The Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS) and Alaska Division of Oil and Gas\n(DOG), in collaboration with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) performed reconnaissance field studies for ten\ndays in late June 2011, in the Susitna basin, directly north of Cook Inlet, south-central Alaska (fig. 1). The purpose\nof our investigation was to reconnoiter outcrops in the basin and along its periphery to gather new information\ntowards understanding the basin formation history and stratigraphy. This reconnaissance data represents the first\nstep toward better understanding the basin’s hydrocarbon potential, a key component of DGGS’s multi-year In-\nState Gas Program. This program is focused on collecting baseline geologic information from potential frontier\ngas basins to encourage new exploration to help, in part, reduce the high cost of energy in rural Alaska. Our work\nrepresents the first season of this three-year project. Preliminary results from year two, a companion project within\nthe Nenana and Tanana basins in interior Alaska, are described by Wartes and others (2013). DGGS plans to return\nto the Susitna basin for follow-up fieldwork during the third and final year of the program.
\nThe motivation for developing a better understanding of the Susitna basin stems from the recognition that\nthe Susitna basin shares similar age coal-bearing strata with the adjacent, petroliferous Cook Inlet forearc basin\n(Barnes, 1966; Reed and Nelson, 1980) and with exhumed strata in the Matanuska Valley forearc basin (Trop and\nothers, 2003) (figs. 1 and 2). Cook Inlet basin has eight producing oil fields, more than 25 producing gas fields,\nand likely contains many additional undiscovered oil and gas accumulations (LePain and others, in press). Most\nof the Cook Inlet gas is of microbial origin and apparently was sourced from abundant coalbeds of primarily\nMiocene age in the Tyonek, Beluga, and Sterling Formations (Claypool and others, 1980; Magoon, 1994). If the\nbiogenic gas model for Cook Inlet is applicable to the Susitna basin, then the latter may be a viable source for\nAlaska Railbelt and rural energy needs.
\nThis brief overview report summarizes the reconnaissance field data collected in the Susitna basin during the\nfirst summer of the program. As the data are developed, this report will be followed by interpretive technical reports\naddressing the stratigraphy, reservoir quality, coal quality and gas potential, hydrocarbon seal integrity, subsurface\nstructure, and uplift history of the basin and sub-basin margins.
","language":"English","publisher":"Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys","publisherLocation":"Fairbanks, AK","doi":"10.14509/25015","usgsCitation":"Gillis, R., Stanley, R.G., LePain, D., Mauel, D.J., Herriott, T., Helmold, K.P., Peterson, C.S., Wartes, M.A., and Shellenbaum, D.P., 2013, Status of a reconnaissance field study of the Susitna basin, 2011, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.14509/25015.","productDescription":"8 p.","numberOfPages":"12","ipdsId":"IP-042889","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473985,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14509/25015","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":287641,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Susitna Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -152.0762,61.2797 ], [ -152.0762,62.9966 ], [ -147.3878,62.9966 ], [ -147.3878,61.2797 ], [ -152.0762,61.2797 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5385b401e4b09e18fc023aaa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gillis, Robert J.","contributorId":69438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillis","given":"Robert J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanley, Richard G. 0000-0001-6192-8783 rstanley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-8783","contributorId":1832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"Richard","email":"rstanley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":484179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"LePain, David L.","contributorId":105209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LePain","given":"David L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mauel, David J.","contributorId":99049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mauel","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Herriott, Trystan M.","contributorId":68845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herriott","given":"Trystan M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Helmold, Kenneth P.","contributorId":69456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helmold","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Peterson, C. Shaun","contributorId":54100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Shaun","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wartes, Marwan A.","contributorId":47476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wartes","given":"Marwan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Shellenbaum, Diane P.","contributorId":45225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shellenbaum","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70095609,"text":"70095609 - 2013 - Mount Rainier National Park and Olympic National Park elk monitoring program annual report 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-27T15:47:32","indexId":"70095609","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T15:28:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":52,"text":"Natural Resource Data Series","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"NPS/NCCN/NRDS-2013/437","title":"Mount Rainier National Park and Olympic National Park elk monitoring program annual report 2011","docAbstract":"Fiscal year 2011 was the first year of implementing an approved elk monitoring protocol in \nMount Rainier (MORA) and Olympic (OLYM) National Parks in the North Coast and Cascades \nNetwork (NCCN) (Griffin et al. 2012). However, it was the fourth and second year of gathering \ndata according to protocol in MORA and OLYM respectively; data gathered during the protocol \ndevelopment phase followed procedures that are laid out in the protocol. Elk monitoring in these \nlarge wilderness parks relies on aerial surveys from a helicopter. Summer surveys are intended to \nprovide quantitative estimates of abundance, sex and age composition, and distribution of \nmigratory elk in high elevation trend count areas.
\nAn unknown number of elk is not detected during surveys; however the protocol estimates the \nnumber of missed elk by applying a model that accounts for detection bias. Detection bias in elk \nsurveys in MORA is estimated using a double-observer sightability model that was developed \nusing survey data from 2008-2010 (Griffin et al. 2012). That model was developed using elk that \nwere previously equipped with radio collars by cooperating tribes. At the onset of protocol \ndevelopment in OLYM there were no existing radio-collars on elk. Consequently the majority of \nthe effort in OLYM in the past 4 years has been focused on capturing and radio-collaring elk and \nconducting sightability trials needed to develop a double-observer sightability model in OLYM. \nIn this annual report we provide estimates of abundance and composition for MORA elk, raw \ncounts of elk made in OLYM, and describe sightability trials conducted in OLYM.
\nAt MORA the North trend count area was surveyed twice and the South once (North Rainier \nherd, and South Rainier herd). We counted 373 and 267 elk during two replicate surveys of the \nNorth Rainier herd, and 535 elk in the South Rainier herd. Using the model, we estimated that \n413 and 320 elk were in the North and 652 elk were in the South trend count areas during the \ntime of the respective surveys.
\nAt OLYM, the Core and Northwest trend count areas were completely surveyed, as were \nportions of the Quinault. In addition, we surveyed 10 survey units specifically to get resight data. \nTwo-hundred and forty eight elk were counted in the Core, 19 in the Northwest, and 169 in the \nQuinault. We conducted double-observer sightability trials associated with 14 collared elk \ngroups for use in developing the double-observer sightability model for OLYM.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Happe, P.J., Reid, M., Griffin, P., Jenkins, K.J., Vales, D.J., Moeller, B.J., Tirhi, M., and McCorquodale, S., 2013, Mount Rainier National Park and Olympic National Park elk monitoring program annual report 2011: Natural Resource Data Series NPS/NCCN/NRDS-2013/437, ix, 21 p.","productDescription":"ix, 21 p.","numberOfPages":"34","ipdsId":"IP-043404","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287636,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287635,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://data.doi.gov/dataset/mount-rainier-national-park-and-olympic-national-park-elk-monitoring-program-annual-report-5c94a"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount Rainier National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.921037,46.707817 ], [ -121.921037,47.001077 ], [ -121.442875,47.001077 ], [ -121.442875,46.707817 ], [ -121.921037,46.707817 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5385b3f9e4b09e18fc023a6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Happe, Patricia J.","contributorId":50983,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Happe","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16133,"text":"National Park Service, Olympic National Park","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":491317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reid, Mason","contributorId":51639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"Mason","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Griffin, Paul C.","contributorId":7802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Paul C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jenkins, Kurt J. 0000-0003-1415-6607 kurt_jenkins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1415-6607","contributorId":3415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"Kurt","email":"kurt_jenkins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":491313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vales, David J.","contributorId":74662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vales","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Moeller, Barbara J.","contributorId":87446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moeller","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tirhi, Michelle","contributorId":28168,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tirhi","given":"Michelle","affiliations":[{"id":13269,"text":"Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":491315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McCorquodale, Scott","contributorId":28515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCorquodale","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70046960,"text":"70046960 - 2013 - Identification of metrics to monitor salt marsh integrity on National Wildlife Refuges in relation to conservation and management objectives","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-10T15:52:10","indexId":"70046960","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T15:25:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Identification of metrics to monitor salt marsh integrity on National Wildlife Refuges in relation to conservation and management objectives","docAbstract":"Most salt marshes in the US have been degraded by human activities, and threats from physical alterations, surrounding land-use, species invasions, and global climate change persist. Salt marshes are unique and highly productive ecosystems with high intrinsic value to wildlife, and many National Wildlife Refuges (NWRs) have been established in coastal areas to protect large tracts of salt marsh and wetland-dependent species. Various management practices are employed routinely on coastal NWRs to restore and enhance marsh integrity and ensure ecosystem sustainability. Prioritizing NWR salt marshes for application of management actions and choosing among multiple management options requires scientifically-based methods for assessing marsh condition.
\nMonitoring is integral to structured decision-making (SDM), a formal process for decomposing a decision into its essential elements. Within a natural resource context, SDM involves identifying management objectives, alternative management actions, and expected management outcomes. The core of SDM is a set of criteria for measuring system performance and evaluating management responses. Therefore, use of SDM to frame natural resource decisions leads to logical selection of monitoring attributes that are linked explicitly to management needs.
\nWe used SDM to guide selection of variables for monitoring the ecological integrity of salt marshes within the National Wildlife Refuge System (NWRS). Our objectives were to identify indicators of salt marsh integrity that are effective across large geographic regions, responsive to a wide range of threats, and feasible to implement within funding and staffing constraints of the NWRS. In April, 2008, we engaged interdisciplinary experts in a week-long rapid prototyping SDM workshop to define the essential elements of salt marsh management decisions on refuges throughout the northeastern, southwestern, and northwestern US, corresponding to respective Regions 5, 2, and 1 of the US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). Through this process we identified measurable attributes for monitoring salt marsh ecosystems that are integrated into conservation practice and target management objectives.
\nThe following salt marsh attributes were identified through the SDM process either for describing state condition to determine management needs or for evaluating the achievement of management objectives: historical condition and geomorphic setting; ditch density; surrounding land use; ratio of open water area to vegetation area; rate of pesticide application; environmental contaminant concentration; change in marsh surface elevation relative to sea level rise; tidal range and groundwater level; surface topography; salinity; and species composition and abundance of vegetation, invasive species, invertebrates, nekton, and breeding and wintering birds.
\nThe identified attributes were too broadly defined to serve as operational monitoring variables. Therefore, we tested specific metrics for quantifying most of these attributes in summers of 2008 and 2009. The first four attributes in the above list can be characterized by office-based analysis of existing GIS data layers. The remaining attributes require field-based methods for assessment. We were forced to exclude a small number of attributes from field tests due to inconsistent data (pesticide application rate, environmental contaminant concentrations) or requirements that exceeded the scope of this project (change in marsh surface elevation; surface topography; benthic invertebrates; wintering birds). We evaluated potential metrics for evaluating all remaining field attributes.
