MT3D-USGS, a U.S. Geological Survey updated release of the groundwater solute transport code MT3DMS, includes new transport modeling capabilities to accommodate flow terms calculated by MODFLOW packages that were previously unsupported by MT3DMS and to provide greater flexibility in the simulation of solute transport and reactive solute transport. Unsaturated-zone transport and transport within streams and lakes, including solute exchange with connected groundwater, are among the new capabilities included in the MT3D-USGS code. MT3D-USGS also includes the capability to route a solute through dry cells that may occur in the Newton-Raphson formulation of MODFLOW (that is, MODFLOW-NWT). New chemical reaction Package options include the ability to simulate inter-species reactions and parent-daughter chain reactions. A new pump-and-treat recirculation package enables the simulation of dynamic recirculation with or without treatment for combinations of wells that are represented in the flow model, mimicking the above-ground treatment of extracted water. A reformulation of the treatment of transient mass storage improves conservation of mass and yields solutions for better agreement with analytical benchmarks. Several additional features of MT3D-USGS are (1) the separate specification of the partitioning coefficient (Kd) within mobile and immobile domains; (2) the capability to assign prescribed concentrations to the top-most active layer; (3) the change in mass storage owing to the change in water volume now appears as its own budget item in the global mass balance summary; (4) the ability to ignore cross-dispersion terms; (5) the definition of Hydrocarbon Spill-Source Package (HSS) mass loading zones using regular and irregular polygons, in addition to the currently supported circular zones; and (6) the ability to specify an absolute minimum thickness rather than the default percent minimum thickness in dry-cell circumstances.
Benchmark problems that implement the new features and packages test the accuracy of new code through comparison to analytical benchmarks, as well as to solutions from other published codes. The input file structure for MT3D-USGS adheres to MT3DMS conventions for backward compatibility: the new capabilities and packages described herein are readily invoked by adding three-letter package name acronyms to the name file or by setting input flags as needed. Memory is managed in MT3D-USGS using FORTRAN modules in order to simplify code development and expansion.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Section A: Ground water in Book 6: Modeling techniques","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm6A53","collaboration":"Prepared in collaboration with S.S. Papadopulos & Associates, Inc.","usgsCitation":"Bedekar, Vivek, Morway, E.D., Langevin, C.D., and Tonkin, Matt, 2016, MT3D-USGS version 1: A U.S. Geological Survey release of MT3DMS updated with new and expanded transport capabilities for use with MODFLOW:\nU.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A53, 69 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/tm6A53.","productDescription":"Report: x, 69 p.; Application Site","numberOfPages":"84","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-053896","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329190,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/06/a53/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":329191,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/06/a53/tm06a53.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"TM 6-A53"},{"id":329192,"rank":3,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F75T3HKD","text":"MT3D-USGS Version 1","description":"TM 6-A53 MT3D-USGS Version 1"}],"publicComments":"Ground Water Resources Program\nThis report is Chapter 53 of Section A: Ground water in Book 6: Modeling techniques.","contact":"Office of Groundwater
U.S. Geological Survey
Mail Stop 411
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/
MODPATH is a particle-tracking post-processing program designed to work with MODFLOW, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) finite-difference groundwater flow model. MODPATH version 7 is the fourth major release since its original publication. Previous versions were documented in USGS Open-File Reports 89–381 and 94–464 and in USGS Techniques and Methods 6–A41.
MODPATH version 7 works with MODFLOW-2005 and MODFLOW–USG. Support for unstructured grids in MODFLOW–USG is limited to smoothed, rectangular-based quadtree and quadpatch grids.
A software distribution package containing the computer program and supporting documentation, such as input instructions, output file descriptions, and example problems, is available from the USGS over the Internet (http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/modpath/).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161086","usgsCitation":"Pollock, D.W., 2016, User guide for MODPATH Version 7—A particle-tracking model for MODFLOW: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1086, 35 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161086. ","productDescription":"v, 35 p.","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-073899","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325509,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr94464","text":"Open-File Report 1994-464","description":"ofr 2016-1086","linkHelpText":"- User's guide for MODPATH/MODPATH-PLOT, Version 3; a particle tracking post-processing package for MODFLOW, the U.S. Geological Survey finite-difference ground-water flow model"},{"id":325510,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/tm6A41","text":"Techniques and Methods 6-A41","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"ofr 2016-1086","linkHelpText":"- User guide for MODPATH Version 6 - A particle-tracking model for MODFLOW"},{"id":325508,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr89381","text":"Open-File Report 1989-381","description":"ofr 2016-1086","linkHelpText":"- Documentation of computer programs to compute and display pathlines using results from the U.S. Geological Survey modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model"},{"id":325506,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1086/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":325507,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1086/ofr20161086.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.87 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"ofr 2016-1086"},{"id":328711,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/modpath/","text":"MODPATH Version 7","description":"ofr 2016-1086","linkHelpText":"- MODPATH: A Particle-Tracking Model for MODFLOW"}],"contact":"Office of Groundwater
U.S. Geological Survey
Mail Stop 411
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/
Understanding karst aquifers, for purposes of their management and protection, poses unique challenges. Karst aquifers are characterized by groundwater flow through conduits (tertiary porosity), and (or) layers with interconnected pores (secondary porosity) and through intergranular porosity (primary or matrix porosity). Since the late 1960s, advances have been made in the development of numerical computer codes and the use of mathematical model applications towards the understanding of dual (primary [matrix] and secondary [fractures and conduits]) porosity groundwater flow processes, as well as characterization and management of karst aquifers. The Floridan aquifer system (FAS) in Florida and parts of Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina is composed of a thick sequence of predominantly carbonate rocks. Karst features are present over much of its area, especially in Florida where more than 30 first-magnitude springs occur, numerous sinkholes and submerged conduits have been mapped, and numerous circular lakes within sinkhole depressions are present. Different types of mathematical models have been applied for simulation of the FAS. Most of these models are distributed parameter models based on the assumption that, like a sponge, water flows through connected pores within the aquifer system and can be simulated with the same mathematical methods applied to flow through sand and gravel aquifers; these models are usually referred to as porous-equivalent media models. The partial differential equation solved for groundwater flow is the potential flow equation of fluid mechanics, which is used when flow is dominated by potential energy and has been applied for many fluid problems in which kinetic energy terms are dropped from the differential equation solved. In many groundwater model codes (basic MODFLOW), it is assumed that the water has a constant temperature and density and that flow is laminar, such that kinetic energy has minimal impact on flow. Some models have been developed that incorporate the submerged conduits as a one-dimensional pipe network within the aquifer rather than as discrete, extremely transmissive features in a porous-equivalent medium; these submerged conduit models are usually referred to as hybrid models and may include the capability to simulate both laminar and turbulent flow in the one-dimensional pipe network. Comparisons of the application of a porous-equivalent media model with and without turbulence (MODFLOW-Conduit Flow Process mode 2 and basic MODFLOW, respectively) and a hybrid (MODFLOW-Conduit Flow Process mode 1) model to the Woodville Karst Plain near Tallahassee, Florida, indicated that for annual, monthly, or seasonal average hydrologic conditions, all methods met calibration criteria (matched observed groundwater levels and average flows). Thus, the increased effort required, such as the collection of data on conduit location, to develop a hybrid model and its increased computational burden, is not necessary for simulation of average hydrologic conditions (non-laminar flow effects on simulated head and spring discharge were minimal). However, simulation of a large storm event in the Woodville Karst Plain with daily stress periods indicated that turbulence is important for matching daily springflow hydrographs. Thus, if matching streamflow hydrographs over a storm event is required, the simulation of non-laminar flow and the location of conduits are required. The main challenge in application of the methods and approaches for developing hybrid models relates to the difficulty of mapping conduit networks or having high-quality datasets to calibrate these models. Additionally, hybrid models have long simulation times, which can preclude the use of parameter estimation for calibration. Simulation of contaminant transport that does not account for preferential flow through conduits or extremely permeable zones in any approach is ill-advised. Simulation results in other karst aquifers or other parts of the FAS may differ from the comparison demonstrated herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165116","collaboration":"A product of the Water Use and Availability Science Program","usgsCitation":"Kuniansky, E.L., 2016, Simulating groundwater flow in karst aquifers with distributed parameter models—Comparison of porous-equivalent media and hybrid flow approaches: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5116, 14 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165116.","productDescription":"Report: v, 14 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-071317","costCenters":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328727,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5116/sir20165116.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.56 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016–5116"},{"id":328833,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7PK0D87","text":"USGS data release - MODFLOW and MODFLOW Conduit Flow Process data sets for simulation experiments of the Woodville Karst Plain, near Tallahassee, Florida with three different approaches and different stress periods","description":"SIR 2016–5116 Data Release"},{"id":328726,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5116/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Woodville Karst Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.4903564453125,\n 30.04532159026885\n ],\n [\n -84.4903564453125,\n 30.456368670179007\n ],\n [\n -84.06875610351562,\n 30.456368670179007\n ],\n [\n -84.06875610351562,\n 30.04532159026885\n ],\n [\n -84.4903564453125,\n 30.04532159026885\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Chief, Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center-Florida
U.S. Geological Survey
4446 Pet Lane, Suite 108
Lutz, FL 33559–6302
The U.S. Geological Survey developed a groundwater flow model for the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifer system from Long Island, New York, to northeastern North Carolina as part of a detailed assessment of the groundwater availability of the area and included an evaluation of how these resources have changed over time from stresses related to human uses and climate trends. The assessment was necessary because of the substantial dependency on groundwater for agricultural, industrial, and municipal needs in this area.
The three-dimensional, groundwater flow model developed for this investigation used the numerical code MODFLOW–NWT to represent changes in groundwater pumping and aquifer recharge from predevelopment (before 1900) to future conditions, from 1900 to 2058. The model was constructed using existing hydrogeologic and geospatial information to represent the aquifer system geometry, boundaries, and hydraulic properties of the 19 separate regional aquifers and confining units within the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifer system and was calibrated using an inverse modeling parameter-estimation (PEST) technique.
The parameter estimation process was achieved through history matching, using observations of heads and flows for both steady-state and transient conditions. A total of 8,868 annual water-level observations from 644 wells from 1986 to 2008 were combined into 29 water-level observation groups that were chosen to focus the history matching on specific hydrogeologic units in geographic areas in which distinct geologic and hydrologic conditions were observed. In addition to absolute water-level elevations, the water-level differences between individual measurements were also included in the parameter estimation process to remove the systematic bias caused by missing hydrologic stresses prior to 1986. The total average residual of –1.7 feet was normally distributed for all head groups, indicating minimal bias. The average absolute residual value of 12.3 feet is about 3 percent of the total observed water-level range throughout the aquifer system.
