Environmental groundwater-quality data were collected from 648 wells as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Project of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Program and are included in this report. Most of the wells (514) were sampled from January through December 2016, and 60 of them were sampled in 2013 and 74 in 2014. The data were collected from seven types of well networks: principal aquifer study networks, which are used to assess the quality of groundwater used for public-water supply; land-use study networks, which are used to assess land-use effects on shallow groundwater quality; major aquifer study networks, which are used to assess the quality of groundwater used for domestic supply; enhanced trends networks, which are used to evaluate the time scales during which groundwater quality changes; vertical flow-path study networks, which are used to evaluate changes in groundwater quality from shallow to deeper depths; flow-path study networks, which are used to evaluate changes in groundwater quality from shallow to deeper depths over a horizontal distance; and modeling support studies, which are used to provide data to support groundwater modeling. Groundwater samples were analyzed for many water-quality indicators and constituents, including major ions, nutrients, trace elements, volatile organic compounds, pesticides, radionuclides, and some constituents of special interest (arsenic speciation, chromium [VI], and perchlorate). These groundwater-quality data, along with data from quality-control samples, are tabulated in this report and in an associated data release. Some data from environmental samples collected in 2013–14 and quality-control samples collected in 2012–15 also are included in the associated data release. Data from samples collected in 2016 are associated with networks described in this report and have not been published previously; data from samples collected between 2012 and 2015 are associated with networks described in previous reports in this data series.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds1124","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Project","usgsCitation":"Arnold, T.L., Bexfield, L.M., Musgrove, M., Erickson, M.L., Kingsbury, J.A., Degnan, J.R., Tesoriero, A.J., Kulongoski, J.T., and Belitz, K., 2020, Groundwater-quality and select quality-control data from the National Water-Quality Assessment Project, January through December 2016, and previously unpublished data from 2013 to 2015: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 1124, 135 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds1124. ","productDescription":"Report: ix, 135 p.; Data Release; Dataset","numberOfPages":"150","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-111772","costCenters":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374561,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/1124/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":374562,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/1124/ds1124.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"DS 1124"},{"id":374563,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9W4RR74","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Datasets from groundwater-quality and select quality-control data from the National Water-Quality Assessment Project, January through December 2016, and previously unpublished data from 2013 to 2015"},{"id":374564,"rank":4,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"National Water Information System—","linkHelpText":"USGS water data for the Nation"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ],\n [\n -94.64,\n 48.84\n ],\n [\n -94.32914,\n 48.67074\n ],\n [\n -93.63087,\n 48.60926\n ],\n [\n -92.61,\n 48.45\n ],\n [\n -91.64,\n 48.14\n ],\n [\n -90.83,\n 48.27\n ],\n [\n -89.6,\n 48.01\n ],\n [\n -89.27292,\n 48.01981\n ],\n [\n -88.37811,\n 48.30292\n ],\n [\n -87.43979,\n 47.94\n ],\n [\n -86.46199,\n 47.55334\n ],\n [\n -85.65236,\n 47.22022\n ],\n [\n -84.87608,\n 46.90008\n ],\n [\n -84.77924,\n 46.6371\n ],\n [\n -84.54375,\n 46.53868\n ],\n [\n -84.6049,\n 46.4396\n ],\n [\n -84.3367,\n 46.40877\n ],\n [\n -84.14212,\n 46.51223\n ],\n [\n -84.09185,\n 46.27542\n ],\n [\n -83.89077,\n 46.11693\n ],\n [\n -83.61613,\n 46.11693\n ],\n [\n -83.46955,\n 45.99469\n ],\n [\n -83.59285,\n 45.81689\n ],\n [\n -82.55092,\n 45.34752\n ],\n [\n -82.33776,\n 44.44\n ],\n [\n -82.13764,\n 43.57109\n ],\n [\n -82.43,\n 42.98\n ],\n [\n -82.9,\n 42.43\n ],\n [\n -83.12,\n 42.08\n ],\n [\n -83.142,\n 41.97568\n ],\n [\n -83.02981,\n 41.8328\n ],\n [\n -82.69009,\n 41.67511\n ],\n [\n -82.43928,\n 41.67511\n ],\n [\n -81.27775,\n 42.20903\n ],\n [\n -80.24745,\n 42.3662\n ],\n [\n -78.93936,\n 42.86361\n ],\n [\n -78.92,\n 42.965\n ],\n [\n -79.01,\n 43.27\n ],\n [\n -79.17167,\n 43.46634\n ],\n [\n -78.72028,\n 43.62509\n ],\n [\n -77.73789,\n 43.62906\n ],\n [\n -76.82003,\n 43.62878\n ],\n [\n -76.5,\n 44.01846\n ],\n [\n -76.375,\n 44.09631\n ],\n [\n -75.31821,\n 44.81645\n ],\n [\n -74.867,\n 45.00048\n ],\n [\n -73.34783,\n 45.00738\n ],\n [\n -71.50506,\n 45.0082\n ],\n [\n -71.405,\n 45.255\n ],\n [\n -71.08482,\n 45.30524\n ],\n [\n -70.66,\n 45.46\n ],\n [\n -70.305,\n 45.915\n ],\n [\n -69.99997,\n 46.69307\n ],\n [\n -69.23722,\n 47.44778\n ],\n [\n -68.905,\n 47.185\n ],\n [\n -68.23444,\n 47.35486\n ],\n [\n -67.79046,\n 47.06636\n ],\n [\n -67.79134,\n 45.70281\n ],\n [\n -67.13741,\n 45.13753\n ],\n [\n -66.96466,\n 44.8097\n ],\n [\n -68.03252,\n 44.3252\n ],\n [\n -69.06,\n 43.98\n ],\n [\n -70.11617,\n 43.68405\n ],\n [\n -70.64548,\n 43.09024\n ],\n [\n -70.81489,\n 42.8653\n ],\n [\n -70.825,\n 42.335\n ],\n [\n -70.495,\n 41.805\n ],\n [\n -70.08,\n 41.78\n ],\n [\n -70.185,\n 42.145\n ],\n [\n -69.88497,\n 41.92283\n ],\n [\n -69.96503,\n 41.63717\n ],\n [\n -70.64,\n 41.475\n ],\n [\n -71.12039,\n 41.49445\n ],\n [\n -71.86,\n 41.32\n ],\n [\n -72.295,\n 41.27\n ],\n [\n -72.87643,\n 41.22065\n ],\n [\n -73.71,\n 40.9311\n ],\n [\n -72.24126,\n 41.11948\n ],\n [\n -71.945,\n 40.93\n ],\n [\n -73.345,\n 40.63\n ],\n [\n -73.982,\n 40.628\n ],\n [\n -73.95232,\n 40.75075\n ],\n [\n -74.25671,\n 40.47351\n ],\n [\n -73.96244,\n 40.42763\n ],\n [\n -74.17838,\n 39.70926\n ],\n [\n -74.90604,\n 38.93954\n ],\n [\n -74.98041,\n 39.1964\n ],\n [\n -75.20002,\n 39.24845\n ],\n [\n -75.52805,\n 39.4985\n ],\n [\n -75.32,\n 38.96\n ],\n [\n -75.07183,\n 38.78203\n ],\n [\n -75.05673,\n 38.40412\n ],\n [\n -75.37747,\n 38.01551\n ],\n [\n -75.94023,\n 37.21689\n ],\n [\n -76.03127,\n 37.2566\n ],\n [\n -75.72205,\n 37.93705\n ],\n [\n -76.23287,\n 38.31921\n ],\n [\n -76.35,\n 39.15\n ],\n [\n -76.54272,\n 38.71762\n ],\n [\n -76.32933,\n 38.08326\n ],\n [\n -76.99,\n 38.23999\n ],\n [\n -76.30162,\n 37.91794\n ],\n [\n -76.25874,\n 36.9664\n ],\n [\n -75.9718,\n 36.89726\n ],\n [\n -75.86804,\n 36.55125\n ],\n [\n -75.72749,\n 35.55074\n ],\n [\n -76.36318,\n 34.80854\n ],\n [\n -77.39763,\n 34.51201\n ],\n [\n -78.05496,\n 33.92547\n ],\n [\n -78.55435,\n 33.86133\n ],\n [\n -79.06067,\n 33.49395\n ],\n [\n -79.20357,\n 33.15839\n ],\n [\n -80.30132,\n 32.50935\n ],\n [\n -80.86498,\n 32.0333\n ],\n [\n -81.33629,\n 31.44049\n ],\n [\n -81.49042,\n 30.72999\n ],\n [\n -81.31371,\n 30.03552\n ],\n [\n -80.98,\n 29.18\n ],\n [\n -80.53558,\n 28.47213\n ],\n [\n -80.53,\n 28.04\n ],\n [\n -80.05654,\n 26.88\n ],\n [\n -80.08801,\n 26.20576\n ],\n [\n -80.13156,\n 25.81677\n ],\n [\n -80.38103,\n 25.20616\n ],\n [\n -80.68,\n 25.08\n ],\n [\n -81.17213,\n 25.20126\n ],\n [\n -81.33,\n 25.64\n ],\n [\n -81.71,\n 25.87\n ],\n [\n -82.24,\n 26.73\n ],\n [\n -82.70515,\n 27.49504\n ],\n [\n -82.85526,\n 27.88624\n ],\n [\n -82.65,\n 28.55\n ],\n [\n -82.93,\n 29.1\n ],\n [\n -83.70959,\n 29.93656\n ],\n [\n -84.1,\n 30.09\n ],\n [\n -85.10882,\n 29.63615\n ],\n [\n -85.28784,\n 29.68612\n ],\n [\n -85.7731,\n 30.15261\n ],\n [\n -86.4,\n 30.4\n ],\n [\n -87.53036,\n 30.27433\n ],\n [\n -88.41782,\n 30.3849\n ],\n [\n -89.18049,\n 30.31598\n ],\n [\n -89.59383,\n 30.15999\n ],\n [\n -89.41373,\n 29.89419\n ],\n [\n -89.43,\n 29.48864\n ],\n [\n -89.21767,\n 29.29108\n ],\n [\n -89.40823,\n 29.15961\n ],\n [\n -89.77928,\n 29.30714\n ],\n [\n -90.15463,\n 29.11743\n ],\n [\n -90.88022,\n 29.14854\n ],\n [\n -91.62678,\n 29.677\n ],\n [\n -92.49906,\n 29.5523\n ],\n [\n -93.22637,\n 29.78375\n ],\n [\n -93.84842,\n 29.71363\n ],\n [\n -94.69,\n 29.48\n ],\n [\n -95.60026,\n 28.73863\n ],\n [\n -96.59404,\n 28.30748\n ],\n [\n -97.14,\n 27.83\n ],\n [\n -97.37,\n 27.38\n ],\n [\n -97.38,\n 26.69\n ],\n [\n -97.33,\n 26.21\n ],\n [\n -97.14,\n 25.87\n ],\n [\n -97.53,\n 25.84\n ],\n [\n -98.24,\n 26.06\n ],\n [\n -99.02,\n 26.37\n ],\n [\n -99.3,\n 26.84\n ],\n [\n -99.52,\n 27.54\n ],\n [\n -100.11,\n 28.11\n ],\n [\n -100.45584,\n 28.69612\n ],\n [\n -100.9576,\n 29.38071\n ],\n [\n -101.6624,\n 29.7793\n ],\n [\n -102.48,\n 29.76\n ],\n [\n -103.11,\n 28.97\n ],\n [\n -103.94,\n 29.27\n ],\n [\n -104.45697,\n 29.57196\n ],\n [\n -104.70575,\n 30.12173\n ],\n [\n -105.03737,\n 30.64402\n ],\n [\n -105.63159,\n 31.08383\n ],\n [\n -106.1429,\n 31.39995\n ],\n [\n -106.50759,\n 31.75452\n ],\n [\n -108.24,\n 31.75485\n ],\n [\n -108.24194,\n 31.34222\n ],\n [\n -109.035,\n 31.34194\n ],\n [\n -111.02361,\n 31.33472\n ],\n [\n -113.30498,\n 32.03914\n ],\n [\n -114.815,\n 32.52528\n ],\n [\n -114.72139,\n 32.72083\n ],\n [\n -115.99135,\n 32.61239\n ],\n [\n -117.12776,\n 32.53534\n ],\n [\n -117.29594,\n 33.04622\n ],\n [\n -117.944,\n 33.62124\n ],\n [\n -118.4106,\n 33.74091\n ],\n [\n -118.51989,\n 34.02778\n ],\n [\n -119.081,\n 34.078\n ],\n [\n -119.43884,\n 34.34848\n ],\n [\n -120.36778,\n 34.44711\n ],\n [\n -120.62286,\n 34.60855\n ],\n [\n -120.74433,\n 35.15686\n ],\n [\n -121.71457,\n 36.16153\n ],\n [\n -122.54747,\n 37.55176\n ],\n [\n -122.51201,\n 37.78339\n ],\n [\n -122.95319,\n 38.11371\n ],\n [\n -123.7272,\n 38.95166\n ],\n [\n -123.86517,\n 39.76699\n ],\n [\n -124.39807,\n 40.3132\n ],\n [\n -124.17886,\n 41.14202\n ],\n [\n -124.2137,\n 41.99964\n ],\n [\n -124.53284,\n 42.76599\n ],\n [\n -124.14214,\n 43.70838\n ],\n [\n -124.02053,\n 44.6159\n ],\n [\n -123.89893,\n 45.52341\n ],\n [\n -124.07963,\n 46.86475\n ],\n [\n -124.39567,\n 47.72017\n ],\n [\n -124.68721,\n 48.18443\n ],\n [\n -124.5661,\n 48.37971\n ],\n [\n -123.12,\n 48.04\n ],\n [\n -122.58736,\n 47.096\n ],\n [\n -122.34,\n 47.36\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 48.18\n ],\n [\n -122.84,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -117.03121,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -116.04818,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -110.05,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -107.05,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -104.04826,\n 48.99986\n ],\n [\n -100.65,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -97.22872,\n 49.0007\n ],\n [\n -95.15907,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -95.15609,\n 49.38425\n ],\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ]\n ]\n ]\n ]\n },\n \"properties\": {\n \"name\": \"United States\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
