{"pageNumber":"598","pageRowStart":"14925","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46681,"records":[{"id":70118264,"text":"70118264 - 2012 - The first direct evidence of pre-columbian sources of palygorskite for Maya Blue","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-28T10:36:52","indexId":"70118264","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-28T10:34:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2182,"text":"Journal of Archaeological Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The first direct evidence of pre-columbian sources of palygorskite for Maya Blue","docAbstract":"Maya Blue, a nano-structured clay–organic complex of palygorskite and indigo, was used predominantly before the Spanish Conquest. It has fascinated chemists, material scientists, archaeologists and art historians for decades because it is resistant to the effect of acids, alkalis, and other reagents, and its rich color has persisted for centuries in the harsh tropical climate of southern Mesoamerica. One of its components, palygorskite, is part of modern Maya indigenous knowledge, and ethnohistoric and archaeological data suggest that its modern sources were probably utilized in Prehispanic times. Yet no direct evidence verifies that palygorskite was actually mined from these sources to make Maya Blue. Here we characterize these sources compositionally, and compare our analyses to those of Maya Blue from Chichén Itzá and Palenque. We demonstrate that the palygorskite in most of these samples came from modern mines, providing the first direct evidence for the use of these sources for making Maya Blue. These findings reveal that modern Maya indigenous knowledge about palygorskite, its mining, and its source locations, is at least seven centuries old.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Archaeological Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jas.2012.02.036","usgsCitation":"Arnold, D., Bohor, B., Neff, H., Feinman, G.M., Williams, P.R., Dussubieux, L., and Bishop, R., 2012, The first direct evidence of pre-columbian sources of palygorskite for Maya Blue: Journal of Archaeological Science, v. 39, no. 7, p. 2252-2260, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.02.036.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2252","endPage":"2260","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291121,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291120,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.02.036"}],"volume":"39","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f3c1e4b0bc0bec0a0b89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arnold, Dean E.","contributorId":73117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnold","given":"Dean E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohor, Bruce F.","contributorId":104823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohor","given":"Bruce F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Neff, Hector","contributorId":102400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neff","given":"Hector","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Feinman, Gary M.","contributorId":11959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feinman","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Williams, Patrick Ryan","contributorId":14746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"Ryan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dussubieux, Laure","contributorId":58577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dussubieux","given":"Laure","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bishop, Ronald","contributorId":67809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bishop","given":"Ronald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70118069,"text":"70118069 - 2012 - Development and application of methods used to source prehistoric Southwestern maize: a review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-25T13:07:12","indexId":"70118069","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-25T13:03:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2182,"text":"Journal of Archaeological Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development and application of methods used to source prehistoric Southwestern maize: a review","docAbstract":"Archaeological cobs free of mineral contaminants should be used to source the soils in which they were grown. Mineral contaminants often contain much higher concentrations of metals than vegetal materials and can alter a cob’s apparent metal and heavy-isotope content. Cleaning a cob via immersion in an acid solution for more than a few minutes will result in the incongruent and sometimes complete leaching of metals, including strontium (Sr), from the cob. When using <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup.86</sup>Sr to determine the location of potential agriculture fields, it is best to either integrate several depth-integrated soil samples or to integrate several vegetation samples from individual fields. Biologically labile Sr in semi-arid Southwestern soils largely originates from eolian source or sources and usually is not derived from underlying bedrock. Existing Sr-isotope data indicate that archaeological cobs from Aztec Ruins came from either the Mesa Verde-McElmo Dome or Totah areas, that Pueblo Bonito and Chetro Ketl cobs, from Chaco Canyon that predate A.D. 1130, probably came from the Rio Chaco corridor, and that cobs from Chaco Canyon, that postdate A.D. 1130, probably came from either the Totah or Zuni areas.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Archaeological Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jas.2011.08.022","usgsCitation":"Benson, L.V., 2012, Development and application of methods used to source prehistoric Southwestern maize: a review: Journal of Archaeological Science, v. 39, no. 4, p. 791-807, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.08.022.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"791","endPage":"807","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291014,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291013,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.08.022"}],"volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f3c2e4b0bc0bec0a0b99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, Larry V. lbenson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"Larry","email":"lbenson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":496224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70046900,"text":"fs20123137 - 2012 - StreamStats in North Carolina: a water-resources Web application","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-07T11:32:50","indexId":"fs20123137","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-16T09:30:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3137","title":"StreamStats in North Carolina: a water-resources Web application","docAbstract":"A statewide StreamStats application for North Carolina was developed in cooperation with the North Carolina Department of Transportation following completion of a pilot application for the upper French Broad River basin in western North Carolina (Wagner and others, 2009). StreamStats for North Carolina, available at http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats/north_carolina.html, is a Web-based Geographic Information System (GIS) application developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in consultation with Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (Esri) to provide access to an assortment of analytical tools that are useful for water-resources planning and management (Ries and others, 2008). The StreamStats application provides an accurate and consistent process that allows users to easily obtain streamflow statistics, basin characteristics, and descriptive information for USGS data-collection sites and user-selected ungaged sites. In the North Carolina application, users can compute 47 basin characteristics and peak-flow frequency statistics (Weaver and others, 2009; Robbins and Pope, 1996) for a delineated drainage basin. Selected streamflow statistics and basin characteristics for data-collection sites have been compiled from published reports and also are immediately accessible by querying individual sites from the web interface. Examples of basin characteristics that can be computed in StreamStats include drainage area, stream slope, mean annual precipitation, and percentage of forested area (Ries and others, 2008). Examples of streamflow statistics that were previously available only through published documents include peak-flow frequency, flow-duration, and precipitation data. These data are valuable for making decisions related to bridge design, floodplain delineation, water-supply permitting, and sustainable stream quality and ecology. The StreamStats application also allows users to identify stream reaches upstream and downstream from user-selected sites and obtain information for locations along streams where activities occur that may affect streamflow conditions. This functionality can be accessed through a map-based interface with the user’s Web browser, or individual functions can be requested remotely through Web services (Ries and others, 2008).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123137","usgsCitation":"Weaver, J., Terziotti, S., Kolb, K.R., and Wagner, C., 2012, StreamStats in North Carolina: a water-resources Web application: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3137, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123137.","productDescription":"4 p.","ipdsId":"IP-037939","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274907,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20123137.jpg"},{"id":274714,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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,{"id":70045770,"text":"ofr20121002 - 2012 - High-resolution geophysical data from the inner continental shelf—Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-10T18:25:34","indexId":"ofr20121002","displayToPublicDate":"2013-05-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1002","title":"High-resolution geophysical data from the inner continental shelf—Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management (CZM) have cooperated to map approximately 410 square kilometers (km²) of the inner continental shelf in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. This report contains geophysical data collected by the USGS on three cruises conducted in 2009, 2010, and 2011, and additional bathymetry data collected by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in 2004. The geophysical data include (1) swath bathymetry using interferometric sonar and multibeam echosounder systems, (2) acoustic backscatter from sidescan sonar, and (3) seismic-reflection profiles from a chirp subbottom profiler. These spatial data support research on the Quaternary evolution of Buzzards Bay, the influence of sea-level change and sediment supply on coastal evolution, and efforts to understand the type, distribution, and quality of subtidal marine habitats in the coastal ocean of Massachusetts.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121002","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management","usgsCitation":"Ackerman, S.D., Andrews, B., Foster, D.S., Baldwin, W.E., and Schwab, W.C., 2012, High-resolution geophysical data from the inner continental shelf—Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1002, HTML Document: Title Page, Contents, List of Figures, Conversion Factors, Abbreviations, Abstract, Introduction, Data Collection and Processing, Acknowledgments, References Cited, Appendix 1 Geospatial Data, 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,{"id":70043290,"text":"70043290 - 2012 - Development of the Landsat Data Continuity Mission cloud-cover assessment algorithms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-24T18:17:37.984972","indexId":"70043290","displayToPublicDate":"2013-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of the Landsat Data Continuity Mission cloud-cover assessment algorithms","docAbstract":"The upcoming launch of the Operational Land Imager (OLI) will start the next era of the Landsat program. However, the Automated Cloud-Cover Assessment (CCA) (ACCA) algorithm used on Landsat 7 requires a thermal band and is thus not suited for OLI. There will be a thermal instrument on the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM)-the Thermal Infrared Sensor-which may not be available during all OLI collections. This illustrates a need for CCA for LDCM in the absence of thermal data. To research possibilities for full-resolution OLI cloud assessment, a global data set of 207 Landsat 7 scenes with manually generated cloud masks was created. It was used to evaluate the ACCA algorithm, showing that the algorithm correctly classified 79.9% of a standard test subset of 3.95 109 pixels. The data set was also used to develop and validate two successor algorithms for use with OLI data-one derived from an off-the-shelf machine learning package and one based on ACCA but enhanced by a simple neural network. These comprehensive CCA algorithms were shown to correctly classify pixels as cloudy or clear 88.5% and 89.7% of the time, respectively.","language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2011.2164087","usgsCitation":"Scaramuzza, P., Bouchard, M., and Dwyer, J.L., 2012, Development of the Landsat Data Continuity Mission cloud-cover assessment algorithms: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 50, no. 4, p. 1140-1154, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2011.2164087.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1140","endPage":"1154","ipdsId":"IP-020443","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270623,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"50","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5180d9d9e4b0df838b924d29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scaramuzza, Pat 0000-0002-2616-8456 pscar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2616-8456","contributorId":3970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scaramuzza","given":"Pat","email":"pscar@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bouchard, M.A. 0000-0002-6353-3491","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6353-3491","contributorId":13023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bouchard","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dwyer, John L. 0000-0002-8281-0896","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8281-0896","contributorId":6136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70045696,"text":"ds739 - 2012 - Bathymetry and acoustic backscatter data collected in 2010 from Cat Island, Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-30T08:48:15","indexId":"ds739","displayToPublicDate":"2013-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"739","title":"Bathymetry and acoustic backscatter data collected in 2010 from Cat Island, Mississippi","docAbstract":"Scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center (SPCMSC), in collaboration with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), conducted geophysical and sedimentological surveys around Cat Island, the westernmost island in the Mississippi-Alabama barrier island chain (fig. 1). The objectives of the study were to understand the geologic evolution of Cat Island relative to other barrier islands in the northern Gulf of Mexico and to identify relationships between the geologic history, present day morphology, and sediment distribution.  