\nIn partnership with NWRS biologists, we tested rapid versus intensive metrics for monitoring field attributes (tidal range and groundwater level; marsh surface elevation; salinity; and species composition and abundance of vegetation, invasive species, nekton, and breeding birds) at coastal refuges throughout FWS Region 5. Seven refuges participated in metric testing in 2008: Rachel Carson (ME), Parker River (MA), Wertheim (NY), E. B. Forsythe (NJ), Bombay Hook (DE), Prime Hook (DE), and Eastern Shore of Virginia Complex (VA). These seven and two additional refuges participated in metric testing in 2009: Rhode Island Complex (RI) and Stewart B. McKinney (CT). We based all field metrics on existing protocols for salt marsh assessment. Sampling locations were determined randomly within delineated marsh study units (MSUs) at each refuge. Detailed field methods are provided in appendices to this report.
\nMeasurements for individual metrics were averaged across samples within MSUs during each year of sampling. Each year, correlation or regression analysis was conducted on average measurements across MSUs within each attribute set to identify redundant metrics. Statistical redundancy between a pair of metrics within an attribute set (i.e., correlation or regression slopes with p-values < 0.05) was considered justification for eliminating one of the pair from the regional set of monitoring metrics. Decisions regarding metric elimination versus retention were based on feasibility of monitoring, considering such factors as sampling time, resources required, and potential for regional standardization in implementation.
\nThe result of these tests is a reduced suite of monitoring metrics that targets NWRS management decisions and is practicable for implementing on a regional scale. Based on these tests, we recommend the following list of metrics for monitoring integrity of NWRS salt marshes (marsh attribute category is in parentheses): (historical condition and geomorphic setting) position of marsh in the landscape, marsh shape, degree of fill and/or fragmentation, degree of tidal flushing, amount of aquatic edge; (ditch density) ranking of ditch density from none to severe; (surrounding land use) relative proportion of agricultural land in a 150-m buffer around the marsh, relative proportion of natural land in a 150-m buffer around the marsh, relative proportion of natural land in a 1-km buffer around the marsh; (ratio of open water area to vegetation area) ratio of open water to emergent herbaceous wetlands within the marsh; (marsh surface elevation) elevation referenced to NAVD88 in a representative area of the marsh; (tidal range and groundwater level) percent of time the marsh surface is flooded during deployment of a continuous water-level monitor at a representative marsh location, mean depth of surface flooding as measured by a continuous water-level monitor at a representative location; (salinity) salinity measured in surface water; (vegetation community) vegetation species richness using the point-intercept method in 100-m diameter survey plots, percent cover of various marsh community types within 100-m diameter survey plots; (invasive species abundance) percent cover of invasive plant species measured using the point-intercept method in 100-m diameter survey plots; (nekton community) nekton density, nekton species richness, length of Fundulus heteroclitus; (breeding bird community) abundance of Willets counted per point during standard call-broadcast surveys, summed abundance of tidal marsh obligate species (Clapper Rail, Willet, Saltmarsh Sparrow, Seaside Sparrow) counted per point during standard call-broadcast surveys. Metrics describing the historical condition, geomorphic setting, and broad landscape features can be assessed using existing GIS databases. Our results support use of rapid methods to assess the majority of field metrics; only those used to describe the nekton community must be measured using intensive methods (throw traps or ditch nets, dependant on habitat configuration).
\nImplementation of these metrics for quantitative assessment of NWRS salt marsh integrity in FWS Region 5 requires developing sampling designs for each refuge. Additionally, it is important to determine how the monitoring information will be used within a management context. SDM should be used to complete the analysis of salt marsh management decisions. The next steps would involve 1) prioritizing and weighting the management objectives; 2) predicting responses to individual management actions in terms of objectives and metrics; 3) using multiattribute utility theory to convert all measurable attributes to a common utility scale; 4) determining the total management benefit of each action by summing utilities across objectives; and 5) maximizing the total management benefits within cost constraints for each refuge. This process would allow the optimum management decisions for NWRS salt marshes to be selected and implemented based directly on monitoring data and current understanding of marsh responses to management actions. Monitoring the outcome of management actions would then allow new monitoring data to be incorporated into subsequent decisions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","collaboration":"Report submitted to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Region, Hadley, MA","usgsCitation":"Neckles, H.A., Guntenspergen, G.R., Shriver, W.G., Danz, N.P., Wiest, W.A., Nagel, J.L., and Olker, J., 2013, Identification of metrics to monitor salt marsh integrity on National Wildlife Refuges in relation to conservation and management objectives, x, 226 p.","productDescription":"x, 226 p.","numberOfPages":"240","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-043211","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":286296,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":326161,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/prodabs/pubpdfs/7828_Neckles.pdf","text":"Report","size":"21.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge, Eastern Shore of Virginia National Wildlife Refuge Complex, E. 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George","contributorId":97424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shriver","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Danz, Nicholas P.","contributorId":40898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danz","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wiest, Whitney A.","contributorId":96589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiest","given":"Whitney","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nagel, Jessica L. 0000-0002-4437-0324 jnagel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4437-0324","contributorId":3976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagel","given":"Jessica","email":"jnagel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Olker, Jennifer H.","contributorId":80187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olker","given":"Jennifer H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70058718,"text":"70058718 - 2013 - GEM Building Taxonomy (Version 2.0)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-14T16:05:45","indexId":"70058718","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T15:13:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":253,"text":"GEM Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"2013-02","title":"GEM Building Taxonomy (Version 2.0)","docAbstract":"This report documents the development and applications of the Building Taxonomy for the Global Earthquake Model (GEM). The purpose of the GEM Building Taxonomy is to describe and classify buildings in a uniform manner as a key step towards assessing their seismic risk, Criteria for development of the GEM Building Taxonomy were that the Taxonomy be relevant to seismic performance of different construction types; be comprehensive yet simple; be collapsible; adhere to principles that are familiar to the range of users; and ultimately be extensible to non-buildings and other hazards. The taxonomy was developed in conjunction with other GEM researchers and builds on the knowledge base from other taxonomies, including the EERI and IAEE World Housing Encyclopedia, PAGER-STR, and HAZUS.
\nThe taxonomy is organized as a series of expandable tables, which contain information pertaining to various building attributes. Each attribute describes a specific characteristic of an individual building or a class of buildings that could potentially affect their seismic performance. The following 13 attributes have been included in the GEM Building Taxonomy Version 2.0 (v2.0): 1.) direction, 2.)material of the lateral load-resisting system, 3.) lateral load-resisting system, 4.) height, 5.) date of construction of retrofit, 6.) occupancy, 7.) building position within a block, 8.) shape of the building plan, 9.) structural irregularity, 10.) exterior walls, 11.) roof, 12.) floor, 13.) foundation system.
\nThe report illustrates the pratical use of the GEM Building Taxonomy by discussing example case studies, in which the building-specific characteristics are mapped directly using GEM taxonomic attributes and the corresponding taxonomic string is constructed for that building, with \"/\" slash marks separating attributes. For example, for the building shown to the right, the GEM Taxonomy string is:
\nDX1/MUR+CLBRS+MOCL2/LWAL3/
\nDY/MUR+CLBRS+MOCL/LWAL/YPRE:19394/HEX:25/RES6
\n/7/8/IRRE9/10/RSH3+RWO211/FW12/13/
\nwhich can be read as (1) Direction = [DX or DY] (the building has the same lateral load-resisting system in both directions); (2) Material = [Unreinforced Masonry + solid fired clay bricks + cement: lime mortar]; (3) Lateral Load-Resisting System = [Wall]; (4) Date of construction = [pre-1939]; (5) Heaight = [exactly 2 storeys]; (6) Occupancy = [residential, unknown type]; (7) Building Position = [unknown = no entry]; (8) Shape of building plan = [unknown = no entry]; (9) Structural irregularity = [regular]; (10) Exterior walls = [unknown = no entry]; (11) Roof = [Shape: pitched and hipped, Roof covering: clay tiles, Roof system material: wood, Roof system type: wood trusses]; (12) Floor = [Floor system: Wood, unknown]; (13) Foundation = [unknown = no entry].
\nMapping of GEM Building Taxonomy to selected taxonomies is included in the report -- for example, the above building would be referenced by previous structural taxonomies as: PAGER-STR as UFB or UFB4, by the World Housing Encyclopedia as 7 or 8 and by the European Macroseismic Scale (98) as M5. The Building Taxonomy data model is highly flexible and has been incorporated within a relational database architecture. Due to its ability to represent building typologies using a shorthand form, it is also possible to use the taxonomy for non-database applications, and we discuss possible application of adaptation for Building Information Modelling (BIM) systems, and for the insurance industry.
\nThe GEM Building Taxonomy was independently evaluated and tested by the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI), which received 217 TaxT reports from 49 countries, representing a wide range of building typologies, including single and multi-storey buildings, reinforced and unreinforced masonry, confined masonry, concrete, steel, wood, and earthern buildings used for residential, commercial, industrial, and educational occupancy. Based on these submissions and other feedback, the EERI team validated that the GEM Building Taxonomy is highly functional, robust and able to describe different buildings around the world.
\nThe GEM Building Taxonomy is accompanied by supplementary resources. All terms have been explained in a companion online Glossary, which provides both text and graphic descriptions. The Taxonomy is accompanied by TaxT, a computer application that enables a user record information about a building or a building typology using the attributes of the GEM Building Taxonomy v2.0. TaxT can generate a taxonomy string and enable a user to generate a report in PDF format which summarizes the attribute values (s)he has chosen as representative of the building typology under consideration.
\nThe report concludes with recommendations for future development of the GEM Building Taxonomy. Appendices provide the detailed GEM Building Taxonomy tables and additional resource, as well as mappings to other taxonomies.