405 North Goodwin
Urbana, IL 61801
Coalbed methane (CBM) has emerged as a clean energy resource in the global energy mix, especially in countries such as Australia, China, India and the USA. The economical and successful development of CBM requires a thorough evaluation and optimization of well placement prior to field-scale exploitation. This paper presents a two-stage, step-wise optimization framework to obtain the optimal placement of wells for large-scale development of CBM reservoirs. In the first stage, an optimal uniform well pattern is obtained by optimizing well pattern description parameters with the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Subsequently, the location and status (active/inactive) of each well are perturbed and optimized within the patterns through the integration of the generalized pattern search (GPS) algorithm and a quality map (QM) representing the production potential. This framework was tested in a synthetic anthracite CBM reservoir in the Qinshui basin (with high gas content and low permeability) and a real field high volatile bituminous reservoir in the Illinois basin (with low gas content and high permeability). The results show that: (i) significant variations in the net present value (NPV) exist with respect to different uniform well patterns (even for cases where the total number of wells are identical), the optima of which can be efficiently determined by the PSO within 100 numerical simulation runs; (ii) the optimization of well perturbations by the GPS results in a more noticeable improvement in NPVs for the synthetic (12.3%) than for the real field model (4.6%); (iii) for the low permeable synthetic model with narrow optimal well spacings (320 m × 200 m), the contribution of the optimization of well perturbation to the NPV increment is heavily dependent on the uniform well placement solution; (iv) for the high permeable real field model with large optimal well spacings (1300 m × 1300 m), the initial uniform well placement has a very minor effect on the subsequent well perturbation solutions in terms of NPV; (v) the proposed framework significantly outperforms the conventional well-by-well concatenation procedure in terms of computational efficiency, robustness and optimal criteria set for production potential.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2020.103479","usgsCitation":"Zhang, J., Feng, Q., Zhang, X., Bai, J., Karacan, C.O., and Elsworth, D., 2020, A two-stage step-wise framework for fast optimization of well placement in coalbed methane reservoirs: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 225, 103479, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2020.103479.","productDescription":"103479, 16 p.","ipdsId":"IP-111995","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375662,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"225","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, Jiyuan","contributorId":225384,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Jiyuan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feng, Qihong","contributorId":225385,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Feng","given":"Qihong","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, Xianmin","contributorId":225386,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Xianmin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bai, Jia","contributorId":225387,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bai","given":"Jia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Karacan, C. Ozgen 