This report contains data from the bathymetry and side-scan sonar portion of the study collected during two geophysical cruises. Interferometric swath bathymetry and side-scan sonar data were collected aboard the RV G.K. Gilbert September 7-15, 2010. Single-beam bathymetry was collected in shallow water around the island (< 2 meter (m)) from the RV Streeterville from September 28 to October 2, 2010, to cover the data gap between the landward limit of the previous cruise and the shoreline.  This report serves as an archive of processed interferometric swath and single-beam bathymetry and side scan sonar data. GIS data products include a 50-m cell size interpolated gridded bathymetry surface, trackline maps, and an acoustic side-scan sonar image. Additional files include error analysis maps, Field Activity Collection System (FACS) logs, and formal Federal Geographic Data Committee (FDGC) metadata.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds739","usgsCitation":"Buster, N.A., Pfeiffer, W.R., Miselis, J.L., Kindinger, J.L., Wiese, D.S., and Reynolds, B., 2012, Bathymetry and acoustic backscatter data collected in 2010 from Cat Island, Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 739, HTML Document: Abstract; Introduction; Survey Overview; Data Acquisition; Data Processing; Error Analysis; Survey Products; Data Downloads; Logs; Acronyms; Acknowledgements; References, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds739.","productDescription":"HTML Document: Abstract; Introduction; Survey Overview; Data Acquisition; Data Processing; Error Analysis; Survey Products; Data Downloads; Logs; Acronyms; Acknowledgements; References","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271622,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":271621,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/739/index.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama;Mississippi","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89.25,30.15 ], [ -89.25,30.3 ], [ -89,30.3 ], [ -89,30.15 ], [ -89.25,30.15 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5180e7e4e4b0df838b924d55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buster, Noreen A. 0000-0001-5069-9284 nbuster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5069-9284","contributorId":3750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buster","given":"Noreen","email":"nbuster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":478064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pfeiffer, William R. wpfeiffer@usgs.gov","contributorId":3725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pfeiffer","given":"William","email":"wpfeiffer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":478063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miselis, Jennifer L. 0000-0002-4925-3979 jmiselis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4925-3979","contributorId":3914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miselis","given":"Jennifer","email":"jmiselis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":478065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kindinger, Jack L. jkindinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kindinger","given":"Jack","email":"jkindinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":478061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wiese, Dana S. dwiese@usgs.gov","contributorId":2476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiese","given":"Dana","email":"dwiese@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":478062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Reynolds, B.J.","contributorId":47874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":478066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70045154,"text":"70045154 - 2012 - Credible occurrence probabilities for extreme geophysical events: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, magnetic storms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-06T10:36:12","indexId":"70045154","displayToPublicDate":"2013-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Credible occurrence probabilities for extreme geophysical events: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, magnetic storms","docAbstract":"Statistical analysis is made of rare, extreme geophysical events recorded in historical data -- counting the number of events $k$ with sizes that exceed chosen thresholds during specific durations of time $\\tau$. Under transformations that stabilize data and model-parameter variances, the most likely Poisson-event occurrence rate, $k/\\tau$, applies for frequentist inference and, also, for Bayesian inference with a Jeffreys prior that ensures posterior invariance under changes of variables. Frequentist confidence intervals and Bayesian (Jeffreys) credibility intervals are approximately the same and easy to calculate: $(1/\\tau)[(\\sqrt{k} - z/2)^{2},(\\sqrt{k} + z/2)^{2}]$, where $z$ is a parameter that specifies the width, $z=1$ ($z=2$) corresponding to $1\\sigma$, $68.3\\%$ ($2\\sigma$, $95.4\\%$). If only a few events have been observed, as is usually the case for extreme events, then these \"error-bar\" intervals might be considered to be relatively wide. From historical records, we estimate most likely long-term occurrence rates, 10-yr occurrence probabilities, and intervals of frequentist confidence and Bayesian credibility for large earthquakes, explosive volcanic eruptions, and magnetic storms.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"AGU","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2012GL051431","usgsCitation":"Love, J.J., 2012, Credible occurrence probabilities for extreme geophysical events: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, magnetic storms: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 39, no. 10, L10301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051431.","productDescription":"L10301","ipdsId":"IP-037733","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2012gl051431","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":271365,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":271364,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051431"}],"volume":"39","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-05-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51764ddbe4b0f989f99e008e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Love, Jeffrey J. 0000-0002-3324-0348 jlove@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3324-0348","contributorId":760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jlove@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70045472,"text":"ofr20121263 - 2012 - Monitoring storm tide and flooding from Hurricane Isaac along the Gulf Coast of the United States, August 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T12:14:22","indexId":"ofr20121263","displayToPublicDate":"2013-04-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1263","title":"Monitoring storm tide and flooding from Hurricane Isaac along the Gulf Coast of the United States, August 2012","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) deployed a temporary monitoring network of water-level and barometric pressure sensors at 127 locations along the gulf coast from Alabama to Louisiana to record the timing, areal extent, and magnitude of hurricane storm tide and coastal flooding generated by Hurricane Isaac. This deployment was undertaken as part of a coordinated federal emergency response as outlined by the Stafford Act under a directed mission assignment by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Storm tide, as defined by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2008), is the water-level rise generated by a combination of storm surge and astronomical tide during a coastal storm.  Hurricane Isaac initially made landfall on the coast of Louisiana in Plaquemines Parish on August 28, 2012, as a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (National Weather Service, 1974) and then stalled over southern Louisiana for several days, causing prolonged storm-tide impacts. A total of 188 water-level and wave-height sensors were deployed at 127 locations during August 27–28 prior to landfall. More than 90 percent of the sensors and all high-water marks (HWMs) were recovered and surveyed to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88) within 7 days of the Isaac landfall. Only a handful of sensors in the Plaquemines Parish area of Louisiana could not be retrieved until weeks later due to prolonged flooding in the area. Data collected from this event can be used to evaluate the performance of storm-tide models for maximum and incremental water level and flood extent and the site-specific effects of storm tide on natural and anthropogenic features of the environment.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121263","collaboration":"Prepared under a mission assignment with the Federal Emergency Management Agency","usgsCitation":"McCallum, B.E., McGee, B.D., Kimbrow, D.R., Runner, M.S., Painter, J.A., Frantz, E.R., and Gotvald, A.J., 2012, Monitoring storm tide and flooding from Hurricane Isaac along the Gulf Coast of the United States, August 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1263, Report:  ii, 26 p.; 6 Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121263.","productDescription":"Report:  ii, 26 p.; 6 Tables","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-042625","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271140,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20121263.JPG"},{"id":271126,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1263/"},{"id":271129,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1263/pdf/ofr2012-1263.pdf","text":"Report"},{"id":271131,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1263/downloads/Table1-Isaac.xlsx","text":"Table 1 - Number of monitoring sites, by state"},{"id":271133,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1263/downloads/Table2-Isaac.xlsx","text":"Table 2 - GNSS/NGS elevation differences"},{"id":271134,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1263/downloads/Table3-Isaac.xlsx","text":"Table 3 - Storm tides-temporary sites"},{"id":271136,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1263/downloads/Table5-Isaac.xlsx","text":"Table 5 - Storm tides-NOAA sites"},{"id":271137,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1263/downloads/Table6-Isaac.xlsx","text":"Table 6 - High-water marks"},{"id":271135,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1263/downloads/Table4-Isaac.xlsx","text":"Table 4 - Storm tides-USGS sites"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.28515625,\n              28.719496107557465\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.28515625,\n              30.883369321692268\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.286376953125,\n              30.883369321692268\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.286376953125,\n              28.719496107557465\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.28515625,\n              28.719496107557465\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5172595ce4b0c173799e78ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCallum, Brian E. 0000-0002-8935-0343 bemccall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8935-0343","contributorId":1591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCallum","given":"Brian","email":"bemccall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":477581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGee, Benton D. bdmcgee@usgs.gov","contributorId":2899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"Benton","email":"bdmcgee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":477583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kimbrow, Dustin R. dkimbrow@usgs.gov","contributorId":3915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimbrow","given":"Dustin","email":"dkimbrow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":105,"text":"Alabama Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":477585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Runner, Michael S. msrunner@usgs.gov","contributorId":3497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runner","given":"Michael","email":"msrunner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":477584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Painter, Jaime A. 0000-0001-8883-9158 jpainter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8883-9158","contributorId":1466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Painter","given":"Jaime","email":"jpainter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":477580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Frantz, Eric R. 0000-0002-1867-886X efrantz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1867-886X","contributorId":41573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frantz","given":"Eric","email":"efrantz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gotvald, Anthony J. 0000-0002-9019-750X agotvald@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9019-750X","contributorId":1970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gotvald","given":"Anthony","email":"agotvald@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":477582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70045088,"text":"70045088 - 2012 - A low-cost method to measure the timing of post-fire flash floods and debris flows relative to rainfall","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-20T20:26:09","indexId":"70045088","displayToPublicDate":"2013-04-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A low-cost method to measure the timing of post-fire flash floods and debris flows relative to rainfall","docAbstract":"Data on the specific timing of post-fire flash floods and debris flows are very limited. We describe a method to measure the response times of small burned watersheds to rainfall using a low-cost pressure transducer, which can be installed quickly after a fire. Although the pressure transducer is not designed for sustained sampling at the fast rates ({less than or equal to}2 sec) used at more advanced debris-flow monitoring sites, comparisons with high-data rate stage data show that measured spikes in pressure sampled at 1-min intervals are sufficient to detect the passage of most debris flows and floods. Post-event site visits are used to measure the peak stage and identify flow type based on deposit characteristics. The basin response timescale (tb) to generate flow at each site was determined from an analysis of the cross correlation between time series of flow pressure and 5-min rainfall intensity. This timescale was found to be less than 30 minutes for 40 post-fire floods and 11 post-fire debris flows recorded in 15 southern California watersheds ({less than or equal to} 1.4 km<sup>2</sup>). Including data from 24 other debris flows recorded at 5 more instrumentally advanced monitoring stations, we find there is not a substantial difference in the median tb for floods and debris flows (11 and 9 minutes, respectively); however, there are slight, statistically significant differences in the trends of flood and debris-flow tb with basin area, which are presumably related to differences in flow speed between floods and debris flows.