{"pageNumber":"590","pageRowStart":"14725","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40797,"records":[{"id":70120181,"text":"70120181 - 2014 - Time-averaged discharge rate of subaerial lava at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, measured from TanDEM-X interferometry: Implications for magma supply and storage during 2011-2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-13T15:06:08","indexId":"70120181","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T08:51:24","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Time-averaged discharge rate of subaerial lava at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, measured from TanDEM-X interferometry: Implications for magma supply and storage during 2011-2013","docAbstract":"

Differencing digital elevation models (DEMs) derived from TerraSAR add-on for Digital Elevation Measurements (TanDEM-X) synthetic aperture radar imagery provides a measurement of elevation change over time. On the East Rift Zone (EZR) of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, the effusion of lava causes changes in topography. When these elevation changes are summed over the area of an active lava flow, it is possible to quantify the volume of lava emplaced at the surface during the time spanned by the TanDEM-X data—a parameter that can be difficult to measure across the entirety of an ~100 km2 lava flow field using ground-based techniques or optical remote sensing data. Based on the differences between multiple TanDEM-X-derived DEMs collected days to weeks apart, the mean dense-rock equivalent time-averaged discharge rate of lava at Kīlauea between mid-2011 and mid-2013 was approximately 2 m3/s, which is about half the long-term average rate over the course of Kīlauea's 1983–present ERZ eruption. This result implies that there was an increase in the proportion of lava stored versus erupted, a decrease in the rate of magma supply to the volcano, or some combination of both during this time period. In addition to constraining the time-averaged discharge rate of lava and the rates of magma supply and storage, topographic change maps derived from space-based TanDEM-X data provide insights into the four-dimensional evolution of Kīlauea's ERZ lava flow field. TanDEM-X data are a valuable complement to other space-, air-, and ground-based observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and offer great promise at locations around the world for aiding with monitoring not just volcanic eruptions but any hazardous activity that results in surface change, including landslides, floods, earthquakes, and other natural and anthropogenic processes.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Richmond, VA","doi":"10.1002/2014JB011132","usgsCitation":"Poland, M., 2014, Time-averaged discharge rate of subaerial lava at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, measured from TanDEM-X interferometry: Implications for magma supply and storage during 2011-2013: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 119, no. 7, p. 5464-5481, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011132.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"5464","endPage":"5481","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055642","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292052,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -155.303007,19.410477 ], [ -155.303007,19.431523 ], [ -155.270993,19.431523 ], [ -155.270993,19.410477 ], [ -155.303007,19.410477 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"119","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-07-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ec7bd4e4b02bf5a76740c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poland, Michael P. 0000-0001-5240-6123 mpoland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael P.","email":"mpoland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":497965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70118652,"text":"70118652 - 2014 - Emplacement and erosive effects of the south Kasei Valles lava on Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-08T16:14:33","indexId":"70118652","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T08:43:21","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Emplacement and erosive effects of the south Kasei Valles lava on Mars","docAbstract":"Although it has generally been accepted that the Martian outflow channels were carved by floods of water, observations of large channels on Venus and Mercury demonstrate that lava flows can cause substantial erosion. Recent observations of large lava flows within outflow channels on Mars have revived discussion of the hypothesis that the Martian channels are also produced by lava. An excellent example is found in south Kasei Valles (SKV), where the most recent major event was emplacement of a large lava flow. Calculations using high-resolution Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) demonstrate that this flow was locally turbulent, similar to a previously described flood lava flow in Athabasca Valles. The modeled peak local flux of approximately 106 m3 s−1 was approximately an order of magnitude lower than that in Athabasca, which may be due to distance from the vent. Fluxes close to 107 m3 s−1 are estimated in some reaches but these values are probably records of local surges caused by a dam-breach event within the flow. The SKV lava was locally erosive and likely caused significant (kilometer-scale) headwall retreat at several cataracts with tens to hundreds of meters of relief. However, in other places the net effect of the flow was unambiguously aggradational, and these are more representative of most of the flow. The larger outflow channels have lengths of thousands of kilometers and incision of a kilometer or more. Therefore, lava flows comparable to the SKV flow did not carve the major Martian outflow channels, although the SKV flow was among the largest and highest-flux lava flows known in the Solar System.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.06.005","usgsCitation":"Dundas, C.M., and Keszthelyi, L., 2014, Emplacement and erosive effects of the south Kasei Valles lava on Mars: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 282, p. 92-102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.06.005.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"92","endPage":"102","numberOfPages":"11","ipdsId":"IP-053692","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291369,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Kasei Valley, Mars","volume":"282","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53dc9baee4b076157862d961","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dundas, Colin M. 0000-0003-2343-7224 cdundas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2343-7224","contributorId":2937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dundas","given":"Colin","email":"cdundas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keszthelyi, Laszlo P. 0000-0003-1879-4331 laz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1879-4331","contributorId":52802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"Laszlo P.","email":"laz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70118564,"text":"ofr20141165 - 2014 - A hierarchical integrated population model for greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in the Bi-State Distinct Population Segment, California and Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-01T09:36:09","indexId":"ofr20141165","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T08:36:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1165","title":"A hierarchical integrated population model for greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in the Bi-State Distinct Population Segment, California and Nevada","docAbstract":"

Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus, hereafter referred to as “sage-grouse”) are endemic to sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) ecosystems throughout Western North America. Populations of sage-grouse have declined in distribution and abundance across the range of the species (Schroeder and others, 2004; Knick and Connelly, 2011), largely as a result of human disruption of sagebrush communities (Knick and Connelly, 2011). The Bi-State Distinct Population Segment (DPS) represents sage-grouse populations that are geographically isolated and genetically distinct (Benedict and others, 2003; Oyler-McCance and others, 2005) and that are present at the extreme southwestern distribution of the sage-grouse range (Schroeder and others, 2004), straddling the border of California and Nevada. Subpopulations of sage-grouse in the DPS may be at increased risk of extirpation because of a substantial loss of sagebrush habitat and lack of connectivity (Oyler-McCance and others, 2005). Sage-grouse in the Bi-State DPS represent small, localized breeding populations distributed across 18,325 km2.

\n
\n

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service currently (2014) is evaluating the Bi-State DPS as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, independent of other sage-grouse populations. This DPS was designated as a higher priority for listing than sage-grouse in other parts of the species’ range (U.S. Department of the Interior, 2010). Range-wide population analyses for sage-grouse have included portions of the Bi-State DPS (Sage and Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse Technical Committee 2008; Garton and others, 2011). Although these analyses are informative, the underlying data only represent a portion of the DPS and are comprised of lek count observations only. A thorough examination of population dynamics and persistence that includes multiple subpopulations and represents the majority of the DPS is largely lacking. Furthermore, fundamental information on population growth rate (i.e., finite rate of change, λ) and specific demographic parameters that explain sources of variation in λ within different subpopulations would be valuable for making conservation and management decisions for this DPS.

