Most observers usually associate the Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) with open country such as marshes or upland fields and their wooded or brushy borders. On the wintering grounds in the coniferous belt of the southeastern United States, however, Red-wings spend some of their time feeding in pine forests. In the course of a day's feeding they move back and forth between pine woods and harvested fields of corn, peanuts, and cotton, or weed fields. It is not unusual to see Red-wings feeding in a scattering of pine trees at the edge of a marsh or in some upland area, but I was surprised to find them in dense stands of pine and to observe their method of feeding there.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4083067","usgsCitation":"Meanley, B., 1966, Red-winged blackbirds searching beneath pine bark for insects in winter: The Auk, v. 83, no. 3, p. 480-481, https://doi.org/10.2307/4083067.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"480","endPage":"481","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503142,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/auk/vol83/iss3/26","text":"External Repository"},{"id":197025,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"83","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db63532d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meanley, B.","contributorId":43867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meanley","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221285,"text":"5221285 - 1966 - Residues of DDT in brains and bodies of birds that died on dosage and in survivors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-10T17:01:08.377921","indexId":"5221285","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:35","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Residues of DDT in brains and bodies of birds that died on dosage and in survivors","docAbstract":"Residues of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane (DDT) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane (DDD) in brains of cowbirds (Molothrus ater) killed by dietary dosage of DDT were similar in birds that died after various lengths of time on dosage and in birds that died of delayed effects after as much as 40 days on clean food. Residues of DDT and DDD, but not of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-ethylene (DDE), were much lower in survivors 112 days after dosage. The relative importance of DDT and DDD in brains could not be determined, but DDE appeared not to be critical. Residues in brains of cowbirds were similar to those reported for robins, sparrows, eagles, and white rats. Residues in livers and carcass remainders (with the possible exception of DDD in the liver) appeared unsuitable for diagnosing the cause of death.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.151.3717.1549","usgsCitation":"Stickel, L., Stickel, W.H., and Christensen, R., 1966, Residues of DDT in brains and bodies of birds that died on dosage and in survivors: Science, v. 151, no. 3717, p. 1549-1551, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.151.3717.1549.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1549","endPage":"1551","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193938,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"151","issue":"3717","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b9fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stickel, L.F.","contributorId":41095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickel","given":"L.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stickel, W. H.","contributorId":23239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickel","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Christensen, R.","contributorId":37838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5220466,"text":"5220466 - 1966 - Thirtieth breeding-bird census. 41. Uneven-aged mixed hardwood forest (urban woodlot)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-13T17:21:23.157135","indexId":"5220466","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:35","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":935,"text":"Audubon Field Notes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thirtieth breeding-bird census. 41. Uneven-aged mixed hardwood forest (urban woodlot)","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Audubon Society","usgsCitation":"Jones, R.E., and Linehan, J.T., 1966, Thirtieth breeding-bird census. 41. Uneven-aged mixed hardwood forest (urban woodlot): Audubon Field Notes, v. 20, no. 6, p. 643-645.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"643","endPage":"645","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c21f","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Longcore, J. R. 0000-0003-4898-5438","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4898-5438","contributorId":43835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longcore","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":858835,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Jones, R. E.","contributorId":92997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Linehan, J. T.","contributorId":43868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linehan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5210184,"text":"5210184 - 1966 - Monitoring wildlife for pesticide content","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-06T14:10:15","indexId":"5210184","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:16","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5675,"text":"National Academy of Sciences NRC Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":19}},"seriesNumber":"1402","title":"Monitoring wildlife for pesticide content","docAbstract":"In May 1963, the President's Science Advisory Committee issued a report entitled Use of Pesticides.17 the President already had requested the responsible federal agencies to implement the recommendations in the report. One of these recommendations was to provide for the development and coordination of a pesticide-monitoring program conducted on a continuing basis, by federal agencies to obtain timely systematic data on pesticide residues in the environment.
