The U.S. Geological Survey complete d a seismic-refraction survey in the vicinity of the Tonto Forest Seismological Observatory (T.F.S.O.) in April and May 1964. More than 1200 km of reversed profiles were surveyed to determine the crustal structure and crustal and upper mantle velocities in this area. The purpose of this work was to provide information on wave-propagation paths of seismic events recorded at T.F.S.O. and to improve the performance of the Observatory in locating and identifying these events. First arrivals indicate that the Mohorovicic discontinuity dips to the northeast by as much as 6 degrees under T.F.S.O., and may even be displaced vertically by as much as 5 km immediately north of the Observatory near the boundary of the Basin and Range and the Colorado Plateau Provinces. A preliminary examination of the first arrivals indicates that the crust at T.F.S.O. is at least 30 km thick and is made up of at least two seismic layers. A thin veneer at the surface with a velocity of approximately 4 km/sec is underlain by a layer with a velocity of approximately 5.9 km/sec to 6.1 km/sec. An intermediate layer with velocity of 6.6 to 7.0 km/sec is probably present in the lower crust, but is not revealed by first arrivals. The velocity of seismic waves in the upper mantle is about 7.9 km/sec.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70043707","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","usgsCitation":"Roller, J.C., Jackson, W.H., Warren, D.H., and Healy, J.H., 1964, A preliminary summary of a seismic-refraction survey in the vicinity of the Tonto Forest Observatory, Arizona: Crustal Studies Technical Letter 23, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70043707.","productDescription":"57 p.","numberOfPages":"61","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":379,"text":"Menlo Park Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":504099,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_98165.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":267664,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267661,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/misc/tl/0023/"},{"id":267662,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/misc/tl/0023/tl0023.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Tonto Forest Observatory","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.85116876223833,\n 34.04283948054601\n ],\n [\n -111.29458980263482,\n 34.04283948054601\n ],\n [\n -111.29458980263482,\n 33.59359636210006\n ],\n [\n -111.85116876223833,\n 33.59359636210006\n ],\n [\n -111.85116876223833,\n 34.04283948054601\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5124acf4e4b0b6328103b327","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roller, J. C.","contributorId":12507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roller","given":"J.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackson, W. H.","contributorId":21153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warren, D. H.","contributorId":101327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Healy, J. H.","contributorId":48968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70043613,"text":"70043613 - 1964 - Crustal structure between Lake Mead, Nevada, and Mono Lake, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-05-08T13:41:14.407157","indexId":"70043613","displayToPublicDate":"2013-02-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":355,"text":"Crustal Studies Technical Letter","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"22","title":"Crustal structure between Lake Mead, Nevada, and Mono Lake, California","docAbstract":"Interpretation of a reversed seismic-refraction profile between Lake Mead, Nevada, and Mono Lake, California, indicates velocities of 6.15 km/sec for the upper layer of the crust, 7.10 km/sec for an intermediate layer, and 7.80 km/sec for the uppermost mantle. Phases interpreted to be reflections from the top of the intermediate layer and the Mohorovicic discontinuity were used with the refraction data to calculate depths. The depth to the Moho increases from about 30 km near Lake Mead to about 40 km near Mono Lake. Variations in arrival times provide evidence for fairly sharp flexures in the Moho. Offsets in the Moho of 4 km at one point and 2 1/2 km at another correspond to large faults at the surface, and it is suggested that fracture zones in the upper crust may displace the Moho and extend into the upper mantle. The phase P appears to be an extension of the reflection from the top of the intermediate layer beyond the critical angle. Bouguer gravity, computed for the seismic model of the crust, is in good agreement with the measured Bouguer gravity. Thus a model of the crustal structure is presented which is consistent with three semi-independent sources of geophysical data: seismic-refraction, seismic-reflection, and gravity.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70043613","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","usgsCitation":"Johnson, L.R., 1964, Crustal structure between Lake Mead, Nevada, and Mono Lake, California: Crustal Studies Technical Letter 22, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70043613.","productDescription":"21 p.","numberOfPages":"25","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":379,"text":"Menlo Park Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":267546,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/misc/tl/0022/"},{"id":267547,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/misc/tl/0022/tl0022.pdf"},{"id":504098,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_98164.