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\n

During 2003–12, agencies and universities collaborated to conduct extensive monitoring of sage-grouse populations within the Bi-State DPS. Data regarding lek attendance, movement, and survival of sage-grouse across multiple life stages were documented. Specifically, sage-grouse from nearly all subpopulations were marked and tracked across multiple seasons using radio-telemetry techniques. A hierarchical integrated population modeling (IPM) approach was used to derive demographic parameters for the Bi-State DPS using the large amount of data collected over a 10-year period. This modeling approach allows integration of multiple data sources to inform population growth rates and population vital rates for the Bi-State DPS overall, as well as for individual subpopulations. These models are more informative than other models because they integrate inputs of demographic data (for example, survival and fecundity rates) and survey data (for example, lek observations). The findings here will help characterize population growth rates within the Bi-State DPS.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141165","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management, Nevada Department of Wildlife, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Coates, P.S., Halstead, B., Blomberg, E.J., Brussee, B., Howe, K., Wiechman, L., Tebbenkamp, J., Reese, K.P., Gardner, S., and Casazza, M.L., 2014, A hierarchical integrated population model for greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in the Bi-State Distinct Population Segment, California and Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1165, iv, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141165.","productDescription":"iv, 34 p.","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-057936","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291511,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141165.jpg"},{"id":291500,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1165/"},{"id":291504,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1165/pdf/ofr2014-1165.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California;Nevada","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.41,32.39 ], [ -124.41,42.01 ], [ -113.96,42.01 ], [ -113.96,32.39 ], [ -124.41,32.39 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53dc9baee4b076157862d957","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coates, Peter S. 0000-0003-2672-9994 pcoates@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2672-9994","contributorId":3263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coates","given":"Peter","email":"pcoates@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halstead, Brian J. 0000-0002-5535-6528 bhalstead@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5535-6528","contributorId":3051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halstead","given":"Brian J.","email":"bhalstead@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blomberg, Erik J.","contributorId":17543,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blomberg","given":"Erik","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":7063,"text":"University of Maine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":497040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brussee, Brianne","contributorId":62152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brussee","given":"Brianne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Howe, Kristy B.","contributorId":59354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howe","given":"Kristy B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wiechman, Lief","contributorId":108039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiechman","given":"Lief","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tebbenkamp, Joel","contributorId":25089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tebbenkamp","given":"Joel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Reese, Kerry P.","contributorId":70254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reese","given":"Kerry","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Gardner, Scott C.","contributorId":80206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"Scott C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Casazza, Michael L. 0000-0002-5636-735X mike_casazza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-735X","contributorId":2091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casazza","given":"Michael","email":"mike_casazza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70118141,"text":"ofr20141163 - 2014 - Spatially explicit modeling of greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) habitat in Nevada and northeastern California: a decision-support tool for management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-01T08:43:10","indexId":"ofr20141163","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T08:22:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1163","title":"Spatially explicit modeling of greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) habitat in Nevada and northeastern California: a decision-support tool for management","docAbstract":"Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus, hereafter referred to as “sage-grouse”) populations are declining throughout the sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) ecosystem, including millions of acres of potential habitat across the West. Habitat maps derived from empirical data are needed given impending listing decisions that will affect both sage-grouse population dynamics and human land-use restrictions. This report presents the process for developing spatially explicit maps describing relative habitat suitability for sage-grouse in Nevada and northeastern California. Maps depicting habitat suitability indices (HSI) values were generated based on model-averaged resource selection functions informed by more than 31,000 independent telemetry locations from more than 1,500 radio-marked sage-grouse across 12 project areas in Nevada and northeastern California collected during a 15-year period (1998–2013). Modeled habitat covariates included land cover composition, water resources, habitat configuration, elevation, and topography, each at multiple spatial scales that were relevant to empirically observed sage-grouse movement patterns. We then present an example of how the HSI can be delineated into categories. Specifically, we demonstrate that the deviation from the mean can be used to classify habitat suitability into three categories of habitat quality (high, moderate, and low) and one non-habitat category. The classification resulted in an agreement of 93–97 percent for habitat versus non-habitat across a suite of independent validation datasets. Lastly, we provide an example of how space use models can be integrated with habitat models to help inform conservation planning. In this example, we combined probabilistic breeding density with a non-linear probability of occurrence relative to distance to nearest lek (traditional breeding ground) using count data to calculate a composite space use index (SUI). The SUI was then classified into two categories of use (high and low-to-no) and intersected with the HSI categories to create potential management prioritization scenarios based oninformation about sage-grouse occupancy coupled with habitat suitability. This provided an example of a conservation planning application that uses the intersection of the spatially-explicit HSI and empirically-based SUI to identify potential spatially explicit strategies for sage-grouse management. Importantly, the reported categories for the HSI and SUI can be reclassified relatively easily to employ alternative conservation thresholds that may be identified through decision-making processes with stake-holders, managers, and biologists. Moreover, the HSI/SUI interface map can be updated readily as new data become available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141163","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Nevada Sagebrush Ecosystem Program, Bureau of Land Management, Nevada Department of Wildlife, and California Department of Fish and Wildlife","usgsCitation":"Coates, P.S., Casazza, M.L., Brussee, B.E., Ricca, M., Gustafson, K., Overton, C.T., Sanchez-Chopitea, E., Kroger, T., Mauch, K., Niell, L., Howe, K., Gardner, S., Espinosa, S., and Delehanty, D.J., 2014, Spatially explicit modeling of greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) habitat in Nevada and northeastern California: a decision-support tool for management: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1163, vi, 83 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141163.","productDescription":"vi, 83 p.","numberOfPages":"93","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-058087","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438749,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P99E64Y4","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Spatially Explicit Modeling of Annual and Seasonal Habitat for Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in Northeastern California"},{"id":291503,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141163.jpg"},{"id":291499,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1163/"},{"id":291502,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1163/pdf/ofr2014-1163.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California;Nevada","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.0,35.0 ], [ -122.0,42.0 ], [ -114.04,42.0 ], [ -114.04,35.0 ], [ -122.0,35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53dc9bafe4b076157862d968","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coates, Peter S. 0000-0003-2672-9994 pcoates@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2672-9994","contributorId":3263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coates","given":"Peter","email":"pcoates@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":496455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casazza, Michael L. 0000-0002-5636-735X mike_casazza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-735X","contributorId":2091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casazza","given":"Michael","email":"mike_casazza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":496453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brussee, Brianne E. 0000-0002-2452-7101 bbrussee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2452-7101","contributorId":4249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brussee","given":"Brianne","email":"bbrussee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":496456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ricca, Mark A.","contributorId":39736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ricca","given":"Mark A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gustafson, K. Benjamin","contributorId":53710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gustafson","given":"K. Benjamin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Overton, Cory T. 0000-0002-5060-7447 coverton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-7447","contributorId":3262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Overton","given":"Cory","email":"coverton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":496454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sanchez-Chopitea, Erika","contributorId":23462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanchez-Chopitea","given":"Erika","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kroger, Travis","contributorId":38483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroger","given":"Travis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Mauch, Kimberly","contributorId":91796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mauch","given":"Kimberly","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Niell, Lara","contributorId":30557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niell","given":"Lara","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Howe, Kristy","contributorId":79815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howe","given":"Kristy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Gardner, Scott","contributorId":82627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Espinosa, Shawn","contributorId":20253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Espinosa","given":"Shawn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Delehanty, David J.","contributorId":80811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delehanty","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70135874,"text":"70135874 - 2014 - Causal networks clarify productivity-richness interrelations, bivariate plots do not","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-12-18T11:33:46","indexId":"70135874","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1711,"text":"Functional Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Causal networks clarify productivity-richness interrelations, bivariate plots do not","docAbstract":"
    \n
  1. Perhaps no other pair of variables in ecology has generated as much discussion as species richness and ecosystem productivity, as illustrated by the reactions by Pierce (2013) and others to Adler et al.'s (2011) report that empirical patterns are weak and inconsistent. Adler et al. (2011) argued we need to move beyond a focus on simplistic bivariate relationships and test mechanistic, multivariate causal hypotheses. We feel the continuing debate over productivity–richness relationships (PRRs) provides a focused context for illustrating the fundamental difficulties of using bivariate relationships to gain scientific understanding.
    2. \n
  2. Pierce (2013) disputes Adler et al.'s (2011) conclusion that bivariate productivity–richness relationships (PRRs) are ‘weak and variable’. He argues, instead, that relationships in the Adler et al. data are actually strong and, further, that failure to adhere to the humped-back model (HBM; sensu Grime 1979) threatens scientists' ability to advise conservationists. Here, we show that Pierce's reanalyses are invalid, that statistically significant boundary relations in the Adler et al. data are difficult to detect when proper methods are used and that his advice neither advances scientific understanding nor provides the quantitative forecasts actually needed by decision makers.
    3. \n
  3. We begin by examining Grimes' HBM through the lens of causal networks. We first translate the ideas contained in the HBM into a causal diagram, which shows explicitly how multiple processes are hypothesized to control biomass production and richness and their interrelationship. We then evaluate the causal diagram using structural equation modelling and example data from a published study of meadows in Finland. Formal analysis rejects the literal translation of the HBM and reveals additional processes at work. This exercise shows how the practice of abstracting systems as causal networks (i) clarifies possible hypotheses, (ii) permits explicit testing and (iii) provides more powerful and useful predictions.
    4. \n
  4. Building on the Finnish meadow example, we contrast the utility of bivariate plots compared with structural equation models for investigating underlying processes. Simulations illustrate the fallibility of bivariate analysis as a means of supporting one theory over another, while models based on causal networks can quantify the sensitivity of diversity patterns to both management and natural constraints.
    5. \n
  5. A key piece of Pierce's critique of Adler et al.'s conclusions relies on upper boundary regression which he claims to reveal strong relationships between production and richness in Adler et al.'s original data. We demonstrate that this technique shows strong associations in purely random data and is invalid for Adler et al.'s data because it depends on a uniform data distribution. We instead perform quantile regression on both the site-level summaries of the data and the plot-level data (using mixed-model quantile regression). Using a variety of nonlinear curve-fitting approaches, we were unable to detect a significant humped-shape boundary in the Adler et al. data. We reiterate that the bivariate productivity–richness relationships in Adler et al.'s data are weak and variable.
    6. \n
  6. We urge ecologists to consider productivity–richness relationships through the lens of causal networks to advance our understanding beyond bivariate analysis. Further, we emphasize that models based on a causal network conceptualization can also provide more meaningful guidance for conservation management than can a bivariate perspective. Measuring only two variables does not permit the evaluation of complex ideas nor resolve debates about underlying mechanisms.
    7. \n
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","doi":"10.1111/1365-2435.12269","usgsCitation":"Grace, J.B., Adler, P.B., Harpole, W.S., Borer, E.T., and Seabloom, E.W., 2014, Causal networks clarify productivity-richness interrelations, bivariate plots do not: Functional Ecology, v. 28, no. 4, p. 787-798, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12269.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"787","endPage":"798","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052277","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472842,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12269","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":296792,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-03-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b4ee4b08de9379b3309","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grace, James B. 0000-0001-6374-4726 gracej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"James","email":"gracej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":536955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adler, Peter B.","contributorId":64789,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adler","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":536956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harpole, W. Stanley","contributorId":131024,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harpole","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Stanley","affiliations":[{"id":6911,"text":"Iowa State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":536957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Borer, Elizabeth T.","contributorId":45049,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Borer","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":6626,"text":"University of Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":536958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Seabloom, Eric W.","contributorId":60762,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seabloom","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":6626,"text":"University of Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":536959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70133414,"text":"70133414 - 2014 - Dissolved organic carbon concentration controls benthic primary production: results from in situ chambers in north-temperate lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-11-18T10:09:59","indexId":"70133414","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dissolved organic carbon concentration controls benthic primary production: results from in situ chambers in north-temperate lakes","docAbstract":"

We evaluated several potential drivers of primary production by benthic algae (periphyton) in north-temperate lakes. We used continuous dissolved oxygen measurements from in situ benthic chambers to quantify primary production by periphyton at multiple depths across 11 lakes encompassing a broad range of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total phosphorous (TP) concentrations. Light-use efficiency (primary production per unit incident light) was inversely related to average light availability (% of surface light) in 7 of the 11 study lakes, indicating that benthic algal assemblages exhibit photoadaptation, likely through physiological or compositional changes. DOC alone explained 86% of the variability in log-transformed whole-lake benthic production rates. TP was not an important driver of benthic production via its effects on nutrient and light availability. This result is contrary to studies in other systems, but may be common in relatively pristine north-temperate lakes. Our simple empirical model may allow for the prediction of whole-lake benthic primary production from easily obtained measurements of DOC concentration.

