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,{"id":58454,"text":"mf2243 - 1994 - Geologic map of the Venezuela part of the Piedra de Cocuy 2 degrees x 3 degrees Quadrangle, Amazonas Federal Territory, Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:17","indexId":"mf2243","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2243","title":"Geologic map of the Venezuela part of the Piedra de Cocuy 2 degrees x 3 degrees Quadrangle, Amazonas Federal Territory, Venezuela","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf2243","usgsCitation":"Wynn, J.C., Olmore, S., Mendoza, V., Rincon, H., Garcia, A., Rivero, N., Rendon, I., Gray, F., Marcano, I., Lugo, E., and Schruben, P., 1994, Geologic map of the Venezuela part of the Piedra de Cocuy 2 degrees x 3 degrees Quadrangle, Amazonas Federal Territory, Venezuela: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2243, 1 map ;31 x 32 cm., on sheet 61 x 86 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2243.","productDescription":"1 map ;31 x 32 cm., on sheet 61 x 86 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":114700,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1994/2243/report.pdf","size":"34","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":114701,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1994/2243/plate-1.pdf","size":"3792","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":185368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1994/2243/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"500000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -67.13333333333334,1 ], [ -67.13333333333334,2 ], [ -66,2 ], [ -66,1 ], [ -67.13333333333334,1 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a1ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wynn, J. 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,{"id":5222843,"text":"5222843 - 1993 - Natural range expansion and local extirpation of an exotic psittacine--an unsuccessful colonization attempt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:09","indexId":"5222843","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:10","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2967,"text":"Ornitologia Neotropical","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Natural range expansion and local extirpation of an exotic psittacine--an unsuccessful colonization attempt","docAbstract":"The Brown-throated Parakeet Aratinga pertinax is native to Panama, northern South America, and the islands off the northern coast of Venezuela.  It is widely believed that the parakeet was introduced to St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, from Curacao before the mid-19th century, although no records exist as to when and how this may have occurred.  The parakeet was not recorded from Vieques or Culebra islands or mainland Puerto Rico before 1975.  However, in that year A. pertinax underwent an apparent natural range expansion from St. Thomas into each of these sites.  The 5 birds in the eastern Puerto Rico population made 5 breeding attempts and fledged 11 young since their discovery in April1975.  That population grew to a maximum size of 10 birds in June 1979.  However there was only 1 bird left by July 1980, and the population no longer existed at the beginning of what would have been the 1982 breeding season.  The populations on Culebra and Vieques islands were apparently extirpated by 1976.  Losses in the eastern Puerto Rico population were low during the first four years of colonization, when reproduction was adequate and the mortality was low.  However, between 1978 and the time of population disappearance in 1982, the expected extirpation was 0.999.  Habitat use, general behavior, breeding biology, competitors and predators of the colonizing population in eastern Puerto Rico are described.  Biogeographic, evolutionary, and conservation implications of these observations are discussed. ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ornitologia Neotropical","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"4519_Wiley.pdf","usgsCitation":"Wiley, J.W., 1993, Natural range expansion and local extirpation of an exotic psittacine--an unsuccessful colonization attempt: Ornitologia Neotropical, v. 4, p. 43-54.","productDescription":"43-54","startPage":"43","endPage":"54","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195989,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16485,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/ON/v004n01/p0043-p0054.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db69811f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiley, J. W.","contributorId":51399,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wiley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":21333,"text":"ofr93239 - 1993 - Coal in Latin America: 1992; Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, and Bolivia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:04","indexId":"ofr93239","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-239","title":"Coal in Latin America: 1992; Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, and Bolivia","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93239","usgsCitation":"Weaver, J.N., 1993, Coal in Latin America: 1992; Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, and Bolivia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-239, ii, 60 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93239.","productDescription":"ii, 60 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155845,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0239/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50892,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0239/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49b3e4b07f02db5ca141","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weaver, J. N. 0000-0001-7068-5445 jcweaver@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-5445","contributorId":9645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"J.","email":"jcweaver@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":34509,"text":"b2062 - 1993 - Geology and mineral resource assessment of the Venezuelan Guayana Shield","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:24","indexId":"b2062","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2062","title":"Geology and mineral resource assessment of the Venezuelan Guayana Shield","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ; For sale by USGS Map Distribution,","doi":"10.3133/b2062","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, and Corporacion Venezolana de Guayana., 1993, Geology and mineral resource assessment of the Venezuelan Guayana Shield: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2062, vii, 121 p. ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2062.","productDescription":"vii, 121 p. ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":164137,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2062/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":62392,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2062/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db685114","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Corporacion Venezolana de Guayana.","contributorId":127974,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Corporacion Venezolana de Guayana.","id":529513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":58427,"text":"mf2242 - 1993 - Geologic map of the Guri and southern part of the Tucupita 2 degrees by 3 degrees quadrangles, Bolivar State, Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:27","indexId":"mf2242","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2242","title":"Geologic map of the Guri and southern part of the Tucupita 2 degrees by 3 degrees quadrangles, Bolivar State, Venezuela","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf2242","usgsCitation":"Cox, D.P., Gray, F., Acosta, J., Stewart, J., Arespon, J., Brooks, W.E., Franco, L., Salazar, E., and Lopez, Y., 1993, Geologic map of the Guri and southern part of the Tucupita 2 degrees by 3 degrees quadrangles, Bolivar State, Venezuela: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2242, 1 map ;61 x 67 cm., on sheet 104 x 127 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2242.","productDescription":"1 map ;61 x 67 cm., on sheet 104 x 127 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":114696,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1993/2242/report.pdf","size":"29","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":114697,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1993/2242/plate-1.pdf","size":"10479","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":183453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1993/2242/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"500000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -63,6 ], [ -63,8.75 ], [ -60,8.75 ], [ -60,6 ], [ -63,6 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698567","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cox, D. P.","contributorId":82689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gray, Floyd 0000-0002-0223-8966 fgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0223-8966","contributorId":603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"Floyd","email":"fgray@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":259139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Acosta, Juan","contributorId":85263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Acosta","given":"Juan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stewart, John H.","contributorId":14383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"John H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Arespon, Jesus","contributorId":38225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arespon","given":"Jesus","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brooks, W. E.","contributorId":90716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Franco, Luis","contributorId":7773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franco","given":"Luis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Salazar, Edixon","contributorId":102143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salazar","given":"Edixon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lopez, Yolanda","contributorId":16504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopez","given":"Yolanda","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":5223712,"text":"5223712 - 1993 - A new anoline lizard (Phenacosaurus) from the highland of Cerro de la Neblina, Southern Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-04T20:43:25.538968","indexId":"5223712","displayToPublicDate":"1993-09-09T12:18:10","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":739,"text":"American Museum Novitates","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"A new anoline lizard (<i>Phenacosaurus</i>) from the highland of Cerro de la Neblina, Southern Venezuela","title":"A new anoline lizard (Phenacosaurus) from the highland of Cerro de la Neblina, Southern Venezuela","docAbstract":"<p><i>Phenacosaurus neblininus</i>, new species, was discovered during the 1984-1985 expedition to Cerro de la Neblina on the Venezuelan-Brazilian border. It was found at several highland camps (&gt; 1600 m) but seems unaccountably rare, with only six specimens collected. The closest relative of this lizard may be another new species (Williams et al., MS) known from a single specimen from Chimanta Tepui -- some 600 km to the northeast of Neblina. Except for these two Venezuelan tepui species, <i>Phenacosaurus</i> has a strictly Andean distribution, from northwestern Venezuela to Peru.<br></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Museum of Natural History","usgsCitation":"Myers, C., Williams, E., and McDiarmid, R., 1993, A new anoline lizard (Phenacosaurus) from the highland of Cerro de la Neblina, Southern Venezuela: American Museum Novitates, v. No. 3070, 15 p.","productDescription":"15 p.","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199753,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16477,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2246/4967"}],"volume":"No. 3070","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abe67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Myers, C.W.","contributorId":37343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, E.E.","contributorId":30722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDiarmid, R.W.","contributorId":15130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDiarmid","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018260,"text":"70018260 - 1993 - Estimation of undiscovered deposits in quantitative mineral resource assessments-examples from Venezuela and Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70018260","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2879,"text":"Nonrenewable Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of undiscovered deposits in quantitative mineral resource assessments-examples from Venezuela and Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"Quantitative mineral resource assessments used by the United States Geological Survey are based on deposit models. These assessments consist of three parts: (1) selecting appropriate deposit models and delineating on maps areas permissive for each type of deposit; (2) constructing a grade-tonnage model for each deposit model; and (3) estimating the number of undiscovered deposits of each type. In this article, I focus on the estimation of undiscovered deposits using two methods: the deposit density method and the target counting method. In the deposit density method, estimates are made by analogy with well-explored areas that are geologically similar to the study area and that contain a known density of deposits per unit area. The deposit density method is useful for regions where there is little or no data. This method was used to estimate undiscovered low-sulfide gold-quartz vein deposits in Venezuela. Estimates can also be made by counting targets such as mineral occurrences, geophysical or geochemical anomalies, or exploration \"plays\" and by assigning to each target a probability that it represents an undiscovered deposit that is a member of the grade-tonnage distribution. This method is useful in areas where detailed geological, geophysical, geochemical, and mineral occurrence data exist. Using this method, porphyry copper-gold deposits were estimated in Puerto Rico. ?? 