercury (5.2 ug/L). All other exceedances were either in presludge or upgradient samples, or they were for constituents or properties, such as iron and color, which typically exceed standards in native ground water. Acid-extractable and base-neutral compounds, volatile organic compounds, chlorophenoxy herbicides, organophosphorus insecticides, and organochlorine compounds were analyzed for one shallow well at each field twice annually. Those compounds that equaled or exceeded the detection limit after sludge was applied included benzene (0.3 and 1.2 ug/L), chloroform (0.2 and 0.3 ug/L), bis(2-Ethylhexyl)phthalate (29 and 42 ug/L), methylene chloride (14 ug/L), tolulene (0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 1.3, and 4.4 ug/L), 1, 1,1-trichloroethana (0.6 ug/L), trichloroethylene (0.3 ug/L), 2.4-D (0.01 ug/L), and xylene (0.3 ug/L). It ws not possible to ascertain the origin of these compounds because they are available from sources other than sludge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri914135","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the South Dade Soil and Water Conservation District, Florida Department of Environmental Regulation, and the Dade County Water and Sewer Authority Department","usgsCitation":"Howie, B., 1992, Effects of dried wastewater-treatment sludge application on ground-water quality in South Dade County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4135, v, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914135.","productDescription":"v, 48 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124925,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4135/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56621,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4135/wri914135.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.86 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Hydrologic data were collected from wells in the Salt Lake Valley, Utah, from 1990 to 1992, to better understand the hydrologic system in the valley. Most of the data collected are from 36 monitoring wells drilled in June and July 1990 and March and May 1991 using a hollow-stem auger. These wells range from 15.0 to 129.5 feet deep and are completed in the shallow unconfined aquifer, an underlying confining layer, or both. Data from public supply wells and other existing wells completed in aquifers below the confining layers near these monitoring wells are presented in order to compare data from those wells with data from the shallow unconfined aquifer and the underlying confining layers.
Field data collected from selected wells and drill holes include well-completion information, lithologic logs, and water-level and field water-quality measurements. Water samples collected from monitoring wells drilled in 1990 and 1991 and from selected existing wells were analyzed for inorganic constituents, trace metals in unfiltered water, volatile organic compounds, organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and radionuclides. Core samples were collected from selected monitoring wells drilled in 1990 and 1991 and analyzed for geochemical and geotechnical properties. Cation exchange capacity, carbon concentration, and the concentration of selected elements in core material are presented. Particle size, dry density, moisture content, porosity, hydraulic conductivity, initial void ratio, specific storage, and other properties determined for material in cores from selected monitoring wells also are listed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/ofr92640","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights and the Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Quality","usgsCitation":"Thiros, S.A., 1992, Selected hydrologic data for Salt Lake Valley, Utah, 1990-92, with emphasis on data from the shallow unconfined aquifer and confining layers: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-640, Report: iv, 60 p.; Plate: 19.82 in x 21.42 in, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92640.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 60 p.; Plate: 19.82 in x 21.42 in","numberOfPages":"63","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153882,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0640/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50718,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0640/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":50719,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0640/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Salt Lake Valley","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-111.6432,40.7953],[-111.6438,40.7926],[-111.6396,40.7872],[-111.6439,40.7849],[-111.6403,40.7795],[-111.647,40.7749],[-111.6427,40.7731],[-111.6397,40.7704],[-111.6379,40.7695],[-111.6343,40.7677],[-111.6312,40.7658],[-111.6258,40.7626],[-111.6246,40.7604],[-111.6234,40.759],[-111.6222,40.7554],[-111.621,40.7504],[-111.6204,40.7431],[-111.6199,40.7381],[-111.6193,40.7327],[-111.6163,40.7299],[-111.612,40.7272],[-111.6078,40.724],[-111.6066,40.7204],[-111.6048,40.7172],[-111.6018,40.7145],[-111.5976,40.7122],[-111.5927,40.7072],[-111.5897,40.704],[-111.5897,40.6995],[-111.597,40.6945],[-111.5989,40.6904],[-111.5959,40.6805],[-111.5966,40.6696],[-111.5954,40.6623],[-111.593,40.6541],[-111.5798,40.6459],[-111.5755,40.6405],[-111.5738,40.6346],[-111.5689,40.6332],[-111.5653,40.6273],[-111.5593,40.6218],[-111.5557,40.6173],[-111.5503,40.6159],[-111.5497,40.6118],[-111.5533,40.61],[-111.5552,40.6087],[-111.5588,40.6064],[-111.5588,40.6032],[-111.5583,40.5969],[-111.5583,40.5937],[-111.5638,40.5855],[-111.5716,40.5842],[-111.5789,40.5833],[-111.5971,40.5784],[-111.5983,40.5789],[-111.6038,40.5657],[-111.6129,40.5667],[-111.622,40.5667],[-111.6311,40.5672],[-111.6347,40.5699],[-111.6414,40.5608],[-111.6468,40.5568],[-111.6523,40.5554],[-111.6565,40.5532],[-111.6608,40.5432],[-111.6669,40.541],[-111.6796,40.5328],[-111.6869,40.5342],[-111.6935,40.5351],[-111.7038,40.5356],[-111.7129,40.532],[-111.7202,40.5266],[-111.7335,40.5307],[-111.7371,40.5262],[-111.7474,40.5253],[-111.7619,40.5276],[-111.771,40.5235],[-111.7819,40.5149],[-111.7873,40.509],[-111.7867,40.5072],[-111.791,40.4959],[-111.7928,40.4954],[-111.8013,40.495],[-111.811,40.4905],[-111.8261,40.4846],[-111.8328,40.4814],[-111.8394,40.4742],[-111.8424,40.4755],[-111.8461,40.4765],[-111.8515,40.4692],[-111.8551,40.4669],[-111.8594,40.4688],[-111.8654,40.4715],[-111.8696,40.4765],[-111.8811,40.4715],[-111.8878,40.4683],[-111.8926,40.4656],[-111.8969,40.4638],[-111.9035,40.4588],[-111.9222,40.4525],[-111.9126,40.4416],[-111.9192,40.438],[-111.9271,40.4348],[-111.9307,40.433],[-111.9434,40.4267],[-111.9513,40.4221],[-111.9531,40.4212],[-111.9561,40.4198],[-111.9627,40.4189],[-111.9663,40.4176],[-111.97,40.4158],[-111.9748,40.4149],[-111.9772,40.4158],[-111.9923,40.4235],[-112.0038,40.4262],[-112.0141,40.4344],[-112.0213,40.4398],[-112.0261,40.4493],[-112.0286,40.4575],[-112.0322,40.4643],[-112.0425,40.4602],[-112.0443,40.4561],[-112.0527,40.4543],[-112.0582,40.4516],[-112.0636,40.4484],[-112.069,40.4457],[-112.0751,40.447],[-112.0835,40.4466],[-112.092,40.447],[-112.0998,40.4448],[-112.1034,40.442],[-112.1113,40.4389],[-112.1131,40.4429],[-112.1125,40.4457],[-112.1125,40.4515],[-112.1174,40.4534],[-112.1198,40.4543],[-112.1252,40.4606],[-112.1283,40.4633],[-112.1343,40.4665],[-112.1428,40.471],[-112.1506,40.4687],[-112.1524,40.4669],[-112.1591,40.4624],[-112.1675,40.4642],[-112.173,40.4674],[-112.17,40.4719],[-112.1754,40.4814],[-112.1724,40.4846],[-112.1864,40.4964],[-112.1797,40.5018],[-112.1864,40.514],[-112.1779,40.5204],[-112.1774,40.5299],[-112.181,40.5399],[-112.1822,40.5431],[-112.1774,40.5544],[-112.1762,40.5562],[-112.1817,40.5617],[-112.1805,40.5676],[-112.1835,40.573],[-112.1793,40.5785],[-112.1745,40.5857],[-112.1781,40.5943],[-112.1769,40.6021],[-112.1739,40.6039],[-112.18,40.6088],[-112.18,40.6129],[-112.1879,40.6152],[-112.1927,40.6233],[-112.1933,40.6242],[-112.194,40.6261],[-112.1928,40.6383],[-112.1928,40.6397],[-112.197,40.6433],[-112.1976,40.6483],[-112.2025,40.6533],[-112.2007,40.6646],[-112.1995,40.6728],[-112.2032,40.6787],[