0000-0002-0947-8241","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0947-8241","contributorId":201991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karacan","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ozgen","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Elsworth, Derek","contributorId":225388,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elsworth","given":"Derek","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70209180,"text":"ofr20201031 - 2020 - Characterization of water-quality and bed-sediment conditions in Currituck Sound, North Carolina, prior to the Mid-Currituck Bridge construction, 2011–18","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70160099,"text":"ofr20151208 - 2016 - Characterization of water-quality and bed-sediment conditions in Currituck Sound, North Carolina, prior to the Mid-Currituck Bridge construction, 2011–15","indexId":"ofr20151208","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"title":"Characterization of water-quality and bed-sediment conditions in Currituck Sound, North Carolina, prior to the Mid-Currituck Bridge construction, 2011–15"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70209180,"text":"ofr20201031 - 2020 - Characterization of water-quality and bed-sediment conditions in Currituck Sound, North Carolina, prior to the Mid-Currituck Bridge construction, 2011–18","indexId":"ofr20201031","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"title":"Characterization of water-quality and bed-sediment conditions in Currituck Sound, North Carolina, prior to the Mid-Currituck Bridge construction, 2011–18"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-15T13:51:09.314044","indexId":"ofr20201031","displayToPublicDate":"2020-04-15T07:35:00","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-1031","displayTitle":"Characterization of Water-Quality and Bed-Sediment Conditions in Currituck Sound, North Carolina, Prior to the Mid-Currituck Bridge Construction, 2011–18","title":"Characterization of water-quality and bed-sediment conditions in Currituck Sound, North Carolina, prior to the Mid-Currituck Bridge construction, 2011–18","docAbstract":"The North Carolina Turnpike Authority plans to improve transportation in the Currituck Sound area by constructing a two-lane bridge—the Mid-Currituck Bridge—across Currituck Sound from the mainland to the Outer Banks, North Carolina. The results of the final environmental impact statement for the project indicate potential water-quality and habitat effects for Currituck Sound associated with the bridge and roadway improvements.
The primary objective of this study is to characterize water-quality conditions and bed-sediment chemistry in the vicinity of the planned Mid-Currituck Bridge, providing a baseline for evaluating the potential effects of bridge construction and bridge deck runoff on environmental conditions in Currituck Sound. From August 2011 through January 2018, water-quality and bed-sediment samples were collected from five sampling stations along the planned bridge alignment. Samples were analyzed for numerous characteristics, including physical properties and constituents that are associated with bridge deck stormwater runoff and are important to estuarine waters. The analyzed characteristics included dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance, turbidity, suspended solids, metals, nutrients, semi-volatile organic compounds, bacteria, chlorophyll a, cyanotoxins, and phytoplankton abundance. The most common constituents with concentrations above applicable State and Federal water-quality thresholds included chlorophyll a, pH, turbidity, Enterococci, and pentachlorophenol. Few bed-sediment samples had constituent concentrations that exceeded applicable sediment-quality guidelines.