1993 Oxford University Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nonrenewable Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02272805","issn":"09611444","usgsCitation":"Cox, D.P., 1993, Estimation of undiscovered deposits in quantitative mineral resource assessments-examples from Venezuela and Puerto Rico: Nonrenewable Resources, v. 2, no. 2, p. 82-91, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02272805.","startPage":"82","endPage":"91","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205942,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02272805"},{"id":227551,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bbce4b0c8380cd5285a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cox, D. P.","contributorId":82689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70187224,"text":"70187224 - 1993 - Factors influencing the composition of detrital heavy mineral suites in Holocene sands of the Apure River drainage basin, Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-26T18:05:41","indexId":"70187224","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors influencing the composition of detrital heavy mineral suites in Holocene sands of the Apure River drainage basin, Venezuela","docAbstract":"<p><span>Heavy mineral assemblages in rivers in the Apure River drainage basin of Venezuela and Colombia closely reflect the nature of the source regions, which lie in the Andean orogenic terranes to the west and northwest. The Caribbean Mountains, largely composed of greenschist-facies pelites, phyllites, carbonates, and metavolcanics, supply assemblages dominated by epidote and calcic amphibole. Minor amounts of the high-pressure index minerals glaucophane and lawsonite indicate the presence of blueschistfacies rocks, reflecting the origin of the Caribbean Mountains by subduction-related tectonism. The northern Mérida Andes, which comprise basement gneisses and granites overlain by unmetamorphosed to low-grade metamorphosed clastics, supply two types of assemblage reflecting these two lithological types: garnet-sillimanite-staurolite-amphibole suites from the basement rocks, and epidote-amphibole suites from the overlying cover sequence. The southern Mérida Andes supply stable heavy mineral suites reflecting recycling from the extensive unmetamorphosed sandstones that occur at outcrop. By considering suites from different physiographical provinces, the effects of short-term alluvial storage in the Llanos on heavy mineral assemblages have been evaluated. Weathering during alluvial storage appears to be effective in modifying the apatite-tourmaline ratio, which shows a steady, marked decline with distance from the mountain front, resulting from the removal of apatite during weathering. Clinopyroxene and garnet may also show evidence of loss through weathering, although the trends are poorly constrained statistically. Epidote and amphibole proportions remain essentially constant, possibly through a balance between loss through weathering and continual resupply from the breakdown of rock fragments. In general, the heavy mineral assemblages are less affected than the bulk mineralogy by alluvial storage on the Llanos.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE284-p171","usgsCitation":"Morton, A.C., 1993, Factors influencing the composition of detrital heavy mineral suites in Holocene sands of the Apure River drainage basin, Venezuela: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, v. 284, p. 171-186, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE284-p171.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"186","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":340487,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"284","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5901b1c2e4b0c2e071a99bd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morton, Andrew C.","contributorId":191451,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morton","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5223706,"text":"5223706 - 1992 - A new lizard of the genus Arthrosaura (Teiidae) from southern Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:37","indexId":"5223706","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:05","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3147,"text":"Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new lizard of the genus Arthrosaura (Teiidae) from southern Venezuela","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Donnelly, M., McDiarmid, R., and Myers, C., 1992, A new lizard of the genus Arthrosaura (Teiidae) from southern Venezuela: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, v. 105, no. 4, p. 821-833.","productDescription":"821-833","startPage":"821","endPage":"833","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199813,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abc63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Donnelly, M.A.","contributorId":78845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donnelly","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDiarmid, R.W.","contributorId":15130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDiarmid","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Myers, C.W.","contributorId":37343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5200207,"text":"5200207 - 1992 - The mating behavior of Iguana iguana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:22","indexId":"5200207","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":214,"text":"Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"No. 534","title":"The mating behavior of Iguana iguana","docAbstract":"Over a 19 month period I observed the social behaviors of individually recognized green iguanas, Iguana iguana, at three sites in the llanos of Venezuela. The behavior of iguanas outside the mating season differed from that seen during the mating season in three major ways: (1) during normal waking hours outside the breeding season, adult iguanas spent the majority of time immobile, apparently resting; (2) their interactions involved fewer high intensity displays; and (3) their day to day movements were often nomadic.  