-112.1996,40.6882],[-112.196,40.6927],[-112.1978,40.6995],[-112.2002,40.7045],[-112.2009,40.7077],[-112.2033,40.7113],[-112.2258,40.7262],[-112.2611,40.7706],[-112.2029,40.8075],[-112.2011,40.8079],[-112.1375,40.8457],[-112.0567,40.892],[-112.0069,40.9201],[-111.9558,40.9192],[-111.9558,40.897],[-111.9667,40.8843],[-111.968,40.8748],[-111.9601,40.8675],[-111.9613,40.8594],[-111.9625,40.8526],[-111.9576,40.8471],[-111.951,40.8466],[-111.9437,40.8421],[-111.9437,40.8371],[-111.9412,40.8326],[-111.9352,40.8262],[-111.9328,40.8208],[-111.9103,40.8226],[-111.8896,40.823],[-111.8811,40.8235],[-111.8684,40.8235],[-111.8526,40.8266],[-111.8374,40.8325],[-111.8259,40.8334],[-111.8186,40.8343],[-111.8082,40.8383],[-111.7985,40.8388],[-111.7851,40.8447],[-111.7778,40.8442],[-111.7645,40.8505],[-111.748,40.8546],[-111.7444,40.8609],[-111.7352,40.8627],[-111.7231,40.855],[-111.7176,40.8563],[-111.7079,40.8531],[-111.7012,40.8567],[-111.6982,40.8617],[-111.6818,40.8585],[-111.6745,40.8562],[-111.6684,40.8544],[-111.6624,40.8507],[-111.6575,40.8475],[-111.6563,40.8453],[-111.6655,40.8362],[-111.6564,40.8285],[-111.6497,40.8258],[-111.6437,40.8221],[-111.6401,40.8194],[-111.6432,40.7953]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Salt Lake\",\"state\":\"UT\"}}]}","publicComments":"This is also Utah Hydrologic-Data Report no. 49","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8ac7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thiros, Susan A. 0000-0002-8544-553X sthiros@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8544-553X","contributorId":965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thiros","given":"Susan","email":"sthiros@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":183888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19499,"text":"ofr90580 - 1992 - Reconnaissance investigation of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds in the Memphis Aquifer at Alamo, Crockett County, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:37","indexId":"ofr90580","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-580","title":"Reconnaissance investigation of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds in the Memphis Aquifer at Alamo, Crockett County, Tennessee","docAbstract":"Samples of ground water and soil gas were analyzed to study the occurrence of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds in the Memphis aquifer at Alamo in western Tennessee in 1989. At Alamo, the aquifer is locally unconfined. Four wells screened in the Memphis aquifer provided Alamo with 0.3 million gallons of water per day. Trichloroethylene (TCE), dichloroethylene, trichloroethane, and tetrachloroethylene were detected in water samples from two of the wells. In September 1989, the TCE concentration in a sample from well 1 was 45 micrograms per liter (mg/L); Tennessee?s maximum contaminant level for TCE in drinking water is 5 mg/L Concentrations of TCE in water from this well ranged from 40 to 113 mg/L during I988 and 1989. TCE concentration in water collected from well 2 in September 1989 was 0.7 mg/L During I988 and 1989, TCE concentrations in this well ranged from less than 0.5 to 5.1 mg/L None of the semivolatile organic compounds on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency?s priority-pollutant list were detected in water from well 1.\rSoil gas was sampled at a depth of 3.5 feet below land surface in areas of suspected ground-water contamination. Analyses by gas chromatography indicated the presence of TCE in soils about 230 feet east of well 1 in the area of a former industrial site where solvents were handled. TCE concentrations in the soil gas of this area ranged from 0.2 to 30 mg/L TCE was not detected in soil gas near any of the wells.\rDepth to water at the wells ranged from 39 to 49 feet. The regional direction of ground-water flow is to the west-southwest, which would cause contaminants dissolved in ground water below the former industrial-site area to be transported toward the public-supply wells.\rProbable reasons contributing to the lack of TCE detection in soil gas at wells 1 and 2 are the relatively low concentrations of TCE in ground water at the wells and the vertical distance between sampling points and the water table.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr90580","usgsCitation":"Hutson, S.S., and Haugh, C.J., 1992, Reconnaissance investigation of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds in the Memphis Aquifer at Alamo, Crockett County, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-580, iv, 14 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90580.","productDescription":"iv, 14 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1078,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr_90-580","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":152777,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625a05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutson, Susan S. sshutson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutson","given":"Susan","email":"sshutson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":181014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haugh, Connor J. 0000-0002-5204-8271 cjhaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5204-8271","contributorId":3932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haugh","given":"Connor","email":"cjhaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":181015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38375,"text":"pp1523 - 1992 - Chemistry of the subalkalic silicic obsidians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-23T16:08:20","indexId":"pp1523","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1523","title":"Chemistry of the subalkalic silicic obsidians","docAbstract":"Nonhydrated obsidians are quenched magmatic liquids that record in their chemical compositions details of the tectonic environment of formation and of the differentiation mechanisms that affected their subsequent evolution. This study attempts to analyze, in terms of geologic processes, the compositional variations in the subalkalic silicic obsidians (Si02≥70 percent by weight, molecular (Na2O+K20)>Al2O3). New major- and trace-element determinations of 241 samples and a compilation of 130 published major-element analyses are reported and interpreted. Obsidians from five different tectonic settings are recognized: (1) primitive island arcs, (2) mature island arcs, (3) continental margins, (4) continental interiors, and (5) oceanic extensional zones. Tectonomagmatic discrimination between these groups is successfully made on Nb-Ta, Nb-FeOt and Th-Hf-Ta plots, and compositional ranges and averages for each group are presented. The chemical differences between groups are related to the type of crust in which magmas were generated. With increasingly sialic (continental type) crust, the obsidians show overall enrichment in F, Be, Li, Mo, Nb, Rb, Sn, Ta, U, W, Zn, and the rare-earth elements, and depletion in Mg, Ca, Ba, Co, Sc, Sr, and Zr. They become more potassic, have higher Fe/Mg and F/Cl ratios, and lower Zr/Hf, Nb/Ta, and Th/U ratios. Higher values of total rare-earth elements are accompanied by light rare-earth-element enrichment and pronounced negative Eu anomalies. An attempt is made to link obsidian chemistry to genetic mechanlism. Two broad groups of rocks are distinguished: one generated where crystal-liquid processes dominated (CLPD types), which are the products of crustal anatexis, possibly under conditions of low halogen fugacity, ± crystal fractionation ± magma mixing; and a second group represented by rocks formed in the upper parts of large magma chambers by interplays of crystal fractionation, volatile transfer, magma mixing, and possibly various liquid-state differentiation mechanisms, or in other words a complex interaction of petrogenetic processes (CIPP types). Such rocks may also form by volatile-fluxed partial melting of the wallrocks, and subsequent mixing into the magma reservoir. Compositional ranges and averages for CLPD and CIPP obsidians are given. It is shown by analogy with well-documented, zoned ash-flow ruffs that obsidians fractionated by CIPP have very low Mg, P, Ba, and Sr contents, flat rare-earth-element patterns with extensive Eu anomalies, low K/Rb and Zr/Nb ratios, and relatively high Na2O/K2O ratios. There is, however, considerable compositional overlap between CLPD and CIPP obsidians. The effects of magma mixing, assimilation, and vapor-phase transport in producing compositional variations in the obsidians are briefly assessed. The geochemistry of the subalkalic silicic obsidians is described on an element-by-element basis, in order to provide a database for silicic magma compositions that will hopefully contribute to studies of granitic rocks. Attempts are also made to isolate the geochemical effects of tectonic environment and genetic mechanism for each element, by comparison with data from crystal-liquid equilibria-controlled systems, from ash-flow sheets zoned by CIPP, and from mixed-magma series. A final tabulation relates the complexities of obsidian geochemistry to all the tectonic and genetic variables.