Streamflow observation data of base flow conditions were derived for 153 sites from the U.S. Geological Survey National Hydrography Dataset Plus and National Water Information System. An average residual of about –8 cubic feet per second and an average absolute residual of about 21 cubic feet per second for a range of computed base flows of about 417 cubic feet per second were calculated for the 122 sites from the National Hydrography Dataset Plus. An average residual of about 10 cubic feet per second and an average absolute residual of about 34 cubic feet per second were calculated for the 568 flow measurements in the 31 sites obtained from the National Water Information System for a range in computed base flows of about 1,141 cubic feet per second.
The numerical representation of the hydrogeologic information used in the development of this regional flow model was dependent upon how the aquifer system and simulated hydrologic stresses were discretized in space and time. Lumping hydraulic parameters in space and hydrologic stresses and time-varying observational data in time can limit the capabilities of this tool to simulate how the groundwater flow system responds to changes in hydrologic stresses, particularly at the local scale.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165076","usgsCitation":"Masterson, J.P., Pope, J.P., Fienen, M.N., Monti, Jack Jr., Nardi, M.R., and Finkelstein, J.S., 2016, Documentation of a groundwater flow model developed to assess groundwater availability in the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifer system from Long Island, New York, to North Carolina (ver. 1.1, December 2016): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5076, 70 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165076.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 70 p.; Data Releases","numberOfPages":"80","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-070585","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326329,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs20163046","text":"Fact Sheet 2016–3046 - ","description":"SIR 2016-5076","linkHelpText":"Sustainability of Groundwater Supplies in the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain Aquifer System "},{"id":326328,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ds996","text":"Data Series 996 -","description":"SIR 2016-5076","linkHelpText":"Digital Elevations and Extents of Regional Hydrogeologic Units in the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain Aquifer System From Long Island, New York, to North Carolina"},{"id":326327,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20165034","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5034 - ","description":"SIR 2016-5076","linkHelpText":"Regional Chloride Distribution in the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain Aquifer System From Long Island, New York, to North Carolina"},{"id":326330,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp1829","text":"Professional Paper 1829 - ","description":"SIR 2016-5076","linkHelpText":"Assessment of Groundwater Availability in the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain Aquifer System From Long Island, New York, to North Carolina"},{"id":332513,"rank":10,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5076/versionHist.txt","size":"1 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":326839,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7MG7MKR","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW-NWT model"},{"id":326325,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5076/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":327889,"rank":9,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/wausp/","text":"USGS Water Availability and Use Science Program","description":"Project Site"},{"id":326840,"rank":8,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F70V89WN","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Digital elevations and extents of hydrogeologic units"},{"id":326326,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5076/sir20165076.pdf","text":"Report","size":"26.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5076"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifer system","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.71875,\n 41.244772343082104\n ],\n [\n -72.861328125,\n 41.22824901518532\n ],\n [\n -73.93798828125,\n 40.830436877649255\n ],\n [\n -75.78369140625,\n 39.707186656826565\n ],\n [\n -77.080078125,\n 38.94232097947902\n ],\n [\n -77.62939453125,\n 38.39333888832238\n ],\n [\n -77.62939453125,\n 37.56199695314352\n ],\n [\n -77.5634765625,\n 36.82687474287728\n ],\n [\n -78.02490234375,\n 35.88905007936091\n ],\n [\n -75.6298828125,\n 34.63320791137959\n ],\n [\n -74.4873046875,\n 36.06686213257888\n ],\n [\n -71.103515625,\n 40.64730356252251\n ],\n [\n -71.71875,\n 41.244772343082104\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0: Originally posted August 31, 2016; Version 1.1: December 23, 2016","publicComments":"Version 1.1","contact":"Water Availability and Use Science Program
U.S. Geological Survey
150 National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
http://water.usgs.gov/wausp/
A three-dimensional numerical model of groundwater flow was developed for the Wood River Valley (WRV) aquifer system, Idaho, to evaluate groundwater and surface-water availability at the regional scale. This mountain valley is located in Blaine County and has a drainage area of about 2,300 square kilometers (888 square miles). The model described in this report can serve as a tool for water-rights administration and water-resource management and planning. The model was completed with support from the Idaho Department of Water Resources, and is part of an ongoing U.S. Geological Survey effort to characterize the groundwater resources of the WRV. A highly reproducible approach was taken for constructing the WRV groundwater-flow model. The collection of datasets, source code, and processing instructions used to construct and analyze the model was distributed as an R statistical-computing and graphics package.
\nFlow in the WRV aquifer was simulated using the MODFLOW-USG groundwater flow model. The transient flow model simulates groundwater flow between 1995 and 2010. The model uses a 100-meter (328-feet) uniform grid spacing with 54,922 active model cells distributed over three model layers. A confining unit in the south-central part of the Bellevue fan necessitated the use of a multi-layer model. Specified-flow boundaries were used to simulate the groundwater inflows from each of the major tributary basins (also known as tributary basin underflow) and the areal recharge of precipitation and applied irrigation. Head‑dependent flow boundaries were used to simulate the stream-aquifer flow exchange in river reaches and the groundwater discharge at the outlet boundaries of Stanton Crossing and Silver Creek. The model was calibrated by adjusting aquifer hydraulic properties to match simulated and measured water levels and stream-aquifer flow exchange, using the parameter-estimation program PEST. The model reasonably simulated the measured water-table elevation, orientation, and gradients. Stream-aquifer flow exchange along river reaches also was reasonably simulated by the model.
\nInflow into the WRV aquifer system originates from three sources (from largest to smallest):
\nOutflow from the WRV aquifer system originates from five sources (from largest to smallest):
\nTemporal changes in aquifer storage are most affected by areal recharge and groundwater pumping, and also contribute to changes in streamflow gains.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165080","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Fisher, J.C., Bartolino, J.R., Wylie, A.H., Sukow, Jennifer, and McVay, Michael, 2016, Groundwater-flow model of the Wood River Valley aquifer system, south-central Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5080, 71 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165080.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 71 p.; Appendixes A-H; Model Archive; Data Repository","numberOfPages":"84","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-039541","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324425,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5080/sir20165080_appendixE.pdf","text":"Appendix E","size":"6.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5080 Appendix E","linkHelpText":"Tributary Basin Underflow into the Wood River Valley Aquifer System, South-Central Idaho"},{"id":324424,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5080/sir20165080_appendixD.pdf","text":"Appendix D","size":"11 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5080 Appendix D","linkHelpText":"Uncalibrated Groundwater-Flow Model for the Wood River Valley Aquifer System, South-Central Idaho"},{"id":324426,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5080/sir20165080_appendixF.pdf","text":"Appendix F","size":"8.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5080 Appendix F","linkHelpText":"Natural Groundwater Recharge and Discharge in the Wood River Valley Aquifer System, South-Central Idaho"},{"id":324428,"rank":10,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5080/sir20165080_appendixH.pdf","text":"Appendix H","size":"9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5080 Appendix H","linkHelpText":"Calibration of the Wood River Valley Groundwater Flow Model"},{"id":324427,"rank":9,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5080/sir20165080_appendixG.pdf","text":"Appendix G","size":"15 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5080 Appendix G","linkHelpText":"Incidental Groundwater Recharge and Pumping Demand in the Wood River Valley Aquifer System, South-Central Idaho"},{"id":324430,"rank":12,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://github.com/USGS-R/wrv","text":"R-package repository"},{"id":324423,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5080/sir20165080_appendixC.pdf","text":"Appendix C","size":"6.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5080 Appendix C","linkHelpText":"Creating Datasets for the R-Package ‘wrv’"},{"id":324429,"rank":11,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7C827DT","text":"Model Archive"},{"id":324419,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5080/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":324420,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5080/sir20165080.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5080 Report PDF"},{"id":324421,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5080/sir20165080_appendixA.pdf","text":"Appendix A","size":"2.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5080 Appendix A","linkHelpText":"An Introduction to the R-Package ‘wrv’"},{"id":324422,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5080/sir20165080_appendixB.pdf","text":"Appendix B","size":"525 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5080 Appendix B","linkHelpText":"Manual for Functions and Datasets in the R-Package ‘wrv’"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Wood River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.47753906249999,\n 43.30119623257966\n ],\n [\n -114.47753906249999,\n 43.82065657651685\n ],\n [\n -114.04083251953124,\n 43.82065657651685\n ],\n [\n -114.04083251953124,\n 43.30119623257966\n ],\n [\n -114.47753906249999,\n 43.30119623257966\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Idaho Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
230 Collins Road
Boise, Idaho 83702
http://id.water.usgs.gov
Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia (fig. 1), is dependent on groundwater for its municipal and industrial water supply. The population of Mongolia is about 3 million people, with about one-half the population residing in or near Ulaanbaatar (World Population Review, 2016). Groundwater is drawn from a network of shallow wells in an alluvial aquifer along the Tuul River. Evidence indicates that current water use may not be sustainable from existing water sources, especially when factoring the projected water demand from a rapidly growing urban population (Ministry of Environment and Green Development, 2013). In response, the Government of Mongolia Ministry of Environment, Green Development, and Tourism (MEGDT) and the Freshwater Institute, Mongolia, requested technical assistance on groundwater modeling through the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Scientists from the USGS and USACE provided two workshops in 2015 to Mongolian hydrology experts on basic principles of groundwater modeling using the USGS groundwater modeling program MODFLOW-2005 (Harbaugh, 2005). The purpose of the workshops was to bring together representatives from the Government of Mongolia, local universities, technical experts, and other key stakeholders to build in-country capacity in hydrogeology and groundwater modeling.
