{"pageNumber":"598","pageRowStart":"14925","pageSize":"25","recordCount":69035,"records":[{"id":70048792,"text":"sir20135150 - 2013 - Estimating nitrate concentrations in groundwater at selected wells and springs in the surficial aquifer system and Upper Floridan aquifer, Dougherty Plain and Marianna Lowlands, Georgia, Florida, and Alabama, 2002-50","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-17T20:49:03","indexId":"sir20135150","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-05T11:31:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5150","title":"Estimating nitrate concentrations in groundwater at selected wells and springs in the surficial aquifer system and Upper Floridan aquifer, Dougherty Plain and Marianna Lowlands, Georgia, Florida, and Alabama, 2002-50","docAbstract":"Groundwater from the surficial aquifer system and Upper Floridan aquifer in the Dougherty Plain and Marianna Lowlands in southwestern Georgia, northwestern Florida, and southeastern Alabama is affected by elevated nitrate concentrations as a result of the vulnerability of the aquifer, irrigation water-supply development, and intensive agricultural land use. The region relies primarily on groundwater from the Upper Floridan aquifer for drinking-water and irrigation supply. Elevated nitrate concentrations in drinking water are a concern because infants under 6 months of age who drink water containing nitrate concentrations above the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level of 10 milligrams per liter as nitrogen can become seriously ill with blue baby syndrome.\n\nIn response to concerns about water quality in domestic wells and in springs in the lower Apalachicola–Chattahoochee–Flint River Basin, the Florida Department of Environmental Protection funded a study in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey to examine water quality in groundwater and springs that provide base flow to the Chipola River. A three-dimensional, steady-state, regional-scale groundwater-flow model and two local-scale models were used in conjunction with particle tracking to identify travel times and areas contributing recharge to six groundwater sites—three long-term monitor wells (CP-18A, CP-21A, and RF-41) and three springs (Jackson Blue Spring, Baltzell Springs Group, and Sandbag Spring) in the lower Apalachicola–Chattahoochee–Flint River Basin. Estimated nitrate input to groundwater at land surface, based on previous studies of nitrogen fertilizer sales and atmospheric nitrate deposition data, were used in the advective transport models for the period 2002 to 2050. Nitrate concentrations in groundwater samples collected from the six sites during 1993 to 2007 and groundwater age tracer data were used to calibrate the transport aspect of the simulations.\n\nMeasured nitrate concentrations (as nitrogen) in wells and springs sampled during the study ranged from 0.37 to 12.73 milligrams per liter. Average apparent ages of groundwater calculated from measurements of chlorofluorocarbon, sulfur hexafluoride, and tritium from wells CP-18A, CP-21A,and RF-41 were about 23, 29, and 32 years, respectively. Average apparent ages of groundwater from Baltzell Springs Group, Sandbag Spring, and Jackson Blue Spring were about 16, 18, and 19 years, respectively. Simulated travel times of particles from the six selected sites ranged from less than 1 day to 511 years; both the minimum and maximum particle travel times were estimated for water from Jackson Blue Spring. Median simulated travel times of particles were about 30, 38, and 62 years for Jackson Blue Spring, Sandbag Spring, and Baltzell Springs Group, respectively. Study results indicated that travel times for approximately 50 percent of the particles from all spring sites were less than 50 years. The median simulated travel times of particles arriving at receptor wells CP-18A, CP-21A, and RF-41 were about 50, 35, and 36 years, respectively. All particle travel times were within the same order of magnitude as the tracer-derived average apparent ages for water, although slightly older than the measured ages. Travel time estimates were substantially greater than the measured age for groundwater reaching well CP-18A, as confirmed by the average apparent age of water determined from tracers.\n\nLocal-scale particle-tracking models were used to predict nitrate concentrations in the three monitor wells and three springs from 2002 to 2050 for three nitrogen management scenarios: (1) fixed input of nitrate at the 2001 level, (2) reduction of nitrate inputs of 4 percent per year (from the previous year) from 2002 to 2050, and (3) elimination of nitrate input after 2001. Simulated nitrate concentrations in well CP-21A peaked at 7.82 milligrams per liter in 2030, and concentrations in background well RF-41 peaked at 1.10 milligrams per liter in 2020. The simulated particle travel times were longer than indicated by age dating analysis for groundwater in well CP-18A; to account for the poor calibration fit at this well, nitrate concentrations were shifted 21 years. With the shift, simulated nitrate concentrations in groundwater at CP-18A peaked at 13.76 milligrams per liter in 2026. For groundwater in Baltzell Springs Group, Jackson Blue Spring, and Sandbag Spring, simulated nitrate concentrations peaked at 3.77 milligrams per liter in 2006, 3.51 milligrams per liter in 2011, and 0.81 milligram per liter in 2018, respectively, under the three management scenarios. In management scenario 3 (elimination of nitrate input after 2001), simulated nitrate concentrations in Baltzell Springs Group decreased to less than background concentrations (0.10 milligram per liter) by 2033, and in Sandbag Spring concentrations decreased to less than background by 2041. Simulations using nitrate management scenarios 1 (fixed input of nitrate at 2001 levels) and 2 (reduction of 4.0 percent per year) indicate that nitrate concentrations in groundwater may remain above background concentrations through 2050 at all sites.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135150","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program; Prepared in cooperation with the Florida Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Crandall, C.A., Katz, B.G., and Berndt, M., 2013, Estimating nitrate concentrations in groundwater at selected wells and springs in the surficial aquifer system and Upper Floridan aquifer, Dougherty Plain and Marianna Lowlands, Georgia, Florida, and Alabama, 2002-50: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5150, ix, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135150.","productDescription":"ix, 65 p.","numberOfPages":"80","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2050-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":285,"text":"Florida Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278706,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5150/"},{"id":278707,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5150/pdf/sir2013-5150.pdf"},{"id":278708,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135150.gif"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic Projection","country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Apalachicola River Basin, Chattahoochee River Basin, Flint River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -85.8626,29.8562 ], [ -85.8626,32.2922 ], [ -83.6061,32.2922 ], [ -83.6061,29.8562 ], [ -85.8626,29.8562 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"527a1367e4b051792d014898","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crandall, Christy A. crandall@usgs.gov","contributorId":1091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crandall","given":"Christy","email":"crandall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":485654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Katz, Brian G. bkatz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"Brian","email":"bkatz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":485655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berndt, Marian P.","contributorId":45296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berndt","given":"Marian P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70129178,"text":"70129178 - 2013 - Mercury speciation and mobilization in a wastewater-contaminated groundwater plume","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-19T15:48:11","indexId":"70129178","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-04T15:56:30","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury speciation and mobilization in a wastewater-contaminated groundwater plume","docAbstract":"We measured the concentration and speciation of mercury (Hg) in groundwater down-gradient from the site of wastewater infiltration beds operated by the Massachusetts Military Reservation, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Total mercury concentrations in oxic, mildly acidic, uncontaminated groundwater are 0.5–1 pM, and aquifer sediments have 0.5–1 ppb mercury. The plume of impacted groundwater created by the wastewater disposal is still evident, although inputs ceased in 1995, as indicated by anoxia extending at least 3 km down-gradient from the disposal site. Solutes indicative of a progression of anaerobic metabolisms are observed vertically and horizontally within the plume, with elevated nitrate concentrations and nitrate reduction surrounding a region with elevated iron concentrations indicating iron reduction. Mercury concentrations up to 800 pM were observed in shallow groundwater directly under the former infiltration beds, but concentrations decreased with depth and with distance down-gradient. Mercury speciation showed significant connections to the redox and metabolic state of the groundwater, with relatively little methylated Hg within the iron reducing sector of the plume, and dominance of this form within the higher nitrate/ammonium zone. Furthermore, substantial reduction of Hg(II) to Hg0 within the core of the anoxic zone was observed when iron reduction was evident. These trends not only provide insight into the biogeochemical factors controlling the interplay of Hg species in natural waters, but also support hypotheses that anoxia and eutrophication in groundwater facilitate the mobilization of natural and anthropogenic Hg from watersheds/aquifers, which can be transported down-gradient to freshwaters and the coastal zone.","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es402441d","usgsCitation":"Lamborg, C.H., Kent, D.B., Swarr, G.J., Munson, K.M., Kading, T., O’Connor, A.E., Fairchild, G.M., LeBlanc, D.R., and Wiatrowski, H.A., 2013, Mercury speciation and mobilization in a wastewater-contaminated groundwater plume: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 47, no. 23, p. 13239-13249, https://doi.org/10.1021/es402441d.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"13239","endPage":"13249","numberOfPages":"11","ipdsId":"IP-050967","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295473,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295466,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es402441d"}],"projection":"Polyconic projection","datum":"1927 North American datum","country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","volume":"47","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-11-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54422fa1e4b0192a5a42f3da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamborg, Carl H.","contributorId":100307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamborg","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kent, Doug B.","contributorId":89822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"Doug","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swarr, Gretchen J.","contributorId":22711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarr","given":"Gretchen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Munson, Kathleen M.","contributorId":40917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munson","given":"Kathleen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kading, Tristan","contributorId":32852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kading","given":"Tristan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"O’Connor, Alison E.","contributorId":23869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connor","given":"Alison","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fairchild, Gillian M. gfairchi@usgs.gov","contributorId":4418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairchild","given":"Gillian","email":"gfairchi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":503518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"LeBlanc, Denis R. 0000-0002-4646-2628 dleblanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4646-2628","contributorId":1696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"Denis","email":"dleblanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Wiatrowski, Heather A.","contributorId":85527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiatrowski","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70048777,"text":"ofr20131230 - 2013 - Geomorphology and groundwater origin of amphitheater-shaped gullies at Fort Gordon, Georgia, 2010-2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T16:42:17","indexId":"ofr20131230","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-04T12:40:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1230","title":"Geomorphology and groundwater origin of amphitheater-shaped gullies at Fort Gordon, Georgia, 2010-2012","docAbstract":"Seven amphitheater-shaped gullies at valley heads in the northern part of Fort Gordon, Georgia, were identified by personnel from Fort Gordon and the U.S. Geological Survey during a field investigation of environmental contamination near the cantonment area between 2008 and 2010. Between 2010 and 2012, the amphitheater-shaped gullies were photographed, topographic features were surveyed using a global positioning system device, and the extent of erosion was estimated using Light Detection and Ranging imagery. The seven gullies are distributed across a broad area (and most likely are not the only examples) and have a similar geomorphology that includes (1) an amphitheater (semicircular) shaped escarpment at the upgradient end on a plateau of Upper Eocene sands of no readily discernible elevated catchment area or natural surface-water drainage; (2) a narrow, trench-shaped, flat-bottomed incisement of low-permeability marl at the downgradient end; and (3) steep-sided valley walls, some formed by landslides. Surface-water runoff is an unlikely cause for the amphitheater-shaped gullies, because each valley has a relatively small drainage area of sandy terrain even at those gullies that have recently received discharge from stormwater drains. Also, presumed high rates of runoff and gully formation associated with historic land uses, such as clearcutting, cotton production, and silviculture, would have occurred no later than when the fort was established in the early 1900s. The lack of an elevated catchment area at the headward scarps, the amphitheater shape, and presence of low permeability marl at the base of each feature provides the most convincing lines of evidence for headward erosion by groundwater sapping. The absence of current (2013) seeps and springs at most of the amphitheater-shaped gullies indicates that the gullies may have been formed previously by groundwater sapping under conditions of higher and (or) sustained precipitation amounts, local water-table altitudes, and seepage than current (2013) conditions. One gully characterized by groundwater seepage may support a unique ecological niche that, if assessed to contain endangered species or rare plants, could require protection under State laws.