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1523","usgsCitation":"MacDonald, R., Smith, R.L., and Thomas, J.E., 1992, Chemistry of the subalkalic silicic obsidians: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1523, Report: vi, 214 p.; 3 Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1523.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 214 p.; 3 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"224","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":619,"text":"Volcano Science Center-Menlo Park","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276593,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1523/downloads/pp1523_appendix1.csv","text":"Appendix 1","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"}},{"id":333084,"rank":7,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1523/pdf/pp1523_text.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64722,"rank":6,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1523/report.pdf","text":"Revision notice","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119723,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1523/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":276592,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1523/downloads/pp1523_appendixes1-2.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1-2","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":333083,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1523/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e3264","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacDonald, Ray","contributorId":9704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacDonald","given":"Ray","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Robert L.","contributorId":90803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, John E.","contributorId":48234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":17208,"text":"ofr92641 - 1992 - Ground-water-quality assessment of the central Oklahoma aquifer, Oklahoma: Hydrologic, water-quality, and quality-assurance data 1987-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-15T21:48:42.724945","indexId":"ofr92641","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-641","title":"Ground-water-quality assessment of the central Oklahoma aquifer, Oklahoma: Hydrologic, water-quality, and quality-assurance data 1987-90","docAbstract":"This report presents data collected from 202 wells between June 1987 and September 1990 as part of the Central Oklahoma aquifer pilot study of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. The report describes the sampling networks, the sampling procedures, and the results of the ground-water quality and quality-assurance sample analyses. The data tables consist of information about the wells sampled and the results of the chemical analyses of ground water and quality-assurance sampling.\r\nChemical analyses of ground-water samples in four sampling networks are presented: A geochemical network, a low-density survey bedrock network, a low-density survey alluvium and terrace deposits network, and a targeted urban network. The analyses generally included physical properties, major ions, nutrients, trace substances, radionuclides, and organic constituents.\r\n\r\nThe chemical analyses of the ground-water samples are presented in five tables: (1) Physical properties and concentrations of major ions, nutrients, and trace substances; (2) concentrations of radionuclides and radioactivities; (3) carbon isotope ratios and delta values (d-values) of selected isotopes; (4) concentrations of organic constituents; and (5) organic constituents not reported in ground-water samples.\r\n\r\nThe quality of the ground water sampled varied substantially. The sum of constituents (dissolved solids) concentrations ranged from 71 to 5,610 milligrams per liter, with 38 percent of the wells sampled exceeding the Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level of 500 milligrams per liter established under the Safe Drinking Water Act. Values of pH ranged from 5.7 to 9.2 units with 20 percent of the wells outside the Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level of 6.5 to 8.5 units. Nitrite plus nitrate concentrations ranged from less than 0.1 to 85 milligrams per liter with 8 percent of the wells exceeding the proposed Maximum Contaminant Level of 10 milligrams per liter. Concentrations of trace substances were highly variable, ranging from below the reporting level to concentrations over the Maximum Contaminant Levels for several constituents (arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, and selenium). Radionuclide activities also were highly variable. Gross alpha radioactivity ranged from 0.1 to 210 picocuries per liter as 230thorium. Of the wells sampled, 20 percent exceeded the proposed Maximum Contaminant Level of 15 picocuries per liter for gross alpha radioactivity. Organic constituents were detected in 39 percent of the 170 wells sampled for organic constituents; in most cases concentrations were at or near the laboratory minimum reporting levels. Ten of the wells sampled for organic constituents had one or more constituents (chlordane, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, trichloroethylene, 1,1-dichloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane) at concentrations equal to or greater than the Maximum Contaminant Level or acceptable concentrations as suggested in the Environmental Protection Agency's Health Advisory Summaries.\r\n\r\nQuality-assurance sampling included duplicate samples, repeated samples, blanks, spikes, and blind samples. These samples proved to be essential in evaluating the accuracy of the data, particularly in the case of volatile organic constituents.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr92641","usgsCitation":"Ferree, D.M., Christenson, S.C., Rea, A.H., and Mesander, B., 1992, Ground-water-quality assessment of the central Oklahoma aquifer, Oklahoma: Hydrologic, water-quality, and quality-assurance data 1987-90: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-641, vi, 193 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92641.","productDescription":"vi, 193 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391706,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18352.htm"},{"id":46346,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0641/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150901,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0641/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"central Oklahoma aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.75,\n 34.75\n ],\n [\n -96.75,\n 34.75\n ],\n [\n -96.75,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -97.75,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -97.75,\n 34.