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"AGU","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2011WR011460","usgsCitation":"Kean, J.W., Staley, D.M., Leeper, R.J., Schmidt, K.M., and Gartner, J.E., 2012, A low-cost method to measure the timing of post-fire flash floods and debris flows relative to rainfall: Water Resources Research, v. 48, no. 5, W05516, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011460.","productDescription":"W05516","ipdsId":"IP-035084","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474101,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011wr011460","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":270568,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270567,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011460"}],"volume":"48","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-05-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"515e92d2e4b088aa2258090e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kean, Jason W. 0000-0003-3089-0369 jwkean@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3089-0369","contributorId":1654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kean","given":"Jason","email":"jwkean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Staley, Dennis M. 0000-0002-2239-3402 dstaley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2239-3402","contributorId":4134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staley","given":"Dennis","email":"dstaley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leeper, Robert J.","contributorId":96170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leeper","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schmidt, Kevin Michael","contributorId":49674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gartner, Joseph E. jegartner@usgs.gov","contributorId":1876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gartner","given":"Joseph","email":"jegartner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70044631,"text":"ds717 - 2012 - Data from a thick unsaturated zone in Joshua Tree, San Bernardino County, California, 2007--09","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-16T11:45:04","indexId":"ds717","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"717","title":"Data from a thick unsaturated zone in Joshua Tree, San Bernardino County, California, 2007--09","docAbstract":"Data were collected on the physical properties of unsaturated alluvial deposits, the chemical composition of leachate extracted from unsaturated alluvial deposits, the chemical and isotopic composition of groundwater and unsaturated-zone water, and the chemical composition of unsaturated-zone gas at four monitoring sites in the southwestern part of the Mojave Desert in the town of Joshua Tree, San Bernardino County, California. The presence of denitrifying and nitrate-reducing bacteria from unsaturated alluvial deposits was evaluated for two of these monitoring sites that underlie unsewered residential development.\n\nFour unsaturated-zone monitoring sites were installed in the Joshua Tree area—two in an unsewered residential development and two adjacent to a proposed artificial-recharge site in an undeveloped area. The two boreholes in residential development areas were installed by using the ODEX air-hammer method. One borehole was drilled through the unsaturated zone to a depth of 541 ft (feet) below land surface; a well screened across the water table was installed. Groundwater was sampled from this well. The second borehole was drilled to a depth of 81 ft below land surface. Drilling procedures, lithologic and geophysical data, construction details, and instrumentation placed in these boreholes are described. Core material was analyzed for water content, bulk density, matric potential, particle size, and water retention. The leachate from over 500 subsamples of cores and cuttings was analyzed for soluble anions, including fluoride, sulfate, bromide, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, and orthophosphate. Groundwater was analyzed for major ions, inorganic compounds, select trace elements, and isotopic composition. Unsaturated-zone water from suction-cup lysimeters was analyzed for major ions, inorganic compounds, select trace elements, and isotopic composition. Unsaturated-zone gas samples were analyzed for argon, oxygen, nitrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, ethane, nitrous oxide, and carbon monoxide. Drill cuttings were analyzed for denitrifying and nitrate-reducing bacteria.\n\nOne of the boreholes installed adjacent to the Joshua Basin Water District proposed groundwater-recharge facility was installed by using the ODEX air-hammer method and the other was installed by using a 7.875-inch hollow-stem auger. Drilling procedures, lithologic and geophysical data, construction details, and instrumentation placed in these boreholes are described; however, geochemical data were not available at the time of publication.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds717","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Joshua Basin Water District","usgsCitation":"Burgess, M., Izbicki, J., Teague, N., O’Leary, D.R., Clark, D., and Land, M., 2012, Data from a thick unsaturated zone in Joshua Tree, San Bernardino County, California, 2007--09: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 717, vii, 103 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds717.","productDescription":"vii, 103 p.","numberOfPages":"114","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2007-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269438,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds717.jpg"},{"id":269439,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/717/"},{"id":269440,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/717/pdf/ds717.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino County","city":"Joshua Tree","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.351526,34.104018 ], [ -116.351526,34.149356 ], [ -116.290866,34.149356 ], [ -116.290866,34.104018 ], [ -116.351526,34.104018 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5145864fe4b0c47b5d322a67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burgess, Matthew","contributorId":17112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burgess","given":"Matthew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Izbicki, John 0000-0003-0816-4408","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":91905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Teague, Nicholas 0000-0001-5289-1210","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5289-1210","contributorId":20229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teague","given":"Nicholas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Leary, David R. 0000-0001-9888-1739 doleary@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9888-1739","contributorId":2143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Leary","given":"David","email":"doleary@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clark, Dennis","contributorId":40099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Dennis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Land, Michael 0000-0001-5141-0307","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5141-0307","contributorId":56613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70044632,"text":"ds744 - 2012 - Summary of suspended-sediment concentration data, San Francisco Bay, California, water year 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-16T11:58:07","indexId":"ds744","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"744","title":"Summary of suspended-sediment concentration data, San Francisco Bay, California, water year 2009","docAbstract":"Suspended-sediment concentration data were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in San Francisco Bay during water year 2009 (October 1, 2008–September 30, 2009). Optical sensors and water samples were used to monitor suspended-sediment concentration at two sites in Suisun Bay, one site in San Pablo Bay, two sites in Central San Francisco Bay, and one site in South San Francisco Bay. Sensors were positioned at two depths at most sites to help define the vertical variability of suspended sediments. Water samples were collected periodically and analyzed for concentrations of suspended sediment. The results of the analyses were used to calibrate the output of the optical sensors so that a record of suspended-sediment concentrations could be derived. This report presents the data-collection methods used and summarizes, in graphs, the suspended-sediment concentration data collected from October 2008 through September 2009. Calibration curves and plots of the processed data for each sensor also are presented.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds744","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, San Francisco District","usgsCitation":"Buchanan, P.A., and Morgan, T., 2012, Summary of suspended-sediment concentration data, San Francisco Bay, California, water year 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 744, viii, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds744.","productDescription":"viii, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"38","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269443,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds744.png"},{"id":269441,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/744/"},{"id":269442,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/744/pdf/ds744.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.5946,37.4346 ], [ -122.5946,38.0 ], [ -122.0,38.0 ], [ -122.0,37.4346 ], [ -122.5946,37.4346 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51458658e4b0c47b5d322a6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buchanan, Paul A. 0000-0002-4796-4734 buchanan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4796-4734","contributorId":1018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchanan","given":"Paul","email":"buchanan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morgan, Tara L. 0000-0001-5632-5232","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5632-5232","contributorId":29124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"Tara L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70044265,"text":"ofr20121274 - 2012 - Potential climate-induced runoff changes and associated uncertainty in four Pacific Northwest estuaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-01T10:18:17","indexId":"ofr20121274","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1274","title":"Potential climate-induced runoff changes and associated uncertainty in four Pacific Northwest estuaries","docAbstract":"As part of a larger investigation into potential effects of climate change on estuarine habitats in the Pacific Northwest, we estimated changes in freshwater inputs into four estuaries: Coquille River estuary, South Slough of Coos Bay, and Yaquina Bay in Oregon, and Willapa Bay in Washington. We used the U.S. Geological Survey's Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) to model watershed hydrological processes under current and future climatic conditions. This model allowed us to explore possible shifts in coastal hydrologic regimes at a range of spatial scales. All modeled watersheds are located in rainfall-dominated coastal areas with relatively insignificant base flow inputs, and their areas vary from 74.3 to 2,747.6 square kilometers. The watersheds also vary in mean elevation, ranging from 147 meters in the Willapa to 1,179 meters in the Coquille. The latitudes of watershed centroids range from 43.037 degrees north latitude in the Coquille River estuary to 46.629 degrees north latitude in Willapa Bay. We calibrated model parameters using historical climate grid data downscaled to one-sixteenth of a degree by the Climate Impacts Group, and historical runoff from sub-watersheds or neighboring watersheds. Nash Sutcliffe efficiency values for daily flows in calibration sub-watersheds ranged from 0.71 to 0.89. After calibration, we forced the PRMS models with four North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program climate models: Canadian Regional Climate Model-(National Center for Atmospheric Research) Community Climate System Model version 3, Canadian Regional Climate Model-Canadian Global Climate Model version 3, Hadley Regional Model version 3-Hadley Centre Climate Model version 3, and Regional Climate Model-Canadian Global Climate Model version 3. These are global climate models (GCMs) downscaled with regional climate models that are embedded within the GCMs, and all use the A2 carbon emission scenario developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. With these climate-forcing outputs, we derived the mean change in flow from the period encompassing the 1980s (1971-1995) to the period encompassing the 2050s (2041-2065). Specifically, we calculated percent change in mean monthly flow rate, coefficient of variation, top 5 percent of flow, and 7-day low flow. The trends with the most agreement among climate models and among watersheds were increases in autumn mean monthly flows, especially in October and November, decreases in summer monthly mean flow, and increases in the top 5 percent of flow. We also estimated variance in PRMS outputs owing to parameter uncertainty and the selection of climate model using Latin hypercube sampling. This analysis showed that PRMS low-flow simulations are more uncertain than medium or high flow simulations, and that variation among climate models was a larger source of uncertainty than the hydrological model parameters. These results improve our understanding of how climate change may affect the saltwater-freshwater balance in Pacific Northwest estuaries, with implications for their sensitive ecosystems.