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131230","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Army Environmental and Natural Resources Management Office of the U.S. Army Signal Center and Fort Gordon","usgsCitation":"Landmeyer, J., and Wellborn, J.B., 2013, Geomorphology and groundwater origin of amphitheater-shaped gullies at Fort Gordon, Georgia, 2010-2012: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1230, v, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131230.","productDescription":"v, 19 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278688,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131230.gif"},{"id":278686,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1230/"},{"id":278687,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1230/pdf/of2013-1230.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Fort Gordon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82.413940,33.269695 ], [ -82.413940,33.446339 ], [ -82.093964,33.446339 ], [ -82.093964,33.269695 ], [ -82.413940,33.269695 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5278c1e1e4b0c04ac3417a9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landmeyer, James 0000-0002-5640-3816 jlandmey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5640-3816","contributorId":3257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"James","email":"jlandmey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wellborn, John B.","contributorId":24822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wellborn","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70048776,"text":"sir20135088 - 2013 - The effects of artificial recharge on groundwater levels and water quality in the west hydrogeologic unit of the Warren subbasin, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-14T18:04:37","indexId":"sir20135088","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-04T11:31:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5088","title":"The effects of artificial recharge on groundwater levels and water quality in the west hydrogeologic unit of the Warren subbasin, San Bernardino County, California","docAbstract":"Between the late 1940s and 1994, groundwater levels in the Warren subbasin, California, declined by as much as 300 feet because pumping exceeded sparse natural recharge. In response, the local water district, Hi-Desert Water District, implemented an artificial-recharge program in early 1995 using imported water from the California State Water Project. Subsequently, the water table rose by as much as 250 feet; however, a study done by the U.S. Geological Survey found that the rising water table entrained high-nitrate septic effluent, which caused nitrate (as nitrogen) concentrations in some wells to increase to more than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level of 10 milligrams per liter..\n\nA new artificial-recharge site (site 3) was constructed in 2006 and this study, which started in 2004, was done to address concerns about the possible migration of nitrates in the unsaturated zone. The objectives of this study were to: (1) characterize the hydraulic, chemical, and microbiological properties of the unsaturated zone; (2) monitor changes in water levels and water quality in response to the artificial-recharge program at site 3; (3) determine if nitrates from septic effluent infiltrated through the unsaturated zone to the water table; (4) determine the potential for nitrates within the unsaturated zone to mobilize and contaminate the groundwater as the water table rises in response to artificial recharge; and (5) determine the presence and amount of dissolved organic carbon because of its potential to react with disinfection byproducts during the treatment of water for public use. Two monitoring sites were installed and instrumented with heat-dissipation probes, advanced tensiometers, suction-cup lysimeters, and wells so that the arrival and effects of recharging water from the State Water Project through the 250 to 425 foot-thick unsaturated zone and groundwater system could be closely observed. Monitoring site YVUZ-1 was located between two recharge ponds in the middle of site 3, and YVUZ-2 was located approximately 1,200 feet down-gradient and to the southeast in an area where septic systems have been in use since about 1960. Site YVUZ-3 only went to a depth of 42 feet and was used to sample the upper part of the unsaturated zone near a golf course. Prior to the start of artificial recharge at site 3, nitrate concentrations reported as nitrogen from the soil leachate below YVUZ-1 did not exceed 1.58 milligrams per kilogram. Nitrate-reducing bacteria concentrations of 4,300 most probable number were found at about 220 feet below land surface and at the top of the water table at YVUZ-1. Nitrate concentrations at YVUZ-2 reached a maximum concentration of about 25 milligrams per kilogram between about 100 and 121 feet below land surface; concentrations of nitrate-reducing or denitrifying bacteria were as high as 21,000 most probable number at 36 feet below land surface but did not exceed 40 most probable number below about 150 feet below land surface. Between June 2006 and September 2009, more than 9,800 acre feet of water from the State Water Project was released to site 3 ponds. The infiltration of the recharge water was predominantly vertical with limited lateral spreading to a depth of about 200 feet below land surface at YVUZ-1. Lateral spreading of the recharge water with depth was caused by geologic heterogeneities within the unsaturated zone, and resulted in varied arrival times of the recharge water to the instruments and slower rates of vertical movement with depth. No abrupt changes in soil moisture were observed at YVUZ-2, indicating that the recharge water had not reached that site by September 2009. Water levels from the monitoring wells at both sites and from five production wells nearby showed that the water table rose at a mean rate of about 0.08 feet per day between June 2006 and January 2009. The arrival of the water from the State Water Project caused relatively rapid changes in the stable-isotopic ratios from the lysimeters at YVUZ-1. The estimated average rate of infiltration of the recharge water through the unsaturated zone ranged from 3.7 to 25 feet per day. The recharge water arrived at the monitoring well below the recharge ponds between August 2007 and March 2008; the rate of vertical movement to the monitoring well was between 0.6 and 0.9 feet per day. By September 2008, a production well located 375 feet west of site 3 was producing almost 100 percent infiltrated recharge water. By contrast, the stable-isotope data from the lysimeters at YVUZ-2 showed that the recharge water had not reached this site by September 2009, but that septic effluent in the unsaturated zone likely had mixed with the native pore water to at least 154 feet below land surface. Assuming vertical infiltration, the minimum rate of infiltration of septic effluent since 1960 was about 3 feet per year. The isotopic data from the lysimeters at YVUZ-3 indicated two different sources of water to the upper 43 feet–irrigation-return flow and precipitation. Nitrate concentrations of the water from the State Water Project did not exceed 1 milligram per liter. Prior to artificial recharge, nitrate concentrations of the pore water at YVUZ-1 ranged between 6 to 18.2 milligrams per liter. After the arrival of the recharge water, the nitrate concentrations from the lysimeters and well at YVUZ-1 decreased to less than 1 milligram per liter, with the exception of samples collected at 205.5 feet, which did not exceed 4.12 milligrams per liter. The decrease in nitrate concentrations after artificial recharge indicated that the rising water table did not result in an increase of nitrates below YVUZ-1. At YVUZ-2, nitrate concentrations ranged between 12 to 479 milligrams per liter. The highest nitrate concentrations were at 92 feet below land surface and were almost seven times that of samples collected from a nearby septic tank. Nitrate concentrations from the lysimeter at 273 feet below land surface increased from 6 to almost 58 milligrams per liter after it was saturated by the rising water table in December 2007. These increases could be the result of the mobilization of high-nitrate water from regional sources of septic effluent after saturation, or the result of high-nitrate water present at the top of the water table that may be diluted deeper in the aquifer. Nitrate concentrations in groundwater from five nearby production wells and from both monitoring wells were less than 5 milligrams per liter before artificial recharge started. Nitrate concentrations decreased to less than 3 milligrams per liter in three of the production wells and the monitoring well below the recharge ponds after artificial recharge. Dissolved organic carbon concentrations were measured in the recharge water and groundwater because of the potential for dissolved organic carbon to react with chlorine to form trihalomethanes during the water-treatment process. The dissolved organic carbon concentrations of the recharge water were 3.1 milligrams per liter or less, and dissolved organic carbon concentrations of the groundwater were less than 1 milligram per liter. Even though recharge water was present in some of the wells by September 2008, the concentrations of both dissolved organic carbon and trihalomethane formation potential in the groundwater did not increase. Interpretation of these data suggests that the dissolved organic carbon from the recharge water is altered or metabolized in the unsaturated zone, either by absorption to the grain particles in the soil or by microbiological processes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135088","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Hi-Desert Water District","usgsCitation":"Stamos, C., Martin, P., Everett, R., and Izbicki, J., 2013, The effects of artificial recharge on groundwater levels and water quality in the west hydrogeologic unit of the Warren subbasin, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5088, Report: xii, 88 p.; Appendix 4: XLSX file; Appendix 5: XLSX file; Appendix 7: XLSX file; Appendix 8: XLSX file, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135088.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 88 p.; Appendix 4: XLSX file; Appendix 5: XLSX file; Appendix 7: XLSX file; Appendix 8: XLSX file","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278685,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135088.jpg"},{"id":278681,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5088/sir2013-5088_appendix5.xlsx"},{"id":278679,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5088/pdf/sir2013-5088.pdf"},{"id":278680,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5088/"},{"id":278682,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5088/sir2013-5088_appendix4.xlsx"},{"id":278683,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5088/sir2013-5088_appendix7.xlsx"},{"id":278684,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5088/sir2013-5088_appendix8.xlsx"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.493530,34.000304 ], [ -116.493530,34.148749 ], [ -116.320496,34.148749 ], [ -116.320496,34.000304 ], [ -116.493530,34.000304 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5278c217e4b0c04ac3417aa7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stamos, Christina L. 0000-0002-1007-9352","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1007-9352","contributorId":19593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamos","given":"Christina L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, Peter pmmartin@usgs.gov","contributorId":799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Peter","email":"pmmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Everett, Rhett R. 0000-0001-7983-6270 reverett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7983-6270","contributorId":843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Everett","given":"Rhett R.","email":"reverett@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":485613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":1375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John A.","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":485614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70136362,"text":"70136362 - 2013 - Genetics, recruitment, and migration patterns of Arctic Cisco (Coregonus autumnalis) in the Colville River, Alaska and Mackenzie River, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-12-30T16:03:57","indexId":"70136362","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-01T16:15:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3093,"text":"Polar Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetics, recruitment, and migration patterns of Arctic Cisco (Coregonus autumnalis) in the Colville River, Alaska and Mackenzie River, Canada","docAbstract":"<p>Arctic cisco Coregonus autumnalis have a complex anadromous life history, many aspects of which remain poorly understood. Some life history traits of Arctic cisco from the Colville River, Alaska, and Mackenzie River basin, Canada, were investigated using molecular genetics, harvest data, and otolith microchemistry. The Mackenzie hypothesis, which suggests that Arctic cisco found in Alaskan waters originate from the Mackenzie River system, was tested using 11 microsatellite loci and a single mitochondrial DNA gene. No genetic differentiation was found among sample collections from the Colville River and the Mackenzie River system using molecular markers (P &gt; 0.19 in all comparisons). Model-based clustering methods also supported genetic admixture between sample collections from the Colville River and Mackenzie River basin. A reanalysis of recruitment patterns to Alaska, which included data from recent warm periods and suspected changes in atmospheric circulation patterns, still finds that recruitment is correlated to wind conditions. Otolith microchemistry (Sr/Ca ratios) confirmed repeated, annual movements of Arctic cisco between low-salinity habitats in winter and marine waters in summer.