","language":"English","publisher":"GEM Foundation","usgsCitation":"Brzev, S., Scawthorn, C., Charleson, A., Allen, L., Greene, M., Jaiswal, K., and Silva, V., 2013, GEM Building Taxonomy (Version 2.0) (Version 1.0): GEM Technical Report 2013-02, xiii, 163 p.","productDescription":"xiii, 163 p.","numberOfPages":"180","ipdsId":"IP-051658","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":286345,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":286344,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.globalquakemodel.org/resources/publications/technical-reports/gem-building-taxonomy-report/"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5355943ae4b0120853e8bf91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brzev, S.","contributorId":47291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brzev","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scawthorn, C.","contributorId":65763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scawthorn","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Charleson, A.W.","contributorId":23845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Charleson","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Allen, L.","contributorId":76225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Greene, M.","contributorId":85069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jaiswal, Kishor kjaiswal@usgs.gov","contributorId":861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaiswal","given":"Kishor","email":"kjaiswal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":487298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Silva, V.","contributorId":13136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silva","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70058720,"text":"70058720 - 2013 - Metadata for selecting or submitting generic seismic vulnerability functions via GEM's vulnerability database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-14T15:10:07","indexId":"70058720","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T15:06:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Metadata for selecting or submitting generic seismic vulnerability functions via GEM's vulnerability database","docAbstract":"This memo lays out a procedure for the GEM software to offer an available vulnerability function for any acceptable set of attributes that the user specifies for a particular building category. The memo also provides general guidelines on how to submit the vulnerability or fragility functions to the GEM vulnerability repository, stipulating which attributes modelers must provide so that their vulnerability or fragility functions can be queried appropriately by the vulnerability database. An important objective is to provide users guidance on limitations and applicability by providing the associated modeling assumptions and applicability of each vulnerability or fragility function.","language":"English","publisher":"GEM","usgsCitation":"Jaiswal, K., 2013, Metadata for selecting or submitting generic seismic vulnerability functions via GEM's vulnerability database (Version 2.0), iv, 12 p.","productDescription":"iv, 12 p.","numberOfPages":"18","ipdsId":"IP-045656","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":286343,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":286342,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nexus.globalquakemodel.org/gem-vulnerability/posts/metadata-for-selecting-or-submitting-vulnerability-fragility-functions-into-gem-vulnerability-database"}],"edition":"Version 2.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"535594b5e4b0120853e8c07d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jaiswal, Kishor kjaiswal@usgs.gov","contributorId":861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaiswal","given":"Kishor","email":"kjaiswal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":487305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70073514,"text":"70073514 - 2013 - Movement and longevity of imperiled Okaloosa Darters (Etheostoma okaloosae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-21T14:48:23","indexId":"70073514","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T14:43:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1337,"text":"Copeia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movement and longevity of imperiled Okaloosa Darters (Etheostoma okaloosae)","docAbstract":"Movement and longevity studies inform management and conservation plans for imperiled organisms. We used a mark–recapture study to reveal information about these key biological characteristics for imperiled Okaloosa Darters (Etheostoma okaloosae). Okaloosa Darters were captured from 20 m reaches at six separate streams, marked with VIE on the left or right dorsum according to the side of the stream from which they were captured, and released on the same side where they were captured. Okaloosa Darters were recounted (but not recaptured) at 24 h and one month, and then recaptured once per year for the following eight years. During the final recapture year, we measured standard length of all Okaloosa Darters and constructed length frequency distributions to identify distinct cohorts. We found that significant numbers of Okaloosa Darters remained within their 20 m reaches after 24 h (31%), one month (45%), and one year (22%) and rarely crossed open, sandy stream channels from one side to the other. Our recapture data and length frequency distributions indicate that Okaloosa Darters live longer than the 2–3 years suggested by previous authors. One of our recaptured fish was at least eight years old, making Okaloosa Darters the most long-lived etheostomine.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Copeia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists","doi":"10.1643/CE-12-175","usgsCitation":"Holt, D.E., Jelks, H.L., and Jordan, F., 2013, Movement and longevity of imperiled Okaloosa Darters (Etheostoma okaloosae): Copeia, v. 2013, no. 4, p. 653-659, https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-12-175.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"653","endPage":"659","numberOfPages":"7","ipdsId":"IP-042687","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281341,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281338,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1643/CE-12-175"}],"volume":"2013","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd684fe4b0b29085101f15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holt, Daniel E.","contributorId":102381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holt","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jelks, Howard L. 0000-0002-0672-6297 hjelks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0672-6297","contributorId":2962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jelks","given":"Howard","email":"hjelks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":488877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jordan, Frank","contributorId":103405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordan","given":"Frank","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70098030,"text":"70098030 - 2013 - Application of ground-truth for classification and quantification of bird movements on migratory bird habitat initiative sites in southwest Louisiana: final report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-09T14:47:23","indexId":"70098030","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T14:31:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Application of ground-truth for classification and quantification of bird movements on migratory bird habitat initiative sites in southwest Louisiana: final report","docAbstract":"This project was initiated to assess migrating and wintering bird use of lands \nenrolled in the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s (NRCS) Migratory Bird Habitat \nInitiative (MBHI). The MBHI program was developed in response to the Deepwater \nHorizon oil spill in 2010, with the goal of improving/creating habitat for waterbirds \naffected by the spill. In collaboration with the University of Delaware (UDEL), we used \nweather surveillance radar data (Sieges 2014), portable marine radar data, thermal \ninfrared images, and visual observations to assess bird use of MBHI easements. \nMigrating and wintering birds routinely make synchronous flights near dusk (e.g., \ndeparture during migration, feeding flights during winter). Weather radars readily detect \nbirds at the onset of these flights and have proven to be useful remote sensing tools for \nassessing bird-habitat relations during migration and determining the response of \nwintering waterfowl to wetland restoration (e.g., Wetlands Reserve Program lands). \nHowever, ground-truthing is required to identify radar echoes to species or species group. \nWe designed a field study to ground-truth a larger-scale, weather radar assessment of bird \nuse of MBHI sites in southwest Louisiana. We examined seasonal bird use of MBHI \nfields in fall, winter, and spring of 2011-2012. To assess diurnal use, we conducted total \narea surveys of MBHI sites in the afternoon, collecting data on bird species composition, \nabundance, behavior, and habitat use. In the evenings, we quantified bird activity at the \nMBHI easements and described flight behavior (i.e., birds landing in, departing from, \ncircling, or flying over the MBHI tract). Our field sampling captured the onset of evening \nflights and spanned the period of collection of the weather radar data analyzed. Pre- and \npost-dusk surveys were conducted using a portable radar system and a thermal infrared \ncamera.
\nLandbirds, shorebirds, and wading birds were commonly found on MBHI fields \nduring diurnal surveys in the fall. Ducks (breeding and early migrating species) were also \ndetected on diurnal surveys, but were less abundant than the previously mentioned taxa. \nWading birds were the most abundant taxa observed during evening surveys up to 5 min \nbefore dusk when their numbers declined and duck densities increased. Ducks accounted \nfor 64.0% of all birds detected from 0-5 min before dusk. Most ducks observed at that time were flyovers (71.4%), but circling (9.2%), departing (12.1%), and landing birds \n(7.4%) were also detected.
\nIn fall, the portable radar system detected two peaks in bird movement: one \nshortly before sunset and a second shortly after dusk. The later movement began just \nbefore dusk, peaked approximately 9 min after dusk, and concluded within 20 min after \ndusk. The flight headings of birds changed in relation to time from dusk. In general, the \nmajority of targets flew towards the southwest before dusk and towards the northeast \nafter dusk. The change in flight direction pre- and post-dusk may be related to \nmovements dominated by migratory versus local flight.
\nIn winter, ducks, shorebirds, wading birds, and landbirds were the most abundant \ntaxa in diurnal surveys. Geese were abundant at times, but their frequency of occurrence \nand densities were highly variable. The majority of ducks, shorebirds, and wading birds \nwere observed feeding in MBHI fields. Landbirds and geese were more commonly seen \nresting. Overwintering ducks and geese dominated the movements near dusk (95.9% of \nall birds ≤ 5 min pre-dusk). Ducks were more frequently observed landing in (40.8%) and \nflying over (33.5%) MBHI fields while geese were mainly observed circling (54.7%) and \nflying over (38.9%) sites. Most of the shorebirds detected < 5 min before dusk (74.6% of \nall shorebirds) were departing the MBHI fields. Portable radar and thermal infrared \ncamera data indicate that large northeastward movements of waterfowl (99.9% of birds \nidentified to taxa) occurred after dusk (~10 min post-dusk). Most birds observed on radar \nduring this peak were flyovers and did not use the MBHI fields (78.9%); however, birds \nwere detected landing in (10.9%) and departing from (2.9%) MBHI fields. The post-dusk \nmovements may have been waterfowl feeding flights that routinely occur in southwest \nLouisiana between roost sites in coastal marsh and foraging sites in agricultural fields to \nthe north. After the conclusion of these movements ca. 30 min post-dusk, portable radar \ndata showed little activity through the night until approximately 0.5 to 1.5 hr pre-dawn. \nRadar data within 30 min pre-dawn indicate that most birds departed MBHI fields on \nflight headings toward the southwest. The pre-dawn movements were likely waterfowl \ndeparting from their foraging sites and returning to roosting areas in coastal marshes to \nthe south.
\nShorebirds, ducks, and wading birds were the most abundant taxa during diurnal \nsurveys of MBHI fields in spring, and the majority of individuals were observed actively \nforaging rather than resting. Breeding, overwintering, and transient migrant species were \nall detected on MBHI fields. Near dusk, the majority of birds in flight were ducks (67.7% of all birds) that were flying over (38.2%), departing from (34.2%), or landing in (22.9%) MBHI fields. These results contrast with our winter observations when 40.8% of ducks landed in MBHI fields and 9.1% departed from fields. Portable radar and thermal camera data documented a peak in bird movements shortly after dusk, however, the peak was of lower magnitude than observed in the winter. Thermal camera data identified the birds as mostly shorebirds (57.3%) and waterfowl (40.4%). Flight headings were more variable than winter and lacked an undirectional flow. After the post-dusk movement had concluded, bird activity remained low throughout the night until approximately 30 min before dawn when a small peck in activity was observed. Flight headings during the pre-dawn were variable and multidirectional.
\nWe compared bird abundance data collected by each of our three sampling \ntechniques (portable radar, thermal infrared camera, and direct visual observation) for the \n45-min observation period immediately preceding dusk; the period when all three survey \nmethods were used simultaneously. Abundance data from the three methods were \nsignificantly correlated at P ≤ 0.05.