","language":"English","publisher":"Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.4319/lo.2014.59.6.2112","usgsCitation":"Godwin, S.C., Jones, S., Weidel, B., and Solomon, C.T., 2014, Dissolved organic carbon concentration controls benthic primary production: results from in situ chambers in north-temperate lakes: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 59, no. 6, p. 2112-2120, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2014.59.6.2112.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2112","endPage":"2120","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056921","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488302,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Dissolved_organic_carbon_concentration_controls_benthic_primary_production_Results_from_in_situ_chambers_in_north-temperate_lakes/24826899","text":"External Repository"},{"id":296074,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-10-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5465d631e4b04d4b7dbd65ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Godwin, Sean C.","contributorId":127430,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Godwin","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6646,"text":"McGill University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Stuart E.","contributorId":22222,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Stuart E.","affiliations":[{"id":6966,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weidel, Brian 0000-0001-6095-2773 bweidel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6095-2773","contributorId":2485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weidel","given":"Brian","email":"bweidel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Solomon, Christopher T.","contributorId":34014,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Solomon","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":6646,"text":"McGill University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70133239,"text":"70133239 - 2014 - Hierarchical model analysis of the Atlantic Flyway Breeding Waterfowl Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-11-14T13:19:24","indexId":"70133239","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hierarchical model analysis of the Atlantic Flyway Breeding Waterfowl Survey","docAbstract":"

We used log-linear hierarchical models to analyze data from the Atlantic Flyway Breeding Waterfowl Survey. The survey has been conducted by state biologists each year since 1989 in the northeastern United States from Virginia north to New Hampshire and Vermont. Although yearly population estimates from the survey are used by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service for estimating regional waterfowl population status for mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), black ducks (Anas rubripes), wood ducks (Aix sponsa), and Canada geese (Branta canadensis), they are not routinely adjusted to control for time of day effects and other survey design issues. The hierarchical model analysis permits estimation of year effects and population change while accommodating the repeated sampling of plots and controlling for time of day effects in counting. We compared population estimates from the current stratified random sample analysis to population estimates from hierarchical models with alternative model structures that describe year to year changes as random year effects, a trend with random year effects, or year effects modeled as 1-year differences. Patterns of population change from the hierarchical model results generally were similar to the patterns described by stratified random sample estimates, but significant visibility differences occurred between twilight to midday counts in all species. Controlling for the effects of time of day resulted in larger population estimates for all species in the hierarchical model analysis relative to the stratified random sample analysis. The hierarchical models also provided a convenient means of estimating population trend as derived statistics from the analysis. We detected significant declines in mallard and American black ducks and significant increases in wood ducks and Canada geese, a trend that had not been significant for 3 of these 4 species in the prior analysis. We recommend using hierarchical models for analysis of the Atlantic Flyway Breeding Waterfowl Survey.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.748","usgsCitation":"Sauer, J., Zimmerman, G.S., Klimstra, J.D., and Link, W., 2014, Hierarchical model analysis of the Atlantic Flyway Breeding Waterfowl Survey: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 78, no. 6, p. 1050-1059, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.748.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1050","endPage":"1059","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056345","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296095,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-07-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"546727b7e4b04d4b7dbde84d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sauer, John R. jrsauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":3737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"John R.","email":"jrsauer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":524947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zimmerman, Guthrie S.","contributorId":42473,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Guthrie","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":524949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klimstra, Jon D.","contributorId":6985,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Klimstra","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":524950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Link, William A. wlink@usgs.gov","contributorId":3465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"William A.","email":"wlink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":524948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70142549,"text":"70142549 - 2014 - A depth-averaged debris-flow model that includes the effects of evolving dilatancy. I. Physical basis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-11T14:01:21","indexId":"70142549","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3878,"text":"Proceedings of the Royal Society A","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A depth-averaged debris-flow model that includes the effects of evolving dilatancy. I. Physical basis","docAbstract":"

To simulate debris-flow behaviour from initiation to deposition, we derive a depth-averaged, two-phase model that combines concepts of critical-state soil mechanics, grain-flow mechanics and fluid mechanics. The model's balance equations describe coupled evolution of the solid volume fraction, m, basal pore-fluid pressure, flow thickness and two components of flow velocity. Basal friction is evaluated using a generalized Coulomb rule, and fluid motion is evaluated in a frame of reference that translates with the velocity of the granular phase, vs. Source terms in each of the depth-averaged balance equations account for the influence of the granular dilation rate, defined as the depth integral of ∇⋅vs. Calculation of the dilation rate involves the effects of an elastic compressibility and an inelastic dilatancy angle proportional to m−meq, where meq is the value of m in equilibrium with the ambient stress state and flow rate. Normalization of the model equations shows that predicted debris-flow behaviour depends principally on the initial value of m−meq and on the ratio of two fundamental timescales. One of these timescales governs downslope debris-flow motion, and the other governs pore-pressure relaxation that modifies Coulomb friction and regulates evolution of m. A companion paper presents a suite of model predictions and tests.

","language":"English","publisher":"The Royal Society","doi":"10.1098/rspa.2013.0819","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., and George, D.L., 2014, A depth-averaged debris-flow model that includes the effects of evolving dilatancy. I. Physical basis: Proceedings of the Royal Society A, v. 471, no. 2170, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2013.0819.","productDescription":"31 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-053062","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472849,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2013.0819","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":298720,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"471","issue":"2170","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-10-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"550aa1abe4b02e76d7590bc7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":541954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"George, David L. 0000-0002-5726-0255 dgeorge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5726-0255","contributorId":3120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"David","email":"dgeorge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":541955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70171520,"text":"70171520 - 2014 - Long-term trends in alkalinity in large rivers of the conterminous US in relation to acidification, agriculture, and hydrologic modification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-03T16:36:25","indexId":"70171520","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term trends in alkalinity in large rivers of the conterminous US in relation to acidification, agriculture, and hydrologic modification","docAbstract":"

Alkalinity increases in large rivers of the conterminous US are well known, but less is understood about the processes leading to these trends as compared with headwater systems more intensively examined in conjunction with acid deposition studies. Nevertheless, large rivers are important conduits of inorganic carbon and other solutes to coastal areas and may have substantial influence on coastal calcium carbonate saturation dynamics. We examined long-term (mid-20th to early 21st century) trends in alkalinity and other weathering products in 23 rivers of the conterminous US. We used a rigorous flow-weighting technique which allowed greater focus on solute trends occurring independently of changes in flow. Increasing alkalinity concentrations and yield were widespread, occurring at 14 and 13 stations, respectively. Analysis of trends in other weathering products suggested that the causes of alkalinity trends were diverse, but at many stations alkalinity increases coincided with decreasing nitrate + sulfate and decreasing cation:alkalinity ratios, which is consistent with recovery from acidification. A positive correlation between the Sen–Thiel slopes of alkalinity increases and agricultural lime usage indicated that agricultural lime contributed to increasing solute concentration in some areas. However, several stations including the Altamaha, Upper Mississippi, and San Joaquin Rivers exhibited solute trends, such as increasing cation:alkalinity ratios and increasing nitrate + sulfate, more consistent with increasing acidity, emphasizing that multiple processes affect alkalinity trends in large rivers. This study was unique in its examination of alkalinity trends in large rivers covering a wide range of climate and land use types, but more detailed analyses will help to better elucidate temporal changes to river solutes and especially the effects they may have on coastal calcium carbonate saturation state.

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PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"575158b6e4b053f0edd03c6b","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.054","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.054","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Stets E.G., Kelly V.J., Crawford C.G.","journalName":"Science of The Total Environment","publicationDate":"8/2014","auditedOn":"3/22/2016","publiclyAccessibleDate":"4/17/2014"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stets, Edward G. estets@usgs.gov","contributorId":152533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stets","given":"Edward G.","email":"estets@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":631575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kelly, Valerie J. vjkelly@usgs.gov","contributorId":4161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"Valerie","email":"vjkelly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":631576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crawford, Charles G. 0000-0003-1653-7841 cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1653-7841","contributorId":1064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"Charles","email":"cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":631577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70176214,"text":"70176214 - 2014 - Petrographic maturity parameters of a Devonian shale maturation series, Appalachian Basin, USA. ICCP Thermal Indices Working Group interlaboratory exercise","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-01T15:58:02","indexId":"70176214","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrographic maturity parameters of a Devonian shale maturation series, Appalachian Basin, USA. ICCP Thermal Indices Working Group interlaboratory exercise","docAbstract":"

This paper presents results of an interlaboratory exercise on organic matter optical maturity parameters using a natural maturation series comprised by three Devonian shale samples (Huron Member, Ohio Shale) from the Appalachian Basin, USA. This work was conducted by the Thermal Indices Working Group of the International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology (ICCP) Commission II (Geological Applications of Organic Petrology). This study aimed to compare: 1. maturation predicted by different types of petrographic parameters (vitrinite reflectance and spectral fluorescence of telalginite), 2. reproducibility of the results for these maturation parameters obtained by different laboratories, and 3. improvements in the spectral fluorescence measurement obtained using modern detection systems in comparison with the results from historical round robin exercises.