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","publisherLocation":"Heidelberg","doi":"10.1007/s00300-013-1372-y","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, C.E., Ramey, A.M., Turner, S., Mueter, F.J., Murphy, S., and Nielsen, J.L., 2013, Genetics, recruitment, and migration patterns of Arctic Cisco (Coregonus autumnalis) in the Colville River, Alaska and Mackenzie River, Canada: Polar Biology, v. 36, no. 11, p. 1543-1555, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-013-1372-y.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1543","endPage":"1555","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-022648","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296953,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":296938,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-013-1372-y"}],"volume":"36","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-07-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2ba7e4b08de9379b345e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, Christian E. 0000-0002-3646-0688 czimmerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3646-0688","contributorId":410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Christian","email":"czimmerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ramey, Andrew M. 0000-0002-3601-8400 aramey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3601-8400","contributorId":1872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramey","given":"Andrew","email":"aramey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turner, S.","contributorId":18947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mueter, Franz J.","contributorId":131144,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mueter","given":"Franz","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Murphy, S.","contributorId":91384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nielsen, Jennifer L.","contributorId":43722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70074105,"text":"70074105 - 2013 - Crustal-scale recycling in caldera complexes and rift zones along the Yellowstone hotspot track: O and Hf isotopic evidence in diverse zircons from voluminous rhyolites of the Picabo volcanic field, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-02T16:49:41.533555","indexId":"70074105","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-01T16:07:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal-scale recycling in caldera complexes and rift zones along the Yellowstone hotspot track: O and Hf isotopic evidence in diverse zircons from voluminous rhyolites of the Picabo volcanic field, Idaho","docAbstract":"Rhyolites of the Picabo volcanic field (10.4–6.6 Ma) in eastern Idaho are preserved as thick ignimbrites and lavas along the margins of the Snake River Plain (SRP), and within a deep (>3 km) borehole near the central axis of the Yellowstone hotspot track. In this study we present new O and Hf isotope data and U–Pb geochronology for individual zircons, O isotope data for major phenocrysts (quartz, plagioclase, and pyroxene), whole rock Sr and Nd isotope ratios, and whole rock geochemistry for a suite of Picabo rhyolites. We synthesize our new datasets with published Ar–Ar geochronology to establish the eruptive framework of the Picabo volcanic field, and interpret its petrogenetic history in the context of other well-studied caldera complexes in the SRP. Caldera complex evolution at Picabo began with eruption of the 10.44±0.27 Ma (U–Pb) Tuff of Arbon Valley (TAV), a chemically zoned and normal-δ<sup>18</sup>O (δ<sup>18</sup>O magma=7.9‰) unit with high, zoned <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr<sub>i</sub> (0.71488–0.72520), and low-ε<sub>Nd</sub>(0) (−18) and ε<sub>Hf</sub>(0) (−28). The TAV and an associated post caldera lava flow possess the lowest ε<sub>Nd</sub>(0) (−23), indicating ∼40–60% derivation from the Archean upper crust. Normal-δ<sup>18</sup>O rhyolites were followed by a series of lower-δ<sup>18</sup>O eruptions with more typical (lower crustal) Sr–Nd–Hf isotope ratios and whole rock chemistry. The voluminous 8.25±0.26 Ma West Pocatello rhyolite has the lowest δ<sup>18</sup>O value (δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>melt</sub>=3.3‰), and we correlate it to a 1,000 m thick intracaldera tuff present in the INEL-1 borehole (with published zircon ages 8.04–8.35 Ma, and similarly low-δ<sup>18</sup>O zircon values). The significant (4–5‰) decrease in magmatic-δ<sup>18</sup>O values in Picabo rhyolites is accompanied by an increase in zircon δ<sup>18</sup>O heterogeneity from ∼1‰ variation in the TAV to >5‰ variation in the late-stage low-δ<sup>18</sup>O rhyolites, a trend similar to what is characteristic of Heise and Yellowstone, and which indicates remelting of variably hydrothermally altered tuffs followed by rapid batch assembly prior to eruption. However, due to the greater abundance of low-δ<sup>18</sup>O rhyolites at Picabo, the eruptive framework may reflect an intertwined history of caldera collapse and coeval Basin and Range rifting and hydrothermal alteration. We speculate that the source rocks with pre-existing low-δ<sup>18</sup>O alteration may be related to: (1) deeply buried and unexposed older deposits of Picabo-age or Twin Falls-age low-δ<sup>18</sup>O volcanics; and/or (2) regionally-abundant late Eocene Challis volcanics, which were hydrothermally altered near the surface prior to or during peak Picabo magmatism. Basin and Range extension, specifically the formation of metamorphic core complexes exposed in the region, could have facilitated the generation of low-δ<sup>18</sup>O magmas by exhuming heated rocks and creating the large water-rock ratios necessary for shallow hydrothermal alteration of tectonically (rift zones) and volcanically (calderas) buried volcanic rocks. These interpretations highlight the major processes by which supereruptive volumes of magma are generated in the SRP, mechanisms applicable to producing rhyolites worldwide that are facilitated by plume driven volcanism and extensional tectonics.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2013.08.007","usgsCitation":"Drew, D.L., Bindeman, I.N., Watts, K.E., Schmitt, A., Fu, B., and McCurry, M., 2013, Crustal-scale recycling in caldera complexes and rift zones along the Yellowstone hotspot track: O and Hf isotopic evidence in diverse zircons from voluminous rhyolites of the Picabo volcanic field, Idaho: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 381, p. 63-77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.08.007.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"77","numberOfPages":"15","ipdsId":"IP-052097","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281596,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Picabo Volcanic Field","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.2578125,\n              42.293564192170095\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.09374999999999,\n              42.293564192170095\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.09374999999999,\n              44.43377984606822\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.2578125,\n              44.43377984606822\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.2578125,\n              42.293564192170095\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"381","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd538fe4b0b290850f5362","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drew, Dana L.","contributorId":66167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"Dana","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bindeman, Ilya N.","contributorId":7992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bindeman","given":"Ilya","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watts, Kathryn E. 0000-0002-6110-7499 kwatts@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6110-7499","contributorId":5081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"Kathryn","email":"kwatts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schmitt, Axel K.","contributorId":69287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"Axel K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fu, Bin","contributorId":96584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fu","given":"Bin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McCurry, Michael","contributorId":68646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCurry","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70048424,"text":"70048424 - 2013 - Spatial, seasonal, and source variability in the stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition of tap waters throughout the USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-25T16:10:14","indexId":"70048424","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-01T16:06:11","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial, seasonal, and source variability in the stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition of tap waters throughout the USA","docAbstract":"To assess spatial, seasonal, and source variability in stable isotopic composition of human drinking waters throughout the entire USA, we have constructed a database of δ<sup>18</sup>O and δ<sup>2</sup>H of US tap waters. An additional purpose was to create a publicly available dataset useful for evaluating the forensic applicability of these isotopes for human tissue source geolocation. Samples were obtained at 349 sites, from diverse population centres, grouped by surface hydrologic units for regional comparisons. Samples were taken concurrently during two contrasting seasons, summer and winter. Source supply (surface, groundwater, mixed, and cistern) and system (public and private) types were noted. The isotopic composition of tap waters exhibits large spatial and regional variation within each season as well as significant at-site differences between seasons at many locations, consistent with patterns found in environmental (river and precipitation) waters deriving from hydrologic processes influenced by geographic factors. However, anthropogenic factors, such as the population of a tap’s surrounding community and local availability from diverse sources, also influence the isotopic composition of tap waters. Even within a locale as small as a single metropolitan area, tap waters with greatly differing isotopic compositions can be found, so that tap water within a region may not exhibit the spatial or temporal coherence predicted for environmental water. Such heterogeneities can be confounding factors when attempting forensic inference of source water location, and they underscore the necessity of measurements, not just predictions, with which to characterize the isotopic composition of regional tap waters. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.10004","usgsCitation":"Landwehr, J.M., Coplen, T.B., and Stewart, D.W., 2013, Spatial, seasonal, and source variability in the stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition of tap waters throughout the USA: Hydrological Processes, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10004.","productDescription":"41 p.","ipdsId":"IP-026338","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278112,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hyp.10004/abstract"},{"id":282785,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":282784,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10004"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 173.0,16.916667 ], [ 173.0,71.833333 ], [ -66.95,71.833333 ], [ -66.95,16.916667 ], [ 173.0,16.916667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-09-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7399e4b0b290851090a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landwehr, Jurate M. jmlandwe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landwehr","given":"Jurate","email":"jmlandwe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":484616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coplen, Tyler B. 0000-0003-4884-6008 tbcoplen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4884-6008","contributorId":508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"Tyler","email":"tbcoplen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":484615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stewart, David W. dwstewar@usgs.gov","contributorId":2390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"David","email":"dwstewar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":484617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70094485,"text":"70094485 - 2013 - Factors controlling floc settling velocity along a longitudinal estuarine transect","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-05T14:20:10.591306","indexId":"70094485","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-01T15:14:12","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors controlling floc settling velocity along a longitudinal estuarine transect","docAbstract":"A 147 km longitudinal transect of flocculated cohesive sediment properties in San Francisco Bay (SFB) was conducted on June 17th, 2008. Our aim was to determine the factors that control floc settling velocity along the longitudinal axis of the estuary. The INSSEV-LF video system was used to measure floc diameters and settling velocities at 30 stations at a distance of 0.7 m above the estuary bed. Floc sizes (D) ranged from 22 μm to 639 μm and settling velocities (Ws) ranged between 0.04 mm·s<sup>− 1</sup> and 15.8 mm·s<sup>− 1</sup> during the longitudinal transect. Nearbed turbulent shear stresses throughout the transect duration were within the 0.2–0.5 Pa range which typically stimulates flocculation growth. The individual D–Ws–floc density plots suggest the suspended sediments encountered throughout SFB were composed of both muddy cohesive sediment and mixed sediments flocs. Mass-weighted population mean settling velocity (Ws<sub>mass</sub>) ranged from 0.5 mm·s<sup>− 1</sup> to 10 mm·s<sup>− 1</sup>. The macrofloc and microfloc (demarcation at 160 μm) sub-populations demonstrated parameterised settling velocities which spanned nearly double the range of the sample mean settling velocities (Ws<sub>mean</sub>). The macroflocs tended to dominate the suspended mass (up to 77% of the ambient suspended solid concentration; SSC) from San Pablo Bay to Carquinez Strait (the vicinity of the turbidity maximum zone). Microfloc mass was particularly significant (typically 60–100% of the SSC) in the northern section of South Bay and most of Central Bay. The transect took eleven hours to complete and was not fully synoptic. During slack tide, larger and faster settling flocs deposited, accounting for most of the longitudinal variability. The best single predictor of settling velocity was water velocity 39 min prior to sampling, not suspended-sediment concentration or salinity. Resuspension and settling lags are likely responsible for the lagged response of settling velocity to water velocity. The distribution of individual floc diameters and settling velocities indicates that floc density for a given floc diameter varies greatly. A small portion (a few percent) of suspended sediment mass in SFB is sand-sized and inclusion of sand in flocs appears likely. Fractal theory for cohesive sediment assumes that there is a single primary particle size that flocculates, which is not the case for these types of mixed sediment flocs. The wide variability in the physical, biological and chemical processes which contribute to flocculation within SFB means that spatial floc data is required in order to accurately represent the diverse floc dynamics present in the Bay system. The importance in determining accurate estimates of floc density has been highlighted by the SFB data, as these provide the basis for realistic distributions of floc dry mass and the mass settling flux across a floc population. However, although video floc sampling devices can produce the various floc property trends observed in SFB, good survey practice is still paramount. One can see that if the sampling coverage (i.e. data collection frequency) is poor, this could lead to potential mis-interpretations of the data and only limited conclusions may be drawn from such a restricted survey. For example, a limited survey (i.e. only 3 stations, compared to the 10 stations in the full survey) in South Bay produces an under-estimate in both the macrofloc SSC<sub>macro</sub> distribution by a factor of four and the Ws<sub>macro</sub> by a factor of two. To develop sediment transport numerical models for SFB, high quality floc size and settling data are needed to understand and simulate the depositional qualities of both suspended cohesive sediment and mixed sediments in San Francisco Bay. This study has shown that the most pragmatic solution is a physically-based approach, whereby the detailed flocs D vs. Ws spectra are parameterised in terms of their macrofloc and microfloc properties. This aids in model calibration, whilst retaining more of the dynamical aspects of the floc populations. All forms of flocculation are dynamically active processes, therefore it is important to also include both SSC and turbulence functions together with the floc data.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2013.06.018","usgsCitation":"Manning, A., and Schoellhamer, D., 2013, Factors controlling floc settling velocity along a longitudinal estuarine transect: Marine Geology, v. 345, p. 266-280, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.06.018.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"266","endPage":"280","numberOfPages":"15","ipdsId":"IP-011207","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282591,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.6349,37.4225 ], [ -122.6349,38.277 ], [ -121.6324,38.277 ], [ -121.6324,37.4225 ], [ -122.6349,37.4225 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"345","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd58fbe4b0b290850f86f5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Barnard, Patrick L. 0000-0003-1414-6476 pbarnard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1414-6476","contributorId":147147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnard","given":"Patrick L.","email":"pbarnard@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790422,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jaffe, Bruce E. 0000-0002-8816-5920 bjaffe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8816-5920","contributorId":2049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"Bruce","email":"bjaffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790423,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790424,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Manning, A.J.","contributorId":54106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70048199,"text":"70048199 - 2013 - Groundwater ages and mixing in the Piceance Basin natural gas province, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-08T15:14:21","indexId":"70048199","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-01T15:04:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater ages and mixing in the Piceance Basin natural gas province, Colorado","docAbstract":"Reliably identifying the effects of energy development on groundwater quality can be difficult because baseline assessments of water quality completed before the onset of energy development are rare and because interactions between hydrocarbon reservoirs and aquifers can be complex, involving both natural and human processes. Groundwater age and mixing data can strengthen interpretations of monitoring data from those areas by providing better understanding of the groundwater flow systems. Chemical, isotopic, and age tracers were used to characterize groundwater ages and mixing with deeper saline water in three areas of the Piceance Basin natural gas province. The data revealed a complex array of groundwater ages (<10 to >50,000 years) and mixing patterns in the basin that helped explain concentrations and sources of methane in groundwater. Age and mixing data also can strengthen the design of monitoring programs by providing information on time scales at which water quality changes in aquifers might be expected to occur. This information could be used to establish maximum allowable distances of monitoring wells from energy development activity and the appropriate duration of monitoring.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es402473c","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P.B., Thomas, J.C., and Hunt, A.G., 2013, Groundwater ages and mixing in the Piceance Basin natural gas province, Colorado: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 47, no. 23, p. 13250-13257, https://doi.org/10.1021/es402473c.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"13250","endPage":"13257","numberOfPages":"8","ipdsId":"IP-051460","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280764,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280762,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es402473c"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Garfield County;Rio Blanco County","otherGeospatial":"Piceance Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.05,38.39 ], [ -109.05,40.22 ], [ -107.04,40.22 ], [ -107.04,38.39 ], [ -109.05,38.39 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"47","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-11-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5fe3e4b0b290850fc93d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, Peter B. 0000-0001-7452-2379 pmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Peter","email":"pmcmahon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":483974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, Judith C. 0000-0001-7883-1419 juthomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-1419","contributorId":1468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Judith","email":"juthomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":483975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hunt, Andrew G. 0000-0002-3810-8610 ahunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3810-8610","contributorId":1582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Andrew","email":"ahunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":483976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70094488,"text":"70094488 - 2013 - Comparison of sediment supply to San Francisco Bay from watersheds draining the Bay Area and the Central Valley of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-05T14:23:39.123768","indexId":"70094488","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-01T14:39:58","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of sediment supply to San Francisco Bay from watersheds draining the Bay Area and the Central Valley of California","docAbstract":"Quantifying suspended sediment loads is important for managing the world's estuaries in the context of navigation, pollutant transport, wetland restoration, and coastal erosion. To address these needs, a comprehensive analysis was completed on sediment supply to San Francisco Bay from fluvial sources. Suspended sediment, optical backscatter, velocity data near the head of the estuary, and discharge data obtained from the output of a water balance model were used to generate continuous suspended sediment concentration records and compute loads to the Bay from the large Central Valley watershed. Sediment loads from small tributary watersheds around the Bay were determined using 235 station-years of suspended sediment data from 38 watershed locations, regression analysis, and simple modeling. Over 16 years, net annual suspended sediment load to the head of the estuary from its 154,000 km<sup>2</sup> Central Valley watershed varied from 0.13 to 2.58 (mean = 0.89) million metric t of suspended sediment, or an average yield of 11 metric t/km<sup>2</sup>/yr. Small tributaries, totaling 8145 km<sup>2</sup>, in the nine-county Bay Area discharged between 0.081 and 4.27 (mean = 1.39) million metric t with a mean yield of 212 metric t/km<sup>2</sup>/yr. The results indicate that the hundreds of urbanized and tectonically active tributaries adjacent to the Bay, which together account for just 5% of the total watershed area draining to the Bay and provide just 7% of the annual average fluvial flow, supply 61% of the suspended sediment. The small tributary loads are more variable (53-fold between years compared to 21-fold for the inland Central Valley rivers) and dominated fluvial sediment supply to the Bay during 10 out of 16 yr. If San Francisco Bay is typical of other estuaries in active tectonic or climatically variable coastal regimes, managers responsible for water quality, dredging and reusing sediment accumulating in shipping channels, or restoring wetlands in the world's estuaries may need to more carefully account for proximal small urbanized watersheds that may dominate sediment supply.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2013.03.003","usgsCitation":"McKee, L., Lewicki, M., Schoellhamer, D., and Ganju, N., 2013, Comparison of sediment supply to San Francisco Bay from watersheds draining the Bay Area and the Central Valley of California: Marine Geology, v. 345, p. 47-62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.03.003.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"47","endPage":"62","numberOfPages":"16","ipdsId":"IP-039414","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282589,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Central Valley, San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.5303,37.0069 ], [ -123.5303,38.6941 ], [ -120.8716,38.6941 ], [ -120.8716,37.0069 ], [ -123.5303,37.0069 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"345","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5213e4b0b290850f44fc","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Barnard, Patrick L. 0000-0003-1414-6476 pbarnard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1414-6476","contributorId":2880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnard","given":"Patrick","email":"pbarnard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":790428,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jaffe, Bruce E. 0000-0002-8816-5920 bjaffe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8816-5920","contributorId":2049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"Bruce","email":"bjaffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790429,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790430,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"McKee, L.J.","contributorId":84562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lewicki, M.","contributorId":65379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewicki","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ganju, Neil K. 0000-0002-1096-0465 nganju@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1096-0465","contributorId":140088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ganju","given":"Neil K.","email":"nganju@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":490627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70112523,"text":"70112523 - 2013 - Does centennial morphodynamic evolution lead to higher channel efficiency in San Pablo Bay, California?