A preliminary steady-state groundwater-flow model was developed as part of the workshops to demonstrate groundwater modeling techniques to simulate groundwater conditions in alluvial deposits along the Tuul River in the vicinity of Ulaanbaatar. ModelMuse (Winston, 2009) was used as the graphical user interface for MODFLOW for training purposes during the workshops. Basic and advanced groundwater modeling concepts included in the workshops were groundwater principles; estimating hydraulic properties; developing model grids, data sets, and MODFLOW input files; and viewing and evaluating MODFLOW output files. A key to success was developing in-country technical capacity and partnerships with the Mongolian University of Science and Technology; Freshwater Institute, Mongolia, a non-profit organization; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); the Government of Mongolia; and the USACE.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161096","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; U.S. Pacific Command; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and International Center for Integrated Water Resources Management under the auspices of UNESCO; Government of Mongolia Ministry of Environment, Green Development, and Tourism; and Freshwater Institute, Mongolia","usgsCitation":"Valder, J.F., Carter, J.M., Anderson, M.T., Davis, K.W., Haynes M.A., and Dechinlhundev, Dorjsuren, 2016, Building groundwater modeling capacity in Mongolia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1096, 1 sheet, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161096.","productDescription":"Sheet: 60.00 x 36.00 inches","numberOfPages":"1","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-075136","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":323764,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1096/ofr20161096.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.91 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016–1096"},{"id":323763,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1096/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"Mongolia","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[87.75126,49.2972],[88.80557,49.47052],[90.71367,50.33181],[92.23471,50.80217],[93.10422,50.49529],[94.14757,50.48054],[94.81595,50.01343],[95.81403,49.97747],[97.25973,49.72606],[98.23176,50.4224],[97.82574,51.011],[98.86149,52.04737],[99.98173,51.63401],[100.88948,51.51686],[102.06522,51.25992],[102.25591,50.51056],[103.67655,50.08997],[104.62155,50.27533],[105.88659,50.40602],[106.8888,50.2743],[107.86818,49.79371],[108.47517,49.28255],[109.40245,49.29296],[110.66201,49.13013],[111.58123,49.37797],[112.89774,49.54357],[114.36246,50.2483],[114.96211,50.14025],[115.4857,49.80518],[116.6788,49.88853],[116.1918,49.1346],[115.48528,48.13538],[115.74284,47.72654],[116.30895,47.85341],[117.29551,47.69771],[118.06414,48.06673],[118.86657,47.74706],[119.77282,47.04806],[119.66327,46.69268],[118.87433,46.80541],[117.4217,46.67273],[116.71787,46.3882],[115.9851,45.72724],[114.46033,45.33982],[113.46391,44.80889],[112.43606,45.01165],[111.87331,45.10208],[111.34838,44.45744],[111.66774,44.07318],[111.82959,43.74312],[111.12968,43.40683],[110.4121,42.87123],[109.2436,42.51945],[107.74477,42.48152],[106.12932,42.13433],[104.96499,41.59741],[104.52228,41.90835],[103.31228,41.90747],[101.83304,42.51487],[100.84587,42.6638],[99.51582,42.52469],[97.45176,42.74889],[96.3494,42.72564],[95.76245,43.31945],[95.30688,44.24133],[94.68893,44.35233],[93.48073,44.97547],[92.13389,45.11508],[90.94554,45.28607],[90.58577,45.71972],[90.97081,46.88815],[90.28083,47.69355],[88.8543,48.06908],[88.01383,48.59946],[87.75126,49.2972]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Mongolia\"}}]}","contact":"Director, South Dakota Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1608 Mountain View Road
Rapid City, South Dakota 57702
Or visit the South Dakota Water Science Center Web site at:
http://sd.water.usgs.gov/
Two test wells were completed at the Barbour Pointe community in western Chatham County, near Savannah, Georgia, in 2013 to investigate the potential of using the Lower Floridan aquifer as a source of municipal water supply. One well was completed in the Lower Floridan aquifer at a depth of 1,080 feet (ft) below land surface; the other well was completed in the Upper Floridan aquifer at a depth of 440 ft below land surface. At the Barbour Pointe test site, the U.S. Geological Survey completed electromagnetic (EM) flowmeter surveys, collected and analyzed water samples from discrete depths, and completed a 72-hour aquifer test of the Floridan aquifer system withdrawing from the Lower Floridan aquifer.
Based on drill cuttings, geophysical logs, and borehole EM flowmeter surveys collected at the Barbour Pointe test site, the Upper Floridan aquifer extends 369 to 567 ft below land surface, the middle semiconfining unit, separating the two aquifers, extends 567 to 714 ft below land surface, and the Lower Floridan aquifer extends 714 to 1,056 ft below land surface.
A borehole EM flowmeter survey indicates that the Upper Floridan and Lower Floridan aquifers each contain four water-bearing zones. The EM flowmeter logs of the test hole open to the entire Floridan aquifer system indicated that the Upper Floridan aquifer contributed 91 percent of the total flow rate of 1,000 gallons per minute; the Lower Floridan aquifer contributed about 8 percent. Based on the transmissivity of the middle semiconfining unit and the Floridan aquifer system, the middle semiconfining unit probably contributed on the order of 1 percent of the total flow.
Hydraulic properties of the Upper Floridan and Lower Floridan aquifers were estimated based on results of the EM flowmeter survey and a 72-hour aquifer test completed in Lower Floridan aquifer well 36Q398. The EM flowmeter data were analyzed using an AnalyzeHOLE-generated model to simulate upward borehole flow and determine the transmissivity of water-bearing zones. Aquifer-test data were analyzed with a two-dimensional, axisymmetric, radial, transient, groundwater-flow model using MODFLOW–2005. The flowmeter-survey and aquifer-test simulations provided an estimated transmissivity of about 60,000 square feet per day for the Upper Floridan aquifer and about 5,000 square feet per day for the Lower Floridan aquifer.
Water in discrete-depth samples collected from the Upper Floridan aquifer, middle semiconfining unit, and Lower Floridan aquifer during the EM flowmeter survey in August 2013 was low in dissolved solids. Tested constituents were in concentrations within established U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking water-quality criteria. Concentrations of measured constituents in water samples from Lower Floridan aquifer well 36Q398 collected at the end of the 72-hour aquifer test in November 2013 were generally higher than in the discrete-depth samples collected during EM flowmeter testing in August 2013 but remained within established drinking water-quality criteria.
Water-level data for the aquifer test were filtered for external influences such as barometric pressure, earth-tide effects, and long-term trends to enable detection of small (less than 1 ft) water-level responses to aquifer-test withdrawal. During the 72-hour aquifer test, the Lower Floridan aquifer was pumped at a rate of 750 gallons per minute resulting in a drawdown response of 35.5 ft in the pumped well; 1.6 ft in the Lower Floridan aquifer observation well located about 6,000 ft west of the pumped well; and responses of 0.7, 0.6, and 0.4 ft in the Upper Floridan aquifer observation wells located about 36 ft, 6,000 ft, and 6,800 ft from the pumped well, respectively
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165028","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Consolidated Utilities LLC, Chatham County, Georgia","usgsCitation":"Gonthier, G.J., and Clarke, J.S., 2016, Hydrogeology and water quality of the Floridan aquifer system and effect of Lower Floridan aquifer withdrawals on the Upper Floridan aquifer at Barbour Pointe Community, Chatham County, Georgia, 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5028, 56 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165028.","productDescription":"viii, 56 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"56","numberOfPages":"68","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-045188","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321737,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5028/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":321738,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5028/sir20165028.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.68 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016–5028"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Chatham County","city":"Savannah","otherGeospatial":"Barbour Pointe Community","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.75,\n 32.25\n ],\n [\n -80.75,\n 31.75\n ],\n [\n -81.75,\n 31.75\n ],\n [\n -81.75,\n 32.25\n ],\n [\n -80.75,\n 32.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Georgia Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1770 Corporate Drive, Suite 500
Norcross, Georgia 30093
A groundwater-flow model was developed to improve understanding of water resources on the Kitsap Peninsula. The Kitsap Peninsula is in the Puget Sound lowland of west-central Washington, is bounded by Puget Sound on the east and by Hood Canal on the west, and covers an area of about 575 square miles. The peninsula encompasses all of Kitsap County, Mason County north of Hood Canal, and part of Pierce County west of Puget Sound. The peninsula is surrounded by saltwater, and the hydrologic setting is similar to that of an island. The study area is underlain by a thick sequence of unconsolidated glacial and interglacial deposits that overlie sedimentary and volcanic bedrock units that crop out in the central part of the study area. Twelve hydrogeologic units consisting of aquifers, confining units, and an underlying bedrock unit form the basis of the groundwater-flow model.
Groundwater flow on the Kitsap Peninsula was simulated using the groundwater-flow model, MODFLOW‑NWT. The finite difference model grid comprises 536 rows, 362 columns, and 14 layers. Each model cell has a horizontal dimension of 500 by 500 feet, and the model contains a total of 1,227,772 active cells. Groundwater flow was simulated for transient conditions. Transient conditions were simulated for January 1985–December 2012 using annual stress periods for 1985–2004 and monthly stress periods for 2005–2012. During model calibration, variables were adjusted within probable ranges to minimize differences between measured and simulated groundwater levels and stream baseflows. As calibrated to transient conditions, the model has a standard deviation for heads and flows of 47.04 feet and 2.46 cubic feet per second, respectively.
Simulated inflow to the model area for the 2005–2012 period from precipitation and secondary recharge was 585,323 acre-feet per year (acre-ft/yr) (93 percent of total simulated inflow ignoring changes in storage), and simulated inflow from stream and lake leakage was 43,905 acre-ft/yr (7 percent of total simulated inflow). Simulated outflow from the model primarily was through discharge to streams, lakes, springs, seeps, and Puget Sound (594,595 acre-ft/yr; 95 percent of total simulated outflow excluding changes in storage) and through withdrawals from wells (30,761 acre-ft/yr; 5 percent of total simulated outflow excluding changes in storage).
Six scenarios were formulated with input from project stakeholders and were simulated using the calibrated model to provide representative examples of how the model could be used to evaluate the effects on water levels and stream baseflows of potential changes in groundwater withdrawals, in consumptive use, and in recharge. These included simulations of a steady-state system, no-pumping and return flows, 15-percent increase in current withdrawals in all wells, 80-percent decrease in outdoor water to simulate effects of conservation efforts, 15-percent decrease in recharge from precipitation to simulate a drought, and particle tracking to determine flow paths.