During the mating season, one site was watched continuously during daylight hours (iguanas sleep throughout the night), allowing a complete count of all copulation attempts (N &equals; 250) and territorial interactions. At all sites, dominant males controlled access to small mating territories. Within the territories there did not appear to be any resources needed by females or their offspring. Thus, females could choose mates directly on the basis of male phenotype. Females aggregated in the mating territories of the largest males and mated preferentially with them. Territorial males copulated only once per day, although on several occasions more than one resident female was receptive on the same day. A few small nonterritorial males exhibited pseudofemale behavior (i.e., they abstained from sexual competition), but most nonterritorial males stayed on the periphery of mating territories and attempted to force copulations on unguarded females (peripheral male behavior). Uncooperative females were mounted by as many as three males simultaneously. Females resisted 95% of the 200 observed mating attempts by peripheral males, but only 56% of the attempts by territorial males (N &equals; 43). The selectivity of the females probably increased the genetic representation of the territorial males in the next generation. During the mating season females maintained a dominance hierarchy among themselves. Low ranked females tended to be excluded from preferred mating territories. In this system, both sexes may be subjected to sexual selection. I hypothesize that the ecological factors responsible for the unusual mating system are related to the lack of defendable resources, the iguana's folivory, and the high density of iguanas present in preferred mating areas.","language":"English","publisher":"Smithsonian Institution","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"Rodda, G., 1992, The mating behavior of Iguana iguana: Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 534, 40.","productDescription":"40","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200925,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":92154,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/Zoology/pdf_hi/SCTZ-0534.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b493f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodda, G.H.","contributorId":103998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodda","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70127886,"text":"70127886 - 1992 - El manati en la tradicion y folklore de Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T14:02:28","indexId":"70127886","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T10:12:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5667,"text":"Revista Unellez de Ciencia y Tecnologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"El manati en la tradicion y folklore de Venezuela","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"Spanish","publisher":"Universidad Nacional Experimental de los Llanos Occidentales Ezequiel Zamora","publisherLocation":"Barinas","usgsCitation":"Correa-Viana, M., and O’Shea, T.J., 1992, El manati en la tradicion y folklore de Venezuela: Revista Unellez de Ciencia y Tecnologia, v. 10, no. 1-2, p. 7-13.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"13","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294775,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Venezuela","volume":"10","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542e694ee4b092f17df5a7ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Correa-Viana, M.","contributorId":87491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Correa-Viana","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Shea, T. J.","contributorId":27805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Shea","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1008506,"text":"1008506 - 1992 - Rivulus tecminae, a new killifish from Amazonas Territory, Venezuela (Rivulidae, Cyprinodontiformes)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:27","indexId":"1008506","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1968,"text":"Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rivulus tecminae, a new killifish from Amazonas Territory, Venezuela (Rivulidae, Cyprinodontiformes)","docAbstract":"Abstract not supplied at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Thomerson, J., Nico, L., and Taphorn, D., 1992, Rivulus tecminae, a new killifish from Amazonas Territory, Venezuela (Rivulidae, Cyprinodontiformes): Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, v. 2, no. 4, p. 289-296.","productDescription":"p. 289-296","startPage":"289","endPage":"296","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131919,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a10e4b07f02db5ff5c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomerson, J.E.","contributorId":6018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomerson","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nico, L.G. 0000-0002-4488-7737","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4488-7737","contributorId":83052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nico","given":"L.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taphorn, D.C.","contributorId":32480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taphorn","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1008503,"text":"1008503 - 1992 - Leporacanthicus triactis, a new loricariid fish from upper Orinoco River tributaries in Venezuela and Colombia (Pisces, Siluriformes, Loricariidae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:27","indexId":"1008503","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1389,"text":"Die Aquarien- und Terrarienzeitschrift (DATZ)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Leporacanthicus triactis, a new loricariid fish from upper Orinoco River tributaries in Venezuela and Colombia (Pisces, Siluriformes, Loricariidae)","docAbstract":"Abstract not supplied at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Die Aquarien- und Terrarienzeitschrift (DATZ)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"German","usgsCitation":"Isbrucker, I., Nijssen, H., and Nico, L., 1992, Leporacanthicus triactis, a new loricariid fish from upper Orinoco River tributaries in Venezuela and Colombia (Pisces, Siluriformes, Loricariidae): Die Aquarien- und Terrarienzeitschrift (DATZ), v. 46, no. 1, p. 30-34.","productDescription":"p. 30-34","startPage":"30","endPage":"34","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a84e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Isbrucker, I.J.","contributorId":69934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isbrucker","given":"I.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nijssen, H.","contributorId":65043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nijssen","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nico, L.G. 0000-0002-4488-7737","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4488-7737","contributorId":83052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nico","given":"L.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5200195,"text":"5200195 - 1991 - The birds of Cerro de la Neblina, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:23","indexId":"5200195","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:33:22","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesNumber":"N.S. 65.","title":"The birds of Cerro de la Neblina, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Willard, D., Foster, M., Barrowclough, G., Dickerman, R., Cannell, P., Coats, S., Cracraft, J., and O’Neill, J., 1991, The birds of Cerro de la Neblina, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela, iv, 85.","productDescription":"iv, 85","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db669655","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willard, D.E.","contributorId":99234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willard","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foster, M.S. 0000-0001-8272-4608","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8272-4608","contributorId":10116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barrowclough, G.F.","contributorId":92784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrowclough","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dickerman, R.W.","contributorId":24474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickerman","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cannell, P.F.","contributorId":101366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannell","given":"P.