Mean random vitrinite reflectance measurements presented the highest level of reproducibility (group standard deviation 0.05) for low maturity and reproducibility diminished with increasing maturation (group standard deviation 0.12).

Corrected fluorescence spectra, provided by 14 participants, showed a fair to good correspondence. Standard deviation of the mean values for spectral parameters was lowest for the low maturity sample but was also fairly low for higher maturity samples.

A significant improvement in the reproducibility of corrected spectral fluorescence curves was obtained in the current exercise compared to a previous investigation of Toarcian organic matter spectra in a maturation series from the Paris Basin. This improvement is demonstrated by lower values of standard deviation and is interpreted to reflect better performance of newer photo-optical measuring systems.

Fluorescence parameters measured here are in good agreement with vitrinite reflectance values for the least mature shale but indicate higher maturity than shown by vitrinite reflectance for the two more mature shales. This red shift in λmax beyond 0.65% vitrinite reflectance was also observed in studies of Devonian shale in other basins, suggesting that the accepted correlation for these two petrographic thermal maturity parameters needs to be re-evaluated.

A good linear correlation between λmax and Tmax for this maturation series was observed and λmax 600 nm corresponds to Tmax of 440 °C. Nevertheless if a larger set of Devonian samples is included, the correlation is polynomial with a jump in λmax ranging from 540 to 570 nm. Up to 440 °C of Tmax, the λmax, mostly, reaches up to 500 nm; beyond a Tmax of 440 °C, λmax is in the range of 580–600 nm. This relationship places the “red shift” when the onset of the oil window is reached at Tmax of 440 °C. Moreover, the correlation between HI and λmax (r2 = 0.70) shows a striking inflection and decrease in HI above a λmax of 600 nm, coincident with the approximate onset of hydrocarbon generation in these rocks.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2014.05.002","usgsCitation":"Araujo, C.V., Borrego, A.G., Cardott, B., das Chagas, R.B., Flores, D., Goncalves, P., Hackley, P.C., Hower, J., Kern, M.L., Kus, J., Mastalerz, M., Filho, J.G., de Oliveira Mendonca, J., Rego Menezes, T., Newman, J., Suarez-Ruiz, I., Sobrinho da Silva, F., and Viegas de Souza, I., 2014, Petrographic maturity parameters of a Devonian shale maturation series, Appalachian Basin, USA. ICCP Thermal Indices Working Group interlaboratory exercise: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 130, p. 89-101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2014.05.002.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"101","ipdsId":"IP-053387","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328198,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"130","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c95130e4b0f2f0cec15bff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Araujo, Carla Viviane","contributorId":60137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Araujo","given":"Carla","email":"","middleInitial":"Viviane","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Borrego, Angeles G.","contributorId":56573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borrego","given":"Angeles","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cardott, Brian","contributorId":54909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cardott","given":"Brian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"das Chagas, Renata Brenand A.","contributorId":174244,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"das Chagas","given":"Renata","email":"","middleInitial":"Brenand A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Flores, Deolinda","contributorId":31287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flores","given":"Deolinda","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Goncalves, Paula","contributorId":174245,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goncalves","given":"Paula","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hackley, Paul C. 0000-0002-5957-2551 phackley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5957-2551","contributorId":592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Paul","email":"phackley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hower, James C. 0000-0003-4694-2776","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4694-2776","contributorId":34561,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hower","given":"James C.","affiliations":[{"id":16123,"text":"University of Kentucky, Center for Applied Energy Research, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, KY 40511, United States.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kern, Marcio Luciano","contributorId":174246,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kern","given":"Marcio","email":"","middleInitial":"Luciano","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Kus, Jolanta","contributorId":42893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kus","given":"Jolanta","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":105788,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[{"id":17608,"text":"Indiana Univesity","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Filho, Joao Graciano Mendonca","contributorId":10730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Filho","given":"Joao","email":"","middleInitial":"Graciano Mendonca","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"de Oliveira Mendonca, Joalice","contributorId":174247,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de Oliveira Mendonca","given":"Joalice","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Rego Menezes, Taissa","contributorId":174248,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rego Menezes","given":"Taissa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Newman, Jane","contributorId":74313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newman","given":"Jane","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Suarez-Ruiz, Isabel","contributorId":75072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suarez-Ruiz","given":"Isabel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Sobrinho da Silva, Frederico","contributorId":174249,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sobrinho da Silva","given":"Frederico","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Viegas de Souza, Igor","contributorId":174250,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Viegas de Souza","given":"Igor","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18}]}} ,{"id":70168380,"text":"70168380 - 2014 - Habitat structure and body size distributions: Cross-ecosystem comparison for taxa with determinate and indeterminate growth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-13T15:02:06","indexId":"70168380","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2939,"text":"Oikos","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat structure and body size distributions: Cross-ecosystem comparison for taxa with determinate and indeterminate growth","docAbstract":"

Habitat structure across multiple spatial and temporal scales has been proposed as a key driver of body size distributions for associated communities. Thus, understanding the relationship between habitat and body size is fundamental to developing predictions regarding the influence of habitat change on animal communities. Much of the work assessing the relationship between habitat structure and body size distributions has focused on terrestrial taxa with determinate growth, and has primarily analysed discontinuities (gaps) in the distribution of species mean sizes (species size relationships or SSRs). The suitability of this approach for taxa with indeterminate growth has yet to be determined. We provide a cross-ecosystem comparison of bird (determinate growth) and fish (indeterminate growth) body mass distributions using four independent data sets. We evaluate three size distribution indices: SSRs, species size–density relationships (SSDRs) and individual size–density relationships (ISDRs), and two types of analysis: looking for either discontinuities or abundance patterns and multi-modality in the distributions. To assess the respective suitability of these three indices and two analytical approaches for understanding habitat–size relationships in different ecosystems, we compare their ability to differentiate bird or fish communities found within contrasting habitat conditions. All three indices of body size distribution are useful for examining the relationship between cross-scale patterns of habitat structure and size for species with determinate growth, such as birds. In contrast, for species with indeterminate growth such as fish, the relationship between habitat structure and body size may be masked when using mean summary metrics, and thus individual-level data (ISDRs) are more useful. Furthermore, ISDRs, which have traditionally been used to study aquatic systems, present a potentially useful common currency for comparing body size distributions across terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/oik.01314","usgsCitation":"Nash, K.L., Allen, C.R., Barichievy, C., Nystrom, M., Sundstrom, S.M., and Graham, N.A., 2014, Habitat structure and body size distributions: Cross-ecosystem comparison for taxa with determinate and indeterminate growth: Oikos, v. 123, no. 8, p. 971-983, https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.01314.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"971","endPage":"983","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-054487","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":29789,"text":"John Wesley Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488029,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Habitat_structure_and_body_size_distributions_cross-ecosystem_comparison_for_taxa_with_determinate_and_indeterminate_growth/22938329","text":"External Repository"},{"id":317957,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56bdbec4e4b06458514aeecb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nash, Kirsty L.","contributorId":40897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"Kirsty","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":619953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, Craig R. 0000-0001-8655-8272 allencr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8655-8272","contributorId":1979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"allencr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":619839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barichievy, Chris","contributorId":17119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barichievy","given":"Chris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":619954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nystrom, Magnus","contributorId":36460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nystrom","given":"Magnus","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":619955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sundstrom, Shana M.","contributorId":7159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sundstrom","given":"Shana","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":619956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Graham, Nicholas A.J.","contributorId":101990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":619957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70170271,"text":"70170271 - 2014 - Late Holocene sea level variability and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-08T13:44:05","indexId":"70170271","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3002,"text":"Paleoceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Holocene sea level variability and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation","docAbstract":"

Pre-twentieth century sea level (SL) variability remains poorly understood due to limits of tide gauge records, low temporal resolution of tidal marsh records, and regional anomalies caused by dynamic ocean processes, notably multidecadal changes in Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). We examined SL and AMOC variability along the eastern United States over the last 2000 years, using a SL curve constructed from proxy sea surface temperature (SST) records from Chesapeake Bay, and twentieth century SL-sea surface temperature (SST) relations derived from tide gauges and instrumental SST. The SL curve shows multidecadal-scale variability (20–30 years) during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and Little Ice Age (LIA), as well as the twentieth century. During these SL oscillations, short-term rates ranged from 2 to 4 mm yr−1, roughly similar to those of the last few decades. These oscillations likely represent internal modes of climate variability related to AMOC variability and originating at high latitudes, although the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Results imply that dynamic ocean changes, in addition to thermosteric, glacio-eustatic, or glacio-isostatic processes are an inherent part of SL variability in coastal regions, even during millennial-scale climate oscillations such as the MCA and LIA and should be factored into efforts that use tide gauges and tidal marsh sediments to understand global sea level rise.