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-05T14:44:42.854024","indexId":"70112523","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-01T14:21:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Does centennial morphodynamic evolution lead to higher channel efficiency in San Pablo Bay, California?","docAbstract":"<p>Measured bathymetries on 30 year interval over the past 150 years show that San Pablo Bay experienced periods of considerable deposition followed by periods of net erosion. However, the main channel in San Pablo Bay has continuously narrowed. The underlying mechanisms and consequences of this tidal channel evolution are not well understood.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The central question of this study is whether tidal channels evolve towards a geometry that leads to more efficient hydraulic conveyance and sediment throughput. We applied a hydrodynamic process-based, numerical model (Delft3D), which was run on 5 San Pablo Bay bathymetries measured between 1856 and 1983.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Model results shows increasing energy dissipation levels for lower water flows leading to an approximately 15% lower efficiency in 1983 compared to 1856. During the same period the relative seaward sediment throughput through the San Pablo Bay main channel increased by 10%. A probable explanation is that San Pablo Bay is still affected by the excessive historic sediment supply. Sea level rise and Delta surface water area variations over 150 years have limited effect on the model results. With expected lower sediment concentrations in the watershed and less impact of wind waves due to erosion of the shallow flats, it is possible that energy dissipations levels will decrease again in future decades. Our study suggests that the morphodynamic adaptation time scale to excessive variations in sediment supply to estuaries may be on the order of centuries.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2013.06.020","usgsCitation":"van der Wegen, M., and Jaffe, B.E., 2013, Does centennial morphodynamic evolution lead to higher channel efficiency in San Pablo Bay, California?: Marine Geology, v. 345, p. 254-265, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.06.020.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"254","endPage":"265","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288649,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.6229,37.333 ], [ -122.6229,38.2598 ], [ -121.1534,38.2598 ], [ -121.1534,37.333 ], [ -122.6229,37.333 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"345","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae768ae4b0abf75cf2bf93","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Barnard, Patrick L. 0000-0003-1414-6476 pbarnard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1414-6476","contributorId":147147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnard","given":"Patrick L.","email":"pbarnard@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509889,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jaffe, Bruce E. 0000-0002-8816-5920 bjaffe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8816-5920","contributorId":2049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"Bruce","email":"bjaffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509891,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509890,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"van der Wegen, M.","contributorId":106720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van der Wegen","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jaffe, Bruce E. 0000-0002-8816-5920 bjaffe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8816-5920","contributorId":2049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"Bruce","email":"bjaffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70112522,"text":"70112522 - 2013 - Changes in surfzone morphodynamics driven by multi-decadal contraction of a large ebb-tidal delta","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-05T13:55:39.88378","indexId":"70112522","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-01T14:16:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in surfzone morphodynamics driven by multi-decadal contraction of a large ebb-tidal delta","docAbstract":"<p>The impact of multi-decadal, large-scale deflation (76 million m<sup>3</sup> of sediment loss) and contraction (~ 1 km) of a 150 km<sup>2</sup> ebb-tidal delta on hydrodynamics and sediment transport at adjacent Ocean Beach in San Francisco, CA (USA), is examined using a coupled wave and circulation model. The model is forced with representative wave and tidal conditions using recent (2005) and historic (1956) ebb-tidal delta bathymetry data sets. Comparison of the simulations indicates that along north/south trending Ocean Beach the contraction and deflation of the ebb-tidal delta have resulted in significant differences in the flow and sediment dynamics. Between 1956 and 2005 the transverse bar (the shallow attachment point of the ebb-tidal delta to the shoreline) migrated northward ~ 1 km toward the inlet while a persistent alongshore flow and transport divergence point migrated south by ~ 500 m such that these features now overlap. A reduction in tidal prism and sediment supply over the last century has resulted in a net decrease in offshore tidal current-generated sediment transport at the mouth of San Francisco Bay, and a relative increase in onshore-directed wave-driven transport toward the inlet, accounting for the observed contraction of the ebb-tidal delta. Alongshore migration of the transverse bar and alongshore flow divergence have resulted in an increasing proportion of onshore migrating sediment from the ebb-tidal delta to be transported north along the beach in 2005 versus south in 1956. The northerly migrating sediment is then trapped by Pt. Lobos, a rocky headland at the northern extreme of the beach, consistent with the observed shoreline accretion in this area. Conversely, alongshore migration of the transverse bar and divergence point has decreased the sediment supply to southern Ocean Beach, consistent with the observed erosion of the shoreline in this area. This study illustrates the utility of applying a high-resolution coupled circulation-wave model for understanding coastal response to large-scale bathymetric changes over multi-decadal timescales, common to many coastal systems adjacent to urbanized estuaries and watersheds worldwide.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2013.07.005","usgsCitation":"Hansen, J., Elias, E., and Barnard, P., 2013, Changes in surfzone morphodynamics driven by multi-decadal contraction of a large ebb-tidal delta: Marine Geology, v. 345, p. 221-234, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.07.005.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"234","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288647,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.2546,37.333 ], [ -123.2546,38.2598 ], [ -121.9279,38.2598 ], [ -121.9279,37.333 ], [ -123.2546,37.333 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"345","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7652e4b0abf75cf2bf24","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Barnard, P.L.","contributorId":20527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnard","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509886,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jaffe, B.E.","contributorId":112487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509888,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schoellhamer, D. H. 0000-0001-9488-7340","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":85624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"D. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509887,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, Jeff E.","contributorId":60339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Jeff E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elias, Edwin","contributorId":50615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elias","given":"Edwin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnard, Patrick L.","contributorId":54936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnard","given":"Patrick L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70048764,"text":"fs20133070 - 2013 - Coastal processes influencing water quality at Great Lakes beaches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-06-10T21:21:46.540157","indexId":"fs20133070","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-01T14:09:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-3070","title":"Coastal processes influencing water quality at Great Lakes beaches","docAbstract":"In a series of studies along the Great Lakes, U.S. Geological Survey scientists are examining the physical processes that influence concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria and related pathogens at recreational beaches. These studies aim to estimate human health risk, improve management strategies, and understand the fate and transport of microbes in the nearshore area. It was determined that embayed beaches act as traps, accumulating <i>Escherichia coli (E. coli)</i> and other bacteria in the basin and even in beach sand. Further, shear stress and wave run-up could resuspend accumulated bacteria, leading to water-contamination events. These findings are being used to target beach design and circulation projects. In previous research, it was determined that <i>E. coli</i> followed a diurnal pattern, with concentrations decreasing throughout the day, largely owing to solar inactivation, but rebounding overnight. Studies at a Chicago beach identified the impact of wave-induced mass transport on this phenomenon, a finding that will extend our understanding of bacterial fate in the natural environment. In another series of studies, scientists examined the impact of river outfalls on bacteria concentrations, using mechanistic and empirical modeling. Through these studies, the models can indicate range and extent of impact, given <i>E. coli</i> concentration in the source water. These findings have been extended to extended lengths of coastlines and have been applied in beach management using empirical predictive modeling. Together, these studies are helping scientists identify and eliminate threats to human and coastal health.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20133070","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2013, Coastal processes influencing water quality at Great Lakes beaches: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2013-3070, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20133070.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":505365,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_99276.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":278648,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3070/"},{"id":278647,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3070/pdf/fs2013-3070.pdf"},{"id":278649,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20133070.gif"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes Beaches","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5274c67de4b089748f071324","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70048765,"text":"fs20133071 - 2013 - Research on pathogens at Great Lakes beaches: sampling, influential factors, and potential sources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-14T17:36:27","indexId":"fs20133071","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-01T14:09:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-3071","title":"Research on pathogens at Great Lakes beaches: sampling, influential factors, and potential sources","docAbstract":"The overall mission of this work is to provide science-based information and methods that will allow beach managers to more accurately make beach closure and advisory decisions, understand the sources and physical processes affecting beach contaminants, and understand how science-based information can be used to mitigate and restore beaches and protect the public.\n\nThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in collaboration with many Federal, State, and local agencies and universities, has conducted research on beach health issues in the Great Lakes Region for more than a decade. The work consists of four science elements that align with the USGS Beach Health Initiative Mission: real-time assessments of water quality; coastal processes; pathogens and source tracking; and data analysis, interpretation, and communication. The ongoing or completed research for the pathogens and source tracking topic is described in this fact sheet.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20133071","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2013, Research on pathogens at Great Lakes beaches: sampling, influential factors, and potential sources: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2013-3071, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20133071.