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Coats, S.L.","contributorId":75255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coats","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cracraft, J.L.","contributorId":86079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cracraft","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"O’Neill, J.P.","contributorId":107392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neill","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":38504,"text":"pp1391 - 1991 - Cenozoic giant pectinids from California and the Tertiary Caribbean Province: Lyropecten, \"Macrochlamis,\" Vertipecten, and Nodipecten species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-31T13:12:09.244355","indexId":"pp1391","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1391","displayTitle":"Cenozoic giant pectinids from California and the Tertiary Caribbean Province: <i>Lyropecten, \"Macrochlamis,\" Vertipecten,</i> and <i>Nodipecten</i> species","title":"Cenozoic giant pectinids from California and the Tertiary Caribbean Province: Lyropecten, \"Macrochlamis,\" Vertipecten, and Nodipecten species","docAbstract":"<p>Tertiary pectinids recognized for more than 125 years by field geologists can now be used to date and correlate 3-4 m.y. increments of the geologic record and to determine faunal distributions in relation to tectonic terranes. Fossil pectinids are commonly preserved in shallowmarine clastic deposits that mostly lack microfossils. The stratigraphic ranges of <i>Lyropecten, \"Macrochlamis,\" Vertipecten</i>, and <i>Nodipecten</i> can be used to subdivide provincial megafaunal stages in California and to correlate chronostratigraphic units in the Pacific Northwest and Atlantic Coastal Plain. One New World taxon, \"Macrochlamis\" magnolia ojaiensis, n. subsp., supports a direct correlation between the middle \"Vaqueros\" Stage of California (interpolated as 27-23 m.y. B.P.) and an Upper Chattian-Lower Aquitanian Stage section in southwestern Switzerland. Two lithologic units widespread in California, the Vaqueros Formation (spanning 12 m.y., from the late Oligocene into the early Miocene) and Temblor Formation (deposited over a period of 26 m.y., from the late Eocene or early Oligocene to the middle Miocene), transgress much longer periods of time than have been generally recognized.</p><p>Certain species pairs are identified as cognates, close relatives descended from a common ancestor. Close similarities are found between widely separated assemblages from the Salton Trough of California and the Caribbean, the Gulf Coastal Plain of eastern Mexico and the Sinu Valley of western Colombia, the Santa Rosalia area in Baja California Sur, Mexico, and the Paraguana Peninsula of Venezuela. Distribution patterns for relatively recently dispersed taxa have important implications for middle to late Cenozoic paleogeography and tectonic history, especially in west Mexico and the Caribbean. Speciation was concurrent with the closure of the Isthmus of Panama, the opening of the Gulf of California, and possibly with the northward translation of segments of the California Continental Borderland. Tertiary Caribbean and PacificPanamic Lyropectens and Nodipectens are plotted on a simplified tectonic map as an early step in considering Cenozoic molluscan distributions in relation to major plate boundaries. Taxa having unusual distributions are tabulated with the tectonic events that may have modified their observed geographic ranges. Southern California and the Baja California peninsula include tectonostratigraphic terranes and tectonic slivers that may have moved on the order of hundreds or thousands of kilometers in the Paleogene. Relations between recently dispersed faunas and tectonic terrane boundaries are further complicated by short-term variations in oceanographic phenomena such as currents, El Nino events, and shifts in areas of upwelling.</p><p><i>Lyropecten</i> evolved in the late Oligocene or early Miocene, <i>Nodipecten</i> by the late middle Miocene. According to the classification used here, <i>Lyropecten</i> still lives in the Galapagos. Holocene Nodipectens divide the Pacific-Panamic and Caribbean provinces into two subprovinces each. Habitat, life history, dispersal, and growth data are summarized for living Nodipectens, whose distinctive shell features include ledges and hollow nodes. Phylogenetic lineages are based on progressive trends in node formation and rib schemes, some of which have biostratigraphic significance.<br></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp1391","usgsCitation":"Smith, J.T., 1991, Cenozoic giant pectinids from California and the Tertiary Caribbean Province: Lyropecten, \"Macrochlamis,\" Vertipecten, and Nodipecten species: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1391, v, 155 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1391.","productDescription":"v, 155 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":65220,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1391/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1391/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6f40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Judith Terry","contributorId":264994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Judith","email":"","middleInitial":"Terry","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":219952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":20903,"text":"ofr91141 - 1991 - Geology of the Venezuelan Guayana Shield and its relation to the entire Guayana Shield","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:50","indexId":"ofr91141","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-141","title":"Geology of the Venezuelan Guayana Shield and its relation to the entire Guayana Shield","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr91141","usgsCitation":"Sidder, G., and Mendoza S., V., 1991, Geology of the Venezuelan Guayana Shield and its relation to the entire Guayana Shield: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-141, ii, 59 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91141.","productDescription":"ii, 59 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153579,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0141/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50494,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0141/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":50495,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0141/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":50496,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0141/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c9d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sidder, G.B.","contributorId":89150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sidder","given":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mendoza