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":267548,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Lake Mead, Mono Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.1732667158729,\n 38.15329669327568\n ],\n [\n -114.04842885902873,\n 38.15329669327568\n ],\n [\n -114.04842885902873,\n 35.91035825172828\n ],\n [\n -119.1732667158729,\n 35.91035825172828\n ],\n [\n -119.1732667158729,\n 38.15329669327568\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"511f670fe4b03b29402c5dbc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Lane R.","contributorId":19049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Lane","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70043606,"text":"70043606 - 1964 - Seismic-refraction measurements of crustal structure between American Falls Reservoir, Idaho, and Flaming Gorge Reservoir, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-05-07T16:11:35.727153","indexId":"70043606","displayToPublicDate":"2013-02-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":355,"text":"Crustal Studies Technical Letter","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"21","title":"Seismic-refraction measurements of crustal structure between American Falls Reservoir, Idaho, and Flaming Gorge Reservoir, Utah","docAbstract":"Interpretation of a reversed seismic-refraction profile recorded between American Falls reservoir and Flaming Gorge reservoir in May 1963 indicates that the depth to the Mohorovicic discontinuity is about 31 km at American Falls and 37 km at Flaming Gorge. The existence of an intermediate crustal layer at a depth of about 19 to 21 km beneath the profile is well supported by refractions and reflections. The velocity of compressional waves in the mantle just beneath the Mohorovicic discontinuity is about 7.8 km/sec, their velocity in the intermediate layer is about 6.9 km/sec, and their velocity in the upper crust (beneath the near-surface low-velocity material) is about 5.9 km/sec. A prominent phase with an apparent velocity of 8.4 km/sec was recorded at distances of 210 km to 325 km from shots at American Falls. This phase is believed to be a reflection from a boundary within the mantle.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70043606","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","usgsCitation":"Willden, R., 1964, Seismic-refraction measurements of crustal structure between American Falls Reservoir, Idaho, and Flaming Gorge Reservoir, Utah: Crustal Studies Technical Letter 21, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70043606.","productDescription":"37 p.","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":379,"text":"Menlo Park Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":504096,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_98163.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":267544,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/misc/tl/0021/tl0021.pdf"},{"id":267545,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267543,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/misc/tl/0021/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Utah","otherGeospatial":"American Falls Reservoir, Flaming Gorge Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.87,40.65 ], [ -112.87,42.8 ], [ -109.05,42.8 ], [ -109.05,40.65 ], [ -112.87,40.65 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"511f673ce4b03b29402c5e7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willden, Ronald","contributorId":107368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willden","given":"Ronald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70047668,"text":"70047668 - 1964 - Ground-water resources of Block Island, Rhode Island","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":42579,"text":"ofr6340 - 1963 - Preliminary map of Block Island, Rhode Island, showing availability of ground water","indexId":"ofr6340","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary map of Block Island, Rhode Island, showing availability of ground water"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70047668,"text":"70047668 - 1964 - Ground-water resources of Block Island, Rhode Island","indexId":"70047668","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water resources of Block Island, Rhode Island"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-16T16:08:58","indexId":"70047668","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T16:02:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":113,"text":"Geological Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"14","title":"Ground-water resources of Block Island, Rhode Island","language":"English","publisher":"Rhode Island Water Resources Coordinating Board","publisherLocation":"Providence, RI","collaboration":"Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Rhode Island Water Resources Coordinating Board","usgsCitation":"Hansen, A., and Schiner, G.R., 1964, Ground-water resources of Block Island, Rhode Island: Geological Bulletin 14, iv, 35 p.; Map: 1 Sheet.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p.; Map: 1 Sheet","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":276717,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Block Island","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.612905,41.146656 ], [ -71.612905,41.232825 ], [ -71.544307,41.232825 ], [ -71.544307,41.146656 ], [ -71.612905,41.146656 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"520f49e4e4b0fc50304bc4db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, Arnold J.","contributorId":33316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Arnold J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schiner, George R.","contributorId":22743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiner","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70047876,"text":"70047876 - 1964 - Water resources of Van Buren County, Michigan","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":17901,"text":"ofr6461 - 1964 - Water resources of Van Buren County, Michigan","indexId":"ofr6461","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"title":"Water resources of Van Buren County, Michigan"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70047876,"text":"70047876 - 1964 - Water resources of Van Buren County, Michigan","indexId":"70047876","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"title":"Water resources of Van Buren County, Michigan"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T15:50:41","indexId":"70047876","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T14:28:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":142,"text":"Water