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278650,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20133071.gif"},{"id":278646,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3071/pdf/fs2013-3071.pdf"},{"id":278645,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3071/"}],"state":"Michigan;New York;Ohio;Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes;Lake Erie;Lake Huron;Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.18,41.34 ], [ -88.18,46.53 ], [ -78.73,46.53 ], [ -78.73,41.34 ], [ -88.18,41.34 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5274c67fe4b089748f071330","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70048763,"text":"fs20133069 - 2013 - Real-time assessments of water quality: Expanding nowcasting throughout the Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-06-10T21:20:14.135395","indexId":"fs20133069","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-01T14:04:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-3069","title":"Real-time assessments of water quality: Expanding nowcasting throughout the Great Lakes","docAbstract":"Nowcasts are systems that inform the public of current bacterial water-quality conditions at beaches on the basis of predictive models. During 2010–12, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) worked with 23 local and State agencies to improve existing operational beach nowcast systems at 4 beaches and expand the use of predictive models in nowcasts at an additional 45 beaches throughout the Great Lakes. The predictive models were specific to each beach, and the best model for each beach was based on a unique combination of environmental and water-quality explanatory variables. The variables used most often in models to predict Escherichia coli (E. coli) concentrations or the probability of exceeding a State recreational water-quality standard included turbidity, day of the year, wave height, wind direction and speed, antecedent rainfall for various time periods, and change in lake level over 24 hours. During validation of 42 beach models during 2012, the models performed better than the current method to assess recreational water quality (previous day's E. coli concentration). The USGS will continue to work with local agencies to improve nowcast predictions, enable technology transfer of predictive model development procedures, and implement more operational systems during 2013 and beyond.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20133069","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2013, Real-time assessments of water quality: expanding nowcasting throughout the Great Lakes: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2013-3069, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20133069.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278651,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3069/"},{"id":278652,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3069/pdf/fs2013-3069.pdf"},{"id":278653,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20133069.gif"},{"id":505364,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_99275.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"The Great Lakes","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -92.11,41.4 ], [ -92.11,48.85 ], [ -76.3,48.85 ], [ -76.3,41.4 ], [ -92.11,41.4 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5274c67fe4b089748f07132d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70048759,"text":"fs20133068 - 2013 - Tools for beach health data management, data processing, and predictive model implementation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-14T17:33:35","indexId":"fs20133068","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-01T13:59:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-3068","title":"Tools for beach health data management, data processing, and predictive model implementation","docAbstract":"This fact sheet describes utilities created for management of recreational waters to provide efficient data management, data aggregation, and predictive modeling as well as a prototype geographic information system (GIS)-based tool for data visualization and summary. All of these utilities were developed to assist beach managers in making decisions to protect public health. The Environmental Data Discovery and Transformation (EnDDaT) Web service identifies, compiles, and sorts environmental data from a variety of sources that help to define climatic, hydrologic, and hydrodynamic characteristics including multiple data sources within the U.S. Geological Survey and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The Great Lakes Beach Health Database (GLBH-DB) and Web application was designed to provide a flexible input, export, and storage platform for beach water quality and sanitary survey monitoring data to compliment beach monitoring programs within the Great Lakes. A real-time predictive modeling strategy was implemented by combining the capabilities of EnDDaT and the GLBH-DB for timely, automated prediction of beach water quality. The GIS-based tool was developed to map beaches based on their physical and biological characteristics, which was shared with multiple partners to provide concepts and information for future Web-accessible beach data outlets.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20133068","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2013, Tools for beach health data management, data processing, and predictive model implementation: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2013-3068, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20133068.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278643,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20133068.gif"},{"id":278641,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3068/"},{"id":278642,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3068/pdf/fs2013-3068.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5274c67fe4b089748f071333","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70048492,"text":"70048492 - 2013 - Forest ecosystems: Vegetation, disturbance, and economics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-13T16:59:14.139029","indexId":"70048492","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-01T13:52:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"5","title":"Forest ecosystems: Vegetation, disturbance, and economics","docAbstract":"Forests cover about 47% of the Northwest (NW–Washington, Oregon, and Idaho) (Smith et al. 2009, fig. 5.1, table 5.1). The impacts of current and future climate change on NW forest ecosystems are a product of the sensitivities of ecosystem processes to climate and the degree to which humans depend on and interact with those systems. Forest ecosystem structure and function, particularly in relatively unmanaged forests where timber harvest and other land use have smaller effects, is sensitive to climate change because climate has a strong influence on ecosystem processes. Climate can affect forest structure directly through its control of plan physiology and life history (establishment, individual growth, productivity, and morality) or indirectly through its control of disturbance (fire, insects, disease). As climate changes, many forest processes will be affected, altering ecosystem services such as timber production and recreation. These changes have socioeconomic implications (e.g. for timber economies) and will require changes to current management of forests. Climate and management will interact to determine the forests of the future, and the scientific basis for adaptation to climate change in forests thus depends significantly on how forests will be affected.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Climate change in the northwest: Implications for our landscapes, waters, and communities","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Island Press/Center for Resource Economics","usgsCitation":"Littell, J.S., Hicke, J.A., Shafer, S., Capalbo, S.M., Houston, L.L., and Glick, P., 2013, Forest ecosystems: Vegetation, disturbance, and economics, chap. 5 <i>of</i> Climate change in the northwest: Implications for our landscapes, waters, and communities, p. 110-148.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"110","endPage":"148","ipdsId":"IP-042726","costCenters":[{"id":107,"text":"Alaska Climate Science 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,{"id":70093193,"text":"70093193 - 2013 - Scale-dependent gas hydrate saturation estimates in sand reservoirs in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea of Korea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-05T13:54:41","indexId":"70093193","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-01T13:52:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Scale-dependent gas hydrate saturation estimates in sand reservoirs in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea of Korea","docAbstract":"Through the use of 2-D and 3-D seismic data, several gas hydrate prospects were identified in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea of Korea and thirteen drill sites were established and logging-while-drilling (LWD) data were acquired from each site in 2010. Sites UBGH2–6 and UBGH2–10 were selected to test a series of high amplitude seismic reflections, possibly from sand reservoirs. LWD logs from the UBGH2–6 well indicate that there are three significant sand reservoirs with varying thickness. Two upper sand reservoirs are water saturated and the lower thinly bedded sand reservoir contains gas hydrate with an average saturation of 13%, as estimated from the P-wave velocity. The well logs at the UBGH2–6 well clearly demonstrated the effect of scale-dependency on gas hydrate saturation estimates. Gas hydrate saturations estimated from the high resolution LWD acquired ring resistivity (vertical resolution of about 5–8 cm) reaches about 90% with an average saturation of 28%, whereas gas hydrate saturations estimated from the low resolution A40L resistivity (vertical resolution of about 120 cm) reaches about 25% with an average saturation of 11%. However, in the UBGH2–10 well, gas hydrate occupies a 5-m thick sand reservoir near 135 mbsf with a maximum saturation of about 60%. In the UBGH2–10 well, the average and a maximum saturation estimated from various well logging tools are comparable, because the bed thickness is larger than the vertical resolution of the various logging tools. High resolution wireline log data further document the role of scale-dependency on gas hydrate calculations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2012.09.004","usgsCitation":"Lee, M.W., and Collett, T.S., 2013, Scale-dependent gas hydrate saturation estimates in sand reservoirs in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea of Korea: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 47, p. 195-203, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2012.09.004.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"203","numberOfPages":"9","ipdsId":"IP-038671","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473455,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2012.09.004","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":281992,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2012.09.004"},{"id":282033,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Korea","otherGeospatial":"East Sea Of Korea;Ulleung Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 129.0,35.0 ], [ 129.0,38.0 ], [ 133.0,38.0 ], [ 133.0,35.0 ], [ 129.0,35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"47","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7178e4b0b29085107b2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Myung Woong","contributorId":15114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","email":"","middleInitial":"Woong","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collett, Timothy S. 0000-0002-7598-4708 tcollett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":1698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"Timothy","email":"tcollett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70094487,"text":"70094487 - 2013 - Adjustment of the San Francisco estuary and watershed to decreasing sediment supply in the 20th century","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-20T13:58:17","indexId":"70094487","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-01T13:46:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adjustment of the San Francisco estuary and watershed to decreasing sediment supply in the 20th century","docAbstract":"The general progression of human land use is an initial disturbance (e.g., deforestation, mining, agricultural expansion, overgrazing, and urbanization) that creates a sediment pulse to an estuary followed by dams that reduce sediment supply. We present a conceptual model of the effects of increasing followed by decreasing sediment supply that includes four sequential regimes, which propagate downstream: a stationary natural regime, transient increasing sediment supply, transient decreasing sediment supply, and a stationary altered regime. The model features characteristic lines that separate the four regimes. Previous studies of the San Francisco Estuary and watershed are synthesized in the context of this conceptual model. Hydraulic mining for gold in the watershed increased sediment supply to the estuary in the late 1800s. Adjustment to decreasing sediment supply began in the watershed and upper estuary around 1900 and in the lower estuary in the 1950s. Large freshwater flow in the late 1990s caused a step adjustment throughout the estuary and watershed. It is likely that the estuary and watershed are still capable of adjusting but further adjustment will be as steps that occur only during greater floods than previously experienced during the adjustment period. Humans are actively managing the system to try to prevent greater floods. If this hypothesis of step changes occurring for larger flows is true, then the return interval of step changes will increase or, if humans successfully control floods in perpetuity, there will be no more step changes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2013.04.007","usgsCitation":"Schoellhamer, D., Wright, S., and Drexler, J., 2013, Adjustment of the San Francisco estuary and watershed to decreasing sediment supply in the 20th century: Marine Geology, v. 345, p. 63-71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.04.007.