Many people re engaged in research to learn the quantities of pesticide that may be hazardous. Yet there is concern that hazardous quantities may accumulate before the difficult task of evaluation can be completed. The President's report on environmental pollution12 expresses the view that the soils and waters of the world cannot indefinitely provide a vast dumping ground to absorb and render harmless all human wastes. Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides are only one of these kinds of pollutants, yet they are particularly important because they persist long in the environment and accumulate in the tissues of animals.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Scientific aspects of pest control: A symposium arranged and conducted by the National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Scientific aspects of pest control","conferenceDate":"Washington, D.C.","conferenceLocation":"February 1-3, 1966","language":"English","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences; National Research Council","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC.","usgsCitation":"Dustman, E.H., 1966, Monitoring wildlife for pesticide content, in Scientific aspects of pest control: A symposium arranged and conducted by the National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, February 1-3, 1966, Washington, D.C., p. 343-351.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"351","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200436,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db698ffd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dustman, E. H.","contributorId":12579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dustman","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70197603,"text":"70197603 - 1966 - Summary of hydrologic and physical properties of rock and soil materials, as analyzed by the hydrologic laboratory of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1948-60","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-25T19:08:32.837128","indexId":"70197603","displayToPublicDate":"1999-11-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Summary of hydrologic and physical properties of rock and soil materials, as analyzed by the hydrologic laboratory of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1948-60","docAbstract":"The Hydrologic Laboratory was established in 1948 to serve as the central laboratory for the Ground Water Branch, Water Resources Division, of the U.S. Geological Survey. During the period it has been in existence, numerous samples of rock and soil materials have been analyzed. Analysis data on samples from 42 states and for the period 1948 through 1960 are summarized.
The data are presented in a form to allow an easy comparison of the physical and hydrologic properties of many sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rock and soil materials. Sedimentary rocks, the principal water-bearing rocks, are discussed in more detail.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70197603","usgsCitation":"Morris, D.A., and Johnson, A., 1966, Summary of hydrologic and physical properties of rock and soil materials, as analyzed by the hydrologic laboratory of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1948-60: Open-File Report, vi, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70197603.","productDescription":"vi, 60 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401068,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70197603/report.pdf"},{"id":354998,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70197603/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morris, D. A.","contributorId":56204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, A.I.","contributorId":82676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70195987,"text":"70195987 - 1966 - Geohydrologic use of lithofacies maps in glaciated areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T15:50:52","indexId":"70195987","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geohydrologic use of lithofacies maps in glaciated areas","docAbstract":"Subsurface conditions may differ considerably from conditions indicated by surficial geologic maps, particularly in glaciated areas. Therefore, it is advantageous to use a series of lithofacies maps as a sequence of overlays plotted on transparent paper. Such maps permit direct visual determination of the lithology and areal extent of aquifers and indicate areas of possible stream losses or gains. They indicate areas and boundaries of confining layers and, in some places, they may be used to delineate areas of water-table and artesian conditions. They are especially useful in determining buried channels in glaciated areas. The porosity of rock units making up an aquifer may be plotted on a lithofacies map, and the product of the volume of each lithologic type and the porosity provides an estimate of the total water in storage. In addition, if the water-bearing properties are known, the quantity of water moving through an aquifer and the amount available to wells may be determined. Lithofacies maps also aid in the explanation of complex changes in water quality.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/WR002i004p00679","usgsCitation":"Pettyjohn, W.A., and Randich, P., 1966, Geohydrologic use of lithofacies maps in glaciated areas: Water Resources Research, v. 2, no. 4, p. 679-689, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR002i004p00679.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"679","endPage":"689","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352417,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff5fabe4b0da30c1bfddc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pettyjohn, Wayne A.","contributorId":20724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pettyjohn","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Randich, P.G.","contributorId":69953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randich","given":"P.