\nWe documented diurnal and nocturnal bird use of MBHI fields. Most \nobservations near dusk in winter, when weather radar data were sampled, were of ducks \nand geese, and in spring, shorebirds and ducks. Our winter observations show large \nsynchronous movements of waterfowl occurring near dusk. These birds were moving to \nthe NE and feeding in agricultural fields at night. Portable radar data suggest that birds \nstay in these fields through the night and make return flights near dawn.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","usgsCitation":"Barrow, W., Baldwin, M., Randall, L.A., Pitre, J., and Dudley, K.J., 2013, Application of ground-truth for classification and quantification of bird movements on migratory bird habitat initiative sites in southwest Louisiana: final report, ix, 102 p.","productDescription":"ix, 102 p.","numberOfPages":"111","ipdsId":"IP-051038","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":286056,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":284055,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/technical/nra/ceap/?cid=stelprdb1186080"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -93.4281,29.7777 ], [ -93.4281,30.6302 ], [ -92.5736,30.6302 ], [ -92.5736,29.7777 ], [ -93.4281,29.7777 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53558fc8e4b0120853e8be3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barrow, Wylie C. 0000-0003-4671-2823 barroww@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4671-2823","contributorId":1988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrow","given":"Wylie C.","email":"barroww@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":491547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baldwin, Michael J. 0000-0003-1939-5439 baldwinm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1939-5439","contributorId":3294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"Michael J.","email":"baldwinm@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":491549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Randall, Lori A. 0000-0003-0100-994X randalll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0100-994X","contributorId":2678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randall","given":"Lori","email":"randalll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":491548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pitre, John","contributorId":83024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitre","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dudley, Kyle J.","contributorId":93821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dudley","given":"Kyle","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70058653,"text":"70058653 - 2013 - User's guide and metadata for WestuRe: U.S. Pacific Coast estuary/watershed data and R tools","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-04T15:26:52","indexId":"70058653","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T14:22:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"User's guide and metadata for WestuRe: U.S. Pacific Coast estuary/watershed data and R tools","docAbstract":"There are about 350 estuaries along the U.S. Pacific Coast (U.S. Fish andWildlife 2011). Basic descriptive data for these estuaries, such as their size and watershed area, are important for coastal-scale research and conservation planning. However, this information is spread among many sources, making it difficult to find and standardize. The goal of the WestuRe Project is to provide a framework to: (1) make general descriptive data for estuaries and their watersheds more accessible, and (2) provide tools to make analyzing and visualizing these data easier.
\nThe WestuRe download includes data describing U.S. Pacific Coast estuaries and their corresponding watersheds from northern Washington (including the region located along the Strait of Juan de Fuca that goes from Port Townsend to Cape Flattery, 48.383°N) to southern California (Tijuana Estuary, 32.557°N), excluding Puget Sound proper and coastal islands (Fig. 1). The WestuRe data currently include shapefiles of estuary and watershed polygons as well as CSV files summarizing geomorphological and climate data (Fig. 2, Section 2). The WestuRe tools help users extract and view relevant data using the statistical program R and Google Earth (Fig. 3, Section 3).
\nPotential applications of the data include:
\nThis chapter summarized the scope of what is known and not known about climate in the Southwestern United States. There is now more evidence and more agreement among climate scientists about the physical climate and related impacts in the Southwest compared with that represented in the 2009 National Climate Assessment (Karl, Melillo, and Peterson 2009). However, there remain uncertainties about the climate system, the complexities within climate models, the related impacts to the biophysical environment, and the use of climate information on decision making.
\nUncertainty is introduced in each step of the climate planning-an-response process--in the scenarios used to drive the climate models, the information used to construct the models, and the interpretation and use of the model' data for planning and decision making (Figure 19.1).
\nThere are server key challenge, drawn from recommendations of the authors of this report, that contribute to these uncertainties in the Southwest:
\n- There is a dearth of climate observations at high elevations and on the lands of Native nations.
\n- There is limited understanding of the influence of climate change on natural variability (e.g. El Niño-Southern Oscillations, Pacific Decadal Oscillation), extreme events (droughts, floods), and the marine layer align coastal California.
\n- Climate models, downscaling, and resulting projection of the physical climate are imperfect. Representing the influence of the diverse topography of the Southwest on regional climate is a particular challenge.
\n- The impacts of climate change on key components of the natural ecosystems (including species and terrestrial ecosystems) are ill-defined.
\n- The adaptive capacity of decision-making entities and legal systems to handle climate impacts is unclear. This creates a challenge for identifying vulnerabilities to climate in the Southwest.
\n- Regulation, legislation, and political and social responses too climate all play important roles in our ability to adapt to climate impacts and mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
\n- Climate change is one of multiple stresses affecting the physical, biological, social, and economic systems of the Southwest, with population growth (and its related resource consumption, pollution, and land-sue changes) being particularly important.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Assessment of climate change in the southwest United States: A report prepared for the National Climate Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Island Press","publisherLocation":"Washington D.C.","usgsCitation":"Averyt, K., Brekke, L.D., Busch, D.E., Kaatz, L., Welling, L., Hartge, E.H., and Iseman, T., 2013, Moving forward with imperfect information, chap. 19 of Assessment of climate change in the southwest United States: A report prepared for the National Climate Assessment, p. 436-461.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"436","endPage":"461","numberOfPages":"26","ipdsId":"IP-040677","costCenters":[{"id":569,"text":"Southwest Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294860,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294859,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.swcarr.arizona.edu/chapter/19"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542e6972e4b092f17df5a974","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Averyt, Kristen","contributorId":63331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Averyt","given":"Kristen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brekke, Levi D.","contributorId":6776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brekke","given":"Levi","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Busch, David E. dave_busch@usgs.gov","contributorId":3392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busch","given":"David","email":"dave_busch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":860495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kaatz, Laurna","contributorId":34065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaatz","given":"Laurna","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Welling, Leigh","contributorId":77864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welling","given":"Leigh","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hartge, Eric H.","contributorId":36070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartge","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Iseman, Tom","contributorId":82236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iseman","given":"Tom","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70102028,"text":"70102028 - 2013 - Abundance and distribution of feral pigs at Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge, 2010-2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-27T13:42:49","indexId":"70102028","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T13:34:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":222,"text":"Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"HCSU-045","title":"Abundance and distribution of feral pigs at Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge, 2010-2013","docAbstract":"The Hakalau Forest Unit of the Big Island National Wildlife Refuge Complex has intensively managed feral pigs (Sus scrofa) and monitored feral pig presence with surveys of all managed areas since 1988. Results of all available data regarding pig management activities through 2004 were compiled and analyzed, but no further analyses had been conducted since then. The objective of this report was to analyze recent feral ungulate surveys at the Hakalau Forest Unit to determine current pig abundance and distribution. Activity indices for feral pigs, consisting of the presence of fresh or intermediate sign at 422 stations, each with approximately 20 sample plots, were compiled for years 2010–2013. A calibrated model based on the number of pigs removed from one management unit and concurrent activity surveys was applied to estimate pig abundance in other management units. Although point estimates appeared to decrease from 489.1 (±105.6) in 2010 to 407.6 (±88.0) in 2013, 95% confidence intervals overlapped, indicating no significant change in pig abundance within all management units. Nonetheless, there were significant declines in pig abundance over the four-year period within management units 1, 6, and 7. Areas where pig abundance remained high include the southern portion of Unit 2. Results of these surveys will be useful for directing management actions towards specific management units.","language":"English","publisher":"Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit - University of Hawaii at Hilo","publisherLocation":"Hilo, HI","usgsCitation":"Hess, S., Leopold, C.R., and Kendall, S.J., 2013, Abundance and distribution of feral pigs at Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge, 2010-2013: Technical Report HCSU-045, iii, 9 p.","productDescription":"iii, 9 p.","numberOfPages":"14","temporalStart":"2010-01-01","temporalEnd":"2013-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-050851","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287610,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":286375,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://hilo.hawaii.edu/hcsu/documents/Hess_Hakalaupigabundancefinal.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","city":"Hilo","otherGeospatial":"Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -155.096754,19.697089 ], [ -155.096754,19.699787 ], [ -155.094056,19.699787 ], [ -155.094056,19.697089 ], [ -155.096754,19.697089 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5385b3e7e4b09e18fc023a17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hess, Steven C.","contributorId":74462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Steven C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leopold, Christina R.","contributorId":46817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kendall, Steven J.","contributorId":30911,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kendall","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":492824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70095242,"text":"70095242 - 2013 - Electromagnetic-induction logging to monitor changing chloride concentrations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-28T13:43:03","indexId":"70095242","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T13:34:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Electromagnetic-induction logging to monitor changing chloride concentrations","docAbstract":"Water from the San Joaquin Delta, having chloride concentrations up to 3590 mg/L, has intruded fresh water aquifers underlying Stockton, California. Changes in chloride concentrations at depth within these aquifers were evaluated using sequential electromagnetic (EM) induction logs collected during 2004 through 2007 at seven multiple-well sites as deep as 268 m. Sequential EM logging is useful for identifying changes in groundwater quality through polyvinyl chloride-cased wells in intervals not screened by wells. These unscreened intervals represent more than 90% of the aquifer at the sites studied. Sequential EM logging suggested degrading groundwater quality in numerous thin intervals, typically between 1 and 7 m in thickness, especially in the northern part of the study area. Some of these intervals were unscreened by wells, and would not have been identified by traditional groundwater sample collection. Sequential logging also identified intervals with improving water quality—possibly due to groundwater management practices that have limited pumping and promoted artificial recharge. EM resistivity was correlated with chloride concentrations in sampled wells and in water from core material. Natural gamma log data were used to account for the effect of aquifer lithology on EM resistivity. Results of this study show that a sequential EM logging is useful for identifying and monitoring the movement of high-chloride water, having lower salinities and chloride concentrations than sea water, in aquifer intervals not screened by wells, and that increases in chloride in water from wells in the area are consistent with high-chloride water originating from the San Joaquin Delta rather than from the underlying saline aquifer.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.00944.x","usgsCitation":"Metzger, L.F., and Izbicki, J., 2013, Electromagnetic-induction logging to monitor changing chloride concentrations: Ground Water, v. 51, no. 1, p. 108-121, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.00944.