Changes in water-level altitudes and baseflow amounts vary depending on the stress applied to the system in these various scenarios. Reducing recharge by 15 percent between 2005 and 2012 had the largest effect, with water-level altitudes declining throughout the model domain and baseflow amounts decreasing by as much as 18 percent compared to baseline conditions. Changes in pumping volumes had a smaller effect on the model. Removing all pumping and resulting return flows caused increased water-level altitudes in many areas and increased baseflow amounts of between 1 and 3 percent.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165052","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Public Utility District No. 1 of Kitsap County","usgsCitation":"Frans, L.M. and Olsen, T.D., 2016, Numerical simulation of the groundwater-flow system of the Kitsap Peninsula, west-central Washington (ver. 1.1, October 2016): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5052, 63 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165052.","productDescription":"vi, 63 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-071099","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329281,"rank":3,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5052/versionHist.txt","size":"544 bytes","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"SIR 2016-5052 Version 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U.S. Geological Survey
934 Broadway, Suite 300
Tacoma, Washington 98402
http://wa.water.usgs.gov
Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) are commonly used to construct and postprocess numerical groundwater flow and transport models. Scripting model development with the programming language Python is presented here as an alternative approach. One advantage of Python is that there are many packages available to facilitate the model development process, including packages for plotting, array manipulation, optimization, and data analysis. For MODFLOW-based models, the FloPy package was developed by the authors to construct model input files, run the model, and read and plot simulation results. Use of Python with the available scientific packages and FloPy facilitates data exploration, alternative model evaluations, and model analyses that can be difficult to perform with GUIs. Furthermore, Python scripts are a complete, transparent, and repeatable record of the modeling process. The approach is introduced with a simple FloPy example to create and postprocess a MODFLOW model. A more complicated capture-fraction analysis with a real-world model is presented to demonstrate the types of analyses that can be performed using Python and FloPy.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/gwat.12413","usgsCitation":"Bakker, M., Post, V., Langevin, C.D., Hughes, J.D., White, J.T., Starn, J., and Fienen, M., 2016, Scripting MODFLOW model development using Python and FloPy: Groundwater, v. 54, no. 5, p. 733-739, https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12413.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"733","endPage":"739","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069750","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320582,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-03-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57209138e4b071321fe65690","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bakker, Mark","contributorId":56137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakker","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Post, Vincent E. A.","contributorId":166764,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Post","given":"Vincent E. A.","affiliations":[{"id":24501,"text":"National Centre for Groundwater Reserach and Training, Flinders Univ.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":627195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Langevin, Christian D. 0000-0001-5610-9759 langevin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5610-9759","contributorId":1030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langevin","given":"Christian","email":"langevin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hughes, Joseph D. 0000-0003-1311-2354 jdhughes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1311-2354","contributorId":2492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"Joseph","email":"jdhughes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"White, Jeremy T. 0000-0002-4950-1469 jwhite@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4950-1469","contributorId":167708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Jeremy","email":"jwhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Starn, Jeffrey jjstarn@usgs.gov","contributorId":149231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starn","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jjstarn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fienen, Michael N. 0000-0002-7756-4651 mnfienen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7756-4651","contributorId":893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fienen","given":"Michael N.","email":"mnfienen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":627199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70168800,"text":"sir20165026 - 2016 - Simulation of groundwater storage changes in the eastern Pasco Basin, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-22T14:07:29","indexId":"sir20165026","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-29T18:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-5026","title":"Simulation of groundwater storage changes in the eastern Pasco Basin, Washington","docAbstract":"The Miocene Columbia River Basalt Group and younger sedimentary deposits of lacustrine, fluvial, eolian, and cataclysmic-flood origins compose the aquifer system of the Pasco Basin in eastern Washington. Irrigation return flow and canal leakage from the Columbia Basin Project have caused groundwater levels to rise substantially in some areas, contributing to landslides along the Columbia River. Water resource managers are considering extraction of additional stored groundwater to supply increasing demand and possibly mitigate problems caused by the increased water levels. To help address these concerns, the transient groundwater model of the Pasco Basin documented in this report was developed to quantify the changes in groundwater flow and storage. The MODFLOW model uses a 1-kilometer finite-difference grid and is constrained by logs and water levels from 846 wells in the study area. Eight model layers represent five sedimentary hydrogeologic units and underlying basalt formations. Head‑dependent flux boundaries represent the Columbia and Snake Rivers to the west and south, respectively, underflow to and (or) from adjacent areas to the northeast, and discharge to agricultural drains, springs, and groundwater withdrawal wells. Specified flux boundaries represent recharge from infiltrated precipitation and anthropogenic sources, including irrigation return flow and leakage from water-distribution canals. The model was calibrated with the parameter‑estimation code PEST++ to groundwater levels measured from 1907 through 2013 and measured discharge to springs and estimated discharge to agricultural drains. Increased recharge since pre-development resulted in a 6.8 million acre-feet increase in storage in the 508-14 administrative area of the Pasco Basin. Four groundwater-management scenarios simulate the 7-year drawdown resulting from withdrawals in different locations. Withdrawals of 2 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) from a hypothetical well field in the upper Ringold Formation along the Columbia River could generate 30–70 feet of drawdown, which may reduce landslide susceptibility along the White Bluffs. Drawdowns resulting from a 1 Mgal/d withdrawal from wells screened in either Pasco gravels, upper Ringold Formation, or both Ringold Formation and underlying basalt are simulated in the other three scenarios, and differ because of the contrasting hydraulic conductivities within the screened intervals.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165026","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Heywood, C.E., Kahle, S.C., Olsen, T.D., Patterson, J.D., and Burns, Erick, 2016, Simulation of groundwater storage changes in the eastern Pasco Basin, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5026, 44 p., 1 pl., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165026.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 44 p.; Plate; Table","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-069891","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319591,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5026/sir20165026.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5026"},{"id":319590,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5026/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":319592,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5026/sir20165026_plate01.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"10.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5026 Plate 1"},{"id":319593,"rank":4,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5026/sir20165026_table07.xlsx","text":"Table 7","size":"96 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2016-5026 Table 7"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Adams County, Franklin County, Grant County","otherGeospatial":"Pasco Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.9981689453125,\n 47.00273390667881\n ],\n [\n -118.49304199218749,\n 46.998987638154624\n ],\n [\n -118.50952148437499,\n 46.195042108660154\n ],\n [\n -118.7347412109375,\n 46.09228143052649\n ],\n [\n -118.9434814453125,\n 46.00459325574482\n ],\n [\n -119.344482421875,\n 46.00840867976965\n ],\n [\n -119.59716796875,\n 46.038922598236\n ],\n [\n -119.73999023437499,\n 46.33555079758302\n ],\n [\n -119.9871826171875,\n 46.49082901981415\n ],\n [\n -119.9981689453125,\n 47.00273390667881\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Washington Water Science Center
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934 Broadway, Suite 300
Tacoma, Washington 98402
http://wa.water.usgs.gov
For decision support, the insights and predictive power of numerical process models can be hampered by insufficient expertise and computational resources required to evaluate system response to new stresses. An alternative is to emulate the process model with a statistical “metamodel.” Built on a dataset of collocated numerical model input and output, a groundwater flow model was emulated using a Bayesian Network, an Artificial neural network, and a Gradient Boosted Regression Tree. The response of interest was surface water depletion expressed as the source of water-to-wells. The results have application for managing allocation of groundwater. Each technique was tuned using cross validation and further evaluated using a held-out dataset. A numerical MODFLOW-USG model of the Lake Michigan Basin, USA, was used for the evaluation. The performance and interpretability of each technique was compared pointing to advantages of each technique. The metamodel can extend to unmodeled areas.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Modelling & Software","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Oxford","doi":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.11.023","usgsCitation":"Fienen, M., Nolan, B.T., and Feinstein, D.T., 2016, Evaluating the sources of water to wells: Three techniques for metamodeling of a groundwater flow model: Environmental Modelling and Software, v. 77, p. 95-107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.11.023.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"107","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066378","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319030,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, 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Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":583410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Feinstein, Daniel T. 0000-0003-1151-2530 dtfeinst@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1151-2530","contributorId":1907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feinstein","given":"Daniel","email":"dtfeinst@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":583411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70158609,"text":"sir20155141 - 2016 - Hydrologic data and groundwater-flow simulations in the Brown Ditch Watershed, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, near Beverly Shores and Town of Pines, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-18T09:27:57","indexId":"sir20155141","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-15T09:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5141","title":"Hydrologic data and groundwater-flow simulations in the Brown Ditch Watershed, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, near Beverly Shores and Town of Pines, Indiana","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collected data and simulated groundwater flow to increase understanding of the hydrology and the effects of drainage alterations on the water table in the vicinity of Great Marsh, near Beverly Shores and Town of Pines, Indiana. Prior land-management practices have modified drainage and caused changes in the distribution of open water, streams and ditches, and groundwater abundance and flow paths.
\nCollected hydrologic data indicate that the majority of water entering Great Marsh flows from the southern dune ridge beneath Town of Pines, Indiana. Groundwater flow is intercepted by Brown Ditch in the eastern portion of the study area and Derby Ditch in the western portion of the study area. A smaller amount of groundwater from the northern dune ridge beneath Beverly Shores also contributed water to Great Marsh. Continuous groundwater-level data collected indicate that the predominant north-south groundwater-flow gradients vary during the course of the year due to increased levels of precipitation or during periods of drainage obstructions. Continuous surface-water discharge and surface-water elevation were measured at three USGS streamgages, one each on Brown, Kintzele and Derby Ditches. The monthly mean discharge statistics indicate that during the period of record— June 2012 to September 2013—streamflow in Kintzele Ditch was lowest during July 2012 and highest during April 2013. In Derby Ditch, streamflow also was lowest during July 2012 and highest during April 2013.
\nPeriods of relatively high and low groundwater levels during August 1982, March 2013, and April 2014 were examined and simulated by using MODFLOW and companion software. Results from the simulation of conditions during March 2013 include that nearly 100 percent of all water entering the area simulating Town of Pines is from recharge. Of all the water simulated to enter the eastern and western portions of Great Marsh, nearly 20 and 18 percent, respectively, flows from Town of Pines to the western and eastern portions of Great Marsh. The dune ridges beneath Town of Pines and to a lesser extent beneath Beverly Shores are a major source of recharge to the surficial aquifer and Great Marsh.
\nResults from the simulation of the conditions of April 2014 include that, despite increases in the amount of water entering Great Marsh due to a beaver-dam-modified hydrologic condition, there is still virtually zero simulated groundwater flow from Great Marsh to Town of Pines. The volume of water simulated to be entering the zone representing Beverly Shores decreased by 0.43 cubic foot per second from the results of the March 2013 simulation. This simulated difference in water budgets can be attributed to increased simulated recharge in Great Marsh and Town of Pines. Effects of the inclusion of the beaver dam included the increase of the simulated water table and simulated inundated area upstream of the beaver dam due to the effects of ponding surface water.
\nResults from the simulation scenario that includes six proposed pool-riffle control structures in Brown Ditch under the hydrologic conditions of March 2013 indicate areas inundated by water are larger, including areas just to the north of the entrance of Brown Ditch into Great Marsh, and areas north of the confluence of Brown and Kintzele Ditches.
\nResults from the scenario simulating the increase of the Lake Michigan water level to the historical high of May 31, 1998, showed inundated areas of Great Marsh south of Beverly Shores enlarged on both sides of Lakeshore County Road with the greatest enlargement simulated to be southeast of the intersection of Lakeshore County Road and Beverly Drive. For the scenario simulating the decrease of the Lake Michigan water level to the historical low of December 23, 2007, results show little change from the original March 2013 inundated area.