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"71","numberOfPages":"9","ipdsId":"IP-028622","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282575,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":282574,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.04.007"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Estuary","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.75,37.25 ], [ -122.75,39.0 ], [ -121.0,39.0 ], [ -121.0,37.25 ], [ -122.75,37.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"345","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4b34e4b0b290850f03a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, Scott 0000-0002-0387-5713 sawright@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0387-5713","contributorId":1536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Scott","email":"sawright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drexler, Judith Z. 0000-0002-0127-3866","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0127-3866","contributorId":8941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drexler","given":"Judith Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70048659,"text":"70048659 - 2013 - Early and late Holocene glacial fluctuations and tephrostratigraphy, Cabin Lake, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-02T13:39:22.633485","indexId":"70048659","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-01T13:46:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2436,"text":"Journal of Quaternary","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Early and late Holocene glacial fluctuations and tephrostratigraphy, Cabin Lake, Alaska","docAbstract":"Marked changes in sediment types deposited in Cabin Lake, near Cordova, Alaska, represent environmental shifts during the early and late Holocene, including fluctuations in the terminal position of Sheridan Glacier. Cabin Lake is situated to receive meltwater during periods when the outwash plain of the advancing Sheridan Glacier had aggraded. A brief early Holocene advance from 11.2 to 11.0 cal ka is represented by glacial rock flour near the base of the sediment core. Non-glacial lake conditions were restored for about 1000 years before the water level in Cabin Lake lowered and the core site became a fen. The fen indicates drier-than-present conditions leading up to the Holocene thermal maximum. An unconformity spanning 5400 years during the mid-Holocene is overlain by peat until 1110 CE when meltwater from Sheridan Glacier returned to the basin. Three intervals of an advanced Sheridan Glacier are recorded in the Cabin Lake sediments during the late Holocene: 1110–1180, 1260–1540 and 1610–1780 CE. The sedimentary sequence also contains the first five reported tephra deposits from the Copper River delta region, and their geochemical signatures suggest that the sources are the Cook Inlet volcanoes Redoubt, Augustine and Crater Peak, and possibly Mt Churchill in the Wrangell Volcanic field.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/jqs.2671","usgsCitation":"Zander, P.D., Kaufman, D.S., Kuehn, S., Wallace, K.L., and Anderson, R.S., 2013, Early and late Holocene glacial fluctuations and tephrostratigraphy, Cabin Lake, Alaska: Journal of Quaternary, v. 28, no. 8, p. 761-771, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2671.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"761","endPage":"771","numberOfPages":"11","ipdsId":"IP-051416","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281027,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cabin Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -145.461111,60.527778 ], [ -145.461111,60.531944 ], [ -145.455556,60.531944 ], [ -145.455556,60.527778 ], [ -145.461111,60.527778 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"28","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-11-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5604e4b0b290850f6ac0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zander, Paul D.","contributorId":106012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zander","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaufman, Darrell S. 0000-0002-7572-1414","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7572-1414","contributorId":28308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaufman","given":"Darrell","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kuehn, Stephen C.","contributorId":105226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuehn","given":"Stephen C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wallace, Kristi L. 0000-0002-0962-048X kwallace@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0962-048X","contributorId":3454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"Kristi","email":"kwallace@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anderson, R. Scott","contributorId":47041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70047732,"text":"70047732 - 2013 - Microbial source tracking as a tool for TMDL development, Little Blue River in Independence, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T16:31:47","indexId":"70047732","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-01T13:44:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Microbial source tracking as a tool for TMDL development, Little Blue River in Independence, Missouri","docAbstract":"<p>The Little Blue River in Jackson County, Missouri has been listed by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources as impaired by bacteria for the protection of aquatic life and contact recreation from urban point and nonpoint sources. The Clean Water Act requires that a total maximum daily load (TMDL) for Escherichia coli (E. coli) be developed. Over a 5-year period, 108 base-flow, 87 stormflow, 48 fecal source, and 12 sewage influent samples were collected and analyzed for E. coli and Bacteroides general and host-associated microbial source tracking (MST) genetic markers. Less than half of the main-stem base-flow samples exceeded the E. coli state standard, whereas, all of the stormflow samples exceeded the standard during the recreation season (April through October). Both E. coli and MST markers were detected more frequently and at higher concentrations in stormflow samples. Only 14 percent of samples with E. coli detections greater than the Missouri state standard of 206 colonies per 100 milliliters had the human-associated Bacteroides marker as the only identified marker; therefore, Little Blue River TMDL development may require a broader scope beyond the municipal separate storm sewer system if bacteria sources are to be identified and addressed. Fecal samples showed a greater specificity with the human-associated marker than the dog- or ruminant-associated Bacteroides markers; however, false positives were at least one order of magnitude lower than true positives. MST data may be a useful tool for identifying probable sources of contamination and directing TMDL strategies.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"WEFTEC: The Water Quality Event","conferenceLocation":"Chicago, IL","language":"English","publisher":"Water Environment Federation","publisherLocation":"Alexandria, VA","doi":"10.2175/193864713813726920","usgsCitation":"Christensen, E.D., Bushon, R.N., and Brady, A., 2013, Microbial source tracking as a tool for TMDL development, Little Blue River in Independence, Missouri, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.2175/193864713813726920.","productDescription":"4 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Eric D. echriste@usgs.gov","contributorId":4230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"Eric","email":"echriste@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":482845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bushon, Rebecca N. rnbushon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bushon","given":"Rebecca","email":"rnbushon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":482844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brady, Amie M. G.","contributorId":29774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"Amie M. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70112504,"text":"70112504 - 2013 - The use of modeling and suspended sediment concentration measurements for quantifying net suspended sediment transport through a large tidally dominated inlet","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-05T14:52:04.442498","indexId":"70112504","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-01T13:41:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of modeling and suspended sediment concentration measurements for quantifying net suspended sediment transport through a large tidally dominated inlet","docAbstract":"<p>Sediment exchange at large energetic inlets is often difficult to quantify due complex flows, massive amounts of water and sediment exchange, and environmental conditions limiting long-term data collection. In an effort to better quantify such exchange this study investigated the use of suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) measured at an offsite location as a surrogate for sediment exchange at the tidally dominated Golden Gate inlet in San Francisco, CA. A numerical model was calibrated and validated against water and suspended sediment flux measured during a spring–neap tide cycle across the Golden Gate. The model was then run for five months and net exchange was calculated on a tidal time-scale and compared to SSC measurements at the Alcatraz monitoring site located in Central San Francisco Bay ~ 5 km from the Golden Gate. Numerically modeled tide averaged flux across the Golden Gate compared well (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.86, p-value < 0.05) with 25 h low-pass filtered (tide averaged) SSCs measured at Alcatraz over the five month simulation period (January through April 2008). This formed a basis for the development of a simple equation relating the advective flux at Alcatraz with suspended sediment flux across the Golden Gate. Utilization of the equation with all available Alcatraz SSC data resulted in an average export rate of 1.2 Mt/yr during water years 2004 through 2010. While the rate is comparable to estimated suspended sediment inflow rates from sources within the Bay over the same time period (McKee et al., 2013-this issue), there was little variation from year to year. Exports were computed to be greatest during the wettest water year analyzed but only marginally so.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2013.06.001","usgsCitation":"Erikson, L., Wright, S., Elias, E., Hanes, D.M., Schoellhamer, D., and Largier, J., 2013, The use of modeling and suspended sediment concentration measurements for quantifying net suspended sediment transport through a large tidally dominated inlet: Marine Geology, v. 345, p. 96-112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.06.001.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"96","endPage":"112","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288632,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.559719,37.681583 ], [ -122.559719,37.994051 ], [ -122.249249,37.994051 ], [ -122.249249,37.681583 ], [ -122.559719,37.681583 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"345","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7871e4b0abf75cf2d559","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Barnard, Patrick L. 0000-0003-1414-6476 pbarnard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1414-6476","contributorId":147147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnard","given":"Patrick L.","email":"pbarnard@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509868,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jaffe, Bruce E. 0000-0002-8816-5920 bjaffe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8816-5920","contributorId":2049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"Bruce","email":"bjaffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509870,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509869,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Erikson, Li H.","contributorId":10880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erikson","given":"Li H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, Scott 0000-0002-0387-5713 sawright@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0387-5713","contributorId":1536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Scott","email":"sawright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elias, Edwin","contributorId":50615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elias","given":"Edwin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hanes, Daniel M.","contributorId":96360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanes","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Largier, John","contributorId":85257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Largier","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70112502,"text":"70112502 - 2013 - Sub-tidal benthic habitats of central San Francisco Bay and offshore Golden Gate area: A review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-30T12:08:58","indexId":"70112502","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-01T13:18:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sub-tidal benthic habitats of central San Francisco Bay and offshore Golden Gate area: A review","docAbstract":"<p>Deep-water potential estuarine and marine benthic habitat types were defined from a variety of new and interpreted data sets in central San Francisco Bay and offshore Golden Gate area including multibeam echosounder (MBES), side-scan sonar and bottom grab samples. Potential estuarine benthic habitats identified for the first time range from hard bedrock outcrops on island and mainland flanks and some Bay floor\nregions, to soft, very dynamic bedforms consisting of sediment waves and ripples. Soft sediment ranges from mud and sand to bimodal (two or more grain sizes) sediment of gravel, pebbles, and cobbles.  