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"108","endPage":"121","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282975,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":282970,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.00944.x"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Stockton","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.419736,37.887747 ], [ -121.419736,38.0583 ], [ -121.184019,38.0583 ], [ -121.184019,37.887747 ], [ -121.419736,37.887747 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"51","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-05-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd574ee4b0b290850f7673","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Metzger, Loren F. 0000-0003-2454-2966 lmetzger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2454-2966","contributorId":1378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metzger","given":"Loren","email":"lmetzger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":491151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":1375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John A.","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":491150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70125388,"text":"70125388 - 2013 - Mapping behavioral landscapes for animal movement: a finite mixture modeling approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-18T13:30:41","indexId":"70125388","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T13:29:47","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping behavioral landscapes for animal movement: a finite mixture modeling approach","docAbstract":"Because of its role in many ecological processes, movement of animals in response to landscape features is an important subject in ecology and conservation biology. In this paper, we develop models of animal movement in relation to objects or fields in a landscape. We take a finite mixture modeling approach in which the component densities are conceptually related to different choices for movement in response to a landscape feature, and the mixing proportions are related to the probability of selecting each response as a function of one or more covariates. We combine particle swarm optimization and an Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of the model parameters. We use this approach to analyze data for movement of three bobcats in relation to urban areas in southern California, USA. A behavioral interpretation of the models revealed similarities and differences in bobcat movement response to urbanization. All three bobcats avoided urbanization by moving either parallel to urban boundaries or toward less urban areas as the proportion of urban land cover in the surrounding area increased. However, one bobcat, a male with a dispersal-like large-scale movement pattern, avoided urbanization at lower densities and responded strictly by moving parallel to the urban edge. The other two bobcats, which were both residents and occupied similar geographic areas, avoided urban areas using a combination of movements parallel to the urban edge and movement toward areas of less urbanization. However, the resident female appeared to exhibit greater repulsion at lower levels of urbanization than the resident male, consistent with empirical observations of bobcats in southern California. Using the parameterized finite mixture models, we mapped behavioral states to geographic space, creating a representation of a behavioral landscape. This approach can provide guidance for conservation planning based on analysis of animal movement data using statistical models, thereby linking connectivity evaluations to empirical data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Tempe, AZ","doi":"10.1890/12-0687.1","usgsCitation":"Tracey, J.A., Zhu, J., Boydston, E.E., Lyren, L.M., Fisher, R.N., and Crooks, K.R., 2013, Mapping behavioral landscapes for animal movement: a finite mixture modeling approach: Ecological Applications, v. 23, no. 3, p. 654-669, https://doi.org/10.1890/12-0687.1.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"654","endPage":"669","numberOfPages":"16","ipdsId":"IP-041722","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473994,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/12-0687.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":294174,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293974,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/12-0687.1"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541bf43de4b0e96537ddf76f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tracey, Jeff A. 0000-0002-1619-1054 jatracey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1619-1054","contributorId":5780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tracey","given":"Jeff","email":"jatracey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhu, Jun","contributorId":73485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Jun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boydston, Erin E. 0000-0002-8452-835X eboydston@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8452-835X","contributorId":1705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boydston","given":"Erin","email":"eboydston@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lyren, Lisa M. llyren@usgs.gov","contributorId":2398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyren","given":"Lisa","email":"llyren@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fisher, Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240 rfisher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":1529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert","email":"rfisher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Crooks, Kevin R.","contributorId":51137,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Crooks","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":501361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70124318,"text":"70124318 - 2013 - Habitat interaction between two species of chipmunk in the Basin and Range Province of Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-11T13:27:48","indexId":"70124318","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T13:23:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3746,"text":"Western North American Naturalist","onlineIssn":"1944-8341","printIssn":"1527-0904","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat interaction between two species of chipmunk in the Basin and Range Province of Nevada","docAbstract":"Interspecies interactions can affect how species are distributed, put constraints on habitat expansion, and reduce the fundamental niche of the affected species. Using logistic regression, we analyzed and compared 174 Tamias palmeri and 94 Tamias panamintinus within an isolated mountain range of the Basin and Range Province of southern Nevada. Tamias panamintinus was more likely to use pinyon/ponderosa/fir mixed forests than pinyon alone, compared to random sites. In the presence of T palmeri, however, interaction analyses indicated T. panamintinus was less likely to occupy the mixed forests and more likely near large rocks on southern aspects. This specie s-by-habitat interaction data suggest that T. palmeri excludes T panamintinus from areas of potentially suitable habitat. Climate change may adversely affect species of restricted distribution. Habitat isolation and species interactions in this region may thus increase survival risks as climate temperatures rise.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Western North American Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University","doi":"10.3398/064.073.0202","usgsCitation":"Lowrey, C., and Longshore, K.M., 2013, Habitat interaction between two species of chipmunk in the Basin and Range Province of Nevada: Western North American Naturalist, v. 73, no. 2, p. 129-136, https://doi.org/10.3398/064.073.0202.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"136","numberOfPages":"8","ipdsId":"IP-034951","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488273,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan/vol73/iss2/1","text":"External Repository"},{"id":293744,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293702,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3398/064.073.0202"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Desert;Spring Mountains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.0003,35.893 ], [ -116.0003,36.4837 ], [ -115.4122,36.4837 ], [ -115.4122,35.893 ], [ -116.0003,35.893 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"73","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5412b9ade4b0239f1986ba8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lowrey, Christopher","contributorId":27373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowrey","given":"Christopher","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Longshore, Kathleen M. 0000-0001-6621-1271 longshore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6621-1271","contributorId":2677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longshore","given":"Kathleen","email":"longshore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":500710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70118581,"text":"70118581 - 2013 - Chemometric differentiation of crude oil families in the San Joaquin Basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-29T13:15:24","indexId":"70118581","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T13:13:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":605,"text":"AAPG Bulletin","printIssn":"0149-1423","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemometric differentiation of crude oil families in the San Joaquin Basin, California","docAbstract":"Chemometric analyses of geochemical data for 165 crude oil samples from the San Joaquin Basin identify genetically distinct oil families and their inferred source rocks and provide insight into migration pathways, reservoir compartments, and filling histories. In the first part of the study, 17 source-related biomarker and stable carbon-isotope ratios were evaluated using a chemometric decision tree (CDT) to identify families. In the second part, ascendant hierarchical clustering was applied to terpane mass chromatograms for the samples to compare with the CDT results. The results from the two methods are remarkably similar despite differing data input and assumptions. Recognized source rocks for the oil families include the (1) Eocene Kreyenhagen Formation, (2) Eocene Tumey Formation, (3–4) upper and lower parts of the Miocene Monterey Formation (Buttonwillow depocenter), and (5–6) upper and lower parts of the Miocene Monterey Formation (Tejon depocenter).
\nAscendant hierarchical clustering identifies 22 oil families in the basin as corroborated by independent data, such as carbon-isotope ratios, sample location, reservoir unit, and thermal maturity maps from a three-dimensional basin and petroleum system model. Five families originated from the Eocene Kreyenhagen Formation source rock, and three families came from the overlying Eocene Tumey Formation. Fourteen families migrated from the upper and lower parts of the Miocene Monterey Formation source rocks within the Buttonwillow and Tejon depocenters north and south of the Bakersfield arch. The Eocene and Miocene families show little cross-stratigraphic migration because of seals within and between the source rocks. The data do not exclude the possibility that some families described as originating from the Monterey Formation actually came from source rock in the Temblor Formation.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"AAPG Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","doi":"10.1306/05231212018","usgsCitation":"Peters, K., Coutrot, D., Nouvelle, X., Ramos, L.S., Rohrback, B.G., Magoon, L.B., and Zumberge, J.E., 2013, Chemometric differentiation of crude oil families in the San Joaquin Basin, California: AAPG Bulletin, v. 97, no. 1, p. 103-143, https://doi.org/10.1306/05231212018.","productDescription":"41 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"143","numberOfPages":"41","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291324,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291323,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1306/05231212018"}],"volume":"97","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f37de4b0bc0bec0a09d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, Kenneth E.","contributorId":10897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"Kenneth E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coutrot, Delphine","contributorId":54901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coutrot","given":"Delphine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nouvelle, Xavier","contributorId":52089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nouvelle","given":"Xavier","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ramos, L. Scott","contributorId":61351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramos","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rohrback, Brian G.","contributorId":8004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rohrback","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Magoon, Leslie B. lmagoon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magoon","given":"Leslie","email":"lmagoon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":497089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Zumberge, John E.","contributorId":11962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zumberge","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70103483,"text":"70103483 - 2013 - Effects of Canada goose herbivory on the tidal freshwater wetlands in Anacostia Park, 2009-2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-06T11:35:24","indexId":"70103483","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T13:09:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesNumber":"NPS/NCR/NCRO/NRTR-2013/001","title":"Effects of Canada goose herbivory on the tidal freshwater wetlands in Anacostia Park, 2009-2011","docAbstract":"Herbivory has played a major role in dictating vegetation abundance and species composition at Kingman Marsh in Anacostia Park, Washington, D.C., since restoration of this tidal freshwater wetland was initiated in 2000. The diverse and robust vegetative cover that developed in the first year post-reconstruction experienced significant decimation in the second year, after the protective fencing was removed, and remained suppressed throughout the five-year study period. In June 2009 a herbivory study was initiated to document the impacts of herbivory by resident and nonmigratory Canada geese (Branta canadensis) to vegetation at Kingman Marsh. Sixteen modules consisting of paired fenced plots and unfenced control plots were constructed. Eight of the modules were installed in vegetated portions of the restoration site that had been protected over time by pre-existing fencing, while the remaining eight modules were placed in portions of the site that had not been protected over time and were basically unvegetated at the start of the experiment. Exclosure fencing was sufficiently elevated from the substrate level to allow access to other herbivores such as fish and turtles, while hopefully excluding mature Canada geese. The study was designed with an initial exclosure elevation of 20 cm. This elevation was chosen based on the literature, as adequate to exclude mature Canada geese, while maximizing access to other herbivores such as fish and turtles.
\nRepeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the differences between paired fenced and unfenced control plots for a number of variables including total vegetative cover. Differences in total vegetative cover were not statistically significant for the baseline data collected in June 2009. By contrast, two months after the old protective fencing was removed from the initially-vegetated areas to allow Canada geese access to the unfenced control plots, total vegetative cover had declined dramatically in the initially-vegetated unfenced control plots, and differences between paired fenced and unfenced control plots were statistically significant. These differences have remained steady and significant throughout the remainder of these first three years of the study.
\nTotal vegetative cover has followed a somewhat different path in the initially-unvegetated modules, where cover in the fenced plots did not significantly exceed cover in the unfenced control plots until the August 2010 sampling event. In spite of the slow start in the initially-unvegetated modules, differences between paired fenced plots and unfenced control plots have remained significant and even increased significantly over time. This indicates that total vegetative cover in the initially-unvegetated fenced plots and unfenced control plots is continuing to diverge over time as vegetation increases in the protected plots compared to the basically unvegetated unfenced control plots.
\nTotal vegetative cover has been composed almost entirely of native species during the first three years of the study, with cover by exotics averaging less than 1% during each sampling event.
\nSpecies richness did not differ significantly between fenced plots and unfenced control plots during 2009, the first year of the study. Since August 2010, species richness has remained significantly greater in the fenced plots than in the unfenced control plots. These differences have remained relatively steady over time for both the initially-vegetated and initially unvegetated modules.
\nDuring the study it became apparent that our elevated fence plots were more accessible to mature \ngeese than we had expected. Even after lowering the exclosure fencing to 15 cm in 2010 and 10 \ncm in 2011, we documented geese inside exclosures in both years. Nonetheless the data indicate \nthat even at 10 cm, we have limited the numbers of mature geese entering the fenced plots, rather \nthan totally preventing their access through low spots in the uneven substrate surface. At an \nexclosure elevation of 10 cm and with a soft, mucky substrate, we are assuming that non-goose \nherbivores such as fish and turtles still have free access to the fenced plots. Annual wildrice \n(Zizania aquatica), known from previous studies to be especially palatable to Canada geese, has \nseen the greatest impact from partial access to the fenced plots by mature geese, moving from an \noverwhelming dominant in the initially-vegetated plots to a minor presence there by August \n2011. Interestingly, pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata), also known to be highly palatable to \nCanada geese, has so far shown only minor herbivory in the fenced plots. By August 2011, \npickerelweed had actually increased to significantly greater cover levels in the fenced plots \ncompared to the unfenced control plots.