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121274","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Oregon Climate Change Research Institute","usgsCitation":"Steele, M.O., Chang, H., Reusser, D.A., Brown, C.A., and Jung, I., 2012, Potential climate-induced runoff changes and associated uncertainty in four Pacific Northwest estuaries: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1274, Report: ix, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121274.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 52 p.","numberOfPages":"63","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268612,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1274.jpg"},{"id":268610,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1274/index.html"},{"id":268611,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1274/pdf/ofr2012-1274.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon;Washington","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.61,41.99 ], [ -124.61,47.26 ], [ -122.0,47.26 ], [ -122.0,41.99 ], [ -124.61,41.99 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5131cdf1e4b0140546f53bad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steele, Madeline O.","contributorId":19048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"Madeline","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chang, Heejun","contributorId":14705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"Heejun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reusser, Deborah A. dreusser@usgs.gov","contributorId":2423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reusser","given":"Deborah","email":"dreusser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, Cheryl A.","contributorId":69284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Cheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jung, Il-Won","contributorId":38865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jung","given":"Il-Won","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70043890,"text":"ofr20121112 - 2012 - Shipboard surveys track magnetic sources in marine sediments--geophysical studies of the Stono and North Edisto Inlets near Charleston, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-26T08:51:56","indexId":"ofr20121112","displayToPublicDate":"2013-02-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1112","title":"Shipboard surveys track magnetic sources in marine sediments--geophysical studies of the Stono and North Edisto Inlets near Charleston, South Carolina","docAbstract":"Magnetic field data are traditionally used to analyze igneous and metamorphic rocks, but recent efforts have shown that magnetic sources within sediments may be detectable, suggesting new applications for high-resolution magnetic field surveys. Candidates for sedimentary sources include heavy mineral sand concentrations rich in magnetite or hematite, alteration-induced glauconite, or biogenic magnetite. Magnetic field surveys can be used to map the distributions of such sources with much denser and more widespread coverage than possible by sampling. These data can then provide constraints on the composition history of local sediments. Mapping such sediments requires the sensor to be relatively close to the source, and filtering approaches may be needed to distinguish signals from both system noise and deeper basement features. Marine geophysical surveys conducted in July, 2010, over the Stono and North Edisto River inlets and their riverine inputs south of Charleston, South Carolina, showed 10- to 40-m-wide, 1- to 6-nT magnetic anomalies associated with shallow, sand-covered seabed. These anomalies are distinct from system noise but are too narrow to represent basement features. The anomalies are present mostly in shallow areas where river sediments originating from upland areas enter the inlets. Surface grab samples from the North Edisto River contain trace amounts of heavy mineral sediments including hematite, maghemite, ilmenite, and magnetite, as well as garnet, epidote, zircon, and rutile. Previous stream sediment analyses show enhanced titanium over much of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The combined data suggest that the anomalies are generated by titanium- and iron-rich heavy mineral sands ultimately originating from the Piedmont and Blue Ridge provinces, which are then reworked and concentrated by tidal currents.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121112","usgsCitation":"Shah, A.K., and Harris, M., 2012, Shipboard surveys track magnetic sources in marine sediments--geophysical studies of the Stono and North Edisto Inlets near Charleston, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1112, 1 p.: 1 Sheet: 73 x 43 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121112.","productDescription":"1 p.: 1 Sheet: 73 x 43 inches","startPage":"1","endPage":"1","numberOfPages":"1","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-036671","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268278,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1112.png"},{"id":268276,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1112/"},{"id":268277,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1112/OF12-1112.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Charleston","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -83.35,32.03 ], [ -83.35,35.22 ], [ -78.54,35.22 ], [ -78.54,32.03 ], [ -83.35,32.03 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd729fe4b0b290851086d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shah, Anjana K. 0000-0002-3198-081X ashah@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3198-081X","contributorId":2297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shah","given":"Anjana","email":"ashah@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":474399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, M. Scott","contributorId":7795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"M. Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70043816,"text":"ds726 - 2012 - Flood of September 13-16, 2008, in northeastern Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-21T16:10:44","indexId":"ds726","displayToPublicDate":"2013-02-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"726","title":"Flood of September 13-16, 2008, in northeastern Illinois","docAbstract":"Major flooding occurred in northeastern Illinois during September 13–16, 2008, following extended storm activity. Rainfall recorded at select Illinois State Water Survey (ISWS), National Weather Service (NWS), and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) rain gages in northeastern Illinois, ranged from 2.39 to 10.51 inches throughout a 51-hour period during September 12–14, 2008. The rainfall resulted in extensive urban drainage and riverine flooding, causing the evacuation of thousands of residents, millions of dollars in damages, hundreds of road closings, and two water-related fatalities in the greater Chicago area. Nine counties in northeastern Illinois (16 counties throughout the State) were declared Federal disaster areas. USGS streamgages recorded new record-peak streamflows at 13 locations as a result of the heavy rainfall. Four streamgages had a calculated annual exceedance probability (AEP) ranging from 0.2 to 1 percent, and one streamgage had a calculated AEP of less than 0.2 percent. During this flood event, USGS crews made 48 streamflow measurements at 45 streamgages. After the high-water had subsided, USGS crews set 230 high-water marks in over 40 communities along 131 miles of streams. The elevations for 117 high-water marks along approximately 100 miles of streams were measured by the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRDGC) and the Illinois Department of Natural Resources–Office of Water Resources (IDNR–OWR). Flood peak water-surface profiles for select streams are plotted from the high-water mark data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds726","usgsCitation":"Fazio, D., and Sharpe, J.B., 2012, Flood of September 13-16, 2008, in northeastern Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 726, vii, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds726.","productDescription":"vii, 42 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"42","numberOfPages":"54","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-025097","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":267903,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_726.gif"},{"id":267901,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/726/"},{"id":267902,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/726/pdf/dss726_fazio_508.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.51,36.97 ], [ -91.51,42.51 ], [ -87.5,42.51 ], [ -87.5,36.97 ], [ -91.51,36.97 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51274201e4b07fa41a6044da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fazio, David J.","contributorId":60319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fazio","given":"David J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sharpe, Jennifer B. 0000-0002-5192-7848 jbsharpe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5192-7848","contributorId":2825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharpe","given":"Jennifer","email":"jbsharpe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":474264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70043216,"text":"sim3110 - 2012 - Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska: Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-15T20:46:51.831141","indexId":"sim3110","displayToPublicDate":"2013-02-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3110","title":"Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska: Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles","docAbstract":"The Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region includes a significant part of one of the world’s largest accretionary complexes and a small part of the classic magmatic arc geology of the Alaska Peninsula. Physiographically, the map area ranges from the high glaciated mountains of the Alaska and Aleutian Ranges and the Chugach Mountains to the coastal lowlands of Cook Inlet and the Copper River delta. Structurally, the map area is cut by a number of major faults and postulated faults, the most important of which are the Border Ranges, Contact, and Bruin Bay Fault systems. The rocks of the map area belong to the Southern Margin composite terrane, a Tertiary and Cretaceous or older subduction-related accretionary complex, and the Alaska Peninsula terrane. Mesozoic rocks between these two terranes have been variously assigned to the Peninsular or the Hidden terranes. The oldest rocks in the map area are blocks of Paleozoic age within the mélange of the McHugh Complex; however, the protolith age of the greenschist and blueschist within the Border Ranges Fault zone is not known. Extensive glacial deposits mantle the Kenai Peninsula and the lowlands on the west side of Cook Inlet and are locally found elsewhere in the map area. This map was compiled from existing mapping, without generalization, and new or revised data was added where available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3110","usgsCitation":"Wilson, F.H., and Hults, C.P., 2012, Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula region, Alaska: Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3110, Report: i, 38 p.; 1 Plate: 58.64 × 41.99 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3110.","productDescription":"Report: i, 38 p.; 1 Plate: 58.64 × 41.99 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":267134,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_3110.png"},{"id":267133,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3110/sim3110_sheet_screen.pdf"},{"id":267131,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3110/"},{"id":267132,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3110/sim3110_pamphlet.pdf"},{"id":393705,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_98145.htm"}],"scale":"350000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kenai Peninsula region, Prince William Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -153,\n              59\n            ],\n            [\n              -144,\n              59\n            ],\n            [\n              -144,\n              61\n            ],\n            [\n              -153,\n              61\n            ],\n            [\n              -153,\n              59\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5114cd04e4b0ca7af0743adb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hults, Chad P. chults@usgs.gov","contributorId":1930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hults","given":"Chad","email":"chults@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70043235,"text":"ofr20121221 - 2012 - Monitoring of endangered Roanoke logperch (<i>Percina rex</i>) in Smith River upstream from the Philpott Reservoir on U.S. Army Corps of Engineers property near Martinsville, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T12:22:50","indexId":"ofr20121221","displayToPublicDate":"2013-02-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1221","title":"Monitoring of endangered Roanoke logperch (<i>Percina rex</i>) in Smith River upstream from the Philpott Reservoir on U.S. Army Corps of Engineers property near Martinsville, Virginia","docAbstract":"<p>The purpose of this study was to continue annual monitoring of Roanoke logperch (<i>Percina rex</i>), an endangered fish, in the Smith River immediately upstream from Philpott Reservoir. This river reach is owned by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), which must ensure that appropriate actions are undertaken to aid in recovery of logperch. Monitoring of fish abundance and habitat conditions provides a means for assessing the species&rsquo; status and its responses to USACE management actions. The Roanoke logperch is a large darter (Percidae: Etheostomatinae) endemic to the Roanoke, Dan, and Nottoway River basins of Virginia and North Carolina, where it occupies third- to sixth-order streams containing relatively silt-free substrate (Jenkins and Burkhead, 1994). Because of its rarity, small range, and vulnerability to siltation, the Roanoke logperch was listed in 1989 as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) (U.S. Federal Register 54:34468-34472). Within the Dan basin, Roanoke logperch have long been known to occupy the Smith River and one of its largest tributaries, Town Creek (Jenkins and Burkhead, 1994). Logperch also recently were discovered in other tributaries of the Dan River, including North Carolina segments of the Mayo River, Cascade Creek, Big Beaver Island Creek, Wolf Island Creek (William Hester, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, personal commun., 2012). Within the Smith River, Roanoke logperch are present both upstream and downstream from Philpott Reservoir, a hydroelectric and water storage project owned and operated by the USACE. Although logperch have not been observed in the reservoir itself, the species is