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db69637f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferree, D. M.","contributorId":53423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferree","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christenson, S. C.","contributorId":98320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christenson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rea, A. H.","contributorId":58301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mesander, B. A.","contributorId":105167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesander","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":27045,"text":"wri904182 - 1992 - Ground-water quality in the Bethpage-Hicksville-Levittown area, Long Island, New York, with emphasis on volatile organic compounds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-11T20:45:15.003798","indexId":"wri904182","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4182","title":"Ground-water quality in the Bethpage-Hicksville-Levittown area, Long Island, New York, with emphasis on volatile organic compounds","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri904182","usgsCitation":"Feldman, S.M., Smolensky, D., and Masterson, J., 1992, Ground-water quality in the Bethpage-Hicksville-Levittown area, Long Island, New York, with emphasis on volatile organic compounds: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4182, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904182.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":411739,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47426.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":55925,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4182/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119977,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4182/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Bethpage-Hicksville-Levittown area, Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.45,\n 40.6786\n ],\n [\n -73.45,\n 40.7722\n ],\n [\n -73.525,\n 40.7722\n ],\n [\n -73.525,\n 40.6786\n ],\n [\n -73.45,\n 40.6786\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db66720b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feldman, S. M.","contributorId":91896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feldman","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smolensky, D. A.","contributorId":46094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smolensky","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Masterson, John P. 0000-0003-3202-4413","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3202-4413","contributorId":102516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masterson","given":"John P.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":197463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":19274,"text":"ofr92135 - 1992 - Well-construction, water-level, geophysical, and water-quality data for ground-water monitoring wells for Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:33","indexId":"ofr92135","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-135","title":"Well-construction, water-level, geophysical, and water-quality data for ground-water monitoring wells for Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee","docAbstract":"Sixty-five wells were installed at 39 sites in the Arnold Air Force Base area in Coffee and Franklin Counties, Tennessee. The wells were installed to provide information on subsurface lithology, aquifer characteristics, ground-water levels, and ground-water quality. Well depths ranged from 11 to 384 feet.\rWater-quality samples were collected from 60 wells and analyzed for common inorganic ions, trace metals, and volatile organic compounds. The median dissolved-solids concentrations were 60 milligrams per liter in the shallow aquifer, 48 million gallons per liter in the Manchester aquifer, 1,235 milligrams per liter in the Fort Payne aquifer, and 1,712 milligrams per liter in the upper Central Basin aquifer.\rCaliper, temperature, natural gamma, electric, neutron porosity, gamma-gamma density, and acoustic velocity borehole-geophysical logs were obtained for the six deep wells completed below the Chattanooga Shale. Petrographic and modal analysis were performed on rock samples from each deep well. These six deep wells provide the first information in the study area on hydraulic head and water quality from below the Chattanooga Shale.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;","doi":"10.3133/ofr92135","usgsCitation":"Hough, C., Mahoney, E., and Robinson, J.A., 1992, Well-construction, water-level, geophysical, and water-quality data for ground-water monitoring wells for Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-135, iv, 88 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92135.","productDescription":"iv, 88 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1091,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr_92-135","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":151321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db545ce6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, C.J.","contributorId":31782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mahoney, E.N.","contributorId":75171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahoney","given":"E.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robinson, J. A.","contributorId":57417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29940,"text":"wri914025 - 1992 - Geohydrology and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the lower Merrimack and coastal river basins, southeastern New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-24T14:56:42","indexId":"wri914025","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4025","title":"Geohydrology and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the lower Merrimack and coastal river basins, southeastern New Hampshire","docAbstract":"Communities in the lower Merrimack River basin and coastal river basins of southeastern New Hampshire are experiencing increased demands for water because of a rapid increase in population. The population in 1987 was 225,495 and is expected to increase by 30 percent during the next decade. As of 1987, five towns used the stratified-drift aquifers for municipal supply and withdrew an estimated 6 million gallons per day. Four towns used the bedrock aquifer for municipal supply and withdrew an average of 1 .6 million gallons per day. Stratified-drift deposits cover 78 of the 327 square miles of the study area. These deposits are generally less than 10 square miles in areal extent, and their saturated thickness ranges front less than 20 feet to as much as 100 feet . Transinissivity exceeds 4,000 square feet per day in several locations. Stratified-drift aquifers in the eastern part are predominantly small ice-contact deposits surrounded by marine sediments or till of low hydraulic conductivity. Stratified-drift aquifers in the western part consist of ice-contact and proglacial deposits that are large in areal extent and are commonly in contact with surface-water bodies. Five stratified-drift aquifers, in the towns of Derry, Windham, Kingston, North Hampton, and Greenland, have the greatest potential to supply additional amounts of water. Potential yields and contributing areas of hypothetical supply wells were estimated for an aquifer in Windham near Cobbetts Pond and for an aquifer in Kingston along the Powwow River by use of a method analogous to superposition in conjunction with a numerical ground-waterflow model. The potential yield is estimated to be 0 .6 million gallons per day for the Windham-Cobbetts Pond aquifer and 4 .0 million gallons per day for the Kingston-Powwow River aquifer. Contributing recharge area for supply wells is estimated to be 1.6 square miles in the Windham-Cobbetts Pond aquifer and 4.9 square miles in the Kingston-Powwow River aquifer. Analyses of water samples from 30 wells indicate that the water quality in the basins studied is generally suitable for drinking and other domestic purposes. Concentrations of iron and manganese exceeded the U.S . Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) and the New Hampshire Water Supply Engineering Bureau's secondary maximum contaminant levels for drinking water in 20 samples. With one exception, concentrations of volatile organic compounds at all wells sampled met New Hampshire Water Supply and Engineering Bureau's drinking-water standards. At one well, trichloroethylene was detected at a concentration of 5.7 micrograms per liter. Ground-water contamination has been detected at several hazardous-waste sites in the study area. Currently, 5 sites are on the USEPA's National Priority List of superfund sites, 10 sites are Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 sites, and 1 site is a Department of Defense hazardous-waste site of stratigraphic layers is a product of a material's density and the velocity at which sound travels through that material . The reflected signals return to the hydrophones at the water surface and are then filtered, amplified, and displayed graphically on the chart recorder to allow interpretation of aquifer stratigraphy and bedrock depths. Lithologic data from nearby wells and test holes were used as control points to check the interpretation of the reflection profiles. Test drilling was done at 66 locations (pls . 1-3) to determine sediment grain size, stratigraphy, depth to water table, depth to bedrock, and ground water quality . A 6-inch-diameter, hollow-stem auger was used for test drilling . Split-spoon samples of subsurface materials collected at specific depths were used to evaluate the grain-size characteristics and identify the stratigraphic sequence of materials comprising the aquifers . Thirty-eight test holes cased with a 2-inch-diameter polyvinyl-chloride (PVC) pipe and slotted screens were used to make ground-water-level measurements and collect ground-water-quality samples. Surface-water-discharge measurements were made at 16 sites during low flow when the surface water is primarily ground-water discharge . These low-flow measurements indicate quantities of ground water potentially available from aquifers. Hydraulic conductivities of aquifer materials were estimated from grain-size-distribution data from 61 samples of stratified drift . Transmissivity was estimated from well logs by assigning hydraulic conductivity to specific well-log intervals, multiplying by the saturated thickness of the interval, and summing the results . Additional transmissivity values were obtained from an analysis of specific capacity and aquifer-test data. Long-term aquifer yields and contributing areas to hypothetical supply wells were estimated by application of a method that is analogous to super position and incorporates a ground-water-flow model developed by McDonald and Harbaugh (1988) . This method was applied to two aquifers judged to have the best potential for providing additional ground-water supplies. Samples of ground water from 26 test wells and 4 municipal wells were collected in March and August 1987 for analysis of common inorganic, organic, and volatile organic constituents. Methods for collecting and analyzing the samples are described by Fishman and Freidman (1989) . The water-quality results from the well samples were used to characterize background water quality in the stratified-drift aquifers.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Bow, NH","doi":"10.3133/wri914025","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, Water Resources Division","usgsCitation":"Stekl, P.J., and Flanagan, S., 1992, Geohydrology and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the lower Merrimack and coastal river basins, southeastern New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4025, Report: vii, 75, A-18 p.; 7 Plates: 42.02 x 53.15 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914025.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 75, A-18 p.; 7 Plates: 42.02 x 53.15 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"101","costCenters":[{"id":637,"text":"Water Resources of New Hampshire and Vermont","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2420,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri914025/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":119450,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_91_4025.jpg"},{"id":266398,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4025/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":266399,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4025/plate-2.pdf"},{"id":266400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4025/plate-3.pdf"},{"id":266401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4025/plate-4.pdf"},{"id":266402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4025/plate-5.pdf"},{"id":266403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4025/plate-6.pdf"},{"id":266404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4025/plate-7.pdf"},{"id":266397,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4025/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","otherGeospatial":"Merrimack River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.5,42.5 ], [ -71.5,43.25 ], [ -70.5,43.25 ], [ -70.5,42.5 ], [ -71.5,42.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8b81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stekl, Peter J.","contributorId":63415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stekl","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flanagan, Sarah M.","contributorId":8492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flanagan","given":"Sarah M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017028,"text":"70017028 - 1992 - Time and metamorphic petrology: Calcite to aragonite experiments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-17T15:05:10.908439","indexId":"70017028","displayToPublicDate":"1992-10-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Time and metamorphic petrology: Calcite to aragonite experiments","docAbstract":"Although the equilibrium phase relations of many mineral systems are generally well established, the rates of transformations, particularly in polycrystalline rocks, are not. The results of experiments on the calcite to aragonite transformation in polycrystalline marble are different from those for earlier experiments on powdered and single-crystal calcite. The transformation in the polycrystalline samples occurs by different mechanisms, with a different temperature dependence, and at a markedly slower rate. This work demonstrates the importance of kinetic studies on fully dense polycrystalline aggregates for understanding mineralogic phase changes in nature. Extrapolation of these results to geological time scales suggests that transformation of calcite to aragonite does not occur in the absence of volatiles at temperatures below 200°C. Kinetic hindrance is likely to extend to higher temperatures in more complex transformations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.258.5079.110","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Hacker, B.R., Kirby, S.H., and Bohlen, S., 1992, Time and metamorphic petrology: Calcite to aragonite experiments: Science, v. 258, no. 5079, p. 110-112, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.258.5079.110.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"110","endPage":"112","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224909,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"258","issue":"5079","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb391e4b08c986b325e85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hacker, B. R.","contributorId":54269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hacker","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirby, S. H.","contributorId":51721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"S.