\nIn conclusion, the first three years of data document that vegetation exposed to full herbivory by resident and nonmigratory Canada geese for three years in the unfenced control plots showed significantly lower total vegetative cover and species richness compared to the vegetation in the fenced plots, which experienced reduced herbivory by resident and nonmigratory Canada geese. These effects were documented for modules located in both initially-vegetated and initially-unvegetated habitats.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Krafft, C., Hatfield, J., and Hammerschlag, R.S., 2013, Effects of Canada goose herbivory on the tidal freshwater wetlands in Anacostia Park, 2009-2011, viii, 36 p.","productDescription":"viii, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"47","temporalStart":"2009-01-01","temporalEnd":"2011-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-055779","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287678,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287677,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/prodabs/pubpdfs/7996_Krafft.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","city":"Washington, D.C.","otherGeospatial":"Anacostia Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77.0035716,38.8643463 ], [ -77.0035716,38.8710952 ], [ -76.9885262,38.8710952 ], [ -76.9885262,38.8643463 ], [ -77.0035716,38.8643463 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53870566e4b0aa26cd7b539a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krafft, Cairn C.","contributorId":60364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krafft","given":"Cairn C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatfield, Jeffrey S. jhatfield@usgs.gov","contributorId":151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Jeffrey S.","email":"jhatfield@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":493356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hammerschlag, Richard S.","contributorId":67206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammerschlag","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70125667,"text":"70125667 - 2013 - Optimal temperature for malaria transmission is dramaticallylower than previously predicted","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-18T13:10:33","indexId":"70125667","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T13:09:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1466,"text":"Ecology Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optimal temperature for malaria transmission is dramaticallylower than previously predicted","docAbstract":"The ecology of mosquito vectors and malaria parasites affect the incidence, seasonal transmission and geographical range of malaria. Most malaria models to date assume constant or linear responses of mosquito and parasite life-history traits to temperature, predicting optimal transmission at 31 °C. These models are at odds with field observations of transmission dating back nearly a century. We build a model with more realistic ecological assumptions about the thermal physiology of insects. Our model, which includes empirically derived nonlinear thermal responses, predicts optimal malaria transmission at 25 °C (6 °C lower than previous models). Moreover, the model predicts that transmission decreases dramatically at temperatures > 28 °C, altering predictions about how climate change will affect malaria. A large data set on malaria transmission risk in Africa validates both the 25 °C optimum and the decline above 28 °C. Using these more accurate nonlinear thermal-response models will aid in understanding the effects of current and future temperature regimes on disease transmission.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Science","publisherLocation":"Oxford","doi":"10.1111/ele.12015","usgsCitation":"Mordecai, E.A., Paaijmans, K.P., Johnson, L., Balzer, C., Ben-Horin, T., de Moor, E., McNally, A., Pawar, S., Ryan, S.J., Smith, T.C., and Lafferty, K.D., 2013, Optimal temperature for malaria transmission is dramaticallylower than previously predicted: Ecology Letters, v. 16, no. 1, p. 22-30, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12015.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"22","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"9","ipdsId":"IP-040879","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294164,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294056,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.12015"}],"volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-10-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541bf445e4b0e96537ddf7c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mordecai, Eerin A.","contributorId":46882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mordecai","given":"Eerin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paaijmans, Krijin P.","contributorId":83850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paaijmans","given":"Krijin","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Leah R.","contributorId":83382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Leah R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Balzer, Christian","contributorId":41279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balzer","given":"Christian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ben-Horin, Tal","contributorId":58137,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ben-Horin","given":"Tal","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"de Moor, Emily","contributorId":48021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"de Moor","given":"Emily","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McNally, Amy","contributorId":53225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNally","given":"Amy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pawar, Samraat","contributorId":22622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pawar","given":"Samraat","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Ryan, Sadie J.","contributorId":102738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"Sadie","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Smith, Thomas C.","contributorId":101139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70046447,"text":"70046447 - 2013 - Geologic model for the assessment of undiscovered hydrocarbons in Lower to Upper Cretaceous carbonate rocks of the Fredericksburg and Washita groups, U.S. Gulf Coast Region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-31T17:03:24.05217","indexId":"70046447","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T13:01:05","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1871,"text":"Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic model for the assessment of undiscovered hydrocarbons in Lower to Upper Cretaceous carbonate rocks of the Fredericksburg and Washita groups, U.S. Gulf Coast Region","docAbstract":"As part of the assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources in Jurassic and Cretaceous strata of the U.S. Gulf Coast in 2010, the U.S. Geological Survey assessed carbonate rocks of the Fredericksburg and Washita groups and their equivalent units underlying onshore lands and State waters. One conventional assessment unit extending from south Texas to the Florida panhandle was defined: the Fredericksburg-Buda Carbonate Platform-Reef Gas and Oil assessment unit. Assessed strata range in age from Early Cretaceous Albian to Late Cretaceous Cenomanian. The assessment was based on a geologic model that incorporated the Upper Jurassic–Cretaceous–Tertiary Composite Total Petroleum System of the Gulf of Mexico Basin. The following factors were evaluated to define the assessment unit and estimate undiscovered oil and gas resources: potential source rocks, hydrocarbon migration, reservoir porosity and permeability, traps and seals, structural features, depositional framework, and potential for water washing of hydrocarbons near outcrop areas. Analysis of the production history of discovered reservoirs and well data within the assessment unit was also essential for estimating the numbers and sizes of undiscovered oil and gas reservoirs within the assessment unit. The downdip boundary of the assessment unit was drawn as an arbitrary line 10 miles downdip of the Lower Cretaceous shelf margin, to include potential reef-talus reservoirs, a facies described in the geologic model developed for the assessment. Updip boundaries of the assessment unit were drawn based on the updip extent of assessment unit carbonate reservoir rocks, basin margin fault zones, and (or) the presence of producing wells within the assessed interval. Using the U.S. Geological Survey methodology, mean undiscovered resources of 40 million barrels of oil, 622 billion cubic feet of gas, and 14 million barrels of natural gas liquids were estimated for the assessment unit.
","publisher":"Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies","usgsCitation":"Swanson, S.M., Enomoto, C.B., Dennen, K., Valentine, B.J., and Lohr, C., 2013, Geologic model for the assessment of undiscovered hydrocarbons in Lower to Upper Cretaceous carbonate rocks of the Fredericksburg and Washita groups, U.S. Gulf Coast Region: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 63, p. 423-437.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"423","endPage":"437","numberOfPages":"15","ipdsId":"IP-045922","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384781,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":384780,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/gcags/data/063/063001/423_gcags630423.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"U.S. Gulf Coast","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.9638671875,\n 25.46311452925943\n ],\n [\n -81.54052734375,\n 25.46311452925943\n ],\n [\n -81.54052734375,\n 36.914764288955936\n ],\n [\n -102.9638671875,\n 36.914764288955936\n ],\n [\n -102.9638671875,\n 25.46311452925943\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"63","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swanson, Sharon M. 0000-0002-4235-1736 smswanson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4235-1736","contributorId":590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Sharon","email":"smswanson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Enomoto, Catherine B. 0000-0002-4119-1953 cenomoto@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4119-1953","contributorId":2126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Enomoto","given":"Catherine","email":"cenomoto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dennen, Kristin O.","contributorId":209828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennen","given":"Kristin O.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Valentine, Brett J. 0000-0002-8678-2431 bvalentine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8678-2431","contributorId":3846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"Brett","email":"bvalentine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lohr, Celeste D. 0000-0001-6287-9047 clohr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6287-9047","contributorId":3866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lohr","given":"Celeste D.","email":"clohr@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70074263,"text":"70074263 - 2013 - Historical methane hydrate project review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-02T14:43:20","indexId":"70074263","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T13:01:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Historical methane hydrate project review","docAbstract":"In 1995, U.S. Geological Survey made the first systematic assessment of the volume of natural gas stored in the hydrate accumulations of the United States. That study, along with numerous other studies, has shown that the amount of gas stored as methane hydrates in the world greatly exceeds the volume of known conventional gas resources. However, gas hydrates represent both a scientific and technical challenge and much remains to be learned about their characteristics and occurrence in nature. Methane hydrate research in recent years has mostly focused on: (1) documenting the geologic parameters that control the occurrence and stability of gas hydrates in nature, (2) assessing the volume of natural gas stored within various gas hydrate accumulations, (3) analyzing the production response and characteristics of methane hydrates, (4) identifying and predicting natural and induced environmental and climate impacts of natural gas hydrates, and (5) analyzing the effects of methane hydrate on drilling safety.
Methane hydrates are naturally occurring crystalline substances composed of water and gas, in which a solid water-‐lattice holds gas molecules in a cage-‐like structure. The gas and water becomes a solid under specific temperature and pressure conditions within the Earth, called the hydrate stability zone. Other factors that control the presence of methane hydrate in nature include the source of the gas included within the hydrates, the physical and chemical controls on the migration of gas with a sedimentary basin containing methane hydrates, the availability of the water also included in the hydrate structure, and the presence of a suitable host sediment or “reservoir”. The geologic controls on the occurrence of gas hydrates have become collectively known as the “methane hydrate petroleum system”, which has become the focus of numerous hydrate research programs.
Recognizing the importance of methane hydrate research and the need for a coordinated effort, the U.S. Congress enacted Public Law 106-‐193, the Methane Hydrate Research and Development Act of 2000. This Act called for the Secretary of Energy to begin a methane hydrate research and development program in consultation with other U.S. federal agencies. At the same time a new methane hydrate research program had been launched in Japan by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry to develop plans for a methane hydrate exploratory drilling project in the Nankai Trough. Since this early start we have seen other countries including India, China, Canada, and the Republic of Korea establish large gas hydrate research and development programs. These national led efforts have also included the investment in a long list of important scientific research drilling expeditions and production test studies that have provided a wealth of information on the occurrence of methane hydrate in nature. The most notable expeditions and projects have including the following:
-‐Ocean Drilling Program Leg 164 (1995)
-‐Japan Nankai Trough Project (1999-‐2000)
-‐Ocean Drilling Program Leg 204 (2004)
-‐Japan Tokai-‐oki to Kumano-‐nada Project (2004)
-‐Gulf of Mexico JIP Leg I (2005)
-‐Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 311 (2005)
-‐Malaysia Gumusut-‐Kakap Project (2006)
-‐India NGHP Expedition 01 (2006)
-‐China GMGS Expedition 01 (2007)
-‐Republic of Korea UBGH Expedition 01 (2007)
-‐Gulf of Mexico JIP Leg II (2009)
-‐Republic of Korea UBGH Expedition 02 (2010)
-‐MH-‐21 Nankai Trough Pre-‐Production Expedition (2012-‐2013)
-‐Mallik Gas Hydrate Testing Projects (1998/2002/2007-‐2008)
-‐Alaska Mount Elbert Stratigraphic Test Well (2007)
-‐Alaska Iġnik Sikumi Methane Hydrate Production Test Well (2011-‐2012)
Research coring and seismic programs carried out by the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP), starting with the ODP Leg 164 drilling of the Blake Ridge in the Atlantic Ocean in 1995, have also contributed greatly to our understanding of the geologic controls on the formation, occurrence, and stability of gas hydrates in marine environments. For the most part methane hydrate research expeditions carried out by the ODP and IODP provided the foundation for our scientific understanding of gas hydrates. The methane hydrate research efforts under ODP-‐IODP have mostly dealt with the assessment of the geologic controls on the occurrence of gas hydrate, with a specific goal to study the role methane hydrates may play in the global carbon cycle.