\nThe results of this study can be used by water-resource managers to understand how surrounding ditches affect water levels in Great Marsh and other inland wetlands and residential areas. The groundwater model developed can be applied to answer questions about how alterations to the drainage system in the area affects water levels in the public and residential areas surrounding Great Marsh. The modeling methods developed in this study provide a template for other studies of groundwater flow and groundwater/surface-water interactions within the shallow surficial aquifer in northern Indiana, and in similar hydrologic settings that include surficial sand aquifers in coastal areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155141","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Lampe, D.C., 2015, Hydrologic data and groundwater-flow simulations in the Brown Ditch Watershed, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, near Beverly Shores and Town of Pines, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015– 5141, 97 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155141.","productDescription":"xi, 97 p.","numberOfPages":"116","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055857","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318807,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5141/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":318808,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5141/sir20155141.pdf","text":"Report","size":"34 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5141"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Brown Ditch Watershed, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.1,\n 41.65\n ],\n [\n -87.1,\n 41.73\n ],\n [\n -86.9,\n 41.73\n ],\n [\n -86.9,\n 41.65\n ],\n [\n -87.1,\n 41.65\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Indiana Water Science Center
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Simulated transmissivities are constrained poorly by assigning permissible ranges of hydraulic conductivities from aquifer-test results to hydrogeologic units in groundwater-flow models. These wide ranges are derived from interpretations of many aquifer tests that are categorized by hydrogeologic unit. Uncertainty is added where contributing thicknesses differ between field estimates and numerical models. Wide ranges of hydraulic conductivities and discordant thicknesses result in simulated transmissivities that frequently are much greater than aquifer-test results. Multiple orders of magnitude differences frequently occur between simulated and observed transmissivities where observed transmissivities are less than 1,000 feet squared per day.
Transmissivity observations from individual aquifer tests can constrain model calibration as head and flow observations do. This approach is superior to diluting aquifer-test results into generalized ranges of hydraulic conductivities. Observed and simulated transmissivities can be compared directly with T-COMP, a suite of three FORTRAN programs. Transmissivity observations require that simulated hydraulic conductivities and thicknesses in the volume investigated by an aquifer test be extracted and integrated into a simulated transmissivity. Transmissivities of MODFLOW model cells are sampled within the volume affected by an aquifer test as defined by a well-specific, radial-flow model of each aquifer test. Sampled transmissivities of model cells are averaged within a layer and summed across layers. Accuracy of the approach was tested with hypothetical, multiple-aquifer models where specified transmissivities ranged between 250 and 20,000 feet squared per day. More than 90 percent of simulated transmissivities were within a factor of 2 of specified transmissivities.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Section A: Groundwater in Book 6: Modeling Techniques","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm6A54","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, Nevada Site Office, Office of Environmental Management, under Interagency Agreement, DE-NA0001654/DE-AI52-12NA30865","usgsCitation":"Halford, K.J., 2016, T-COMP — A suite of programs for extracting transmissivity from MODFLOW models: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 6, chap. A54, 17 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/tm6A54.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 17 p.; 5 Appendixes","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-071244","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399691,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_103962.htm"},{"id":317977,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/06/a54/tm6a54_appendixe_Verification.zip","text":"Appendix E","description":"Appendix E","linkHelpText":"Results from T-COMP Verification"},{"id":317976,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/06/a54/tm6a54_appendixd_Regional-SiteCOMPARE.zip","text":"Appendix D","description":"Appendix D","linkHelpText":"T-COMP_Compare–A Workbook for Comparing Simulated Transmissivities Sampled with T-COMP to Specified Values"},{"id":317975,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/06/a54/tm6a54_appendixc_Codes_T-COMP.v1.00.zip","text":"Appendix C","description":"Appendix C","linkHelpText":"Source Codes for T-COMP Programs"},{"id":317974,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/06/a54/tm6a54_appendixb_T-COMP.v.1.00.zip","text":"Appendix B","description":"Appendix B","linkHelpText":"T-COMP Programs, Pre-Processing Tools, and an Example"},{"id":317973,"rank":2,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/06/a54/tm6a54_appendixa_AquiferTests+PDFs.zip","text":"Appendix A","description":"Appendix A","linkHelpText":"Aquifer Tests and Comparisons between Probability Distributions of Transmissivities from Hydraulic-Conductivity Limits and Aquifer-Test Results"},{"id":317978,"rank":7,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/06/a54/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":317972,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/06/a54/tm6A54.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"TM6-A54 Report PDF"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.6667,\n 36.6417\n ],\n [\n -115.9333,\n 36.6417\n ],\n [\n -115.9333,\n 37.3667\n ],\n [\n -116.6667,\n 37.3667\n ],\n [\n -116.6667,\n 36.6417\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"This report is Chapter 54 of Section A: Groundwater in Book 6: Modeling Techniques.","contact":"Nevada Water Science Center
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A modified version of the MODFLOW/MT3DMS-based reactive transport model PHT3D was developed to extend current reactive transport capabilities to the variably-saturated component of the subsurface system and incorporate diffusive reactive transport of gaseous species. Referred to as PHT3D-UZF, this code incorporates flux terms calculated by MODFLOW's unsaturated-zone flow (UZF1) package. A volume-averaged approach similar to the method used in UZF-MT3DMS was adopted. The PHREEQC-based computation of chemical processes within PHT3D-UZF in combination with the analytical solution method of UZF1 allows for comprehensive reactive transport investigations (i.e., biogeochemical transformations) that jointly involve saturated and unsaturated zone processes. Intended for regional-scale applications, UZF1 simulates downward-only flux within the unsaturated zone. The model was tested by comparing simulation results with those of existing numerical models. The comparison was performed for several benchmark problems that cover a range of important hydrological and reactive transport processes. A 2D simulation scenario was defined to illustrate the geochemical evolution following dewatering in a sandy acid sulfate soil environment. Other potential applications include the simulation of biogeochemical processes in variably-saturated systems that track the transport and fate of agricultural pollutants, nutrients, natural and xenobiotic organic compounds and micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, as well as the evolution of isotope patterns.
","language":"English","publisher":"Water Well Journal Pub. Co.","publisherLocation":"Worthington, OH","doi":"10.1111/gwat.12318","usgsCitation":"Wu, M.Z., Post, V., Salmon, S.U., Morway, E.D., and Prommer, H., 2016, PHT3D-UZF: A reactive transport model for variably-saturated porous media: Ground Water, v. 54, no. 1, p. 23-34, https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12318.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"34","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057960","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":497414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://admin.research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/2a7c3f99-f753-479d-b8b1-b53d62f37a78","text":"External Repository"},{"id":317994,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-01-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56bf105ae4b06458514b6933","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wu, Ming Zhi","contributorId":166763,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wu","given":"Ming","email":"","middleInitial":"Zhi","affiliations":[{"id":24500,"text":"School of Earth and Environment, Univ. of Western Austrailia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":620046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Post, Vincent E. A.","contributorId":166764,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Post","given":"Vincent E. A.","affiliations":[{"id":24501,"text":"National Centre for Groundwater Reserach and Training, Flinders Univ.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":620047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Salmon, S. Ursula","contributorId":166765,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Salmon","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ursula","affiliations":[{"id":24500,"text":"School of Earth and Environment, Univ. of Western Austrailia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":620048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morway, Eric D. 0000-0002-8553-6140 emorway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8553-6140","contributorId":4320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morway","given":"Eric","email":"emorway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":620045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Prommer, H.","contributorId":12264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prommer","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70168426,"text":"70168426 - 2016 - Extending the MODPATH algorithm to rectangular unstructured grids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-12T13:08:03","indexId":"70168426","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-01T14:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extending the MODPATH algorithm to rectangular unstructured grids","docAbstract":"The recent release of MODFLOW-USG, which allows model grids to have irregular, unstructured connections, requires a modification of the particle-tracking algorithm used by MODPATH. This paper describes a modification of the semi-analytical particle-tracking algorithm used by MODPATH that allows it to be extended to rectangular-based unstructured grids by dividing grid cells with multi-cell face connections into sub-cells. The new method will be incorporated in the next version of MODPATH which is currently under development.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Water Well Journal Pub. Co.","publisherLocation":"Worthington, OH","doi":"10.1111/gwat.12328","usgsCitation":"Pollock, D.W., 2016, Extending the MODPATH algorithm to rectangular unstructured grids: Ground Water, v. 54, no. 1, p. 121-125, https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12328.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"125","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-058252","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":317992,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-03-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56bf1051e4b06458514b68fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollock, David W. dwpolloc@usgs.gov","contributorId":4248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollock","given":"David","email":"dwpolloc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":620052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70168549,"text":"70168549 - 2016 - A semi-structured MODFLOW-USG model to evaluate local water sources to wells for decision support","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-12T12:50:22","indexId":"70168549","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A semi-structured MODFLOW-USG model to evaluate local water sources to wells for decision support","docAbstract":"In order to better represent the configuration of the stream network and simulate local groundwater-surface water interactions, a version of MODFLOW with refined spacing in the topmost layer was applied to a Lake Michigan Basin (LMB) regional groundwater-flow model developed by the U.S. Geological. Regional MODFLOW models commonly use coarse grids over large areas; this coarse spacing precludes model application to local management issues (e.g., surface-water depletion by wells) without recourse to labor-intensive inset models. Implementation of an unstructured formulation within the MODFLOW framework (MODFLOW-USG) allows application of regional models to address local problems. A “semi-structured” approach (uniform lateral spacing within layers, different lateral spacing among layers) was tested using the LMB regional model. The parent 20-layer model with uniform 5000-foot (1524-m) lateral spacing was converted to 4 layers with 500-foot (152-m) spacing in the top glacial (Quaternary) layer, where surface water features are located, overlying coarser resolution layers representing deeper deposits. This semi-structured version of the LMB model reproduces regional flow conditions, whereas the finer resolution in the top layer improves the accuracy of the simulated response of surface water to shallow wells. One application of the semi-structured LMB model is to provide statistical measures of the correlation between modeled inputs and the simulated amount of water that wells derive from local surface water. The relations identified in this paper serve as the basis for metamodels to predict (with uncertainty) surface-water depletion in response to shallow pumping within and potentially beyond the modeled area, see Fienen et al. (2015a).