relatively abundant in a free-flowing, &asymp; 2.5-km-long segment of Smith River upstream from the reservoir on USACE property (Lahey and Angermeier, 2006). This segment is bounded on the downstream end by the lentic conditions of the reservoir and on the upstream end by White Falls, a natural waterfall that presumably allows fish passage during all but the lowest streamflow (Roberts and Angermeier, 2009). The ESA stipulates that USACE must ensure that its actions do not jeopardize Roanoke logperch and ensure that appropriate actions are taken to aid in the recovery of Roanoke logperch. USACE recognized that additional information was needed to assess compliance with these stipulations, including data on baseline population levels, habitat availability, and potential threats to the species on USACE property. USACE therefore contracted with Virginia Tech (VT) and the U.S. Geological Survey via the Virginia Cooperative Fisheries and Wildlife Research Unit (VCFWRU) to continue ecological monitoring that was initiated in a pilot study in 2005 (Lahey and Angermeier, 2006). The VCFWRU is jointly sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey, Virginia Tech, Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, and Wildlife Management Institute. This final report summarizes results of biological monitoring performed by VT and the VCFWRU in 2011, and compares these data to data collected during 2006&ndash;2010 (Roberts and Angermeier, 2011). Where appropriate, a comparison was made to data on Roanoke logperch collected previously in the study reach (Lahey and Angermeier, 2006) and in the upper Roanoke River (Roberts and Angermeier, 2011). This work was performed under the auspices of VT&rsquo;s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) protocol 11-035-FIW. Specifically, the following objectives were addressed: * Estimate population density of Roanoke logperch on USACE property; * Measure and map by suitability class the distribution of habitat suitable for Roanoke logperch in the project area; * Assess water quality relative to Roanoke logperch habitat in the project area; * Use the data on logperch abundance, habitat suitability, and water quality to test the general validity of correlates of logperch abundance from other locations; * Identify opportunities and threats related to protecting and enhancing Roanoke logperch habitat; and * Provide suggestions on the necessity and scale of future studies and monitoring related to logperch in and near USACE waters.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121221","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Wilmington District","usgsCitation":"Roberts, J.H., and Angermeier, P.L., 2012, Monitoring of endangered Roanoke logperch (<i>Percina rex</i>) in Smith River upstream from the Philpott Reservoir on U.S. Army Corps of Engineers property near Martinsville, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1221, iv, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121221.","productDescription":"iv, 11 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"11","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":267142,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1221.gif"},{"id":267140,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1221/"},{"id":267141,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1221/pdf/ofr2012-1221.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","city":"Martinsville","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.904077,36.643805 ], [ -79.904077,36.715337 ], [ -79.826259,36.715337 ], [ -79.826259,36.643805 ], [ -79.904077,36.643805 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5114cd07e4b0ca7af0743ae7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberts, James H.","contributorId":83811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Angermeier, Paul L. biota@usgs.gov","contributorId":1432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angermeier","given":"Paul","email":"biota@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":613,"text":"Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":473206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70043117,"text":"sir20125261 - 2012 - Groundwater status and trends for the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-15T14:12:20.392543","indexId":"sir20125261","displayToPublicDate":"2013-02-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5261","title":"Groundwater status and trends for the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho","docAbstract":"Well information and groundwater-level measurements for the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, were compiled from data provided by the U.S. Geological Survey and seven other organizations. From the full set of about 60,000 wells and 450,000 water-level measurements a subset of 761 wells within the aquifers of the Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) then was used to develop a simple linear groundwater-level trend map for 1968–2009. The mean of the trends was a decline of 1.9 feet per year (ft/yr), with 72 percent of the water levels in wells declining. Rates of declines greater than 1.0 ft/yr were measured in 50 percent of wells, declines greater than 2.0 ft/yr in 38 percent of wells, declines greater than 4.0 ft/yr in 29 percent of wells, and declines greater than 8.0 ft/yr in 4 percent of wells. Water-level data were used to identify groups of wells with similar hydraulic heads and temporal trends to delineate areas of overall similar groundwater conditions. Discontinuities in hydraulic head between well groups were used to help infer the presence of barriers to groundwater flow such as changes in lithology or the occurrence of folds and faults. In areas without flow barriers, dissimilarities in response of well groups over time resulted from the formation of groundwater mounds caused by recharge from irrigation or regions of decline caused by pumping. The areas of focus for this analysis included the Umatilla area, Oregon, and the Palouse Slope/eastern Yakima Fold Belt in the Columbia Basin Ground Water Management Area (GWMA) consisting of Adams, Franklin, Grant, and Lincoln Counties, Washington. In the Umatilla area, water levels from 286 wells were used to identify multiple areas of high hydraulic gradient that indicate vertical and horizontal barriers to groundwater flow. These barriers divide the groundwater-flow system into several compartments with varying degrees of interconnection. Horizontal flow barriers commonly correspond to mapped geologic structure and result in horizontal hydraulic gradients that progressively become steeper from north to south corresponding to an increase in structural complexity that may be impeding recharge from the uplands into the heavily developed areas. Most CRBG aquifers in the Umatilla area are declining and since 1970, cumulative declines range from about 100 to 300 feet. Significant vertical hydraulic gradients are documented for relatively small areas near Umatilla, and since the 1970s, downward vertical gradients in these areas have been increasing as hydraulic heads in the deeper units have declined. The absence of vertical gradients over much of the area may be a consequence of flow through commingling wells that results in the equilibration of the heads between aquifers. On the Palouse Slope in the central GWMA, large groundwater declines occurred during 1968–2009 along a north-south swath in the middle of the region. An analysis of 1,195 wells along major flow paths and through the area of persistent groundwater-level declines indicates that barriers to flow are not as evident in this area as in Umatilla. This is consistent with the geologic interpretation of the Palouse Slope as being a gently folded structure created by voluminous sheet flows of CRBG lavas. Groundwater discharge into the sediment-filled coulees, where the upper aquifers are intersected at land surface by incised canyons, is proposed as an alternative to explain local steepening of the hydraulic gradient along the Palouse Slope previously attributed to the presence of a groundwater dam. Comparison of generalized potentiometric surface maps developed for pre-development conditions and post-2000 conditions indicate that pre-development groundwater flow was from the uplands toward the Columbia and Snake River and that post-2000 flow patterns in the area are controlled by irrigation practices that have resulted in broad regions of elevated or depressed hydraulic head. In some cases, irrigation-related changes in head have reversed groundwater flow directions. Evidence of significant vertical hydraulic gradients exists, although much of the aquifer thickness is affected by commingling of wells. The effect of commingling and its relative contribution to problems related to groundwater-level declines remains unclear.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125261","collaboration":"U.S. Geological Survey Groundwater Resources Program and prepared in cooperation with the Oregon Water Resources Department","usgsCitation":"Burns, E., Snyder, D.T., Haynes, J.V., and Waibel, M.S., 2012, Groundwater status and trends for the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5261, Report: viii, 52 p.; Data Release, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125261.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 52 p.; Data Release","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-029168","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":267011,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5261.jpg"},{"id":267010,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5261/pdf/sir2012-5261.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":267009,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5261/"},{"id":376359,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9Q53DOD","text":"Data release","description":"Data Release","linkHelpText":"Wells and water levels used in the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System Study, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington, Oregon, Idaho","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.7857,42.0 ], [ -124.7857,49.0 ], [ -111.0,49.0 ], [ -111.0,42.0 ], [ -124.7857,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"511229fbe4b0ebe69d7eb600","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Erick R. 0000-0002-1747-0506","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1747-0506","contributorId":84802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Erick R.","affiliations":[{"id":310,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy and Geophysics Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":472992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snyder, Daniel T. dtsnyder@usgs.gov","contributorId":820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Daniel","email":"dtsnyder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":472989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haynes, Jonathan V. 0000-0001-6530-6252 jhaynes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6530-6252","contributorId":3113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haynes","given":"Jonathan","email":"jhaynes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Waibel, Michael S.","contributorId":19984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waibel","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70043059,"text":"sir20125250 - 2012 - Total nitrogen and suspended-sediment loads and identification of suspended-sediment sources in the Laurel Hill Creek watershed, Somerset County, Pennsylvania, water years 2010-11","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-01T15:24:40","indexId":"sir20125250","displayToPublicDate":"2013-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5250","title":"Total nitrogen and suspended-sediment loads and identification of suspended-sediment sources in the Laurel Hill Creek watershed, Somerset County, Pennsylvania, water years 2010-11","docAbstract":"Laurel Hill Creek is a watershed of 125 square miles located mostly in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, with small areas extending into Fayette and Westmoreland Counties. The upper part of the watershed is on the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection 303(d) list of impaired streams because of siltation, nutrients, and low dissolved oxygen concentrations. The objectives of this study were to (1) estimate the annual sediment load, (2) estimate the annual nitrogen load, and (3) identify the major sources of fine-grained sediment using the sediment-fingerprinting approach. This study by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) was done in cooperation with the Somerset County Conservation District. Discharge, suspended-sediment, and nutrient data were collected at two streamflow-gaging stations—Laurel Hill Creek near Bakersville, Pa., (station 03079600) and Laurel Hill Creek at Ursina, Pa., (station 03080000)—and one ungaged stream site, Laurel Hill Creek below Laurel Hill Creek Lake at Trent (station 03079655). Concentrations of nutrients generally were low. Concentrations of ammonia were less than 0.2 milligrams per liter (mg/L), and concentrations of phosphorus were less than 0.3 mg/L. Most concentrations of phosphorus were less than the detection limit of 0.02 mg/L. Most water samples had concentrations of nitrate plus nitrite less than 1.0 mg/L. At the Bakersville station, concentrations of total nitrogen ranged from 0.63 to 1.3 mg/L in base-flow samples and from 0.57 to 1.5 mg/L in storm composite samples. Median concentrations were 0.88 mg/L in base-flow samples and 1.2 mg/L in storm composite samples. At the Ursina station, concentrations of total nitrogen ranged from 0.25 to 0.92 mg/L in base-flow samples; the median concentration was 0.57 mg/L. The estimated total nitrogen load at the Bakersville station was 262 pounds (lb) for 11 months of the 2010 water year (November 2009 to September 2010) and 266 lb for the 2011 water year. Most of the total nitrogen loading was from stormflows. The stormflow load accounted for 76.6 percent of the total load for the 2010 water year and 80.6 percent of the total load for the 2011 water year. The estimated monthly total nitrogen loads were higher during the winter and spring (December through May) than during the summer (June through August). For the Bakersville station, the estimated suspended-sediment load (SSL) was 17,700 tons for 11 months of the 2010 water year (November 2009 to September 2010). The storm beginning January 24, 2010, provided 34.4 percent of the annual SSL, and the storm beginning March 10, 2010, provided 31.9 percent of the annual SSL. Together, these two winter storms provided 66 percent of the annual SSL for the 2010 water year. For the 2011 water year, the estimated annual SSL was 13,500 tons. For the 2011 water year, the SSLs were more evenly divided among storms than for the 2010 water year. Seven of 37 storms with the highest SSLs provided a total of 65.7 percent of the annual SSL for the 2011 water year; each storm provided from 4.6 to 12.3 percent of the annual SSL. The highest cumulative SSL for the 2010 and 2011 water years generally occurred during the late winter. Stormflows with the highest peak discharges generally carried the highest SSL. The sediment-fingerprinting approach was used to quantify sources of fine-grained suspended sediment in the watershed draining to the Laurel Hill Creek near Bakersville streamflow-gaging station. Sediment source samples were collected from five source types: 20 from cropland, 9 from pasture, 18 from forested areas, 20 from unpaved roads, and 23 from streambanks. At the Bakersville station, 10 suspended-sediment samples were collected during 6 storms for sediment-source analysis. Thirty-five tracers from elemental analysis and 4 tracers from stable isotope analysis were used to fingerprint the source of sediment for the 10 storm samples. Statistical analysis determined that cropland and pasture could not be discriminated by the set of tracers and were combined into one source group—agriculture. Stepwise discriminant function analysis determined that 11 tracers best described the 4 sources. An \"unmixing\" model applied to the 11 tracers showed that agricultural land (cropland and pasture) was the major source of sediment, contributing an average of 53 percent of the sediment for the 10 storm samples. Streambanks, unpaved roads, and forest contributions for the 10 storm samples averaged 30, 17, and 0 percent, respectively. Agriculture was the major contributor of sediment during the highest sampled stormflows. The highest stormflows also produced the highest total nitrogen and suspended-sediment loads.