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bohlen, S.R.","contributorId":105436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlen","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70205830,"text":"70205830 - 1992 - Comparison of downhole and surface sampling for the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-07T13:49:24","indexId":"70205830","displayToPublicDate":"1992-02-28T13:43:14","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1863,"text":"Ground Water Monitoring Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of downhole and surface sampling for the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ground water","docAbstract":"The relative precision and accuracy of sampling and analysis methods for the determination of trace concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ground water were compared. Samples were collected from a well containing nanogram‐per‐liter (ng/L) to microgram‐per‐liter (μg/L) levels of VOCs. A Keck helical rotor submersible pump was used to collect samples at the surface for analysis by purge and trap (P&T) and for analysis by adsorption/thermal desorption (ATD). Downhole samples were collected by passing water through an ATD cartridge. Although slight spontaneous bubble outgassing occurred when the water was brought to the surface, the relative precisions and comparabilities of the surface and downhole methods were generally found to be equivalent from a statistical point of view. A main conclusion of this study is that bringing sample water to the surface for placement in VOC vials (and subsequent analysis by P&T) can be done reliably under many circumstances. However, care must still be taken to prevent adsorption losses and cross contamination. Samples subject to strong bubble outgassing will need to be handled in a special fashion (e.g., by downhole ATD) to minimize volatilization losses. Additionally, the higher sensitivity of the ATD method allows lower detection limits than are possible with P&T. For example, several compounds present at the ng/L level could be determined with confidence by ATD, but not by P&T.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.1992.tb00418.x","usgsCitation":"Rosen, M.E., James F. Pankow, Gibs, J., and Imbrigiotta, T.E., 1992, Comparison of downhole and surface sampling for the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ground water: Ground Water Monitoring Review, v. 12, no. 1, p. 126-133, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1992.tb00418.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"126","endPage":"133","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368060,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","city":"Gibbstown","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.3028678894043,\n 39.81806286126812\n ],\n [\n -75.26510238647461,\n 39.81806286126812\n ],\n [\n -75.26510238647461,\n 39.82930215113803\n ],\n [\n -75.3028678894043,\n 39.82930215113803\n ],\n [\n -75.3028678894043,\n 39.81806286126812\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosen, M. E.","contributorId":36310,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rosen","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"James F. Pankow","contributorId":127384,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"James F. Pankow","affiliations":[{"id":6929,"text":"Portland State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":772524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gibs, Jacob jgibs@usgs.gov","contributorId":1729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibs","given":"Jacob","email":"jgibs@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":772525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Imbrigiotta, Thomas E. 0000-0003-1716-4768 timbrig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1716-4768","contributorId":152114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Imbrigiotta","given":"Thomas","email":"timbrig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":772526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207943,"text":"70207943 - 1992 - Morphology of the island of Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T15:10:07","indexId":"70207943","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-20T14:46:42","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1728,"text":"GSA Today","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphology of the island of Hawaii","docAbstract":"Digital elevation data for the island of Hawaii from the U.S. Geographical Survey gridded at 30 m spacing was used to generate a slope map, a shaded relief map, and plots that compare slope and elevation for each of the five volcanoes that compose the island.These computer- generated products are useful in analyzing the morphology of the sland. The volcanoes become steeper with increasing age. The five volcanoes, in order of increasing age, are Kilauea, Mauna Lao, Hualalai, Mauna Kea and Kohala; their average slopes are 3.3, 5.4, 6.6, 7.0, and 11.3, respectively. This relation apparently results from growth of the late, steeper alkali cap on the older volcanoes that include more viscous, thicker flows, flows that are smaller hence tend to pile up more near the summit vents, and volatile- rich lavas that commonly produce steep sided cinder cones at summit vents. The cause of the gentler slopes of younger volcanoes include the high proportion of exposed fluid lava flows from the shield building stage, the ponding of lava against earlier volcanoes, and the grading of lava to sea level; subsidence of the older volcanoes have cause these gently dipping near-seas-level lava flows to subside below the sea. Finally, steep erosional canyons have developed in large areas of the older volcanoes (notably Kohala).
Virtually all of the major fault systems on the sland appear to be related to the upper parts of giant landslides, most of which are hidden below sea level on the submarine flanks of the volcanoes. These are generally normal faults in the tensional regime at the heads and upper parts of the landslides Subtle changes in slope hint at buried landslide related faults scarps that have been covered by subsequent lava flows.
Major erosional canyons are present in only two places, each presumed to be in the amphitheaters of the major landslides. The probably formed in this setting because steam erosion is favored by the steep sloped generated at the heads of landslides. The slope map clearly displays two bands of steep slope on Mauna Kea that mark the terminal moraines at the edges of the last two advances of the Pleistocene ice cap.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","usgsCitation":"Moore, J.G., and Mark, R., 1992, Morphology of the island of Hawaii: GSA Today, v. 2, no. 12, p. 257-262.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"262","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371397,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Island of Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.23107910156247,\n 18.849111862024\n ],\n [\n -154.775390625,\n 18.849111862024\n ],\n [\n -154.775390625,\n 20.396123272467616\n ],\n [\n -156.23107910156247,\n 20.396123272467616\n ],\n [\n -156.23107910156247,\n 18.849111862024\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mark, Robert K.","contributorId":30648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mark","given":"Robert K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017247,"text":"70017247 - 1992 - Laser microprobe analyses of Cl, Br, I, and K in fluid inclusions: Implications for sources of salinity in some ancient hydrothermal fluids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-05T11:00:42","indexId":"70017247","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Laser microprobe analyses of Cl, Br, I, and K in fluid inclusions: Implications for sources of salinity in some ancient hydrothermal fluids","docAbstract":"The relative concentrations of Cl, Br, I, and K in fluid inclusions in hydrothermal minerals were measured by laser microprobe noble gas mass spectrometry on irradiated samples containing 10−10 to 10−8 L of fluid. Distinctive halogen signatures indicate contrasting sources of fluid salinity in fluid inclusions from representative “magmatic” (St. Austell), “metamorphic” (Alleghany), and “geothermal” (Creede, Salton Sea) aqueous systems. Br/Cl mol ratios are lowest at Salton Sea (0.27–0.33 × 10−3), where high salinities are largely due to halite dissolution; intermediate at St. Austell (0.85 × 10−3), possibly representative of magmatic volatiles; and highest (near that of seawater) at Creede (1.5–2.1 × 10−3) and Alleghany (1.2–2.4 × 10−3), where dissolved halogens probably were leached from volcanic and (or) nonevaporitic sedimentary rocks.