Investigation","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"3","title":"Water resources of Van Buren County, Michigan","docAbstract":"The water resources of Van Buren County include productive ground-water reservoirs, a network of perennial streams, about 60 major inland lakes, and Lake Michigan. Most water users obtain their supplies from wells. The ground-water reservoirs in the glacial drift can provide several times the amount of water now used, but large withdrawals of ground water may lower the levels of nearby lakes or diminish the flow of nearly streams. Permeable soils and drift account for the relatively high base flows of streams in the southeastern two-thirds of the county. Less permeable surficial materials in the northwest part of the county result in relatively low base flows there. The water from wells is generally hard and high in iron content but is otherwise suitable for most uses. Water from streams and lakes is similar to that from wells except that iron-content is not a problem, and some of the inland lakes have very soft water. The availability of ground water, the base flow of streams, and the chemical character of water in the county are summarized in maps and tables accompanying this report.
","language":"English","publisher":"Michigan Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","collaboration":"Prepared cooperatively by the Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior","usgsCitation":"Giroux, P., Hendrickson, G.E., Stoimenoff, L., and Whetstone, G., 1964, Water resources of Van Buren County, Michigan: Water Investigation 3, 144 p.","productDescription":"144 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":277118,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70047876.JPG"},{"id":277117,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/WI_03opt_309850_7.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Van Buren County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.7663,42.4196],[-85.7654,42.157],[-85.7638,42.0698],[-85.9913,42.0686],[-86.2243,42.0716],[-86.2246,42.1565],[-86.2255,42.2451],[-86.3395,42.2449],[-86.3637,42.2453],[-86.3625,42.2467],[-86.3544,42.2612],[-86.3401,42.2807],[-86.3388,42.2821],[-86.327,42.3034],[-86.3133,42.332],[-86.3039,42.3507],[-86.2877,42.3906],[-86.2814,42.4065],[-86.2745,42.4201],[-86.2248,42.4191],[-85.995,42.4193],[-85.8975,42.4185],[-85.7663,42.4196]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Van Buren\",\"state\":\"MI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"521f1beee4b0f8bf2b076187","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giroux, P.R.","contributorId":59055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giroux","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hendrickson, G. E.","contributorId":99958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hendrickson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stoimenoff, L.E.","contributorId":34157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoimenoff","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Whetstone, G.W.","contributorId":94680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whetstone","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70047482,"text":"70047482 - 1964 - Hydrologic conditions: Dade County, Florida","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":44048,"text":"ofr60124 - 1960 - Water-table contour map, Dade County, Florida","indexId":"ofr60124","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"title":"Water-table contour map, Dade County, Florida"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70047482,"text":"70047482 - 1964 - Hydrologic conditions: Dade County, Florida","indexId":"70047482","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrologic conditions: Dade County, Florida"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-13T17:55:49","indexId":"70047482","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T14:15:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5489,"text":"Florida Geological Survey Report of Investigations","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"24","title":"Hydrologic conditions: Dade County, Florida","docAbstract":"Thin layers of dense limestone of low permeability that occur near the top of the Biscayne aquifer in the vicinity of the north end of Levee 30 in Dade County, Florida are of hydrologic importance because they retard the downward infiltration of ponded water in Conservation Area No. 3. This retarding effect frequently results in high head differentials across the levee. Tests made in a small area adjacent to Levee 30 indicate that the coefficient of transmissibility of the aquifer is 3,600,000 gpd (gallons per day) per foot, and the coefficient of vertical permeability of the dense limestones is 13 gpd per square foot. If ground-water flow beneath the levee is laminar, the total inflow to the Levee 30 Canal from Conservation Area No. 3 will be about 350 mgd (million gallons per day), or 540 cfs (cubic feet per second), per mile length of levee when the head difference across the levee is 10 feet.","language":"English","publisher":"Florida Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Tallahassee, FL","collaboration":"Prepared by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District","usgsCitation":"Kohout, F.A., Klein, H., Sherwood, C., and Leach, S.D., 1964, Hydrologic conditions: Dade County, Florida: Florida Geological Survey Report of Investigations 24, Parts 1-4: Variously Paginated.","productDescription":"Parts 1-4: Variously Paginated","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":276169,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00001208/00001/pdf?search=hydrologic+%3dconditions+%3dsherwood"},{"id":276173,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70047482.PNG"},{"id":276171,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00001210/00001/pdf?search=investigations+%3dreport+%3dsherwood"},{"id":276170,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00001209/00001/2j?search=investigations+%3dreport+%3dsherwood"},{"id":276172,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00001211/00001/pdf?search=investigations+%3dreport+%3d24"}],"country":"United States","county":"Miami-dade County","otherGeospatial":"Dade County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80.8736,25.1374 ], [ -80.8736,25.9792 ], [ -80.0428,25.9792 ], [ -80.0428,25.1374 ], [ -80.8736,25.1374 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5203a37be4b02bdb1bc63fc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kohout, Francis Anthony","contributorId":11200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kohout","given":"Francis","email":"","middleInitial":"Anthony","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klein, Howard","contributorId":62189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"Howard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sherwood, C. 