In addition, considerable anthropogenic features (i.e., pipelines, bridge abutments, dredged channels, dump sites) were distinguished.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Of the 52 potential benthic habitat types mapped (compressed to 14 types for this paper), 24 were of un-consolidated sediment with five of these comprised of dynamic bedforms or sediment waves and dunes, five of mixed (soft over hard) substrate type, six of hard substrate or rock outcrop, 13 of anthropogenically disturbed areas and four hard anthropogenic features.  Rock outcrops and rubble are considered the primary habitat type for rockfish (<i>Sebastes spp.</i>), lingcod (<i>Ophiodon elongatus</i>) and in shallow water for\nherring (<i>Clupea pallasii</i>) spawning.  Dynamic bedforms such as sand waves are considered potential foraging habitat for juvenile lingcod, may be sub-tidal habitat for the Pacific sand lance (<i>Ammodytes\nhexapterus</i>) forage fish, and possibly resting habitat for migratory fishes such as sturgeon (<i>Acipenser\nmedirostris</i>).</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The potential marine benthic habitats identified in San Francisco Bay are not unlike those found in other\nestuaries around the world and this study should contribute significant information that will be of interest\nto scientists, managers and fishers investigating and utilizing bay and estuarine resources. As described in\nthe many papers of this special issue, the understanding of the interrelationship of geology and ecology is\ncritical to the identification of essential habitats and the sustainability of a healthy ecosystem.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2013.05.001","usgsCitation":"Greene, H., Endris, C., Vallier, T., Golden, N., Cross, J., Ryan, H.F., Dieter, B., and Niven, E., 2013, Sub-tidal benthic habitats of central San Francisco Bay and offshore Golden Gate area: A review: Marine Geology, v. 345, p. 31-46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.05.001.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"46","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288629,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.559719,37.681583 ], [ -122.559719,37.994051 ], [ -122.249249,37.994051 ], [ -122.249249,37.681583 ], [ -122.559719,37.681583 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"345","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7845e4b0abf75cf2cfd9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Barnard, P.L.","contributorId":20527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnard","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509862,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jaffe, B.E.","contributorId":112487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509864,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schoellhamer, D. H. 0000-0001-9488-7340","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":85624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"D. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509863,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Greene, H. Gary","contributorId":87983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"H. Gary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Endris, Charles","contributorId":108409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Endris","given":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vallier, Tracy","contributorId":96948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallier","given":"Tracy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Golden, Nadine E. ngolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":1980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golden","given":"Nadine E.","email":"ngolden@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":494776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cross, Jeffery","contributorId":52495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cross","given":"Jeffery","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ryan, Holly F. hryan@usgs.gov","contributorId":2375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"Holly","email":"hryan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dieter, Bryan","contributorId":7193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dieter","given":"Bryan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Niven, Eric","contributorId":11125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niven","given":"Eric","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70094486,"text":"70094486 - 2013 - A step decrease in sediment concentration in a highly modified tidal river delta following the 1983 El Niño floods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-05T14:25:37.18205","indexId":"70094486","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-01T13:08:44","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A step decrease in sediment concentration in a highly modified tidal river delta following the 1983 El Niño floods","docAbstract":"Anthropogenic activities in watersheds can have profound effects on sediment transport through river systems to estuaries. Disturbance in a watershed combined with alterations to the hydro-climatologic regime may result in changes to the sediment flux, and exacerbate the impacts of extreme events (such as large-magnitude floods) on sediment transport. In the San Francisco Estuary, suspended sediment has been declining over the past 30 years as a result of declining sediment supply, contributing to dramatic changes in the ecology and geomorphology of the estuary. However, the decline has not been gradual. Recent observations of an abrupt decrease in suspended sediments in the San Francisco Bay have been explained by a model that suggests that the step change has occurred due to exceedance of a sediment regulation threshold that triggered the change from a sediment transport regime to a supply-limited system. We investigated structural changes in the historical record of total suspended solids (TSS) concentration measured in the upper estuary to verify the model predictions. TSS in the upper estuary exhibited an abrupt step decrease in 1983 corresponding to the record-high winter and summer flows from the 1982 to 1983 El Niño event. After this step change, TSS concentrations had a significant declining trend despite subsequent near-record high flows. The abrupt change in TSS followed by the declining trend provides evidence for the hypothesis of sediment supply limitation in the San Francisco Estuary.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2013.05.008","usgsCitation":"Hestir, E.L., Schoellhamer, D., Morgan-King, T., and Ustin, S.L., 2013, A step decrease in sediment concentration in a highly modified tidal river delta following the 1983 El Niño floods: Marine Geology, v. 345, p. 304-313, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.05.008.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"304","endPage":"313","numberOfPages":"10","ipdsId":"IP-022095","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282572,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Estuary","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.7997,37.3985 ], [ -122.7997,38.5997 ], [ -120.5035,38.5997 ], [ -120.5035,37.3985 ], [ -122.7997,37.3985 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"345","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4a9fe4b0b290850efe34","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Barnard, Patrick L. 0000-0003-1414-6476 pbarnard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1414-6476","contributorId":147147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnard","given":"Patrick L.","email":"pbarnard@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790431,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jaffe, Bruce E. 0000-0002-8816-5920 bjaffe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8816-5920","contributorId":2049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"Bruce","email":"bjaffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790432,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790433,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Hestir, Erin L.","contributorId":101181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hestir","given":"Erin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morgan-King, Tara 0000-0001-5632-5232","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5632-5232","contributorId":32804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan-King","given":"Tara","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ustin, Susan L.","contributorId":52878,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ustin","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":7214,"text":"University of California, Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":490622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70093196,"text":"70093196 - 2013 - Characterization of gas hydrate reservoirs by integration of core and log data in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-28T15:25:34","indexId":"70093196","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-01T12:46:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of gas hydrate reservoirs by integration of core and log data in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea","docAbstract":"Examinations of core and well-log data from the Second Ulleung Basin Gas Hydrate Drilling Expedition (UBGH2) drill sites suggest that Sites UBGH2-2_2 and UBGH2-6 have relatively good gas hydrate reservoir quality in terms of individual and total cumulative thicknesses of gas-hydrate-bearing sand (HYBS) beds. In both of the sites, core sediments are generally dominated by hemipelagic muds which are intercalated with turbidite sands. The turbidite sands are usually thin-to-medium bedded and mainly consist of well sorted coarse silt to fine sand. Anomalies in infrared core temperatures and porewater chlorinity data and pressure core measurements indicate that “gas hydrate occurrence zones” (GHOZ) are present about 68–155 mbsf at Site UBGH2-2_2 and 110–155 mbsf at Site UBGH2-6. In both the GHOZ, gas hydrates are preferentially associated with many of the turbidite sands as “pore-filling” type hydrates. The HYBS identified in the cores from Site UBGH2-6 are medium-to-thick bedded particularly in the lower part of the GHOZ and well coincident with significant high excursions in all of the resistivity, density, and velocity logs. Gas-hydrate saturations in the HYBS range from 12% to 79% with an average of 52% based on pore-water chlorinity. In contrast, the HYBS from Site UBGH2-2_2 are usually thin-bedded and show poor correlations with both of the resistivity and velocity logs owing to volume averaging effects of the logging tools on the thin HYBS beds. Gas-hydrate saturations in the HYBS range from 15% to 65% with an average of 37% based on pore-water chlorinity. In both of the sites, large fluctuations in biogenic opal contents have significant effects on the sediment physical properties, resulting in limited usage of gamma ray and density logs in discriminating sand reservoirs.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2013.05.007","usgsCitation":"Bahk, J., Kim, G., Chun, J., Kim, J., Lee, J., Ryu, B., Lee, J., Son, B., and Collett, T.S., 2013, Characterization of gas hydrate reservoirs by integration of core and log data in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 47, p. 30-42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2013.05.007.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"30","endPage":"42","numberOfPages":"13","ipdsId":"IP-049786","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282021,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281995,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2013.05.007"}],"country":"Korea","otherGeospatial":"East Sea Of Korea;Ulleung Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 129.0,35.0 ], [ 129.0,38.0 ], [ 133.0,38.0 ], [ 133.0,35.0 ], [ 129.0,35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"47","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd50b6e4b0b290850f37f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bahk, J.-J.","contributorId":99891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bahk","given":"J.-J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kim, G.-Y.","contributorId":77454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"G.-Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chun, J.-H.","contributorId":97421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chun","given":"J.-H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kim, J.-H.","contributorId":26395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"J.-H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lee, J.Y.","contributorId":20061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"J.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ryu, B.-J.","contributorId":59348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryu","given":"B.-J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lee, J.-H.","contributorId":77047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"J.-H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Son, B.-K.","contributorId":95798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Son","given":"B.-K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Collett, Timothy S. 0000-0002-7598-4708 tcollett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":1698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"Timothy","email":"tcollett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
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