","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1002/2014PA002632","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., Farmer, J.R., Marzen, R.E., Thomas, E., and Varekamp, J., 2014, Late Holocene sea level variability and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: Paleoceanography, v. 29, no. 8, p. 765-777, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014PA002632.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"765","endPage":"777","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-030583","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472850,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d86d5rkn","text":"External Repository"},{"id":326241,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a9ad60e4b05e859bdfba13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, Thomas M. 0000-0002-2643-0979 tcronin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":2579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"Thomas","email":"tcronin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farmer, Jesse R.","contributorId":35564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farmer","given":"Jesse","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Marzen, R. E.","contributorId":147453,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marzen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":6676,"text":"USGS (retired)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":644991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Thomas, E.","contributorId":64467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Varekamp, J.C.","contributorId":56006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varekamp","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70145458,"text":"70145458 - 2014 - Modeling future scenarios of light attenuation and potential seagrass success in a eutrophic estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-07T09:51:22","indexId":"70145458","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling future scenarios of light attenuation and potential seagrass success in a eutrophic estuary","docAbstract":"

Estuarine eutrophication has led to numerous ecological changes, including loss of seagrass beds. One potential cause of these losses is a reduction in light availability due to increased attenuation by phytoplankton. Future sea level rise will also tend to reduce light penetration and modify seagrass habitat. In the present study, we integrate a spectral irradiance model into a biogeochemical model coupled to the Regional Ocean Model System (ROMS). It is linked to a bio-optical seagrass model to assess potential seagrass habitat in a eutrophic estuary under future nitrate loading and sea-level rise scenarios. The model was applied to West Falmouth Harbor, a shallow estuary located on Cape Cod (Massachusetts) where nitrate from groundwater has led to eutrophication and seagrass loss in landward portions of the estuary. Measurements of chlorophyll, turbidity, light attenuation, and seagrass coverage were used to assess the model accuracy. Mean chlorophyll based on uncalibrated in-situ fluorometry varied from 28 μg L−1 at the landward-most site to 6.5 μg L−1 at the seaward site, while light attenuation ranged from 0.86 to 0.45 m-1. The model reproduced the spatial variability in chlorophyll and light attenuation with RMS errors of 3.72 μg L−1 and 0.07 m-1 respectively. Scenarios of future nitrate reduction and sea-level rise suggest an improvement in light climate in the landward basin with a 75% reduction in nitrate loading. This coupled model may be useful to assess habitat availability changes due to eutrophication and sediment resuspension and fully considers spatial variability on the tidal timescale.

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The NGA-West2 project is a large multidisciplinary, multi-year research program on the Next Generation Attenuation (NGA) models for shallow crustal earthquakes in active tectonic regions. The research project has been coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), with extensive technical interactions among many individuals and organizations. NGA-West2 addresses several key issues in ground-motion seismic hazard, including updating the NGA database for a magnitude range of 3.0–7.9; updating NGA ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) for the “average” horizontal component; scaling response spectra for damping values other than 5%; quantifying the effects of directivity and directionality for horizontal ground motion; resolving discrepancies between the NGA and the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) site amplification factors; analysis of epistemic uncertainty for NGA GMPEs; and developing GMPEs for vertical ground motion. This paper presents an overview of the NGA-West2 research program and its subprojects.

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Five directivity models have been developed based on data from the NGA-West2 database and based on numerical simulations of large strike-slip and reverse-slip earthquakes. All models avoid the use of normalized rupture dimension, enabling them to scale up to the largest earthquakes in a physically reasonable way. Four of the five models are explicitly “narrow-band” (in which the effect of directivity is maximum at a specific period that is a function of earthquake magnitude). Several strategies for determining the zero-level for directivity have been developed. We show comparisons of maps of the directivity amplification. This comparison suggests that the predicted geographic distributions of directivity amplification are dominated by effects of the models' assumptions, and more than one model should be used for ruptures dipping less than about 65 degrees.

","language":"English","publisher":"Earthquake Engineering Research Institute","doi":"10.1193/080313EQS222M","usgsCitation":"Spudich, P.A., Rowshandel, B., Shahi, S., Baker, J.W., and Chiou, B.S., 2014, Comparison of NGA-West2 directivity models: Earthquake Spectra, v. 30, no. 3, p. 1199-1221, https://doi.org/10.1193/080313EQS222M.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"1199","endPage":"1221","ipdsId":"IP-054577","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344322,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5979aa57e4b0ec1a488b8c29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spudich, Paul A. 0000-0002-9484-4997 spudich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9484-4997","contributorId":2372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spudich","given":"Paul","email":"spudich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":706325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rowshandel, Badie","contributorId":140541,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rowshandel","given":"Badie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":706326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shahi, Shrey","contributorId":140542,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shahi","given":"Shrey","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":706327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baker, Jack W.","contributorId":115861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baker","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":706328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chiou, Brian S-J","contributorId":195134,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chiou","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"S-J","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":706329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70189758,"text":"70189758 - 2014 - Adding fling effects to processed ground‐motion time histories","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-24T15:08:48","indexId":"70189758","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adding fling effects to processed ground‐motion time histories","docAbstract":"

Fling is the engineering term for the effects of the permanent tectonic offset, caused by a rupturing fault in the recorded ground motions near the fault. It is expressed by a one‐sided pulse in ground velocity and a nonzero final displacement at the end of shaking. Standard processing of earthquake time histories removes some of the fling effects that may be required for engineering applications. A method to parameterize the fling‐step time history and to superimpose it onto traditionally processed time histories has been developed by Abrahamson (2002). In this paper, we first present an update to the Abrahamson (2002) fling‐step models, in which the fling step is parameterized as a single cycle of a sine wave. Parametric models are presented for the sine‐wave amplitude (Dsite) and period (Tf). The expressions for Dsite and Tf are derived from an extensive set of finite‐fault simulations conducted on the Southern California Earthquake Center broadband platform (see Data and Resources). The simulations were run with the Graves and Pitarka (2010) hybrid simulation method and included strike‐slip and reverse scenarios for magnitudes of 6.0–8.2 and dips of 30 through 90. Next, an improved approach for developing design ground motions with fling effects is presented, which deals with the problem of double‐counting intermediate period components that were not removed by the standard ground‐motion processing. Finally, the results are validated against a set of 84 empirical recordings containing fling.

","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120130272","usgsCitation":"Kamai, R., Abrahamson, N.A., and Graves, R., 2014, Adding fling effects to processed ground‐motion time histories: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 104, no. 4, p. 1914-1929, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120130272.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1914","endPage":"1929","ipdsId":"IP-051595","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344271,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-07-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59770752e4b0ec1a48889f97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kamai, Ronnie","contributorId":140537,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kamai","given":"Ronnie","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6643,"text":"University of California - Berkeley","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":706223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abrahamson, Norman A.","contributorId":115451,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Abrahamson","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":706224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Graves, Robert 0000-0001-9758-453X rwgraves@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9758-453X","contributorId":140738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graves","given":"Robert","email":"rwgraves@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":706222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70192716,"text":"70192716 - 2014 - The implications of microbial and substrate limitation for the fates of carbon in different organic soil horizon types of boreal forest ecosystems: a mechanistically based model analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-08T14:24:16","indexId":"70192716","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1011,"text":"Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The implications of microbial and substrate limitation for the fates of carbon in different organic soil horizon types of boreal forest ecosystems: a mechanistically based model analysis","docAbstract":"

The large amount of soil carbon in boreal forest ecosystems has the potential to influence the climate system if released in large quantities in response to warming. Thus, there is a need to better understand and represent the environmental sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition. Most soil carbon decomposition models rely on empirical relationships omitting key biogeochemical mechanisms and their response to climate change is highly uncertain. In this study, we developed a multi-layer microbial explicit soil decomposition model framework for boreal forest ecosystems. A thorough sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify dominating biogeochemical processes and to highlight structural limitations. Our results indicate that substrate availability (limited by soil water diffusion and substrate quality) is likely to be a major constraint on soil decomposition in the fibrous horizon (40–60% of soil organic carbon (SOC) pool size variation), while energy limited microbial activity in the amorphous horizon exerts a predominant control on soil decomposition (>70% of SOC pool size variation). Elevated temperature alleviated the energy constraint of microbial activity most notably in amorphous soils, whereas moisture only exhibited a marginal effect on dissolved substrate supply and microbial activity. Our study highlights the different decomposition properties and underlying mechanisms of soil dynamics between fibrous and amorphous soil horizons. Soil decomposition models should consider explicitly representing different boreal soil horizons and soil–microbial interactions to better characterize biogeochemical processes in boreal forest ecosystems. A more comprehensive representation of critical biogeochemical mechanisms of soil moisture effects may be required to improve the performance of the soil model we analyzed in this study.