Over the last 10 years, national led methane hydrate research programs, along with industry interest have led to the development and execution of major methane hydrate production field test programs. Two of the most important production field testing programs have been conducted at the Mallik site in the Mackenzie River Delta of Canada and in the Eileen methane hydrate accumulation on the North Slope of Alaska. Most recently we have also seen the completion of the world’s first marine methane hydrate production test in the Nankai Trough in the offshore of Japan. Industry interest in gas hydrates has also included important projects that have dealt with the assessment of geologic hazards associated with the presence of hydrates.
The scientific drilling and associated coring, logging, and borehole monitoring technologies developed in the long list of methane hydrate related field studies are one of the most important developments and contributions associated with methane hydrate research and development activities. Methane hydrate drilling has been conducted from advanced scientific drilling platforms like the JOIDES Resolution and the D/V Chikyu, which feature highly advanced integrated core laboratories and borehole logging capabilities. Hydrate research drilling has also included the use of a wide array of industry, geotechnical and multi-‐service ships. All of which have been effectively used to collect invaluable geologic and engineering data on the occurrence of methane hydrates throughout the world. Technologies designed specifically for the collection and analysis of undisturbed methane hydrate samples have included the development of a host of pressure core systems and associated specialty laboratory apparatus. The study and use of both wireline conveyed and logging-‐while-‐drilling technologies have also contributed greatly to our understanding of the in-‐situ nature of hydrate-‐bearing sediments. Recent developments in borehole instrumentation specifically designed to monitor changes associated with hydrates in nature through time or to evaluate the response of hydrate accumulations to production have also contributed greatly to our understanding of the complex nature and evolution of methane hydrate systems.
Our understanding of how methane hydrates occur and behave in nature is still growing and evolving – we do not yet know if methane hydrates can be economically produced, nor do we know fully the role of hydrates as an agent of climate change or as a geologic hazard. But it is known for certain that scientific drilling has contributed greatly to our understanding of hydrates in nature and will continue to be a critical source of the information to advance our understanding of methane hydrates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Consortium for Ocean Leadership","publisherLocation":"Washington D.C.","collaboration":"Report prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy - National Energy Technology Laboratory, by the Consortium for Ocean Leadership","usgsCitation":"Collett, T., Bahk, J., Frye, M., Goldberg, D., Husebo, J., Koh, C., Malone, M., Shipp, C., and Torres, M., 2013, Historical methane hydrate project review, Part 1: 110 p.; Part 2: 32 p.; Part 3: 42 p.","productDescription":"Part 1: 110 p.; Part 2: 32 p.; Part 3: 42 p.","numberOfPages":"187","ipdsId":"IP-045213","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287820,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287819,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://oceanleadership.org/wp-content/uploads/COL_DOE_GH_Review-part3_Final.pdf"},{"id":281602,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://oceanleadership.org/scientific-programs/methane-hydrate-field-program/"},{"id":287817,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://oceanleadership.org/wp-content/uploads/COL_DOE_GH_Review-part1_Final.pdf"},{"id":287818,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://oceanleadership.org/wp-content/uploads/COL_DOE_GH_Review-part2_Final.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53885700e4b0318b93124ab4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collett, Timothy 0000-0002-7598-4708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":97008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"Timothy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bahk, Jang-Jun","contributorId":12781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bahk","given":"Jang-Jun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frye, Matt","contributorId":60543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frye","given":"Matt","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goldberg, Dave","contributorId":57376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldberg","given":"Dave","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Husebo, Jarle","contributorId":77851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Husebo","given":"Jarle","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Koh, Carolyn","contributorId":42883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koh","given":"Carolyn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Malone, Mitch","contributorId":34437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malone","given":"Mitch","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Shipp, Craig","contributorId":40522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shipp","given":"Craig","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Torres, Marta","contributorId":86477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torres","given":"Marta","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70118577,"text":"70118577 - 2013 - Public release of the ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900-2009)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-29T12:59:34","indexId":"70118577","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T12:58:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Public release of the ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900-2009)","docAbstract":"The International Seismological Centre–Global Earthquake Model (ISC–GEM) Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009) is the result of a special effort to substantially extend and improve currently existing global catalogs to serve the requirements of specific user groups who assess and model seismic hazard and risk. The data from the ISC–GEM Catalogue would be used worldwide yet will prove absolutely essential in those regions where a high seismicity level strongly correlates with a high population density.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Seismological Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"El Cerrito, CA","doi":"10.1785/0220130034","usgsCitation":"Storchak, D.A., Di Giacomo, D., Bondara, I., Engdahl, E.R., Harris, J., Lee, W.H., Villaseñor, A., and Bormann, P., 2013, Public release of the ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900-2009): Seismological Research Letters, v. 84, no. 5, p. 810-815, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220130034.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"810","endPage":"815","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291316,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291315,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220130034"}],"volume":"84","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-09-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f37ee4b0bc0bec0a09db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storchak, Dmitry A.","contributorId":97828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storchak","given":"Dmitry","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Di Giacomo, Domenico","contributorId":50832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Di Giacomo","given":"Domenico","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bondara, Istvan","contributorId":58578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bondara","given":"Istvan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Engdahl, E. Robert","contributorId":20666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engdahl","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harris, James","contributorId":102402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lee, William H.K.","contributorId":76836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Villaseñor, Antonio","contributorId":100969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villaseñor","given":"Antonio","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bormann, Peter","contributorId":52079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bormann","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70057589,"text":"70057589 - 2013 - Adaptive harvest management for the Svalbard population of pink-footed geese: cooperator report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-28T13:04:46","indexId":"70057589","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T12:57:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Adaptive harvest management for the Svalbard population of pink-footed geese: cooperator report","docAbstract":"This document describes progress to date on the development of a harvest‐management strategy\nfor maintaining pink‐footed goose abundance near their target level by providing for sustainable\nharvests in Norway and Denmark. Many goose populations in western Europe have increased\ndramatically in recent decades. The Svalbard population of pink‐footed geese (Anser\nbrachyrhynchus) is a good example, increasing from about 10 thousand individuals in the early\n1960’s to roughly 80 thousand today. Although these geese are a highly valued resource, the\ngrowing numbers of geese are causing agricultural conflicts in wintering and staging areas. The\nAfrican‐Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA; http://www.unep‐aewa.org/) calls for means to\nmanage populations which cause conflicts with certain human economic activities.
\nWe compiled relevant demographic and weather data and specified an annual‐cycle model for pink-footed\ngeese that reconciles the different dates of monitoring activities and the timing of harvest-management\ndecisions. We then developed dynamic models for survival and reproductive\nprocesses and parameterized them using available data. By combining varying hypotheses about\nsurvival and reproduction, we developed a suite of nine models that represent a wide range of\npossibilities concerning the extent to which demographic rates are density dependent or\nindependent, and the extent to which spring temperatures are important. These nine models\nvaried significantly in their predictions of the harvest required to stabilize current population size,\nranging from a low of about 500 to a high of about 17 thousand. For comparison, the harvest in\nNorway and Denmark was about 11 thousand in 2011 and the population increased from 70 to 80\nthousand.
\nWe relied on the passive form of adaptive management in formulating a harvest strategy. In\npassive adaptive management, alternative population models and their associated weights of\nevidence are explicitly considered in the development of an optimal harvest strategy. Unlike active\nadaptive management, however, there is no explicit consideration of how harvest management\nactions could reduce uncertainty as to the most appropriate model of population dynamics. In\noptimizing a harvest strategy, we assumed equal probabilities for all nine models and assumed\nrelatively course control over harvest. We used a management objective that seeks to maximize\nsustainable harvest, but avoids harvest decisions that are expected to result in a subsequent\npopulation size different than the population goal of 60 thousand. Optimal harvest strategies were\ncalculated using stochastic dynamic programming, and Monte Carlo simulations were used to\ninvestigate expected strategy performance.
\nThe optimal passive adaptive‐management strategy is expected to maintain mean population size\nnear 60 thousand, regardless of the most appropriate model. However, mean harvest rates and\nharvests varied substantially depending on the most appropriate model of population dynamics.\nWith an average number of days above freezing in May in Svalbard, optimal harvest rates (i.e., the\nproportion of the population to be harvested in autumn) increase rapidly once there are more than\nabout 50 thousand birds in the population. Generally, optimal harvests were on the order of 10 –\n20 thousand for population sizes > 60 thousand, and 0 – 5 thousand for population sizes < 60\nthousand. For the observations of young of 15.4 thousand and adults of 54.6 thousand in autumn\n2010, and 10 days above freezing in May 2011 (a relatively warm spring compared to the average of about 7), the optimal harvest rate in autumn of 2011 would have been 0.16, or a harvest of about\n14 thousand. Based on the optimal strategy, hunting‐season closures would be required as the\nnumber of adults in the autumn population falls below about 52 thousand, regardless of the\nnumber of young in the population. As the number of adults and young decrease, the number of\nwarm days in May required to keep the hunting season open increases. We also investigated the\nability of the optimal strategy to stabilize the population at around 60 thousand birds, assuming\nvarying values of the maximum harvest rate that could be implemented. Harvest strategies that\ncontained a maximum harvest rate of 0.16 (equivalent to a harvest of about 17 thousand) were\neffective at stabilizing the population at 60 thousand within 4‐5 years, regardless of climate\nscenario. Harvest strategies with a maximum harvest rate of 0.12 (harvest ≈ 13 thousand) were\nalso able to stabilize the population near 60 thousand, although it took more time. Harvest\nstrategies with a maximum harvest rate of 0.08 (harvest ≈ 8 thousand) were unsuccessful at\nstabilizing the population at 60 thousand.