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125250","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Somerset County Conservation District","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., Gellis, A., and Galeone, D.G., 2012, Total nitrogen and suspended-sediment loads and identification of suspended-sediment sources in the Laurel Hill Creek watershed, Somerset County, Pennsylvania, water years 2010-11: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5250, viii, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125250.","productDescription":"viii, 44 p.","numberOfPages":"56","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2009-10-01","temporalEnd":"2011-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266902,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5250.png"},{"id":266900,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5250/support/sir2012-5250-appendix4.xlsx"},{"id":266901,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5250/support/sir2012-5250-appendix5.xlsx"},{"id":266898,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5250/"},{"id":266899,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5250/support/sir2012-5250.pdf"}],"scale":"2000000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic Projection","country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Fayette;Somerset","city":"Bakersville;Trent;Ursina","otherGeospatial":"Laurel Hill Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.416667,39.8 ], [ -79.416667,40.116667 ], [ -79.116667,40.116667 ], [ -79.116667,39.8 ], [ -79.416667,39.8 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"510ce3f0e4b0ae2ee50d95ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sloto, Ronald A. rasloto@usgs.gov","contributorId":424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"Ronald","email":"rasloto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gellis, Allen C. 0000-0002-3449-2889 agellis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3449-2889","contributorId":1709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gellis","given":"Allen C.","email":"agellis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":375,"text":"Maryland, Delaware, and the District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":472883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Galeone, Daniel G. 0000-0002-8007-9278 dgaleone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8007-9278","contributorId":2301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galeone","given":"Daniel","email":"dgaleone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70042449,"text":"70042449 - 2012 - Recent and historic sediment dynamics along Difficult Run, a suburban Virginia Piedmont stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-04T16:19:55.230557","indexId":"70042449","displayToPublicDate":"2013-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent and historic sediment dynamics along Difficult Run, a suburban Virginia Piedmont stream","docAbstract":"Suspended sediment is one of the major concerns regarding the quality of water entering the Chesapeake Bay. Some of the highest suspended-sediment concentrations occur on Piedmont streams, including Difficult Run, a tributary of the Potomac River draining urban and suburban parts of northern Virginia. Accurate information on catchment level sediment budgets is rare and difficult to determine. Further, the sediment trapping portion of sediment budget represents an important ecosystem service that profoundly affects downstream water quality. Our objectives, with special reference to human alterations to the landscape, include the documentation and estimation of floodplain sediment trapping (present and historic) and bank erosion along an urbanized Piedmont stream, the construction of a preliminary sediment balance, and the estimation of legacy sediment and recent development impacts. We used white feldspar markers to measure floodplain sedimentation rates and steel pins to measure erosion rates on floodplains and banks, respectively. Additional data were collected for/from legacy sediment thickness and characteristics, mill pond impacts, stream gaging station records, topographic surveying, and sediment density, texture, and organic content. Data were analyzed using GIS and various statistical programs. Results are interpreted relative to stream equilibrium affected by both post-colonial bottomland sedimentation (legacy) and modern watershed hardening associated with urbanization. Six floodplain/channel sites, from high to low in the watershed, were selected for intensive study. Bank erosion ranges from 0 to 470 kg/m/y and floodplain sedimentation ranges from 18 to 1369 kg/m/y (m refers to meters of stream reach). Upstream reaches are net erosional, while downstream reaches have a distinctly net depositional flux providing a watershed sediment balance of 2184 kg/m/y trapped within the system. The amounts of both deposition and erosion are large and suggest nonequilibrium channel conditions. Both peak discharge and number of peaks above base have substantially increased since the mid-1960s when urbanization of the watershed began. Deposition patterns are most closely correlated with channel gradient, sinuosity, and channel width/floodplain width for recent and historic periods. The substantial amounts of fine grained sediment deposited on the floodplain over the past two centuries or so do not appear to be closely related to historic mill pond presence or location. The floodplain continues to provide the critical ecosystem service of sediment trapping in the face of multiple human alterations. Trends in sediment deposition/erosion may react rapidly to land use practices within the watershed and offer a valuable barometer of the effects of management actions.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.10.007","usgsCitation":"Hupp, C.R., Noe, G., Schenk, E.R., and Benthem, A.J., 2012, Recent and historic sediment dynamics along Difficult Run, a suburban Virginia Piedmont stream: Geomorphology, v. 180-181, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.10.007.","productDescription":"14 p.","numberOfPages":"14","ipdsId":"IP-039432","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":268541,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265421,"rank":1,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.10.007"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77.293804,38.943012 ], [ -77.293804,38.962448 ], [ -77.287886,38.962448 ], [ -77.287886,38.943012 ], [ -77.293804,38.943012 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"180-181","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51308a98e4b04c194073ae37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hupp, Cliff R. 0000-0003-1853-9197 crhupp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1853-9197","contributorId":2344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"Cliff","email":"crhupp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noe, Gregory B. 0000-0002-6661-2646 gnoe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6661-2646","contributorId":2332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noe","given":"Gregory","email":"gnoe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":471560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schenk, Edward R. 0000-0001-6886-5754 eschenk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6886-5754","contributorId":2183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schenk","given":"Edward","email":"eschenk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Benthem, Adam J. 0000-0003-2372-0281 abenthem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2372-0281","contributorId":2740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benthem","given":"Adam","email":"abenthem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70042975,"text":"cir13814 - 2012 - Lake water quality: Chapter 4 in <i>A synthesis of aquatic science for management of Lakes Mead and Mohave</i>","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-06T14:50:04","indexId":"cir13814","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1381-4","title":"Lake water quality: Chapter 4 in <i>A synthesis of aquatic science for management of Lakes Mead and Mohave</i>","docAbstract":"Given the importance of the availability and quality of water in Lake Mead, it has become one of the most intensely sampled and studied bodies of water in the United States. As a result, data are available from sampling stations across the lake (fig. 4-1 and see U.S. Geological Survey Automated Water-Quality Platforms) to provide information on past and current (2012) water-quality conditions and on invasive species that influence—and are affected by—water quality. Water quality in Lakes Mead and Mohave generally exceeds standards set by the State of Nevada to protect water supplies for public uses: drinking water, aquatic ecosystem health, recreation, or agricultural irrigation. In comparison to other reservoirs studied by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for a national lake assessment (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010), Lake Mead is well within the highest or ‘good’ category for recreation and aquatic health (see U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Lakes Assessment and Lake Mead for more details). While a small part of the lake, particularly Las Vegas Bay, is locally influenced by runoff from urbanized tributaries such as Las Vegas Wash, contaminant loading in the lake as a whole is low compared to other reservoirs in the nation, which are influenced by runoff from more heavily urbanized watersheds (Rosen and Van Metre, 2010).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A synthesis of aquatic science for management of Lakes Mead and Mohave (CIR 1381)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir13814","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 4 in <i>A synthesis of aquatic science for management of Lakes Mead and Mohave</i>. For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/cir1381\" target=\"_blank\">Circular 1381</a>","usgsCitation":"Tietjen, T., Holdren, G.C., Rosen, M.R., Veley, R.J., Moran, M.J., Vanderford, B., Wong, W., and Drury, D.D., 2012, Lake water quality: Chapter 4 in <i>A synthesis of aquatic science for management of Lakes Mead and Mohave</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1381-4, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir13814.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"68","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266733,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1381/"},{"id":266734,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1381/pdf/circ1381.pdf"},{"id":266735,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1381_4.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Lake Mead National Recreation Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.92,35.17 ], [ -114.92,36.59 ], [ -113.14,36.59 ], [ -113.14,35.17 ], [ -114.92,35.17 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5108ef73e4b0d965cd9f22c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tietjen, Todd","contributorId":56530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tietjen","given":"Todd","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holdren, G. Chris","contributorId":77817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holdren","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Chris","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosen, Michael R. 0000-0003-3991-0522 mrosen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3991-0522","contributorId":495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosen","given":"Michael","email":"mrosen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Veley, Ronald J. rjveley@usgs.gov","contributorId":4013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veley","given":"Ronald","email":"rjveley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":472713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Moran, Michael J. mjmoran@usgs.gov","contributorId":1047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"Michael","email":"mjmoran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Vanderford, Brett","contributorId":21837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vanderford","given":"Brett","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wong, Wai Hing","contributorId":96977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"Wai Hing","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Drury, Douglas D.","contributorId":84642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drury","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70042815,"text":"sir20125194 - 2012 - Methods to characterize environmental settings of stream and groundwater sampling sites for National Water-Quality Assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-24T14:09:51","indexId":"sir20125194","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5194","title":"Methods to characterize environmental settings of stream and groundwater sampling sites for National Water-Quality Assessment","docAbstract":"Characterization of natural and anthropogenic features that define the environmental settings of sampling sites for streams and groundwater, including drainage basins and groundwater study areas, is an essential component of water-quality and ecological investigations being conducted as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment program. Quantitative characterization of environmental settings, combined with physical, chemical, and biological data collected at sampling sites, contributes to understanding the status of, and influences on, water-quality and ecological conditions. To support studies for the National Water-Quality Assessment program, a geographic information system (GIS) was used to develop a standard set of methods to consistently characterize the sites, drainage basins, and groundwater study areas across the nation. This report describes three methods used for characterization-simple overlay, area-weighted areal interpolation, and land-cover-weighted areal interpolation-and their appropriate applications to geographic analyses that have different objectives and data constraints. In addition, this document records the GIS thematic datasets that are used for the Program's national design and data analyses.