Fluid speciations and their related reaction pathways were studied in C-O-H-system fluids produced by the thermal dissociation of oxalic acid dihydrate (OAD: H2C2O4 · 2H2O) sealed in silica glass capsules. Experiments were conducted in the temperature range 230–750°C, with bulk fluid densities in the range 0.01–0.53 g/cm3. Pressure was controlled by temperature and density in the isochoric systems. The quenched products of dissociation experiments were an aqueous liquid and one (supercritical fluid) or, rarely, two (vapor plus liquid) carbonic phase (s). In-situ Raman microanalyses were performed on the quenched carbonic phases at room temperature, at which fluid pressures ranged from about 50 to 340 bars. Bulk fluid speciations were reconstructed from the Raman analyses via mass balance constraints, and appear to monitor the true fluid speciations at run conditions. In experiments from the lowtemperature range (230–350°C), fluid speciations record the dissociation of OAD according to the reaction OAD = CO2 + CO + 3H2O. A process of the form CO + H2O = CO2 + H2 is driven to the right with increasing temperature. The hydrogen gas produced tends to escape from the sample systems via diffusion into/through the silica glass capsules, shifting bulk compositions toward equimolar binary H2O-CO2 mixtures.
The speciations of fluids in experiments with minimal hydrogen loss show poor agreement with speciations calculated for equilibrium fluids by the corresponding-states model of Saxena and Fei (1988). Such disagreement suggests that the formations of CH4 and graphite are metastably inhibited in the current experiments, which correlates with their absence or trivial abundances in experimental products. Moreover, calculations in which the stabilities of methane and graphite are suppressed suggest that such metastable equilibrium is approached only in experiments at temperatures greater than about 600–650°C. These results have applications to fluid processes in geological environments, in addition to considerations of using oxalate compounds as volatile sources in experimental studies. It is possible that disequilibrium or metastable fluids may be entrapped as inclusions; re-speciation (toward metastable or stable equilibrium) during P-T evolution of a given terrain would place the fluid inclusion on a new isochore that would not project through the original conditions of entrapment. Moreover, the disequilibrium to metastable nature of dissociation reactions, coupled with the diffusional mobility of hydrogen gas observed in the current experiments, suggests that the predominance of binary H2O-CO2 fluid mixtures in natural inclusions from medium- to high-grade metamorphic terrains may be more than a coincidence of similar initial bulk compositions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(92)90133-4","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Morgan, V.G., Chou, I., and Pasteris, J.D., 1992, Speciation in experimental C-O-H fluids produced by the thermal dissociation of oxalic acid dihydrate: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 56, no. 1, p. 281-294, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(92)90133-4.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"294","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224979,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94eae4b08c986b31acbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, VI G.B.","contributorId":68488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"VI","email":"","middleInitial":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chou, I.-M. 0000-0001-5233-6479","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-6479","contributorId":44283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chou","given":"I.-M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":374051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pasteris, J. D.","contributorId":97640,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pasteris","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017271,"text":"70017271 - 1992 - Surface chemistry associated with the cooling and subaerial weathering of recent basalt flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-12T16:10:09.975718","indexId":"70017271","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface chemistry associated with the cooling and subaerial weathering of recent basalt flows","docAbstract":"The surface chemistry of fresh and weathered historical basalt flows was characterized using surface-sensitive X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Surfaces of unweathered 1987–1990 flows from the Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, exhibited variable enrichment in Al, Mg, Ca, and F due to the formation of refractory fluoride compounds and pronounced depletion in Si and Fe from the volatilization of SiF4 and FeF3 during cooling. These reactions, as predicted from shifts in thermodynamic equilibrium with temperature, are induced by diffusion of HF from the flow interiors to the cooling surface. The lack of Si loss and solid fluoride formation for recent basalts from the Krafla Volcano, Iceland, suggest HF degassing at higher temperatures.
Subsequent short-term subaerial weathering reactions are strongly influenced by the initial surface composition of the flow and therefore its cooling history. Successive samples collected from the 1987 Kilauea flow demonstrated that the fluoridated flow surfaces leached to a predominantly SiO2 composition by natural weathering within one year. These chemically depleted surfaces were also observed on Hawaiian basalt flows dating back to 1801 AD. Solubility and kinetic models, based on thermodynamic and kinetic data for crystalline AlF3, MgF2, and CaF2, support observed elemental depletion rates due to chemical weathering. Additional loss of alkalis from the Hawaiian basalt occurs from incongruent dissolution of the basalt glass substrate during weathering.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(92)90164-E","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"White, A.F., and Hochella, M., 1992, Surface chemistry associated with the cooling and subaerial weathering of recent basalt flows: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 56, no. 10, p. 3711-3721, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(92)90164-E.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"3711","endPage":"3721","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224538,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9f97e4b08c986b31e6c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, A. F.","contributorId":36546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hochella, M.F. Jr.","contributorId":30765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hochella","given":"M.F.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016647,"text":"70016647 - 1992 - Pesticides in Iowa precipitation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-29T23:05:07.656146","indexId":"70016647","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pesticides in Iowa precipitation","docAbstract":"Rainfall was sampled for pesticides to assess their occurrence in precipitation and potential impacts on water resources. Three areas in Iowa were sampled; two localities were in rural settings, and a third in an urban area. Fourteen pesticides, including ten herbicides and four insecticides, were detected from October 1987 through September 1990. Atrazine, alachlor, cyanazine, and metolachlor were the most commonly detected, with one or more of these four herbicides found in almost every rainfall sample during the growing season. Concentrations of individual pesticides ranged from 0.1 µg L−1 to 40.0 µg L−1, with most detections under 1.0 µg L−1. Pesticide detections in rainfall began in April and ended in July or August, probably related to the timing of chemical application and greater volatilization rates during warmer weather. Samples from the urban site had detections of the same agricultural chemicals found at the rural sites, but in lesser quantities. In addition to the commonly detected herbicides, three of the four insecticides detected in rainfall were only found in urban samples. Two of these have urban as well as agricultural uses. Some variation of pesticide detections were seen at the three sampling localities, related to regional and local use patterns. Concentrations were greater at sampling sites near fields where pesticides are applied, suggesting that local volatilization and distance of transport affect the concentrations in rainfall. Pesticide concentrations were highest at the beginning of a rainfall event with concentrations becoming lower in samples taken later in the event.