","language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","doi":"10.5194/bg-11-4477-2014","usgsCitation":"He, Y., Zhuang, Q., Harden, J.W., McGuire, A.D., Fan, Z., Liu, Y., and Wickland, K.P., 2014, The implications of microbial and substrate limitation for the fates of carbon in different organic soil horizon types of boreal forest ecosystems: a mechanistically based model analysis: Biogeosciences, v. 11, p. 4477-4491, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4477-2014.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"4477","endPage":"4491","ipdsId":"IP-052014","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472848,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4477-2014","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":348471,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a0425c6e4b0dc0b45b45421","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"He, Y.","contributorId":23319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"He","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhuang, Q.","contributorId":40772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhuang","given":"Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harden, Jennifer W. 0000-0002-6570-8259 jharden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":1971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"Jennifer","email":"jharden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":721304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGuire, A. David 0000-0003-4646-0750 ffadm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4646-0750","contributorId":166708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A.","email":"ffadm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":716763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fan, Z.","contributorId":31211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fan","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Liu, Y.","contributorId":127400,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6940,"text":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":721306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wickland, Kimberly P. 0000-0002-6400-0590 kpwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6400-0590","contributorId":1835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wickland","given":"Kimberly","email":"kpwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":721307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70114248,"text":"ofr20141130 - 2014 - Coastal circulation and water-column properties in the War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Guam: measurements and modeling of waves, currents, temperature, salinity, and turbidity, April-August 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-31T15:53:02","indexId":"ofr20141130","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-31T15:44:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1130","title":"Coastal circulation and water-column properties in the War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Guam: measurements and modeling of waves, currents, temperature, salinity, and turbidity, April-August 2012","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center (PCMSC) initiated an investigation in the National Park Service’s (NPS) War in the Pacific National Historical Park (WAPA) to provide baseline scientific information on coastal circulation and water-column properties along west-central Guam, focusing on WAPA’s Agat Unit, as it relates to the transport and settlement of coral larvae, fish, and other marine organisms. The oceanographic data and numerical circulation modeling results from this study demonstrate that circulation in Agat Bay was strongly driven by winds and waves at longer (>1 day) timescales and by the tides at shorter (<1 day) timescales; near-surface currents in deep water were primarily controlled by the winds, whereas currents on the shallow reef flats were dominated by wave-driven motions. Water-column properties exhibited strong seasonality coupled to the shift from the trade wind to the non-trade wind season. During the dry trade-wind season, waters were cooler and more saline. When the winds shifted to a more variable pattern, waters warmed and became less saline because of a combination of increased thermal insolation from lack of wind forcing and higher rainfall. Turbidity was relatively low in Agat Bay and was similar to levels measured elsewhere along west-central Guam. The numerical circulation modeling results provide insight into the potential paths of buoyant material released from a series of locations along west-central Guam under summer non-trade wind forcing conditions that characterize coral spawning events. This information may be useful in evaluating the potential zones of influence/impact resulting from transport by surface currents of material released from these select locations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141130","usgsCitation":"Storlazzi, C., Cheriton, O., Lescinski, J.M., and Logan, J., 2014, Coastal circulation and water-column properties in the War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Guam: measurements and modeling of waves, currents, temperature, salinity, and turbidity, April-August 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1130, vi, 104 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141130.","productDescription":"vi, 104 p.","numberOfPages":"112","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2012-04-01","temporalEnd":"2012-08-31","ipdsId":"IP-052524","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291498,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141130.jpg"},{"id":291496,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1130/"},{"id":291497,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1130/pdf/ofr2014-1130.pdf"}],"country":"Guam","otherGeospatial":"Agat Bay;War In The Pacific National Historical Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 144.618381,13.229648 ], [ 144.618381,13.654225 ], [ 144.956536,13.654225 ], [ 144.956536,13.229648 ], [ 144.618381,13.229648 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53db4a39e4b0fba533f99624","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storlazzi, Curt D. 0000-0001-8057-4490","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-4490","contributorId":77889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storlazzi","given":"Curt D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheriton, Olivia M. 0000-0003-3011-9136","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3011-9136","contributorId":7630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheriton","given":"Olivia M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lescinski, Jamie M.R.","contributorId":93579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lescinski","given":"Jamie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Logan, Joshua B.","contributorId":34470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Logan","given":"Joshua B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70118240,"text":"70118240 - 2014 - Crustal structure beneath the Paleozoic Parnaíba Basin revealed by airborne gravity and magnetic data, Brazil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-13T06:16:53","indexId":"70118240","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-31T09:13:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure beneath the Paleozoic Parnaíba Basin revealed by airborne gravity and magnetic data, Brazil","docAbstract":"

The Parnaíba Basin is a large Paleozoic syneclise in northeastern Brazil underlain by Precambrian crystalline basement, which comprises a complex lithostructural and tectonic framework formed during the Neoproterozoic–Eopaleozoic Brasiliano–Pan African orogenic collage. A sag basin up to 3.5 km thick and 1000 km long formed after the collage. The lithologic composition, structure, and role in the basin evolution of the underlying basement are the focus of this study. Airborne gravity and magnetic data were modeled to reveal the general crustal structure underneath the Parnaíba Basin. Results indicate that gravity and magnetic signatures delineate the main boundaries and structural trends of three cratonic areas and surrounding Neoproterozoic fold belts in the basement. Triangular-shaped basement inliers are geophysically defined in the central region of this continental-scale Neoproterozoic convergence zone. A 3-D gravity inversion constrained by seismological data reveals that basement inliers exhibit a 36–40.5 km deep crustal root, with borders defined by a high-density and thinner crust. Forward modeling of gravity and magnetic data indicates that lateral boundaries between crustal units are limited by Brasiliano shear zones, representing lithospheric sutures of the Amazonian and São Francisco Cratons, Tocantins Province and Parnaíba Block. In addition, coincident residual gravity, residual magnetic, and pseudo-gravity lows indicate two complex systems of Eopaleozoic rifts related to the initial phase of the sag deposition, which follow basement trends in several directions.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.tecto.2013.12.009","usgsCitation":"de Castro, D.L., Fuck, R.A., Phillips, J.D., Vidotti, R.M., Bezerra, F.H., and Dantas, E.L., 2014, Crustal structure beneath the Paleozoic Parnaíba Basin revealed by airborne gravity and magnetic data, Brazil: Tectonophysics, v. 614, p. 128-145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.12.009.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"128","endPage":"145","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-045727","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science 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Castro, David L.","contributorId":32097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"de Castro","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuck, Reinhardt A.","contributorId":9586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuck","given":"Reinhardt","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":519160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Phillips, Jeffrey D. 0000-0002-6459-2821 jeff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6459-2821","contributorId":1572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jeff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":519159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vidotti, Roberta 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R.","contributorId":116290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bezerra","given":"Francisco","email":"","middleInitial":"H. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":519164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dantas, Elton L.","contributorId":43686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dantas","given":"Elton","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":519163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70101466,"text":"sir20145041 - 2014 - Synthesis of studies in the fall low-salinity zone of the San Francisco Estuary, September-December 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-30T11:26:53","indexId":"sir20145041","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-31T08:29:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5041","title":"Synthesis of studies in the fall low-salinity zone of the San Francisco Estuary, September-December 2011","docAbstract":"

In fall 2011, a large-scale investigation (fall low-salinity habitat investigation) was implemented by the Bureau of Reclamation in cooperation with the Interagency Ecological Program to explore hypotheses about the ecological role of low-salinity habitat in the San Francisco Estuary—specifically, hypotheses about the importance of fall low-salinity habitat to the biology of delta smelt Hypomesus transpacificus, a species endemic to the San Francisco Estuary and listed as threatened or endangered under federal and state endangered species legislation. The Interagency Ecological Program is a consortium of 10 agencies that work together to develop a better understanding of the ecology of the Estuary and the effects of the State Water Project and Federal Central Valley Project operations on the physical, chemical, and biological conditions of the San Francisco Estuary. The fall low-salinity habitat investigation constitutes one of the actions stipulated in the Reasonable and Prudent Alternative issued with the 2008 Biological Opinion of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which called for adaptive management of fall Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta outflow following “wet” and “above normal” water years to alleviate jeopardy to delta smelt and adverse modification of delta smelt critical habitat. The basic hypothesis of the adaptive management of fall low-salinity habitat is that greater outflows move the low-salinity zone (salinity 1–6), an important component of delta smelt habitat, westward and that moving the low-salinity zone westward of its position in the fall of recent years will benefit delta smelt, although the specific mechanisms providing such benefit are uncertain. An adaptive management plan was prepared to guide implementation of the adaptive management of fall low-salinity habitat and to reduce uncertainty.

\n
\n

This report has three major objectives:
\n• To provide a summary of the results from the first year of coordinated fall low-salinity habitat studies and monitoring.
\n• To provide a synthesis of the results of the fall low-salinity habitat studies and other ongoing research and monitoring, to determine if the available information supports the hypotheses behind the adaptive management of fall low-salinity habitat as set forth in the adaptive management plan.
\n• To begin to put the results from the fall low-salinity habitat studies into context within the larger body of knowledge regarding the San Francisco Estuary and, in particular, the upper San Francisco Estuary, including the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, Suisun Bay, and associated embayments.

\n
\n

The basic approach of this report is to evaluate predictions derived from the hypotheses included in the conceptual model developed within the adaptive management plan. All available data from studies and monitoring conducted in fall 2011 and similar data from fall 2006, which was the most recent wet year preceding 2011, were considered. Data from 2005 and 2010 were also considered, to include the conditions antecedent to those years.