S., Vicente","contributorId":82340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendoza S.","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":58499,"text":"mf2097B - 1991 - Map showing free-air gravity anomalies off the coasts of Venezuela and Trinidad-and-Tobago","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:17","indexId":"mf2097B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2097","chapter":"B","title":"Map showing free-air gravity anomalies off the coasts of Venezuela and Trinidad-and-Tobago","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf2097B","usgsCitation":"Folger, D.W., Irwin, B., McCullough, J., Strahle, W., Bowin, C., and Polloni, C.F., 1991, Map showing free-air gravity anomalies off the coasts of Venezuela and Trinidad-and-Tobago: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2097, 1 map ;44 x 102 cm., on sheet 59 x 135 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2097B.","productDescription":"1 map ;44 x 102 cm., on sheet 59 x 135 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":114716,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1991/2097b/report.pdf","size":"26","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":114717,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1991/2097b/plate-1.pdf","size":"3306","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":185152,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1991/2097b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"1500000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72,8 ], [ -72,14 ], [ -58,14 ], [ -58,8 ], [ -72,8 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b155f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Folger, D. W.","contributorId":97126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folger","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Irwin, B.J.","contributorId":105684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCullough, J.R.","contributorId":27139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCullough","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Strahle, W.J.","contributorId":86044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strahle","given":"W.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bowin, C.O.","contributorId":44618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowin","given":"C.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Polloni, C. F.","contributorId":13618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Polloni","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":18276,"text":"ofr91632 - 1991 - Road reconnaissance of anomalous radioactivity in the early Proterozoic Roraima Group near Santa Elena de Uairen, Estado Bolivar, Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:23","indexId":"ofr91632","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-632","title":"Road reconnaissance of anomalous radioactivity in the early Proterozoic Roraima Group near Santa Elena de Uairen, Estado Bolivar, Venezuela","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr91632","usgsCitation":"Brooks, W.E., and Nunez, F., 1991, Road reconnaissance of anomalous radioactivity in the early Proterozoic Roraima Group near Santa Elena de Uairen, Estado Bolivar, Venezuela: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-632, i, 10 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91632.","productDescription":"i, 10 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150941,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0632/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47630,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0632/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0fe4b07f02db5fecdb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, William E.","contributorId":104061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nunez, Fernando","contributorId":12065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nunez","given":"Fernando","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":36336,"text":"b1960 - 1991 - Mineral resource potential of the NB-20-4 Quadrangle, eastern Guayana Shield, Bolivar State, Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:41","indexId":"b1960","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1960","title":"Mineral resource potential of the NB-20-4 Quadrangle, eastern Guayana Shield, Bolivar State, Venezuela","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ; Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/b1960","usgsCitation":"Wynn, J.C., and Sidder, G.B., 1991, Mineral resource potential of the NB-20-4 Quadrangle, eastern Guayana Shield, Bolivar State, Venezuela: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1960, iii, 16 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1960.","productDescription":"iii, 16 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":166827,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1960/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64281,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1960/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64282,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1960/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64283,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1960/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605738","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wynn, Jeffrey C.","contributorId":81081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wynn","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sidder, Gary B.","contributorId":14876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sidder","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1008542,"text":"1008542 - 1991 - <i>Rivulus immaculatus</i>, a new killifish from Venezuela (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-15T10:11:52","indexId":"1008542","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1337,"text":"Copeia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"<i>Rivulus immaculatus</i>, a new killifish from Venezuela (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae)","docAbstract":"<p>Abstract not supplied at this time</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists","usgsCitation":"Thomerson, J., Nico, L., and Taphorn, D., 1991, <i>Rivulus immaculatus</i>, a new killifish from Venezuela (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae): Copeia, v. 1991, no. 2, p. 323-328.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"323","endPage":"328","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132657,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314407,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1446581"}],"volume":"1991","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a10e4b07f02db5ff59a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomerson, J.E.","contributorId":6018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomerson","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nico, L.G. 0000-0002-4488-7737","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4488-7737","contributorId":83052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nico","given":"L.