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38819,"text":"pp544A - 1966 - Effects of the March 1964 Alaska earthquake on the hydrology of south-central Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38819,"text":"pp544A - 1966 - Effects of the March 1964 Alaska earthquake on the hydrology of south-central Alaska","indexId":"pp544A","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Effects of the March 1964 Alaska earthquake on the hydrology of south-central Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70048246,"text":"pp544 - 1966 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on hydrologic regimen","indexId":"pp544","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on hydrologic regimen"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70048246,"text":"pp544 - 1966 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on hydrologic regimen","indexId":"pp544","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on hydrologic regimen"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-15T20:52:49.535943","indexId":"pp544A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"544","chapter":"A","title":"Effects of the March 1964 Alaska earthquake on the hydrology of south-central Alaska","docAbstract":"The earthquake of March 27, 1964, greatly affected the hydrology of Alaska and many other parts of the world. Its far-reaching effects were recorded as water-level fluctuations in gages operated on water wells and streams. The close-in effects were even more striking, however; sediment-laden ground water erupted at the surface, and even ice-covered lakes and streams responded by seiching. Lake and river ice was broken for distances of 450 miles from the epicenter by seismic shock and seiche action. The surging action temporarily dewatered some lakes. Fissuring of streambeds and lakeshores, in particular, caused a loss of water, and hydrologic recovery took weeks in some places. Landslides and snow avalanches temporarily blocked streams and diverted some permanently. The only stream or lake structures damaged were a tunnel intake and two earthen dams. The winter conditions-low stages of water and the extensive ice cover on lakes and streams-at the time of the earthquake greatly reduced the damaging potential. Ground water was drastically affected mostly in unconsolidated aquifers for at least 160 miles from the epicenter. Within 100 miles of the epicenter, vast quantities of sediment-laden water were ejected in most of the flood plains of the glaciofluvial valleys. A shallow water table and confinement by frost seemed to be requirements for the ejections, which were commonly associated with cratering and subsidence of the unconsolidated material. Subsidence was also common near the disastrous submarine landslides, and was probably caused by loss of water pressure and by lateral spreading of sediments. Effects on ground water in bedrock were not determinable because of lack of data and accessibility, particularly within 50 miles of the epicenter. Deep aquifers in unconsolidated sediments, which in most areas are under high hydrostatic pressure, were also greatly affected. Postearthquake water levels for a year were compared with long-term prequake levels to show permanent changes in an aquifer system. At Anchorage and in parts of the kenai Peninsula, artesian-pressure levels dropped as much as 15 feet. These lower pressures were probably caused either by grain rearrangement which increased the porosity within the aquifer or by a displacement of material that allowed water to discharge more freely at the submarine terminus of the aquifer. Seismically induced pressure on ground water was instrumental in causing most of the disastrous slides. Water quality was not changed except for temporary increases in turbidity in wells and streams. The sediment load in streams during the April spring run-off appeared to be greatly increased over previous years.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on the hydrologic regimen (Professional Paper 544)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/pp544A","usgsCitation":"Waller, R., 1966, Effects of the March 1964 Alaska earthquake on the hydrology of south-central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 544, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp544A.","productDescription":"28 p.","numberOfPages":"28","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. Office-Earthquake Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":396004,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0544a/"},{"id":396003,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_99034.htm"},{"id":277805,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0544a/pp544a_text.pdf"},{"id":119823,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0544a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.490234375,\n 59.108308258604964\n ],\n [\n -144.140625,\n 59.108308258604964\n ],\n [\n -144.140625,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -152.490234375,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -152.490234375,\n 59.108308258604964\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db6105cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waller, Roger M.","contributorId":90353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waller","given":"Roger M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38850,"text":"pp543E - 1966 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, in the Copper River Basin area, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38850,"text":"pp543E - 1966 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, in the Copper River Basin area, Alaska","indexId":"pp543E","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, in the Copper River Basin area, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70048225,"text":"pp543 - 1966 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects","indexId":"pp543","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70048225,"text":"pp543 - 1966 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects","indexId":"pp543","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-31T20:57:58.244609","indexId":"pp543E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"543","chapter":"E","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, in the Copper River Basin area, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Copper River Basin area is in south-central Alaska and covers 17,800 square miles. It includes most of the Copper River Basin and parts of the surrounding Alaska Range and the Talkeetna, Chugach, and Wrangell Mountains.\n\nOn March 27, 1964, shortly after 5:36 p.m. Alaska standard time, a great earthquake having a Richter magnitude of about 8.5 struck south-central Alaska. Computations by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey place the epicenter of the main shock at lat 61.1° N. and long 147.7° W., and the hypocenter, or actual point of origin, from 20 to 50 kilometers below the surface. The epicenter is near the western shore of Unakwik Inlet in northern Prince William Sound; it is 30 miles from the closest point within the area of study and 180 miles from the farthest point.\n\nReleveling data obtained in 1964 after the earthquake indicates that broad areas of south-central Alaska were warped by uplift and subsidence. The configuration of these areas generally parallels the trend of the major tectonic elements of the region. Presumably a large part of this change took place during and immediately after the 1964 earthquake.\n\nThe water level in several wells in the area lowered appreciably, and the water in many became turbid; generally, however, within a few days after the earthquake the water level returned to normal and the suspended sediment settled out. Newspaper reports that the Copper River was completely dammed and Tazlina Lake drained proved erroneous.