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125194","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Nakagaki, N., Hitt, K.J., Price, C.V., and Falcone, J., 2012, Methods to characterize environmental settings of stream and groundwater sampling sites for National Water-Quality Assessment: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5194, iv, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125194.","productDescription":"iv, 56 p.","numberOfPages":"65","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266422,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5194.jpg"},{"id":266421,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5194/pdf/sir20125194.pdf"},{"id":266420,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5194/"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51026623e4b0d4f5ea817c31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nakagaki, Naomi 0000-0003-3653-0540 nakagaki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3653-0540","contributorId":1067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakagaki","given":"Naomi","email":"nakagaki@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hitt, Kerie J.","contributorId":54565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hitt","given":"Kerie","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Price, Curtis V. 0000-0002-4315-3539 cprice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4315-3539","contributorId":983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"Curtis","email":"cprice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Falcone, James A.","contributorId":24044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falcone","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70042639,"text":"sir20125270 - 2012 - Evaluation of quality-control data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey for routine water-quality activities at the Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho, 1996–2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-15T15:41:30","indexId":"sir20125270","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5270","title":"Evaluation of quality-control data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey for routine water-quality activities at the Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho, 1996–2001","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, collects surface water and groundwater samples at and near the Idaho National Laboratory as part of a routine, site-wide, water-quality monitoring program. Quality-control samples are collected as part of the program to ensure and document the quality of environmental data. From 1996 to 2001, quality-control samples consisting of 204 replicates and 27 blanks were collected at sampling sites. Paired measurements from replicates were used to calculate variability (as reproducibility and reliability) from sample collection and analysis of radiochemical, chemical, and organic constituents. Measurements from field and equipment blanks were used to estimate the potential contamination bias of constituents. The reproducibility of measurements of constituents was calculated from paired measurements as the normalized absolute difference (NAD) or the relative standard deviation (RSD). The NADs and RSDs, as well as paired measurements with censored or estimated concentrations for which NADs and RSDs were not calculated, were compared to specified criteria to determine if the paired measurements had acceptable reproducibility. If the percentage of paired measurements with acceptable reproducibility for a constituent was greater than or equal to 90 percent, then the reproducibility for that constituent was considered acceptable. The percentage of paired measurements with acceptable reproducibility was greater than or equal to 90 percent for all constituents except orthophosphate (89 percent), zinc (80 percent), hexavalent chromium (53 percent), and total organic carbon (TOC; 38 percent). The low reproducibility for orthophosphate and zinc was attributed to calculation of RSDs for replicates with low concentrations of these constituents. The low reproducibility for hexavalent chromium and TOC was attributed to the inability to preserve hexavalent chromium in water samples and high variability with the analytical method for TOC. The reliability of measurements of constituents was estimated from pooled RSDs that were calculated for discrete concentration ranges for each constituent. Pooled RSDs of 15 to 33 percent were calculated for low concentrations of gross-beta radioactivity, strontium-90, ammonia, nitrite, orthophosphate, nickel, selenium, zinc, tetrachloroethene, and toluene. Lower pooled RSDs of 0 to 12 percent were calculated for all other concentration ranges of these constituents, and for all other constituents, except for one concentration range for gross-beta radioactivity, chloride, and nitrate + nitrite; two concentration ranges for hexavalent chromium; and TOC. Pooled RSDs for the 50 to 60 picocuries per liter concentration range of gross-beta radioactivity (reported as cesium-137) and the 10 to 60 milligrams per liter (mg/L) concentration range of nitrate + nitrite (reported as nitrogen [N]) were 17 percent. Chloride had a pooled RSD of 14 percent for the 20 to less than 60 mg/L concentration range. High pooled RSDs of 40 and 51 percent were calculated for two concentration ranges for hexavalent chromium and of 60 percent for TOC. Measurements from (1) field blanks were used to estimate the potential bias associated with environmental samples from sample collection and analysis, (2) equipment blanks were used to estimate the potential bias from cross contamination of samples collected from wells where portable sampling equipment was used, and (3) a source-solution blank was used to verify that the deionized water source-solution was free of the constituents of interest. If more than one measurement was available, the bias was estimated using order statistics and the binomial probability distribution. The source-solution blank had a detectable concentration of hexavalent chromium of 2 micrograms per liter. If this bias was from a source other than the source solution, then about 84 percent of the 117 hexavalent chromium measurements from environmental samples could have a bias of 10 percent or more. Of the 14 field blanks that were collected, only chloride (0.2 milligrams per liter) and ammonia (0.03 milligrams per liter as nitrogen), in one blank each, had detectable concentrations. With an estimated confidencelevel of 95 percent, at least 80 percent of the 1,987 chloride concentrations measured from all environmental samples had a potential bias of less than 8 percent. The ammonia bias, which may have occurred at the analytical laboratory, could produce a potential bias of 5-100 percent in eight potentially affected ammonia measurements. Of the 11 equipment blanks that were collected, chloride was detected in 4 of these blanks, sodium in 3 blanks, and sulfate and hexavalent chromium were each detected in 1 blank. The concentration of hexavalent chromium in the equipment blank was the same concentration as in the source-solution blank collected on the same day, which indicates that the hexavalent chromium in the equipment blank is probably from a source other than the portable sampling equipment, such as the sample bottles or the source-solution water itself. The potential bias for chloride, sodium, and sulfate measurements was estimated for environmental samples that were collected using portable sampling equipment. For chloride, it was estimated with 93 percent confidence that at least 80 percent of the measurements had a bias of less than 18 percent. For sodium and sulfate, it was estimated with 91 percent confidence that at least 70 percent of the measurements had a bias of less than 12 and 5 percent, respectively.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125270","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy DOE/ID-22222","usgsCitation":"Rattray, G.W., 2012, Evaluation of quality-control data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey for routine water-quality activities at the Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho, 1996–2001: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5270, vi, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125270.","productDescription":"vi, 74 p.","numberOfPages":"84","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265728,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5270.jpg"},{"id":265726,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5270/"},{"id":265727,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5270/pdf/sir20125270.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.11,41.99 ], [ -115.11,45.20 ], [ -111.04,45.20 ], [ -111.04,41.99 ], [ -115.11,41.99 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50f67a5fe4b0f5392eb7e758","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rattray, Gordon W. 0000-0002-1690-3218 grattray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1690-3218","contributorId":2521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattray","given":"Gordon","email":"grattray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70042592,"text":"sir20125244 - 2012 - Comparison of two regression-based approaches for determining nutrient and sediment fluxes and trends in the Chesapeake Bay watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-06T23:06:27.687094","indexId":"sir20125244","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5244","title":"Comparison of two regression-based approaches for determining nutrient and sediment fluxes and trends in the Chesapeake Bay watershed","docAbstract":"<p>Nutrient and sediment fluxes and changes in fluxes over time are key indicators that water resource managers can use to assess the progress being made in improving the structure and function of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem. The U.S. Geological Survey collects annual nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) and sediment flux data and computes trends that describe the extent to which water-quality conditions are changing within the major Chesapeake Bay tributaries. Two regression-based approaches were compared for estimating annual nutrient and sediment fluxes and for characterizing how these annual fluxes are changing over time. The two regression models compared are the traditionally used ESTIMATOR and the newly developed Weighted Regression on Time, Discharge, and Season (WRTDS). The model comparison focused on answering three questions: (1) What are the differences between the functional form and construction of each model? (2) Which model produces estimates of flux with the greatest accuracy and least amount of bias? (3) How different would the historical estimates of annual flux be if WRTDS had been used instead of ESTIMATOR? One additional point of comparison between the two models is how each model determines trends in annual flux once the year-to-year variations in discharge have been determined. All comparisons were made using total nitrogen, nitrate, total phosphorus, orthophosphorus, and suspended-sediment concentration data collected at the nine U.S. Geological Survey River Input Monitoring stations located on the Susquehanna, Potomac, James, Rappahannock, Appomattox, Pamunkey, Mattaponi, Patuxent, and Choptank Rivers in the Chesapeake Bay watershed.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Two model characteristics that uniquely distinguish ESTIMATOR and WRTDS are the fundamental model form and the determination of model coefficients. ESTIMATOR and WRTDS both predict water-quality constituent concentration by developing a linear relation between the natural logarithm of observed constituent concentration and three explanatory variables—the natural log of discharge, time, and season. ESTIMATOR uses two additional explanatory variables—the square of the log of discharge and time-squared. Both models determine coefficients for variables for a series of estimation windows. ESTIMATOR establishes variable coefficients for a series of 9-year moving windows; all observed constituent concentration data within the 9-year window are used to establish each coefficient. Conversely, WRTDS establishes variable coefficients for each combination of discharge and time using only observed concentration data that are similar in time, season, and discharge to the day being estimated. As a result of these distinguishing characteristics, ESTIMATOR reproduces concentration-discharge relations that are closely approximated by a quadratic or linear function with respect to both the log of discharge and time. Conversely, the linear model form of WRTDS coupled with extensive model windowing for each combination of discharge and time allows WRTDS to reproduce observed concentration-discharge relations that are more sinuous in form.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Another distinction between ESTIMATOR and WRTDS is the reporting of uncertainty associated with the model estimates of flux and trend. ESTIMATOR quantifies the standard error of prediction associated with the determination of flux and trends. The standard error of prediction enables the determination of the 95-percent confidence intervals for flux and trend as well as the ability to test whether the reported trend is significantly different from zero (where zero equals no trend). Conversely, WRTDS is unable to propagate error through the many (over 5,000) models for unique combinations of flow and time to determine a total standard error. As a result, WRTDS flux estimates are not reported with confidence intervals and a level of significance is not determined for flow-normalized fluxes.