The Earth has 2.7 km of water on its surface. Its mantle contains at least 150 ppm water, and probably significantly more depending on the amount of undepleted mantle and subducted crustal water that is present. Geologic evidence suggests that a few hundred meters of water are close to the Martian surface, but evidence from SNC meteorites indicates that the Martian mantle is very dry, containing no more than about 35 ppm water. Part of the difference in water content of the mantles of the two planets is attributed to plate tectonics. However, the Earth's mantle appears to contain at least several times the water content of the Martian mantle, even accounting for plate tectonics. We attribute the difference to two possible causes. The first possibility is that melting of the Earth's surface during accretion, as a result of the development of a steam atmosphere, allowed impact-devolatized water at the surface to dissolve into the Earth's interior. In contrast, because of Mars' smaller size and greater distance from the Sun, the Martian surface may not have melted, so that the devolatilized water could not dissolve into the surface. A second and preferred possibility is that Mars, like the Earth, acquired a late volatile rich veneer, but it did not get folded into the interior as with the Earth, but instead remained as a water-rich veneer. The perception of Mars as having a wet surface, but a dry interior, is consistent with what we know of the geologic history of Mars, which can be viewed as the progressive intrusion and overplating of a water-rich crust by dry, mantle-derived volcanic rocks.
In the northwestern part of the San Juan basin, Colorado, thick high-volatile B bituminous coal deposits in the Upper Cretaceous Fruitland Formation are associated with nearshore marine sandstones of the Pictured Cliffs Sandstone. Detailed work along the outcrop and examination of drill cores, revealed two coal-bearing zones in the lower 60 m of the Fruitland Formation. Each zone is up to 13 m thick and consists of interbedded bright and dull coal (average ash values of 17 and 34% on a moisture-free basis, respectively), thin fine-grained clastic partings and abundant altered volcanic ash partings.
Isopachs of the interval between the top of the Pictured Cliffs Sandstone and a marker bed (Huerfanito Bentonite Bed) in the underlying Lewis Shale show linear zones where the interval abruptly thickens. These zones, which trend northwest to southeast, represent areas where the shoreline paused during an overall migration to the northeast. Isopach maps of coal in the lower part of the Fruitland Formation and subsurface correlation of shoreface sandstones with coal zones show that the thickest accumulation of coal is 20–25 km landward of these coeval shorelines.
The Fruitland coals may be compared to the high-ash peats of the Dismal Swamp in the southeastern U.S.A., which form in pocosin mires about 20 km inland from the Atlantic coast. Clastic deposirion, resulting from coastal processes, precludes the formation of peat in low-lying mires adjacent to the shoreline. The high ash yield, numerous partings and the relationship with the coeval shoreline suggest that the coals in the lower part of the Fruitland Formation accumulated in mires that were transitional from low-lying to raised.
A new method of collecting samples of unsaturated-zone water for quantitative analysis for a volatile organic compound, trichloroethene (TCE), was compared to three other, previously described sampling methodologies in the laboratory and in the field. In the laboratory, prepared water samples containing TCE in a known concentration (20 µg/L) were sampled repeatedly by using each of the four methods to quantify method precision and accuracy. To compare the four methods in the field, unsaturated-zone water above a TCE-contaminated water-table aquifer was transferred from a depth of 2 m to land surface with 0.15-m-long suction lysimeters attached to 1.85-m lengths of stainless-steel tubing. Statistical analyses of the laboratory and field data indicate that the new method, which involves collecting the water samples in gas-tight glass syringes, is superior to the other three methods for the quantitative sampling and analysis of TCE on the basis of its high precision and accuracy and ease of use. This method was used to collect additional samples from the field site to quantify the spatial variability of TCE concentrations in the unsaturated-zone water. Results of analysis of variance of the data indicate that the spatial concentration variability is important, and that differences in TCE concentration are statistically significant for horizontal distances less than 3.6 m.
","language":"English","publisher":"Alliance of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science Societies ","doi":"10.2134/jeq1992.00472425002100020018x","usgsCitation":"Smith, J., Cho, H.J., Jaffe, P.R., MacLeod, C., and Koehnlein, S.A., 1992, Sampling vadose-zone water for a volatile organic compound at Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 21, no. 2, p. 264-271, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1992.00472425002100020018x.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"264","endPage":"271","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338070,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Picatinny Arsenal ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.5751953125,\n 40.9127342255246\n ],\n [\n -74.50721740722656,\n 40.9127342255246\n ],\n [\n -74.50721740722656,\n 40.973158837894324\n ],\n [\n -74.5751953125,\n 40.973158837894324\n ],\n [\n -74.5751953125,\n 40.9127342255246\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d60e4b0236b68f98f6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, James A.","contributorId":68718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cho, H. Jean","contributorId":189545,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cho","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jean","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jaffe, Peter R.","contributorId":22503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"MacLeod, Cecilia L.","contributorId":62250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacLeod","given":"Cecilia L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Koehnlein, Susan A.","contributorId":80550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koehnlein","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}