\n\nThe ice on most lakes was cracked, especially around the margins of the lakes where floating ice broke free from the ice frozen to the shore. Ice on Tazlina, Klutina, and Tonsina Lakes was intensely fractured by waves generated by sublacustrine landslides off the fronts of deltas. These waves stranded large blocks of ice above water level along the shores. River ice was generally cracked in the southern half of the area and was locally cracked in the northern half.\n\nIn the area of study, the majority of the ground cracks occurred within a radius of 100 miles from the epicenter of the earthquake. Ground cracks formed in flood plains of rivers, in deltas, and along the toes of alluvial fans. They also occurred locally in low terraces adjacent to flood plains, in highway and other fill material, along the margins of lakes, along the faces of steep slopes of river bluffs and hillsides, and in areas cleared of vegetation for several years.\n\nThe ground cracks were restricted to areas underlain by unconsolidated deposits where one or more of the following conditions existed: (1) permafrost was absent or deep lying, (2) the ground-water table was near the surface, (3) bedrock was relatively deep lying, and (4) slopes were steep. Because the earthquake occurred in March, seasonal frost was present throughout the area.\n\nDespite the diversity of local conditions, the origin of most of the ground cracks can be explained by the following mechanisms: (1) lateral extension, caused by materials moving toward an unconfined face such as a lakeshore, river bluff, hillside, or terrace escarpment; (2) horizontal compaction, caused by repeated alternate compression and dilation (in the horizontal direction) of materials in flat-lying areas where there are no unconfined faces; (3) differential vertical compaction, caused by the shaking of materials that vary laterally in thickness or character; and (4) combinations of the above.\n\nSnowslides, avalanches, and rockslides were restricted to the mountainous areas surrounding the Copper River Basin. They were especially numerous in the Chugach Mountains which are closest to the epicenter of the earthquake. The large amount of snow and rock debris that has cascaded onto the icefield and glaciers of these mountains, and, probably even more important, the overall disturbance to the ice field will affect the regimen of the glaciers.\n\nMost of the damage to manmade structures occurred in the southern half of the area, and, primarily because of the sparsity of population and manmade structures, property damage was not great and no lives were lost.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects (Professional Paper 543)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp543E","usgsCitation":"Ferrians, O.J., 1966, Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, in the Copper River Basin area, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 543, v, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp543E.","productDescription":"v, 28 p.","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. Office-Earthquake Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":395184,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_99030.htm"},{"id":277744,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0543e/index.html"},{"id":65811,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0543e/pp543e_text.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":120235,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0543e/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Copper River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -147.5,61.0 ], [ -147.5,63.0 ], [ -144.0,63.0 ], [ -144.0,61.0 ], [ -147.5,61.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db61028f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferrians, Oscar J. Jr.","contributorId":42952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrians","given":"Oscar","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32677,"text":"pp542D - 1966 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, in the Homer area, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":32677,"text":"pp542D - 1966 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, in the Homer area, Alaska","indexId":"pp542D","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, in the Homer area, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70048211,"text":"pp542 - 1969 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities","indexId":"pp542","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70048211,"text":"pp542 - 1969 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities","indexId":"pp542","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-06T20:19:16.156352","indexId":"pp542D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"542","chapter":"D","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, in the Homer area, Alaska","docAbstract":"The March 27, 1964, earthquake shook the Homer area for about 3 minutes. Land effects consisted of a 2- to 6-foot subsidence of the mainland and Homer Spit, one earthflow at the mouth of a canyon, several landslides on the Homer escarpment and along the sea bluffs, and minor fissuring of the ground, principally at the edges of bluffs and on Homer Spit. Hydrologic effects consisted of at least one and possibly two submarine landslides at the end of the spit, seiche waves in Kachemak Bay, ice breakage on Beluga Lake, sanding of wells, and a temporary loss of water in some wells.
\n\nSeismic damage to the community was light in comparison with that of other communities closer to the epicenter. One submarine landslide, however, took out most of the harbor breakwater. The greatest damage was due to the subsidence of the spit, both tectonically (2–3 ft) and by differential compaction or lateral spreading (an additional 1–4 ft). Higher tides now flood much of the spit. The harbor and dock had to be replaced, and buildings on the end of the spit had to be elevated. Protection works for other buildings and the highway were needed. These works included application of fill to raise the highway and parts of the spit above high tides. Reconstruction costs and disaster loans totaled about $2½ million, but this amount includes added improvement costs over preexisting values.
\n\nHomer Spit in particular and the Homer area in general rank as areas where precautions must be taken in selecting building sites. The hazards of landslides, earthflows, compaction and submarine slumping—all of which might be triggered by an earthquake—should be considered in site selection.
\n\nIn plan, Homer Spit resembles a scimitar with its curving blade pointed seaward. It is about 4 miles long and as much as 1,500 feet wide. The spit is composed largely of gravel intermixed with some sand.