\n
\n

Many of the predictions either could not be evaluated with the data available, or the needed data were not collected. Most of the predictions that could be addressed involved either the abiotic habitat components (that is, the physical environment) or delta smelt responses. In general, the fall low-salinity habitat investigation has been largely inconclusive as of the writing of this report. This is not to be unexpected in the first year of what is intended to be a multi-year adaptive-management effort. This report can be viewed as the first chapter of a “living document” that is to be continually updated as part of the adaptive management cycle. The results of this report, especially predictions with insufficient data for evaluation, indicate a number of science-based approaches to improve the fall low-salinity habitat investigations:
\n• Develop a method of measuring “hydrodynamic complexity.” This concept is central to a number of the predictions that could not be evaluated.
\n• Determine if wind speed warrants a stand-alone prediction. The wind-speed prediction is directly related to the turbidity predictions, and wind is only one of several factors important for determining turbidity.
\n• Determine the correct spatial and temporal scale or scales necessary for monitoring and for studies to address the predicted abiotic and biotic responses. Many of the assessments in this report were based on monthly sampling of dynamic habitat components, such as phytoplankton and zooplankton populations, that can change on daily scales.
\n• Address the nutrient predictions as part of developing a phytoplankton production model that includes nutrient cycling and other important processes, if feasible. At a minimum develop a mechanistic conceptual model to support more processed-based interpretations of data or design of new studies, rather than making simple predictions of increase or decrease.
\n• Determine if studies of predation rates are feasible in areas where there are delta smelt.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145041","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation and Interagency Ecological Program","usgsCitation":"Brown, L.R., Baxter, R., Castillo, G., Conrad, L., Culberson, S., Erickson, G., Feyrer, F., Fong, S., Gehrts, K., Grimaldo, L., Herbold, B., Kirsch, J., Mueller-Solger, A., Slater, S., Sommer, T., Souza, K., and Van Nieuwenhuyse, E., 2014, Synthesis of studies in the fall low-salinity zone of the San Francisco Estuary, September-December 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5041, Report: xii, 136 p.; Appendix Table 6-3, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145041.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 136 p.; Appendix Table 6-3","numberOfPages":"152","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2011-09-01","temporalEnd":"2011-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-035573","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291441,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145041.jpg"},{"id":291434,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5041/"},{"id":291440,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5041/downloads/sir2014-5041_Appendix6-3.xlsx"},{"id":291439,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5041/pdf/sir2014-5041.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta;San Francisco Estuary","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.6,37.35 ], [ -122.6,38.6 ], [ -121.2,38.6 ], [ -121.2,37.35 ], [ -122.6,37.35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53db4a58e4b0fba533f99634","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baxter, Randall","contributorId":43284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baxter","given":"Randall","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Castillo, Gonzalo","contributorId":46806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castillo","given":"Gonzalo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Conrad, Louise","contributorId":65398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrad","given":"Louise","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Culberson, Steven","contributorId":84284,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Culberson","given":"Steven","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":492711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Erickson, Gregg","contributorId":67428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erickson","given":"Gregg","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Feyrer, Frederick 0000-0003-1253-2349","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1253-2349","contributorId":106736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feyrer","given":"Frederick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Fong, Stephanie","contributorId":45233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fong","given":"Stephanie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Gehrts, Karen","contributorId":46881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gehrts","given":"Karen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Grimaldo, Lenny","contributorId":10728,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grimaldo","given":"Lenny","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35724,"text":"ICF, San Francisco, 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B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Sommer, Ted","contributorId":105242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sommer","given":"Ted","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Souza, Kelly","contributorId":53308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Souza","given":"Kelly","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Van Nieuwenhuyse, Erwin","contributorId":65399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Nieuwenhuyse","given":"Erwin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17}]}} ,{"id":70138852,"text":"70138852 - 2014 - Migration, foraging, and residency patterns for Northern Gulf loggerheads: implications of local threats and international movements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-23T15:03:57","indexId":"70138852","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Migration, foraging, and residency patterns for Northern Gulf loggerheads: implications of local threats and international movements","docAbstract":"

Northern Gulf of Mexico (NGoM) loggerheads (Caretta caretta) make up one of the smallest subpopulations of this threatened species and have declining nest numbers. We used satellite telemetry and a switching state-space model to identify distinct foraging areas used by 59 NGoM loggerheads tagged during 2010–2013. We tagged turtles after nesting at three sites, 1 in Alabama (Gulf Shores; n = 37) and 2 in Florida (St. Joseph Peninsula; n = 20 and Eglin Air Force Base; n = 2). Peak migration time was 22 July to 9 August during which >40% of turtles were in migration mode; the mean post-nesting migration period was 23.0 d (±13.8 d SD). After displacement from nesting beaches, 44 turtles traveled to foraging sites where they remained resident throughout tracking durations. Selected foraging locations were variable distances from tagging sites, and in 5 geographic regions; no turtles selected foraging sites outside the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Foraging sites delineated using 50% kernel density estimation were located a mean distance of 47.6 km from land and in water with mean depth of −32.5 m; other foraging sites, delineated using minimum convex polygons, were located a mean distance of 43.0 km from land and in water with a mean depth of −24.9 m. Foraging sites overlapped with known trawling activities, oil and gas extraction activities, and the footprint of surface oiling during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill (n = 10). Our results highlight the year-round use of habitats in the GoM by loggerheads that nest in the NGoM. Our findings indicate that protection of females in this subpopulation requires both international collaborations and management of threats that spatially overlap with distinct foraging habitats.

","language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0103453","usgsCitation":"Hart, K.M., Lamont, M.M., Sartain-Iverson, A.R., and Fujisaki, I., 2014, Migration, foraging, and residency patterns for Northern Gulf loggerheads: implications of local threats and international movements: PLoS ONE, v. 9, no. 7, e103453; 20 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103453.","productDescription":"e103453; 20 p.","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055204","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472853,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103453","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":297494,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.966796875,\n 25.958044673317843\n ],\n [\n -90.966796875,\n 30.770159115784214\n ],\n [\n -81.8701171875,\n 30.770159115784214\n ],\n [\n -81.8701171875,\n 25.958044673317843\n ],\n [\n -90.966796875,\n 25.958044673317843\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-07-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2bfde4b08de9379b35cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hart, Kristen M. 0000-0002-5257-7974 kristen_hart@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5257-7974","contributorId":1966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"Kristen","email":"kristen_hart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamont, Margaret M. 0000-0001-7520-6669 mlamont@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7520-6669","contributorId":4525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamont","given":"Margaret","email":"mlamont@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sartain-Iverson, Autumn R. 0000-0002-8353-6745 asartain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8353-6745","contributorId":5477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sartain-Iverson","given":"Autumn","email":"asartain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":539077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fujisaki, Ikuko","contributorId":31108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fujisaki","given":"Ikuko","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12557,"text":"University of Florida, FLREC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":539078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70178523,"text":"70178523 - 2014 - Sulfur isotope fractionation between fluid and andesitic melt: An experimental study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-22T18:54:51","indexId":"70178523","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sulfur isotope fractionation between fluid and andesitic melt: An experimental study","docAbstract":"

Glasses produced from decompression experiments conducted by Fiege et al. (2014a) were used to investigate the fractionation of sulfur isotopes between fluid and andesitic melt upon magma degassing. Starting materials were synthetic glasses with a composition close to a Krakatau dacitic andesite. The glasses contained 4.55–7.95 wt% H2O, ∼140 to 2700 ppm sulfur (S), and 0–1000 ppm chlorine (Cl). The experiments were carried out in internally heated pressure vessels (IHPV) at 1030 °C and oxygen fugacities (fO2) ranging from QFM+0.8 log units up to QFM+4.2 log units (QFM: quartz–fayalite–magnetite buffer). The decompression experiments were conducted by releasing pressure (P) continuously from ∼400 MPa to final P of 150, 100, 70 and 30 MPa. The decompression rate (r) ranged from 0.01 to 0.17 MPa/s. The samples were annealed for 0–72 h (annealing time, tA) at the final P and quenched rapidly from 1030 °C to room temperature (T).

The decompression led to the formation of a S-bearing aqueous fluid phase due to the relatively large fluid–melt partitioning coefficients of S. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) was used to determine the isotopic composition of the glasses before and after decompression. Mass balance calculations were applied to estimate the gas–melt S isotope fractionation factor αg-m.

No detectable effect of r and tA on αg-m was observed. However, SIMS data revealed a remarkable increase of αg-m from ∼0.9985 ± 0.0007 at >QFM+3 to ∼1.0042 ± 0.0042 at ∼QFM+1. Noteworthy, the isotopic fractionation at reducing conditions was about an order of magnitude larger than predicted by previous works. Based on our experimental results and on previous findings for S speciation in fluid and silicate melt a new model predicting the effect of fO2 on αg-m (or Δ34Sg–m) in andesitic systems at 1030 °C is proposed. Our experimental results as well as our modeling are of high importance for the interpretation of S isotope signatures in natural samples (e.g., melt inclusions or volcanic gases).