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/gwat.12389","usgsCitation":"Feinstein, D.T., Fienen, M., Reeves, H.W., and Langevin, C.D., 2016, A semi-structured MODFLOW-USG model to evaluate local water sources to wells for decision support: Ground Water, v. 54, no. 4, p. 532-544, https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12389.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"532","endPage":"544","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066913","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318155,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.97802734375,\n 41.261291493919884\n ],\n [\n -83.84765625,\n 41.261291493919884\n ],\n [\n -83.84765625,\n 46.800059446787316\n ],\n [\n -89.97802734375,\n 46.800059446787316\n ],\n [\n -89.97802734375,\n 41.261291493919884\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"54","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-01-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c6f93be4b0946c65240718","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feinstein, Daniel T. 0000-0003-1151-2530 dtfeinst@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1151-2530","contributorId":1907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feinstein","given":"Daniel","email":"dtfeinst@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":620879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fienen, Michael N. 0000-0002-7756-4651 mnfienen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7756-4651","contributorId":893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fienen","given":"Michael N.","email":"mnfienen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":620880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reeves, Howard W. 0000-0001-8057-2081 hwreeves@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-2081","contributorId":2307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"Howard","email":"hwreeves@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":620881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Langevin, Christian D. 0000-0001-5610-9759 langevin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5610-9759","contributorId":1030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langevin","given":"Christian","email":"langevin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":620882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70178484,"text":"70178484 - 2016 - Integrated water flow model and modflow-farm process: A comparison of theory, approaches, and features of two integrated hydrologic models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-19T16:50:28","indexId":"70178484","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5239,"text":"California Natural Resources Agency","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"title":"Integrated water flow model and modflow-farm process: A comparison of theory, approaches, and features of two integrated hydrologic models","docAbstract":"Effective modeling of conjunctive use of surface and subsurface water resources requires simulation of land use-based root zone and surface flow processes as well as groundwater flows, streamflows, and their interactions. Recently, two computer models developed for this purpose, the Integrated Water Flow Model (IWFM) from the California Department of Water Resources and the MODFLOW with Farm Process (MF-FMP) from the US Geological Survey, have been applied to complex basins such as the Central Valley of California. As both IWFM and MFFMP are publicly available for download and can be applied to other basins, there is a need to objectively compare the main approaches and features used in both models. This paper compares the concepts, as well as the method and simulation features of each hydrologic model pertaining to groundwater, surface water, and landscape processes. The comparison is focused on the integrated simulation of water demand and supply, water use, and the flow between coupled hydrologic processes. The differences in the capabilities and features of these two models could affect the outcome and types of water resource problems that can be simulated.","language":"English","publisher":"California Department of Water Resources","collaboration":"California Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Dogrul, E.C., Schmid, W., Hanson, R.T., Kadir, T., and Chung, F., 2016, Integrated water flow model and modflow-farm process: A comparison of theory, approaches, and features of two integrated hydrologic models: California Natural Resources Agency, i-ix, 70 p. .","productDescription":"i-ix, 70 p. 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A new USGS integrated hydrologic model, MODFLOW-OWHM, incorporates this dependency by linking subsidence and mesh deformation with changes in aquifer transmissivity and storage coefficient, and with flows that also depend on aquifer characteristics and land-surface geometry. This new deformation-dependent approach is being used for the further development of the integrated Central Valley hydrologic model (CVHM) in California. Preliminary results from this application and from hypothetical test cases of similar systems show that changes in canal flows, stream seepage, and evapotranspiration from groundwater (ETgw) are sensitive to deformation. Deformation feedback has been shown to also have an indirect effect on conjunctive surface- and groundwater use components with increased stream seepage and streamflows influencing surface-water deliveries and return flows. In the Central Valley model, land subsidence may significantly degrade the ability of the major canals to deliver surface water from the Delta to the San Joaquin and Tulare basins. Subsidence can also affect irrigation demand and ETgw, which, along with altered surface-water supplies, causes a feedback response resulting in changed estimates of groundwater pumping for irrigation. This modeling feature also may improve the impact assessment of dewatering-induced land subsidence/uplift (following irrigation pumping or coal-seam gas extraction) on surface receptors, inter-basin transfers, and surface infrastructure integrity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Copernicus Publications","doi":"10.5194/piahs-372-449-2015","usgsCitation":"Hanson, R.T., Traum, J.A., Boyce, S.E., Schmid, W., and Hughes, J.D., 2015, Examples of deformation-dependent flow simulations of conjunctive use with MF-OWHM: Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, v. 372, p. 449-453, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-372-449-2015.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"449","endPage":"453","ipdsId":"IP-065067","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471515,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-372-449-2015","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":333531,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"372","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-11-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58833023e4b0d00231637794","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, Randall T. 0000-0002-9819-7141 rthanson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9819-7141","contributorId":801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Randall","email":"rthanson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":654469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Traum, Jonathan A. 0000-0002-4787-3680 jtraum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4787-3680","contributorId":4780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Traum","given":"Jonathan","email":"jtraum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":654470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boyce, Scott E. 0000-0003-0626-9492 seboyce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0626-9492","contributorId":4766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyce","given":"Scott","email":"seboyce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":654471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schmid, Wolfgang","contributorId":140408,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schmid","given":"Wolfgang","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6624,"text":"University of Arizona, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":654472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hughes, Joseph D. 0000-0003-1311-2354 jdhughes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1311-2354","contributorId":2492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"Joseph","email":"jdhughes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":654473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70160033,"text":"sir20155174 - 2015 - Groundwater and surface-water interaction and effects of pumping in a complex glacial-sediment aquifer, phase 2, east-central Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-05T07:59:04","indexId":"sir20155174","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-31T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5174","title":"Groundwater and surface-water interaction and effects of pumping in a complex glacial-sediment aquifer, phase 2, east-central Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Town of Framingham, Massachusetts, has investigated the potential of proposed groundwater withdrawals at the Birch Road well site to affect nearby surface water bodies and wetlands, including Lake Cochituate, the Sudbury River, and the Great Meadows National Wildlife Refuge in east-central Massachusetts. In 2012, the U.S. Geological Survey developed a Phase 1 numerical groundwater model of a complex glacial-sediment aquifer to synthesize hydrogeologic information and simulate potential future pumping scenarios. The model was developed with MODFLOW-NWT, an updated version of a standard USGS numerical groundwater flow modeling program that improves solution of unconfined groundwater flow problems. The groundwater model and investigations of the aquifer improved understanding of groundwater–surface-water interaction and the effects of groundwater withdrawals on surface-water bodies and wetlands in the study area. The initial work also revealed a need for additional information and model refinements to better understand this complex aquifer system.
\nIn this second phase of the study, the original groundwater flow model was revised to improve representation of groundwater and surface-water hydrology, stabilize the model, and reduce model error. The model was simplified by reducing the number of layers from 5 to 3 and adding the MODFLOW lake package (LAK) to simulate Lake Cochituate and Pod Meadow Pond and better represent interaction between the lakes and the aquifer. Model revisions improved stability and shortened run times, allowing use of automated parameter estimation software (PEST) to further refine the model hydraulic parameters and reduce simulation errors.
\nModel simulations indicate that under average base-flow conditions, the Birch Road wells have a small effect on flow in the Sudbury River during most months, even at the maximum pumping rate of 4.9 ft3/s (3.17 Mgal/d). Maximum percent streamflow depletion in the Sudbury River caused by simulated pumping takes place during simulated drought conditions, when streamflow decreased by as much as 21 percent under maximum continuous pumping. Simulations also indicate that groundwater withdrawals at the Birch Road site could be managed so that adverse streamflow impacts are substantially ameliorated. Under the most ecologically conservative simulated drought conditions, simulated streamflow depletion was reduced from 21 percent to 3 percent by pumping at the maximum rate for 6 months rather than for 12 months. Simulations that return 10 percent of the Birch Road well withdrawals to Pod Meadow Pond indicate a modest reduction in the Sudbury River streamflow depletion and provide a larger percentage increase to streamflow just downstream of the pond. The groundwater model also indicates that well locations can have a large effect on the sustainable pumping rate and so should be chosen carefully. The model provides a tool for evaluating alternative pumping rates and schedules not included in this analysis.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155174","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Town of Framingham, Massachusetts","usgsCitation":"Eggleston, J.R., Zarriello, P.J., and Carlson, C.S., 2015, Groundwater and surface-water interaction and effects of pumping in a complex glacial-sediment aquifer, Phase 2, east-central Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5174, 38 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155174.","productDescription":"viii, 38 p.","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070584","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312906,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5174/sir20155174.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.42 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5174"},{"id":312905,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5174/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","city":"Framingham","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.40366554260254,\n 42.311021393971345\n ],\n [\n -71.40366554260254,\n 42.357085148806945\n ],\n [\n -71.36615753173828,\n 42.357085148806945\n ],\n [\n -71.36615753173828,\n 42.311021393971345\n ],\n [\n -71.40366554260254,\n 42.311021393971345\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Bearfoot Road
Northborough, MA 01532
Or visit our Web site at:
http://newengland.water.usgs.gov
A groundwater-flow model was developed for the Bad River Watershed and surrounding area by using the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) finite-difference code MODFLOW-NWT. The model simulates steady-state groundwater-flow and base flow in streams by using the streamflow routing (SFR) package. The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop an improved understanding of the groundwater-flow system in the Bad River Watershed at the regional scale, including the sources of water to the Bad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Reservation (Reservation) and groundwater/surface-water interactions; (2) provide a quantitative platform for evaluating future impacts to the watershed, which can be used as a starting point for more detailed investigations at the local scale; and (3) identify areas where more data are needed. This report describes the construction and calibration of the groundwater-flow model that was subsequently used for analyzing potential locations for the collection of additional field data, including new observations of water-table elevation for refining the conceptualization and corresponding numerical model of the hydrogeologic system.
\nThe study area can be conceptually divided into three primary hydrogeologic environments. The first encompasses the southern uplands with relatively low topographic relief, where groundwater-flow is unconfined and occurs primarily in sandy till and glacial outwash overlying Archean-aged crystalline bedrock. The second includes a transitional area of higher topographic relief and shallow depth to bedrock, in the vicinity of ridges formed by steeply dipping, early-Proterozoic aged metasedimentary units of the Marquette Range Supergroup (including the Ironwood Formation), and late-Proterozoic igneous units associated with the Midcontinent Rift System (MRS). Groundwater-flow in this area likely occurs primarily through connected networks of bedrock fractures that are not well characterized, and also in isolated pockets of Quaternary deposits. The third and last hydrogeologic environment includes lowlands along Lake Superior where a deep sandstone aquifer is confined by thick deposits of clay-rich till.
\nModel input was compiled by using both published and unpublished data. Constant flux boundary conditions for the model perimeter were developed from a regional analytic element model described in appendix 1 of this report. Pumping from 26 high-capacity wells within the model area was included. The SFR stream network was developed from the National Hydrography Dataset (NHDPlus Version 2) and hydrography from the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR). Hydraulic conductivity values were determined for each model cell by interpolation from a network of pilot points, within zones representing major hydrogeologic units.