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The velocity of seismic compressional waves in the crust and in the upper mantle varies from place to place in the conterminous United States. The average crust is thick in the eastern two-thirds of the United States, in which the crustal and upper-mantle velocities tend to be high. The average crust is thinner in the western one-third of the United States, in which these velocities tend to be low. The concept of eastern and western superprovinces can be used to classify these differences. Crustal and upper-mantle densities probably vary directly with compressional-wave velocity, leading to the conclusion that isostasy is accomplished by the variation in densities of crustal and upper-mantle rocks as well as in crustal thickness, and that there is no single, generally valid isostatic model. The nature of the M-discontinuity is still speculative.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70040819","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","usgsCitation":"Pakiser, L.C., 1964, Continental crust: Crustal Studies Technical Letter 20, iv, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70040819.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p.","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263275,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/misc/tl/0020/"},{"id":263276,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/misc/tl/0020/tl0020.pdf"},{"id":263277,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 144.616667,13.233333 ], [ 144.616667,71.833333 ], [ -64.566667,71.833333 ], [ -64.566667,13.233333 ], [ 144.616667,13.233333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50abfbd3e4b0afbc75eb982c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pakiser, L. 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Thickness of the crust is 43 km at Chinle and 40 km at Hanksville. The Pn velocity in the Colorado Plateaus Province is the same as that in the Basin and Range Province, but is significantly lower than Pn in the High Plains of Colorado.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70040815","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","usgsCitation":"Roller, J.C., 1964, Crustal structure in the eastern Colorado Plateaus Provence from seismic-refraction measurements: Crustal Studies Technical Letter 19, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70040815.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263274,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263273,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/misc/tl/0019/tl0019.pdf"},{"id":263272,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/misc/tl/0019/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona;Colorado;Utah","city":"Chinle;Hanksville","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.0,35.5 ], [ -111.0,39.0 ], [ -109.0,39.0 ], [ -109.0,35.5 ], [ -111.0,35.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50abfbdbe4b0afbc75eb9833","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roller, John C.","contributorId":60642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roller","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5224725,"text":"5224725 - 1964 - Primary publication in microprint","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-05T14:51:49.024858","indexId":"5224725","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:33","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Primary publication in microprint","docAbstract":"This is a progress report on an experiment to demonstrate practicality of such publication. Based on a study conducted since 1959 through the publication of 'Wildlife Disease', the co-authors review the original aims, accomplishments, and future of primary publication in microprint. Space and cost savings, as well as author and reader reactions, portend further developments and use of this medium.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1293267","usgsCitation":"Herman, C.M., and Davis, D., 1964, Primary publication in microprint: BioScience, v. 14, no. 4, p. 27-30, https://doi.org/10.2307/1293267.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202628,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c3b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herman, C. M.","contributorId":101335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, D.E.","contributorId":51310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5220438,"text":"5220438 - 1964 - Biases in mail questionnaires of upland game hunters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:36","indexId":"5220438","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:33","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3638,"text":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biases in mail questionnaires of upland game hunters","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Martinson, R.K., and Whitesell, D., 1964, Biases in mail questionnaires of upland game hunters: Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, v. 29, p. 287-294.","productDescription":"287-294","startPage":"287","endPage":"294","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193486,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62adb7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martinson, R. 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