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taphorn, D.C.","contributorId":32480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taphorn","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70015064,"text":"70015064 - 1991 - Controls on the composition of fluvial sands from a tropical weathering environment: Sands of the Orinoco River drainage basin, Venezuela and Colombia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-26T23:10:00.640753","indexId":"70015064","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Controls on the composition of fluvial sands from a tropical weathering environment: Sands of the Orinoco River drainage basin, Venezuela and Colombia","docAbstract":"<p>Fluvial sands in the Orinoco River drainage basin fall into three main compositional groupings: (1) sands of subarkose and arkose composition, from high-relief parts of the Guayana Shield, where crystalline rocks are exposed; (2) sands of litharenite and sub-litharenite composition from the active orogenic belt at the western and northwestern margins of the drainage basin, and in those parts of the Llanos (Andean foreland basin) proximal to the mountain belt; and (3) sands of quartz-arenite composition, widespread throughout the remainder of the basin. Multicycle sands of quartz-arenite composition are produced from platform cover on parts of the elevated shield and from uplifted foreland-basin fill in the eastern Llanos. First-cycle sands of quartz-arenite composition are produced from granitic rocks on low-relief regions of the Guayana Shield and from reworked Holocene alluvium in parts of the western Llanos distal to the orogenic terranes.</p><p>Erosion in the Orinoco River drainage basin may be described in terms of transport-limited and weathering-limited denudation regimes. In active orogenic terranes and in parts of the elevated shield, transport processes can remove weathered material as rapidly as it is produced by chemical weathering. Thin soils and short soil-mineral residence time result in sands that are incompletely chemically weathered and accurately reflect source-rock composition. In the orogenic terranes, subtle variations in source-rock lithology are preserved in sand composition. In contrast, in low-relief parts of the Guayana Shield and on flat erosion surfaces of the upland shield, weathering exceeds the rate at which transport processes can remove weathered material. Thick soils accumulate, soil-mineral residence time is long, and detritus is highly altered chemically. On much of the lowland Guayana Shield, upper soil layers consist of nearly pure quartz sand that erodes to produce first-cycle fluvial sand of quartz-arenite composition.</p><p>Chemically weathered orogenically derived sand enters the Orinoco River on the left bank, while feldspathic shield-derived sand enters on the right bank. This geometry is responsible for the nearly total lack of longitudinal variation in sand composition along the 1,400-km length of the Orinoco River mainstem. Except in the upper 100 km of the Orinoco River mainstem, cross-channel heterogeneity in sand composition is also modest. Nevertheless, a weighted linear least-squares modeling approach suggests that sand moves down the Orinoco River mainstem in distinct pulses, perhaps corresponding to times of accelerated erosion in headwater regions. Because rivers that head in the orogenic terranes and traverse the Llanos contribute more than 99% of the sand in the lower Orinoco River mainstem, the composition of this sand is dominated by chemically weathered sands from the Llanos. The Orinoco River—the third largest river in the world—delivers first-cycle sands of quartz-arenite composition to its delta.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1622:COTCOF>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Johnsson, M.J., Stallard, R., and Lundberg, N., 1991, Controls on the composition of fluvial sands from a tropical weathering environment: Sands of the Orinoco River drainage basin, Venezuela and Colombia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, no. 12, p. 1622-1647, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1622:COTCOF>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"1622","endPage":"1647","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224232,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Colombia, Venezuela","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-75.37322,-0.15203],[-75.80147,0.0848],[-76.29231,0.41605],[-76.57638,0.25694],[-77.42498,0.39569],[-77.66861,0.82589],[-77.85506,0.80993],[-78.85526,1.38092],[-78.99094,1.69137],[-78.61783,1.7664],[-78.66212,2.26736],[-78.42761,2.62956],[-77.93154,2.69661],[-77.51043,3.32502],[-77.12769,3.84964],[-77.49627,4.08761],[-77.3076,4.66798],[-77.53322,5.58281],[-77.31882,5.84535],[-77.47666,6.69112],[-77.88157,7.22377],[-77.75341,7.70984],[-77.43111,7.63806],[-77.24257,7.93528],[-77.47472,8.52429],[-77.35336,8.6705],[-76.83667,8.63875],[-76.08638,9.33682],[-75.6746,9.44325],[-75.6647,9.774],[-75.48043,10.61899],[-74.9069,11.08304],[-74.27675,11.10204],[-74.19722,11.31047],[-73.41476,11.22702],[-72.62784,11.73197],[-72.23819,11.95555],[-71.75409,12.4373],[-71.39982,12.37604],[-71.13746,12.11298],[-71.33158,11.77628],[-71.36001,11.53999],[-71.94705,11.42328],[-71.62087,10.96946],[-71.63306,10.44649],[-72.07417,9.86565],[-71.69564,9.07226],[-71.26456,9.13719],[-71.04,9.85999],[-71.35008,10.21194],[-71.40062,10.96897],[-70.1553,11.37548],[-70.29384,11.84682],[-69.94324,12.16231],[-69.5843,11.45961],[-68.883,11.44338],[-68.23327,10.88574],[-68.19413,10.55465],[-67.29625,10.54587],[-66.22786,10.64863],[-65.65524,10.2008],[-64.89045,10.07721],[-64.32948,10.3896],[-64.31801,10.64142],[-63.07932,10.70172],[-61.88095,10.71563],[-62.73012,10.42027],[-62.38851,9.9482],[-61.58877,9.87307],[-60.8306,9.38134],[-60.67125,8.58017],[-60.1501,8.60276],[-59.75828,8.36703],[-60.55059,7.7796],[-60.63797,7.415],[-60.29567,7.04391],[-60.544,6.85658],[-61.15934,6.69608],[-61.13942,6.2343],[-61.4103,5.95907],[-60.73357,5.20028],[-60.60118,4.9181],[-60.96689,4.53647],[-62.08543,4.16212],[-62.80453,4.00697],[-63.0932,3.77057],[-63.88834,4.02053],[-64.62866,4.14848],[-64.81606,4.05645],[-64.36849,3.79721],[-64.40883,3.12679],[-64.27,2.49701],[-63.42287,2.41107],[-63.36879,2.2009],[-64.08309,1.91637],[-64.19931,1.49285],[-64.61101,1.32873],[-65.35471,1.09528],[-65.54827,0.78925],[-66.32577,0.72445],[-66.87633,1.25336],[-67.06505,1.13011],[-67.26,1.72],[-67.53781,2.03716],[-67.86857,1.69246],[-69.81697,1.71481],[-69.8046,1.08908],[-69.21864,0.98568],[-69.25243,0.60265],[-69.4524,0.70616],[-70.01557,0.54141],[-70.02066,-0.18516],[-69.57707,-0.54999],[-69.42049,-1.12262],[-69.4441,-1.55629],[-69.89364,-4.29819],[-70.39404,-3.76659],[-70.69268,-3.74287],[-70.04771,-2.72516],[-70.81348,-2.25686],[-71.41365,-2.3428],[-71.77476,-2.16979],[-72.32579,-2.43422],[-73.07039,-2.30895],[-73.6595,-1.26049],[-74.1224,-1.00283],[-74.4416,-0.53082],[-75.10662,-0.05721],[-75.37322,-0.15203]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Colombia\"}}]}","volume":"103","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbd4e4b0c8380cd4dfbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnsson, M. J.","contributorId":106919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnsson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stallard, R.F.","contributorId":30247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lundberg, N.","contributorId":48712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lundberg","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016426,"text":"70016426 - 1991 - Weathering processes and the composition of inorganic material transported through the Orinoco River system, Venezuela and Colombia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-27T19:43:11.028121","indexId":"70016426","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1760,"text":"Geoderma","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Weathering processes and the composition of inorganic material transported through the Orinoco River system, Venezuela and Colombia","docAbstract":"<p><span>The composition of river-borne material in the Orinoco River system is related primarily to erosion regime, which in turn is related to tectonic setting; especially notable is the contrast between material derived from tectonically active mountain belts and that from stable cratonic regions. For a particular morpho-tectonic region, the compositional suites of suspended sediment, bed material, overback deposits, and dissolved phases are fairly uniform are are typically distinct from whose of other regions. For each region, a consistent set of chemical weathering reactions can be formulated to explain the composition of dissolved and solid loads. In developing these formulations, erosion on slopes and storage of solids in soils and alluvial sediments are important considerations. Compositionally verymature sediment is derived from areas of thick soils where erosion is transport limited and from areas where sediments are stored for extended periods of time in alluvial deposits. Compositionally immature sediments are derived from tectonically active mountain belts where erosion is weathering limited. Weathering-limited erosion also is important in the elevated parts of the Guayana Shield within areas of sleep topography. Compared to the mountain belts, sediments derived from elevated parts of the Shield are more mature. A greater degree of chemical weathering seems to be needed to erode the rock types typical of the Shield. The major-element chemistry and mineral composition of sediment delivered by the Orinoco River to the ocean are controlled by rivers that have their headwaters in mountain belts and cross the Llanos, a region of alluvial plains within the foreland basin. The composition of sediments in rivers that drain the Shield seems to be established primarily at the site of soil formation, whereas for rivers that drain the mountain belts, additional weathering occurs during s episodes of storage on alluvial plains as sediments are transported across the Llanos to the main stem of the Orinoco. After mixing into the main stem, there seems to be little subsequent alteration of sediment.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7061(91)90069-6","issn":"00167061","usgsCitation":"Stallard, R., Koehnken, L., and Johnsson, M.J., 1991, Weathering processes and the composition of inorganic material transported through the Orinoco River system, Venezuela and Colombia: Geoderma, v. 51, no. 1-4, p. 133-165, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(91)90069-6.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"165","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223570,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Colombia, Venezuela","otherGeospatial":"Orinoco River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n             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,{"id":5221816,"text":"5221816 - 1990 - Raptor road surveys in South America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:50","indexId":"5221816","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:05","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Raptor road surveys in South America","docAbstract":"Twenty-six (23 traveling and three point) raptor roadside surveys were conducted during a 29,000 km expedition through nine nations of South America. During roadside surveys, we tallied 41 of the 87 (47%) diurnal raptor species (including vultures) that occur in South America. The number of species observed per route varied from 17 in the wet savanna of Venezuela to only two species recorded in the harsh Atacama Desert and the dry montane grasslands of Chile and Peru. Raptor density (non-vultures) varied from 1 per 67 km in the Atacama Desert to more than 1 per km in agricultural areas where caracaras and other species that utilize disturbed habitats were common. Responses of raptor communities to deforestation and other habitat disturbances are discussed. While certain habitat modifications potentially increase raptor abundance and diversity, the alteration of primary forest has the opposite effect, at least on diversity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D.H., Glinski, R., and Smith, D., 1990, Raptor road surveys in South America: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 24, no. 4, p. 98-106.","productDescription":"98-106","startPage":"98","endPage":"106","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":17872,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/jrr/v024n04/p00098-p00106.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":197428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db634257","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, D. H.","contributorId":79830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glinski, R.L.","contributorId":24458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glinski","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, D.G.","contributorId":49393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":20902,"text":"ofr9073 - 1990 - Geologic province map of the Venezuelan Guiana Shield","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:50","indexId":"ofr9073","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-73","title":"Geologic province map of the Venezuelan Guiana Shield","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9073","usgsCitation":"Sidder, G., 1990, Geologic province map of the Venezuelan Guiana Shield: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-73, 14 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9073.","productDescription":"14 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153564,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0073/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50493,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0073/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":50492,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0073/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6884f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sidder, G.B.","contributorId":89150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sidder","given":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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