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2014.07.015","usgsCitation":"Fiege, A., Holtz, F., Shimizu, N., Mandeville, C., Behrens, H., and Knipping, J.L., 2014, Sulfur isotope fractionation between fluid and andesitic melt: An experimental study: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 142, p. 501-521, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.07.015.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"501","endPage":"521","ipdsId":"IP-057270","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/6951","text":"External Repository"},{"id":331201,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"142","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5835672de4b0070c0abfb6de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fiege, Adrian","contributorId":177008,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fiege","given":"Adrian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12879,"text":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":654239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holtz, Francois","contributorId":177009,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holtz","given":"Francois","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shimizu, Nobumichi","contributorId":177010,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shimizu","given":"Nobumichi","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":654241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mandeville, Charlie 0000-0002-8485-3689 cmandeville@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8485-3689","contributorId":753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mandeville","given":"Charlie","email":"cmandeville@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":654226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Behrens, Harald","contributorId":177011,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Behrens","given":"Harald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Knipping, Jaayke L.","contributorId":177012,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knipping","given":"Jaayke","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":12879,"text":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":654243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70111464,"text":"sir20145077 - 2014 - Effects of hydrologic modifications on salinity and formation of hypoxia in the Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet and adjacent waterways, southeastern Louisiana, 2008 to 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-29T16:20:37","indexId":"sir20145077","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-29T16:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5077","title":"Effects of hydrologic modifications on salinity and formation of hypoxia in the Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet and adjacent waterways, southeastern Louisiana, 2008 to 2012","docAbstract":"

The Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet (MRGO) was constructed between 1958 and 1968 to provide a safer and shorter route between the Gulf of Mexico and the Port of New Orleans for ocean-going vessels. In 2006, the U.S. Congress directed the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to develop and implement a plan to deauthorize a portion of the MRGO ship channel from its confluence with the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway to the Gulf of Mexico. In 2009, in accordance with plans submitted to Congress, the USACE built a rock barrier across the MRGO near Hopedale, Louisiana. Following Hurricane Katrina, Congress also authorized the USACE to implement the Hurricane Storm Damage Risk Reduction System (HSDRRS) by building structures in the MRGO and adjacent surface waters, to reduce vulnerability of this area to storm surge. The HSDRRS includes the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway-Lake Borgne Surge Barrier and Gate Complex near mile 58 of the deauthorized portion of the MRGO and the Seabrook Gate Complex on the Inner Harbor Navigation Canal (IHNC). By blocking or limiting tidal exchange in the MRGO, these barriers could affect water quality in the MRGO and nearby waters including Lake Pontchartrain, the IHNC, and Lake Borgne. In 2008, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the USACE, began a study to document the effects of the construction activities on salinity and dissolved oxygen in these surface waters. Data were collected from August 2008 through October 2012.

\n
\n

Completion of the rock barrier in the vicinity of mile 35 in July 2009 reduced hydrologic circulation and separated the MRGO into two distinct salinity regimes, with substantially fresher conditions prevailing upstream from the rock barrier. The rock barrier also contributed to a zone of hypoxia (dissolved oxygen less than 2 milligrams per liter) that formed along the channel bottom during the warmer summer months in each year of this monitoring; the zone was much more developed downstream from the rock barrier. The most extensive hypoxic zone was measured in October 2009 when it extended at least 34 miles in the MRGO, from mile 20 to mile 54. Construction of the surge barrier and flood gates did not affect salinity or dissolved oxygen in any comparable manner.

\n
\n

The factors that contributed the most to hypoxia in the MRGO were the reductions in tidal water movement there after completion of the rock barrier combined with the channel depth in the MRGO, in places 10 to 30 feet deeper than surrounding surface water bodies. These factors helped to stratify salinity by reducing vertical mixing in the water column.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145077","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Swarzenski, C.M., and Mize, S.V., 2014, Effects of hydrologic modifications on salinity and formation of hypoxia in the Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet and adjacent waterways, southeastern Louisiana, 2008 to 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5077, vi, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145077.","productDescription":"vi, 21 p.","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2008-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-052992","costCenters":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291366,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145077.jpg"},{"id":291362,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5077/"},{"id":291365,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5077/pdf/sir2014-5077.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River-gulf Outlet","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -90.0,29.5 ], [ -90.0,30.0 ], [ -89.166667,30.0 ], [ -89.166667,29.5 ], [ -90.0,29.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f097e4b0bc0bec09f857","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swarzenski, Christopher M. 0000-0001-9843-1471 cswarzen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9843-1471","contributorId":656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"Christopher","email":"cswarzen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mize, Scott V. 0000-0001-6751-5568 svmize@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6751-5568","contributorId":2997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mize","given":"Scott","email":"svmize@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70118523,"text":"70118523 - 2014 - Whiting events in SW Florida coastal waters: a case study using MODIS medium-resolution data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-29T15:37:12","indexId":"70118523","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-29T15:26:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3251,"text":"Remote Sensing Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Whiting events in SW Florida coastal waters: a case study using MODIS medium-resolution data","docAbstract":"Whitings, floating patches of calcium carbonate mud, have been found in both shallow carbonate banks and freshwater environments around the world. Although these events have been studied for many decades, much of their characteristics remain unknown. Recent sightings of whitings near Ten Thousand Islands, Florida suggest a phenomenon that has not previously been documented in this area. Using medium-resolution (250-m) data collected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) from December 2010 to November 2013, we documented whiting events and their spatial and temporal patterns in this region. Classification rules were first established, and then applied to all 474 cloud-free and sun glint-free MODIS images. Whiting occurrences were found between 25°46′N and 25°20′N and less than 40 km from the southwest Florida coastline. Over the 3-year period, whiting occurrence peaked in spring and autumn and reached a minimum during the winter and summer months. Further field and laboratory research are needed to explain driving force(s) behind these events.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Abingdon, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1080/2150704X.2014.933275","usgsCitation":"Long, J., Hu, C., and Robbins, L., 2014, Whiting events in SW Florida coastal waters: a case study using MODIS medium-resolution data: Remote Sensing Letters, v. 5, no. 6, p. 539-547, https://doi.org/10.1080/2150704X.2014.933275.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"539","endPage":"547","numberOfPages":"9","ipdsId":"IP-054316","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291355,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291236,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2150704X.2014.933275"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Ten Thousand Islands","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.9965,24.9935 ], [ -81.9965,25.9975 ], [ -80.8621,25.9975 ], [ -80.8621,24.9935 ], [ -81.9965,24.9935 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"5","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-06-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f097e4b0bc0bec09f859","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, Jacqueline","contributorId":45646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Jacqueline","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hu, Chuanmin","contributorId":24696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hu","given":"Chuanmin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robbins, Lisa","contributorId":87643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"Lisa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70118434,"text":"70118434 - 2014 - The Early Jurassic Bokan Mountain peralkaline granitic complex (southeastern Alaska): geochemistry, petrogenesis and rare-metal mineralization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-29T15:21:48","indexId":"70118434","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-29T15:06:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2588,"text":"LITHOS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Early Jurassic Bokan Mountain peralkaline granitic complex (southeastern Alaska): geochemistry, petrogenesis and rare-metal mineralization","docAbstract":"The Early Jurassic (ca. 177 Ma) Bokan Mountain granitic complex, located on southern Prince of Wales Island, southernmost Alaska, cross-cuts Paleozoic igneous and metasedimentary rocks of the Alexander terrane of the North American Cordillera and was emplaced during a rifting event. The complex is a circular body (~3 km in diameter) of peralkaline granitic composition that has a core of arfvedsonite granite surrounded by aegirine granite. All the rock-forming minerals typically record a two-stage growth history and aegirine and arfvedsonite were the last major phases to crystalize from the magma. The Bokan granites and related dikes have SiO2 from 72 to 78 wt. %, high iron (FeO (tot) ~3-4.5 wt. %) and alkali (8-10 wt.%) concentrations with high FeO(tot)/(FeO(tot)+MgO) ratios (typically >0.95) and the molar Al2O3/(Na2O+K2O) ratio <1. The granitic rocks are characterized by elevated contents of rare earth elements (REE), Th, U and high field strength elements (HFSE) and low contents of Ca, Sr, Ba and Eu, typical of peralkaline granites. The granites have high positive εNd values which are indicative of a mantle signature. The parent magma is inferred to be derived from an earlier metasomatized lithospheric mantle by low degrees of partial melting and generated the Bokan granitic melt through extensive fractional crystallization. The Bokan complex hosts significant rare-metal (REE, Y, U, Th, Nb) mineralization that is related to the late-stage crystallization history of the complex which involved the overlap of emplacement of felsic dikes, including pegmatite bodies, and generation of orthomagmatic fluids. The abundances of REE, HFSE, U and Th as well as Pb and Nd isotopic values of the pluton and dikes were modified by orthomagmatic hydrothermal fluids highly enriched in the strongly incompatible trace elements, which also escaped along zones of structural weakness to generate rare-metal mineralization. The latter was deposited in two stages: the first relates to the latest stage of magma emplacement and is associated with felsic dikes that intruded along the faults and shear deformations, whereas the second stage involved ingress of hydrothermal fluids that both remobilized and enriched the initial magmatic mineralization. Mineralization is mostly composed of new minerals. Fluorine complexing played a role during the transportation of REE and HFSE in hydrothermal fluids and oxygen isotopes in the granites and quartz veins negate the significant incursion of an external fluid and support a dominantly orthomagmatic hydrothermal system. Many other REE-HFSE deposits hosted by peralkaline felsic rocks (nepheline syenites, peralkaline granites and peralkaline trachytes) were formed by a similar two stage process.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"LITHOS","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.lithos.2014.06.005","usgsCitation":"Dostal, J., Kontak, D.J., and Karl, S.M., 2014, The Early Jurassic Bokan Mountain peralkaline granitic complex (southeastern Alaska): geochemistry, petrogenesis and rare-metal mineralization: LITHOS, v. 202-203, p. 395-412, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2014.06.005.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"395","endPage":"412","numberOfPages":"18","ipdsId":"IP-053049","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291349,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291235,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2014.06.005"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince Of Wales Island","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -132.19984,54.880062 ], [ -132.19984,54.960131 ], [ -132.029971,54.960131 ], [ -132.029971,54.880062 ], [ -132.19984,54.880062 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"202-203","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f097e4b0bc0bec09f85b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dostal, Jaroslav","contributorId":11497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dostal","given":"Jaroslav","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kontak, Daniel J.","contributorId":23051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kontak","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Karl, Susan M. 0000-0003-1559-7826 skarl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1559-7826","contributorId":502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karl","given":"Susan","email":"skarl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":496894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}