\nContinued monitoring of the pink‐footed goose population on an annual basis is critical to an\ninformed harvest management strategy. At a minimum, the ground census in November should be\ncontinued to determine population size and proportion of young. Continued estimates of harvest\nfrom Norway and Denmark are also necessary to help judge the credibility of the alternative\npopulation models. However, an adaptive management process that relies on periodic updating of\nmodel weights will depend on acquiring either estimates of the realized harvest rate of adults or the\nage composition of the harvest. We also recommend that a census conducted during spring\nmigration be operationalized, and that estimates of survival based on mark‐recapture data be\nupdated. Finally, the International Working Group has expressed a desire to adopt a three‐year\ncycle of decision making related to the regulation of pink‐footed goose harvests. The idea is that\nonce a target harvest level is adopted, it would remain in place for three years, after which time\npopulation status would be assessed and a potentially new management action chosen. We have\ndeveloped a preliminary framework to implement a three‐year cycle using stochastic dynamic\nprogramming, and we hope to have it fully operational later this year . We note, however, that\napplication of this 3‐year framework will still require annual resource monitoring and assessments\nto facilitate learning, and to allow managers the opportunity to respond to any unforeseen change\nin resource conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"AEWA","collaboration":"Progress summary prepared for the AEWA Svalbard Pink Footed Goose International Working Group","usgsCitation":"Johnson, F.A., Jensen, G., and Madsen, J., 2013, Adaptive harvest management for the Svalbard population of pink-footed geese: cooperator report, 48 p.","productDescription":"48 p.","numberOfPages":"48","ipdsId":"IP-045931","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287675,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287674,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pinkfootedgoose.aewa.info/sites/default/files/article_attachments/AHM%20Cooperator%20Report%201%20(1Feb2013)%20FINAL.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53870561e4b0aa26cd7b537e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Fred A. 0000-0002-5854-3695 fjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5854-3695","contributorId":2773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Fred","email":"fjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jensen, Gitte H.","contributorId":74671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jensen","given":"Gitte H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Madsen, Jesper","contributorId":9950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madsen","given":"Jesper","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70148176,"text":"70148176 - 2013 - Effects of hydrologic connectivity on aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages in different marsh types","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-26T11:12:23","indexId":"70148176","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":860,"text":"Aquatic Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of hydrologic connectivity on aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages in different marsh types","docAbstract":"Hydrologic connectivity can be an important driver of aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages. Its effects on aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages in coastal marshes, however, are relatively poorly studied. We evaluated the effects of lateral hydrologic connectivity (permanently connected ponds: PCPs; temporary connected ponds: TCPs), and other environmental variables on aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages and functional feeding groups (FFGs) in freshwater, brackish, and saline marshes in Louisiana, USA. We hypothesized that (1) aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages in PCPs would have higher assemblage metric values (density, biomass, Shannon-Wiener diversity) than TCPs and (2) the density and proportional abundance of certain FFGs (i.e. scrapers, shredders, and collectors) would be greater in freshwater marsh than brackish and saline marshes. The data in our study only partially supported our first hypothesis: while freshwater marsh PCPs had higher density and biomass than TCPs, assemblage metric values in saline TCPs were greater than saline PCPs. In freshwater TCPs, long duration of isolation limited access of macroinvertebrates from adjacent water bodies, which may have reduced assemblage metric values. However, the relatively short duration of isolation in saline TCPs provided more stable or similar habitat conditions, facilitating higher assemblage metric values. As predicted by our second hypothesis, freshwater PCPs and TCPs supported a greater density of scrapers, shredders, and collectors than brackish and saline ponds. Aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages seem to be structured by individual taxa responses to salinity as well as pond habitat attributes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","publisherLocation":"Oldendorf","doi":"10.3354/ab00499","collaboration":"Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries; US Fish and Wildlife Service; International Crane Foundation","usgsCitation":"Kang, S., and King, S.L., 2013, Effects of hydrologic connectivity on aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages in different marsh types: Aquatic Biology, v. 18, no. 2, p. 149-160, https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00499.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"160","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-043694","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474001,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00499","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":300784,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55659941e4b0d9246a9eb61d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kang, Sung-Ryong","contributorId":140927,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kang","given":"Sung-Ryong","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, Sammy L. 0000-0002-5364-6361 sking@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5364-6361","contributorId":557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Sammy","email":"sking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70048304,"text":"70048304 - 2013 - Reactive transport modeling at uranium in situ recovery sites: uncertainties in uranium sorption on iron hydroxides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-08T12:37:25","indexId":"70048304","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T11:59:18","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Reactive transport modeling at uranium in situ recovery sites: uncertainties in uranium sorption on iron hydroxides","docAbstract":"Geochemical changes that can occur down gradient from uranium in situ recovery (ISR) sites are important for various stakeholders to understand when evaluating potential effects on surrounding groundwater quality. If down gradient solid-phase material consists of sandstone with iron hydroxide coatings (no pyrite or organic carbon), sorption of uranium on iron hydroxides can control uranium mobility. Using one-dimensional reactive transport models with PHREEQC, two different geochemical databases, and various geochemical parameters, the uncertainties in uranium sorption on iron hydroxides are evaluated, because these oxidized zones create a greater risk for future uranium transport than fully reduced zones where uranium generally precipitates.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Annual International Mine Water Association Conference: Reliable Mine Water Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"International Mine Water Association","usgsCitation":"Johnson, R.H., and Tutu, H., 2013, Reactive transport modeling at uranium in situ recovery sites: uncertainties in uranium sorption on iron hydroxides, in Annual International Mine Water Association Conference: Reliable Mine Water Technology, v. I, p. 377-382.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"377","endPage":"382","numberOfPages":"6","ipdsId":"IP-046046","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":285891,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":285890,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.imwa.info/imwa-meetings/proceedings/278-proceedings-2013.html"}],"volume":"I","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5355952fe4b0120853e8c17e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Brown, Adrian","contributorId":114141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Adrian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509607,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Figueroa, Linda","contributorId":112780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Figueroa","given":"Linda","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509606,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolkersdorfer, Christian","contributorId":111680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolkersdorfer","given":"Christian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509605,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Raymond H. rhjohnso@usgs.gov","contributorId":707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Raymond","email":"rhjohnso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":484268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tutu, Hlanganani","contributorId":68218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tutu","given":"Hlanganani","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70048555,"text":"70048555 - 2013 - NW CSC annual report fiscal year 2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-28T12:02:51","indexId":"70048555","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T11:51:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"NW CSC annual report fiscal year 2013","docAbstract":"The Northwest Climate Science Center (NW CSC) was established in 2010 as one of eight regional Climate Science Centers created by the Department of the Interior (DOI). The NW CSC encompasses Washing-ton, Oregon, Idaho, and western Montana and has overlapping boundaries with three Landscape Conservation Cooperatives (LCCs): the Great Northern, the Great Basin, and the North Pacific. With guidance from its Executive Stakeholder Advisory Committee (ESAC), the NW CSC and its partner LCCs are addressing the highest priority regional climate science needs of Northwest natural and cultural resource managers.
\nClimate Science Centers tap into the scientific expertise of both the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and academic institutions. The NW CSC is supported by an academic consortium with the capacity to generate climate science and tools in a coordinated fashion, serving stakeholders across the Northwest region. This consortium is primarily represented by Oregon State University (OSU), the University of Id-ho (UI), and the University of Washington (UW). The academic consortium and USGS provide capabilities in climate science, ecology, impacts and vulnerability assessment, modeling, adaptation planning, and advanced information technology, all necessary to address and respond to climate change in the Northwest. University members also recruit and train graduate students and early-career scientists.
\nThis Annual Report summarizes progress for the goals set out in the NW CSC Strategic Plan for 2012-2015 (http://www.doi.gov/csc/northwest/upload/Northwest-CSC-Strategic-Plan.cfm) and the NW CSC Work-plan for Fiscal Year (FY) 2013 (October 1, 2012 through September 30, 2013). The report follows the structure of the Strategic Plan, which describes the five core services (Executive, Science, Data, Communications, and Education and Training) provided by the NW CSC in support of the stated vision:
\nOur Vision: To become nationally recognized as a best-practice model for the provision of climate science and decision support tools to address conservation and management issues in the Pacific Northwest Region.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70048555","usgsCitation":"Bisbal, G., 2013, NW CSC annual report fiscal year 2013, iii, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70048555.","productDescription":"iii, 13 p.","numberOfPages":"16","temporalStart":"2012-10-01","temporalEnd":"2013-09-30","ipdsId":"IP-051927","costCenters":[{"id":484,"text":"Northwest Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287672,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287671,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.doi.gov/csc/northwest/upload/NWCSC-FY13-FINAL-Annual-Report-20DEC13.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5387056fe4b0aa26cd7b53dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bisbal, Gustavo A.","contributorId":22249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bisbal","given":"Gustavo A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70103396,"text":"70103396 - 2013 - Influences of Availability on Parameter Estimates from Site Occupancy Models with Application to Submersed Aquatic Vegetation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-05T11:31:31","indexId":"70103396","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T11:09:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2827,"text":"Natural Resource Modeling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influences of Availability on Parameter Estimates from Site Occupancy Models with Application to Submersed Aquatic Vegetation","docAbstract":"Site occupancy models are commonly used by ecologists to estimate the probabilities of species site occupancy and of species detection. This study addresses the influence on site occupancy and detection estimates of variation in species availability among surveys within sites. Such variation in availability may result from temporary emigration, nonavailability of the species for detection, and sampling sites spatially when species presence is not uniform within sites. We demonstrate, using Monte Carlo simulations and aquatic vegetation data, that variation in availability and heterogeneity in the probability of availability may yield biases in the expected values of the site occupancy and detection estimates that have traditionally been associated with low-detection probabilities and heterogeneity in those probabilities. These findings confirm that the effects of availability may be important for ecologists and managers, and that where such effects are expected, modification of sampling designs and/or analytical methods should be considered. Failure to limit the effects of availability may preclude reliable estimation of the probability of site occupancy.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Natural Resource Modeling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/nrm.12012","usgsCitation":"Gray, B.R., Holland, M., Yi, F., and Starcevich, L.A., 2013, Influences of Availability on Parameter Estimates from Site Occupancy Models with Application to Submersed Aquatic Vegetation: Natural Resource Modeling, v. 26, no. 4, p. 526-545, https://doi.org/10.1111/nrm.12012.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"526","endPage":"545","ipdsId":"IP-029877","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474004,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nrm.12012","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":286874,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":286846,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nrm.12012"}],"volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-04-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5368b2f3e4b059f7e8288344","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, Brian R. 0000-0001-7682-9550 brgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7682-9550","contributorId":2615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"Brian","email":"brgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holland, Mark D.","contributorId":84887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland","given":"Mark D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yi, Feng","contributorId":45224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yi","given":"Feng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Starcevich, Leigh Ann Harrod","contributorId":107202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starcevich","given":"Leigh","email":"","middleInitial":"Ann Harrod","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}