\nRecharge to the groundwater system was estimated on a cell-by-cell basis by using the Soil Water Balance code (SWB), with gridded daily temperature and precipitation data for the period 1980–2011, and GIS coverages of soil and land-surface conditions. Estimated recharge varies considerably, following spatial patterns in the precipitation and soil hydrologic group inputs. The lowest recharge values occur in the Superior lowlands, whereas the highest values occur in the upland areas, especially those underlain by sandy soils, and in the vicinity of bedrock hills.
\nThe model was calibrated to groundwater-levels and base flows obtained from the USGS National Water Information System (NWIS) database, and groundwater-levels obtained from the WDNR and Band River Band well-construction databases. Calibration was performed via nonlinear regression by using the parameter-estimation software suite PEST. Groundwater levels and base-flow observations in the calibration dataset were well simulated by the calibrated model, with reasonable values of hydraulic conductivity. The pilot-point parameters that were most constrained by observations during model calibration coincided with the locations containing the most wells (head observations)—especially the population centers of Ashland, Mellen, and other communities along the major highway corridors.
\nResults from the calibrated model illustrate differences in the nature of groundwater-flow within the watershed. In the southern part of the watershed, where bedrock is shallow, groundwater flow paths are relatively short, extending from local recharge areas to adjacent first and second-order streams. In contrast, laterally continuous deposits of clay-rich till covering the Superior Lowlands isolate most smaller streams from the sandstone aquifer, allowing for longer flow paths toward larger streams such as the Bad, Marengo, and White Rivers. Approximately three-quarters of all first-order stream cells were dry in the Superior Lowlands, compared to only half of first-order stream cells in the southern bedrock uplands.
\nThe model was used to delineate the groundwatershed for the Bad and Kakagon Rivers. “Groundwatershed” is defined as the area contributing groundwater discharge to one of these streams and their tributaries. The groundwatershed was found to align closely with the surface-watershed, with the most notable exception occurring along the southwestern half of Birch Hill, where surface water drains southwest towards the Potato River, and groundwater flows north and east towards Lake Superior. Similarly, the contributing area of groundwater-flow to the Reservation was delineated. Results indicate the off-Reservation groundwater contributing area to be limited in comparison to the extent of the watershed, extending southward into the highlands underlain by MRS igneous rock units, but not further into the area underlain by the Marquette Range Supergroup.
\nStable isotope samples were collected from 54 wells within the watershed, to investigate sources of groundwater. Oxygen-18 (δ 18O) values lower than -13.0 per mil were documented in the sampling, and likely indicate the presence of recharge water from the last glacial period (>9,500 years old) beneath the northern portion of the Reservation, in the vicinity of Odanah, Wisconsin.
\nFinally, a new data-worth analysis of potential new monitoring-well locations was performed by using the model. The relative worth of new measurements was evaluated based on their ability to increase confidence in model predictions of groundwater levels and base flows at 35 locations, under the condition of a proposed open-pit iron mine. Results of the new data-worth analysis, and other inputs and outputs from the Bad River model, are available through an online dynamic web mapping service at (http://wim.usgs.gov/badriver/).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155162","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa; U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs","usgsCitation":"Leaf, A.T., Fienen, M.N., Hunt, R.J., and Buchwald, C.A., 2015, Groundwater/Surface-Water Interactions in the Bad\n River Watershed, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5162, 110 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155162.","productDescription":"viii, 110 p.","numberOfPages":"122","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061535","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311584,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5162/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":311585,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5162/sir20155162.pdf","text":"Report","size":"24.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015=5162"},{"id":332726,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7Z0368H","text":"MODFLOW-NWT model used to evaluate groundwater/surface-water interactions in the Bad River Watershed, Wisconsin"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Bad River Watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.06842041015625,\n 46.36777895261494\n ],\n [\n -91.06842041015625,\n 46.76996843356982\n ],\n [\n -90.43121337890625,\n 46.76996843356982\n ],\n [\n -90.43121337890625,\n 46.36777895261494\n ],\n [\n -91.06842041015625,\n 46.36777895261494\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Wisconsin Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
8505 Research W
Middleton, WI USA 53562
http://wi.water.usgs.gov/
The Yakima River Basin in south-central Washington has a long history of irrigated agriculture and a more recent history of large-scale livestock operations, both of which may contribute nutrients to the groundwater system. Nitrate concentrations in water samples from shallow groundwater wells in the lower Yakima River Basin exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standard, generating concerns that current applications of fertilizer and animal waste may be exceeding the rate at which plants can uptake nutrients, and thus contributing to groundwater contamination.
\nThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) recently completed a regional scale transient three-dimensional groundwater-flow model of the Yakima River Basin using MODFLOW-2000. The model was used with the USGS particle-tracking code MODPATH to generate advective flowpaths and associated travel times. Analyses used particle backtracking in time from September 2001 through 504 monthly stress periods to October 1959 or until pathlines terminated at a model boundary. The particle starting locations were assigned to 1,000 foot square computational model cells containing one or more of the 121 sampling locations with measured nitrate concentrations greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standard for nitrate (10 milligrams per liter [mg/L]). Of the 2,403 particles, the simulated pathlines for 2,080 reached the water table within the 42-year simulation period, thus identifying the predicted recharge areas for those particles. The median horizontal straight-line distance was 13,194 feet between starting and ending locations for these particles and the median time-of-travel for particles that intersected the water table was 984 days. Well to water-table travel times for 75.4 percent of the particles were less than the average travel time of 3,749 days. Predicted recharge locations for all particles, including those that did not reach the water table in 42 years, were between 50 feet and 34 miles horizontal distance from their starting locations, with a median distance of less than 3 miles away.
\nGeneralized groundwater-flow directions in unconsolidated basin-fill deposits were towards the Yakima River, which acts as a local sink for shallow groundwater, and roughly parallel to topographic gradients. Particles backtracked from more shallow aquifer locations traveled shorter distances before reaching the water table than particles from deeper locations. Flowpaths for particles starting at wells completed in the basalt units underlying the basin-fill deposits sometimes were different than for wells with similar lateral locations but more shallow depths. In cases where backtracking particles reached geologic structures simulated as flow barriers, abrupt changes in direction in some particle pathlines suggest significant changes in simulated hydraulic gradients that may not accurately reflect actual conditions. Most groundwater wells sampled had associated zones of contribution within the Toppenish/Benton subbasin between the well and the nearest subbasin margin, but interpretation of these results for any specific well is likely to be complicated by the assumptions and simplifications inherent in the model construction process. Delineated zones of contribution for individual wells are sensitive to the depths assigned to the screened interval of the well, resulting in simulated areal extents of the zones of contribution to a discharging well that are elongated in the direction of groundwater flow.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155149","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Bachmann, M.P., 2015, Particle tracking for selected groundwater wells in the lower Yakima River Basin, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5149, 33 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155149.","productDescription":"v, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066526","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310287,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5149/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":310288,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5149/sir20155149.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13.5MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5149 Report PDF"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Yakima River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.95947265624999,\n 45.935870621190546\n ],\n [\n -120.95947265624999,\n 46.58529390583601\n ],\n [\n -119.53125,\n 46.58529390583601\n ],\n [\n -119.53125,\n 45.935870621190546\n ],\n [\n -120.95947265624999,\n 45.935870621190546\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Washington Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
934 Broadway, Suite 300
Tacoma, Washington 98402
http://wa.water.usgs.gov
A new option to write and read antecedent conditions (also referred to as initial conditions) has been developed for the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Groundwater and Surface-Water Flow (GSFLOW) numerical, hydrologic simulation code. GSFLOW is an integration of the USGS Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) and USGS Modular Groundwater-Flow Model (MODFLOW), and provides three simulation modes: MODFLOW-only, PRMS-only, and GSFLOW (or coupled). The new capability, referred to as the restart option, can be used for all three simulation modes, such that the results from a pair (or set) of spin-up and restart simulations are nearly identical to results produced from a continuous simulation for the same time period. The restart option writes all results to files at the end of a spin-up simulation that are required to initialize a subsequent restart simulation. Previous versions of GSFLOW have had some capability to save model results for use as antecedent condiitions in subsequent simulations; however, the existing capabilities were not comprehensive or easy to use. The new restart option supersedes the previous methods. The restart option was developed in collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service as part of the Integrated Water Resources Science and Services Partnership. The primary focus for the development of the restart option was to support medium-range (7- to 14-day) forecasts of low streamflow conditions made by the National Weather Service for critical water-supply basins in which groundwater plays an important role.
\nThe spin-up simulation should be run for a sufficient length of time necessary to establish antecedent conditions throughout a model domain. Each GSFLOW application can require different lengths of time to account for the hydrologic stresses to propagate through a coupled groundwater and surface-water system. Typically, groundwater hydrologic processes require many years to come into equilibrium with dynamic climate and other forcing (or stress) data, such as precipitation and well pumping, whereas runoff-dominated surface-water processes respond relatively quickly. Use of a spin-up simulation can substantially reduce execution-time requirements for applications where the time period of interest is small compared to the time for hydrologic memory; thus, use of the restart option can be an efficient strategy for forecast and calibration simulations that require multiple simulations starting from the same day.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Section D: Ground-water/Surface-water in Book 6U.S. Geological Survey
Office of Groundwater
411 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
Internet: http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/
Population growth in the Verde Valley in Arizona has led to efforts to better understand water availability in the watershed. Evapotranspiration (ET) is a substantial component of the water budget and a critical factor in estimating groundwater recharge in the area. In this study, four estimates of ET are compared and discussed with applications to the Verde Valley. Higher potential ET (PET) rates from the soil-water balance (SWB) recharge model resulted in an average annual ET volume about 17% greater than for ET from the basin characteristics (BCM) recharge model. Annual BCM PET volume, however, was greater by about a factor of 2 or more than SWB actual ET (AET) estimates, which are used in the SWB model to estimate groundwater recharge. ET also was estimated using a method that combines MODIS-EVI remote sensing data and geospatial information and by the MODFLOW-EVT ET package as part of a regional groundwater-flow model that includes the study area. Annual ET volumes were about same for upper-bound MODIS-EVI ET for perennial streams as for the MODFLOW ET estimates, with the small differences between the two methods having minimal impact on annual or longer groundwater budgets for the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.09.005","usgsCitation":"Tillman, F.D., Wiele, S.M., and Pool, D.R., 2015, A comparison of estimates of basin-scale soil-moisture evapotranspiration and estimates of riparian groundwater evapotranspiration with implications for water budgets in the Verde Valley, Central Arizona, USA: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 124, p. 278-291, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.09.005.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"278","endPage":"291","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-062528","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471782,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.09.005","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":308335,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Verde Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.43291497881991,\n 35.18255355174023\n ],\n [\n -112.43291497881991,\n 34.55130008916785\n ],\n [\n -110.95736033278712,\n 34.55130008916785\n ],\n [\n -110.95736033278712,\n 35.18255355174023\n ],\n [\n -112.43291497881991,\n 35.18255355174023\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"124","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56012a34e4b03bc34f5443ea","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.09.005","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.09.005","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Tillman F.D, Wiele S.M., Pool D.R.","journalName":"Journal of Arid Environments","publicationDate":"1/2016"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tillman, Fred D. 0000-0002-2922-402X ftillman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2922-402X","contributorId":147809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillman","given":"Fred","email":"ftillman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiele, Stephen M. smwiele@usgs.gov","contributorId":2199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiele","given":"Stephen","email":"smwiele@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pool, Donald R. drpool@usgs.gov","contributorId":1121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pool","given":"Donald","email":"drpool@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70156393,"text":"sir20155095 - 2015 - Relations between well-field pumping and induced canal leakage in east-central Miami-Dade County, Florida, 2010-2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-27T08:55:05","indexId":"sir20155095","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-26T17:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5095","title":"Relations between well-field pumping and induced canal leakage in east-central Miami-Dade County, Florida, 2010-2011","docAbstract":"An extensive canal and water management system exists in south Florida to prevent flooding, replenish groundwater, and impede saltwater intrusion. The unconfined Biscayne aquifer, which underlies southeast Florida and provides water for millions of residents, interacts with the canal system. The Biscayne aquifer is composed of a highly transmissive karst limestone; therefore, canal stage and flow may be affected by production well pumping, especially in locations where production wells and canals are in proximity.