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The differences between ESTIMATOR and WRTDS, with regard to model form and determination of model coefficients, have an influence on the determination of nutrient and sediment fluxes and associated changes in flux over time as a result of management activities. The comparison between the model estimates of flux and trend was made for combinations of five water-quality constituents at nine River Input Monitoring stations.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The major findings with regard to nutrient and sediment fluxes are as follows: (1)WRTDS produced estimates of flux for all combinations that were more accurate, based on reduction in root mean squared error, than flux estimates from ESTIMATOR; (2) for 67 percent of the combinations, WRTDS and ESTIMATOR both produced estimates of flux that were minimally biased compared to observed fluxes(flux bias = tendency to over or underpredict flux observations); however, for 33 percent of the combinations, WRTDS produced estimates of flux that were considerably less biased (by at least 10 percent) than flux estimates from ESTIMATOR; (3) the average percent difference in annual fluxes generated by ESTIMATOR and WRTDS was less than 10 percent at 80 percent of the combinations; and (4) the greatest differences related to flux bias and annual fluxes all occurred for combinations where the pattern in observed concentration-discharge relation was sinuous (two points of inflection) rather than linear or quadratic (zero or one point of inflection).</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The major findings with regard to trends are as follows: (1) both models produce water-quality trends that have factored in the year-to-year variations in flow; (2) trends in water-quality condition are represented by ESTIMATOR as a trend in flow-adjusted concentration and by WRTDS as a flow normalized flux; (3) for 67 percent of the combinations with trend estimates, the WRTDS trends in flow-normalized flux are in the same direction and magnitude to the ESTIMATOR trends in flow-adjusted concentration, and at the remaining 33 percent the differences in trend magnitude and direction are related to fundamental differences between concentration and flux; and (4) the majority (85 percent) of the total nitrogen, nitrate, and orthophosphorus combinations exhibited long-term (1985 to 2010) trends in WRTDS flow-normalized flux that indicate improvement or reduction in associated flux and the majority (83 percent) of the total phosphorus (from 1985 to 2010) and suspended sediment (from 2001 to 2010) combinations exhibited trends in WRTDS flow-normalized flux that indicate degradation or increases in the flux delivered.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125244","isbn":"978-1-4113-3525-7","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Chesapeake Bay Program","usgsCitation":"Moyer, D., Hirsch, R.M., and Hyer, K., 2012, Comparison of two regression-based approaches for determining nutrient and sediment fluxes and trends in the Chesapeake Bay watershed: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5244, x, 118 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125244.","productDescription":"x, 118 p.","numberOfPages":"132","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265624,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5244.gif"},{"id":265623,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5244/pdf/sir2012-5244.pdf"},{"id":265622,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5244/"}],"scale":"2000000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic Projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay Watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n     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,{"id":70042529,"text":"pp1796 - 2012 - An economic value of remote-sensing information—Application to agricultural production and maintaining groundwater quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-11T08:19:30","indexId":"pp1796","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1796","title":"An economic value of remote-sensing information—Application to agricultural production and maintaining groundwater quality","docAbstract":"Does remote-sensing information provide economic benefits to society, and can a value be assigned to those benefits? Can resource management and policy decisions be better informed by coupling past and present Earth observations with groundwater nitrate measurements? Using an integrated assessment approach, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) applied an established conceptual framework to answer these questions, as well as to estimate the value of information (VOI) for remote-sensing imagery. The approach uses moderate-resolution land-imagery (MRLI) data from the Landsat and Advanced Wide Field Sensor satellites that has been classified by the National Agricultural Statistics Service into the Cropland Data Layer (CDL). Within the constraint of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's public health threshold for potable groundwater resources, the USGS modeled the relation between a population of the CDL's land uses and dynamic nitrate (NO3-) contamination of aquifers in a case study region in northeastern Iowa. Employing various multiscaled, multitemporal geospatial datasets with MRLI to maximize the value of agricultural production, the approach develops and uses multiple environmental science models to address dynamic nitrogen loading and transport at specified distances from specific sites (wells) and at landscape scales (for example, across 35 counties and two aquifers). In addition to the ecosystem service of potable groundwater, this effort focuses on the use of MRLI for the management of the major land uses in the study region-the production of corn and soybeans, which can impact groundwater quality. Derived methods and results include (1) economic and dynamic nitrate-pollution models, (2) probabilities of the survival of groundwater, and (3) a VOI for remote sensing. For the northeastern Iowa study region, the marginal benefit of the MRLI VOI (in 2010 dollars) is $858 million ±$197 million annualized, which corresponds to a net present value of $38.1 billion ±$8.8 billion for that flow of benefits in perpetuity. Given that these economic estimates are derived from one case study in a part of only one State, the estimates provide a lower estimate related to the potential value of the Landsat Data Continuity Mission.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1796","usgsCitation":"Forney, W.M., Raunikar, R.P., Bernknopf, R.L., and Mishra, S.K., 2012, An economic value of remote-sensing information—Application to agricultural production and maintaining groundwater quality: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1796, vii, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1796.","productDescription":"vii, 60 p.","numberOfPages":"72","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265537,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1796.gif"},{"id":265536,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1796/pp1796.pdf"},{"id":265535,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1796/"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50f1345fe4b0c982afefa869","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Forney, William M.","contributorId":43490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forney","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raunikar, Ronald P.","contributorId":101535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raunikar","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bernknopf, Richard L.","contributorId":97061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernknopf","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mishra, Shruti K.","contributorId":21432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mishra","given":"Shruti","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70041438,"text":"70041438 - 2012 - Observations of ocean circulation and sediment transport experiment offshore of Fire Island, NY","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T15:28:45.464608","indexId":"70041438","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-10T10:12:39","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Observations of ocean circulation and sediment transport experiment offshore of Fire Island, NY","docAbstract":"<p><span>Researchers from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center (WHCMSC), in collaboration with Coastal Carolina University (CCU) and University of South Carolina (USC), conducted a scientific field study to investigate the ocean circulation and sediment transport processes offshore of Fire Island, NY. Although the physical processes along the entire linear extent of Fire Island (~50 km) are of interest to the project, one particular region of focus is at the western end of the island where offshore sand ridges out to depths of 20 m extend across the inner shelf and connect to the near-shore bar system. The primary objective was to measure the physical processes around the sand ridges, including circulation patterns, wave parameters, bottom stress, and suspended sediment. Transects of instrumentation were positioned along and across the crests and troughs of the ridge field. A site at the top of a ridge and a site at the bottom of an adjacent trough were each populated with two tripods designed to provide high-resolution measurements near the sea-bed to record sediment re-suspension events. Measurements at these two sites include near bottom velocity profiles, acoustic Doppler velocimeters, pressure, optical transmission and backscatter at high sampling rates. Other measurements include upward looking velocity profiles, temperature, salinity, sonar images and profiles, and sediment size classes. Five smaller tripods were deployed to complete lines alongshore and across shore over a 5 km area to provide a regional picture. These tripods recorded upward looking velocity profiles and near bottom temperature, pressure and salinity. Surface buoys marked the position of the tripods and collected surface measurements at six of the sites. One buoy gathered meteorological measurements. The sites were occupied from January to April, 2012. This deployment was similar to previous efforts off Cape Hatteras, NC, in 2009, and is part of an ongoing effort to understand regional patterns in circulation and sediment transport and the interaction of inner shelf and near shore processes. New instrumentation for the USGS was introduced, including a variety of current and wave measurement equipment, acquisition and telemetry in near-realtime of the weather data, time series sonar imaging equipment, and anti-fouling wipers. Preliminary results suggest a complex and subtle relationship between wind and across shore current velocity in this region, and a more straightforward relationship between winds and alongshore currents. This paper also includes a preliminary report on the effectiveness of new measurement techniques used during this experiment.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of 2012 Oceans","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Oceans 2012","conferenceDate":"October 14-19, 2012","conferenceLocation":"Hampton Roads, VA","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.2012.6404791","usgsCitation":"Martini, M.A., Warner, J.C., Armstrong, B., Montgomery, E., List, J.H., and Marshall, N., 2012, Observations of ocean circulation and sediment transport experiment offshore of Fire Island, NY, <i>in</i> Proceedings of 2012 Oceans, Hampton Roads, VA, October 14-19, 2012, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2012.6404791.","productDescription":"8 p.","ipdsId":"IP-040100","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":484388,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Untied States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Fire Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.1591180265002,\n              40.65161160399592\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.26293784266261,\n              40.62795967903003\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.30934037900587,\n              40.630449749970495\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.31965205374912,\n              40.6228013795743\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.30535632285532,\n              40.61835424994533\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.2395022182463,\n              40.62155621312161\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.15466525786086,\n              40.63774156644993\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.03233098322134,\n              40.66921196218672\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.03889295805787,\n              40.68040962528809\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.1591180265002,\n              40.65161160399592\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martini, Marinna A. 0000-0002-7757-5158 mmartini@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7757-5158","contributorId":2456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martini","given":"Marinna","email":"mmartini@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":932887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warner, John C. 0000-0002-3734-8903 jcwarner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3734-8903","contributorId":258015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"John","email":"jcwarner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":932888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Armstrong, Brandy barmstrong@usgs.gov","contributorId":140038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"Brandy","email":"barmstrong@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":515473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"List, Jeffrey H. 0000-0001-8594-2491 jlist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8594-2491","contributorId":174581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"List","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jlist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":932889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Montgomery, Ellyn 0000-0002-9354-4220 emontgomery@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9354-4220","contributorId":192275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montgomery","given":"Ellyn","email":"emontgomery@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":932890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Marshall, Nicole","contributorId":353084,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marshall","given":"Nicole","affiliations":[{"id":24650,"text":"Dalhousie University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":932891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
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