\n\nAfter the earthquake and the resulting tectonic subsidence and compaction, much of the spit was below high-tide levels and consequently flooded periodically. The entire beach face has retreated. Much of the material eroded from the beach has been redeposited to form a new storm or frontal berm, locally migrating around buildings and covering roads. Beach recession of 10–15 feet is probably the overall average; maximum recession 1 year after the earthquake was 56 feet along one limited section of the distal end of the spit.
\n\nSubsidence of the mainland has caused accelerated erosion of the beaches and headlands that have been—and are—source areas for the material deposited on Homer Spit. The resulting increased supply of gravel and sand probably will cause the spit to widen gradually on the Cook Inlet side. Similarly, the new frontal berm will probably grow to a height sufficient to prevent overtopping by all but the larger storm swashes. The nature of shore processes on the spit has not been materially altered by subsidence, but the rates of erosion and deposition have been accelerated. The lasting effect of subsidence (excluding flooding) will be enlargement of the beach on the Cook Inlet side and gradual wasting of the beach on the bay side of the spit.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities (Professional Paper 542)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/pp542D","usgsCitation":"Waller, R., and Stanley, K.W., 1966, Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, in the Homer area, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 542, Report: vi, 28 p.; Plate: 18.00 × 18.83 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp542D.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 28 p.; Plate: 18.00 × 18.83 inches","numberOfPages":"36","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. 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Immediate but temporary effects included increased stream discharge, seiche action on lakes, and fluctuations in ground-water levels. Generally, ground-water levels were residually lowered after the initial period of fluctuation. This lowering is attributed either to changes in the discharge zones offshore or to a change in the permeability of the aquifers by seismically induced strain. Water supplies were disrupted temporarily by snowslides on streams and by sanding or turbidity in wells. Salt-water encroachment to wells on Fire Island seems to have increased. The approximate 3.7-foot lowering of land level and the diminished artesian head may permit further salt-water encroachment. Increased pore pressure in the Pleistocene Bootlegger Cove Clay led to liquefaction in silt and sand lenses that contributed to the disastrous bluff landslides. Measurements after the earthquake indicate that most pore pressures are declining, whereas some remain high or are increasing. Subsidence in the area was caused principally by tectonic readjustment, but differential compaction within the Bootlegger Cove Clay contributed to subsidences estimated to be as much as 0.6 foot beneath Anchorage.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on the hydrologic regimen (Professional Paper 544)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/pp544B","usgsCitation":"Waller, R., 1966, Effects of the March 1964 Alaska earthquake on the hydrology of the Anchorage area, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 544, Report: 18 p.; 1 Plate: 37.13 x 41.12 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp544B.","productDescription":"Report: 18 p.; 1 Plate: 37.13 x 41.12 inches","numberOfPages":"18","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. 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The earthquake of March 27, 1964, triggered a massive submarine slide, involving approximately 98 million cubic yards of material that destroyed the harbor facilities and nearshore installations. Waves generated by the slide and subsequent strong seiches did additional damage in the downtown area. Stresses generated by the seismic shocks and the slide developed an extensive system of fissures throughout the unconsolidated deposits at the head of the fiord. These fissures plus the shocks caused structural damage to many of the buildings in Valdez and destroyed the sewer and water systems. Removal of support from the face of the delta by submarine sliding allowed some of the material to move seaward and caused parts of the shore area to subside below high-tide level.
\n\nA site for relocating the town of Valdez has been designated. It is situated on the Mineral Creek fan--an area underlain by coarse alluvial gravel. This relocation site is protected from sea waves by a series of bedrock ridges and islands that also provide a resistant buttress retaining and protecting the toe of the fan from danger of sliding or slumping. The absence of evidence of ground breakage on the Mineral Creek fan indicates that the coarse subsoils at the relocation site react favorably under seismic conditions.
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Beneath a leaden sky, the chill of evening was just settling over the Alaskan countryside. Light snow was falling on some communities. It was Good Friday, schools were closed, and the business day was ending. Suddenly without warning half of Alaska was rocked and jarred by the most violent earthquake to occur in North America this century.\n\nThe descriptive summary that follows is based on the work of many investigators. A large and still-growing scientific literature has accumulated since the earthquake, and this literature has been freely drawn upon here. In particular, the writers have relied upon the findings of their colleagues in the Geological Survey. Some of these findings have been published, but some are still being prepared for publication. 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