\nThe U.S. Geological Survey developed a local-scale, transient, numerical groundwater flow model of a well field in Miami-Dade County to (1) quantify relations between well-field pumping and C-2 Canal (herein referred to as the Snapper Creek Canal) leakage, (2) determine primary controls on canal leakage variability, and (3) summarize results that could simplify characterization of canal/well-field interactions in other locations. In addition to the groundwater model development, stable isotope data from water-quality samples were used to characterize the relations between production well pumping and canal leakage. The results from the groundwater model and the isotope data were used to refine the conceptual flow model of the study area.
\nThe groundwater flow model MODFLOW-NWT was used for simulating groundwater flow and quantifying interactions between pumping from the well field and Snapper Creek Canal leakage. Input data for the groundwater model included precipitation, evapotranspiration, pumping, canal stage, and regional groundwater elevation. The inverse modeling tool UCODE and groundwater data from June 2010 to July 2011 were used to calibrate the model. Parameter sensitivity analyses were performed with UCODE. Model sensitivities to geologic heterogeneity, non-laminar flow, and changes in the regional flow boundary were evaluated. The groundwater model generally fits the calibration criteria well within estimated error ranges for groundwater elevations and canal leakage values. The mean average error for heads simulated with the model was 0.19 meter, and head residuals were generally randomly distributed.
\nThe model simulated groundwater flow under ambient conditions without production well pumping to establish background leakage. Groundwater flow also was simulated with production well pumping to estimate induced leakage from the Snapper Creek Canal that occurs in response to pumping.
\nCanal leakage was quantified as a percentage of total canal leakage. The percentage of leakage during pumping increased non-linearly with pumping rate, indicating a decreasing sensitivity of canal leakage to pumping at relatively large pumping magnitudes. The results for Snapper Creek Canal may serve as an upper limit for well-field interaction with surface-water features in Miami-Dade County, given the proximity (about 50 meters) of the pumping wells in this study to the Snapper Creek Canal.
\nThe isotopic compositions of hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) in groundwater samples were used to distinguish sources for groundwater within the study area and to assess the extent of natural mixing and pumping-induced mixing with water in the Snapper Creek Canal. Water-level data and water-quality samples were collected from monitoring well clusters, production wells, and the Snapper Creek Canal during discrete sampling events under ambient and pumping conditions. Trends in the isotope data generally follow the regional west-to-east hydraulic gradient across the study area. Data collected within the monitoring-well clusters in closest proximity to the canal indicate that groundwater/surface-water interactions are greatest within the shallow flow zone of the aquifer, especially during pumping conditions. The isotopic composition of samples collected within the study area indicates that the shallow, highly transmissive preferential flow zone receives substantial recharge from the canal. The isotope data from the production wells which are open to the deeper flow zone within the aquifer, indicate only traces of mixing with a 2H- and 18O-enriched source, suggesting little canal admixture with waters of the deeper flow zone.
\nResults from the groundwater model and the stable isotope data analysis indicate the importance of considering geologic heterogeneity when investigating the relations between pumping and canal leakage, not only at this site, but also at other sites with similar heterogeneous geology. The model results were consistently sensitive to the hydrogeologic framework and changes in hydraulic conductivities. The model and the isotope data indicate that the majority of the groundwater/surface-water interactions occurred within the shallow flow zone. A relatively lower-permeability geologic layer occurring between the shallowest and deep preferential flow zones lessens the interactions between the production wells and the canal.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155095","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Miami-Dade Water and Sewer Department","usgsCitation":"Nemec, Katherine, Antolino, Dominick, Turtora, Michael, and Foster, Adam, 2015, Relations between well-field pumping and induced canal leakage in east-central Miami-Dade County, Florida, 2010–2011: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5095, 65 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155095.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 65 p.; Table","numberOfPages":"80","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2010-01-01","temporalEnd":"2011-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-056802","costCenters":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307064,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5095/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":307065,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5095/sir20155095.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.21 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5095"},{"id":307066,"rank":3,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5095/sir20155095_table1-6.xlsx","text":"Table 6","size":"69.7 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2015-5095","linkHelpText":"Summary of water-level and water-quality results for visited sites in Miami-Dade county, October 2008 through April 2011."}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Miami-Dade County","otherGeospatial":"Snapper Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.37700653076172,\n 25.692430237791747\n ],\n [\n -80.37700653076172,\n 25.712074241522732\n ],\n [\n -80.35160064697266,\n 25.712074241522732\n ],\n [\n -80.35160064697266,\n 25.692430237791747\n ],\n [\n -80.37700653076172,\n 25.692430237791747\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, USGS Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
4446 Pet Lane, Suite 108
Lutz, FL 33559
http://fl.water.usgs.gov
This report describes the results of a study by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with ClearWater Conservancy and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection to develop a hydrologic model to simulate a water budget and identify areas of greater than average recharge for the Spring Creek Basin in central Pennsylvania. The model was developed to help policy makers, natural resource managers, and the public better understand and manage the water resources in the region. The Groundwater and Surface-water FLOW model (GSFLOW), which is an integration of the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) and the Modular Groundwater Flow Model (MODFLOW-NWT), was used to simulate surface water and groundwater in the Spring Creek Basin for water years 2000–06. Because the groundwater and surface-water divides for the Spring Creek Basin do not coincide, the study area includes the Nittany Creek Basin and headwaters of the Spruce Creek Basin. The hydrologic model was developed by the use of a stepwise process: (1) develop and calibrate a PRMS model and steady-state MODFLOW-NWT model; (2) re-calibrate the steady-state MODFLOW-NWT model using potential recharge estimates simulated from the PRMS model, and (3) integrate the PRMS and MODFLOW-NWT models into GSFLOW. The individually calibrated PRMS and MODFLOW-NWT models were used as a starting point for the calibration of the fully coupled GSFLOW model. The GSFLOW model calibration was done by comparing observations and corresponding simulated values of streamflow from 11 streamgages and groundwater levels from 16 wells. The cumulative water budget and individual water budgets for water years 2000–06 were simulated by using GSFLOW. The largest source and sink terms are represented by precipitation and evapotranspiration, respectively. For the period simulated, a net surplus in the water budget was computed where inflows exceeded outflows by about 1.7 billion cubic feet (0.47 inches per year over the basin area); storage increased by about the same amount to balance the budget. The rate and distribution of recharge throughout the Spring Creek, Nittany Creek, and Spruce Creek Basins is variable as a result of the high degree of hydrogeologic heterogeneity and karst features. The greatest amount of recharge was simulated in the carbonate-bedrock valley, near the toe slopes of Nittany and Tussey Mountains, in the Scotia Barrens, and along the area coinciding with the Gatesburg Formation. Runoff extremes were observed for water years 2001 (dry year) and 2004 (wet year). Simulated average recharge rates (water reaching the saturated zone as defined in GSFLOW) for 2001 and 2004 were 5.4 in/yr and 22.0 in/yr, respectively. Areas where simulations show large variations in annual recharge between wet and dry years are the same areas where simulated recharge was large. Those areas where rates of groundwater recharge are much higher than average, and are capable of accepting substantially greater quantities of recharge during wet years, might be considered critical for maintaining the flow of springs, stream base flow, or the source of water to supply wells. The slopes of the Bald Eagle, Tussey, and Nittany Mountains are relatively insensitive to variations in recharge, primarily because of reduced infiltration rates and steep slopes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155073","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Clearwater Conservancy and Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Fulton, J.W., Risser, D.W., Regan, R.S., Walker, J.F., Hunt, R.J., Niswonger, R.G., Hoffman, S.A., and Markstrom, S.L., 2015, Water-budgets and recharge-area simulations for the Spring Creek and Nittany Creek Basins and parts of the Spruce Creek Basin, Centre and Huntingdon Counties, Pennsylvania, Water Years 2000–06: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5073, 86 p, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155073.","productDescription":"x, 86 p.","numberOfPages":"100","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-006529","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306786,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5073/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":306791,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5073/sir20155073.pdf","text":"Report","size":"27.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5-83"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Centre County, Huntingdon County","otherGeospatial":"Nittany Creek Basin, Spring Creek Basin, Spruce Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.7179718017578,\n 40.979898069620155\n ],\n [\n -77.55661010742188,\n 40.86004454780482\n ],\n [\n -77.76466369628905,\n 40.7743018636372\n ],\n [\n -77.87384033203124,\n 40.74205475883487\n ],\n [\n -77.93975830078125,\n 40.706148461723764\n ],\n [\n -78.05648803710938,\n 40.66188943992171\n ],\n [\n -78.11897277832031,\n 40.62385529380968\n ],\n [\n -78.16154479980469,\n 40.59283882963389\n ],\n [\n -78.277587890625,\n 40.643135583312805\n ],\n [\n -78.16497802734375,\n 40.730608477796636\n ],\n [\n -78.01666259765625,\n 40.82212357516945\n ],\n [\n -77.82440185546875,\n 40.9280401053324\n ],\n [\n -77.7179718017578,\n 40.979898069620155\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
http://pa.water.usgs.gov/