Results indicated that water sampled along the planned bridge alignment was well mixed vertically and horizontally but varied temporally. Seasonal changes in water quality best explained the variations in water-quality conditions in Currituck Sound during the study. Wind conditions also influenced water levels and water-quality conditions. Turbidity and concentrations of particle-associated constituents tended to be higher when water levels were lower, possibly reflecting the increased resuspension of bottom materials from wind-driven wave action.
Director, South Atlantic Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
720 Gracern Road
Stephenson Center, Suite 129
Columbia, SC 29210
Groundwater hydrology and geochemistry within the tidal Anacostia River watershed of Washington, D.C. are related to natural and human influences. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the District Department of Energy & Environment, began investigating the hydrogeology and groundwater quality of the watershed in 2002. Lithologic coring, groundwater-level and tidal monitoring, and water-quality sampling have been conducted to improve understanding of the groundwater-flow system, geochemistry, water quality, and the likely interaction between groundwater and the tidal Anacostia River. The flow and interaction of shallow groundwater with the tidal Anacostia River and other area streams are affected by diversions, pumping, land reclamation, and other human activities in this highly urbanized watershed.
The tidal Anacostia River watershed is underlain by a wedge of unconsolidated sediments that is part of the Atlantic Coastal Plain Physiographic Province. These sediments form a system of confined and unconfined aquifers. The coarse sediments of the Potomac Group sand-dominated lithofacies form the Patuxent aquifer. The Patuxent aquifer crops out and subcrops in the northwestern part of the study area, but is confined to the southeast by the overlying Potomac Group clay-dominated lithofacies. Overlying the Potomac Group is a series of interbedded sands and clays that form an unconfined surficial aquifer system. Regional correlation in the unconfined surficial aquifer system is complicated by local heterogeneity in aquifer sediments. Local perched and semi-confined conditions occur in some areas.
Recharge of the confined Patuxent aquifer occurs primarily in the outcrop and subcrop area, although some recharge may also occur through overlying confining units. Recharge to the unconfined surficial aquifer system occurs through infiltration of precipitation and possible artificial recharge from structures such as underground water or sewer pipes. In the Patuxent aquifer, hydraulic gradients indicate downward movement in the outcrop area, whereas hydraulic heads beneath the Anacostia River are higher than land surface, indicating an upward hydraulic gradient. In the unconfined surficial aquifer system, groundwater generally flows from upland recharge areas towards discharge areas near the Anacostia River and its tributaries. Groundwater from the confined part of the Patuxent aquifer also may discharge to the Anacostia River in locations where the overlying clay-dominated lithofacies of the Potomac Group is absent as a result of past geologic and (or) alluvial processes.
Geochemistry and groundwater quality are affected by hydrologic conditions as well as anthropogenic influences. Local variability in groundwater quality reflects local variability in hydrogeologic conditions and sources of chemicals. Groundwater ranges from anoxic and iron- or calcium-bicarbonate type, to oxic with elevated nitrate. The occurrence and distribution of pesticides, volatile organic compounds, and other selected chemical compounds in groundwater reflect the multitude of sources common to urban areas, as well as variable hydrogeologic and geochemical conditions that affect their fate and transport in the environment. Overall, concentrations of only a few of the over 200 chemical constituents included in laboratory analyses exceeded regulatory standards or guidance values. These include tetrachloroethene and arsenic, which were each detected one time in different wells. There were also several detections of iron and manganese that exceeded regulatory standards or guidance values that are associated with reducing conditions in aquifer sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20195128","usgsCitation":"Ator, S.W., Denver, J.M., and Dieter, C.A., 2020, Hydrogeology and shallow groundwater quality in the tidal Anacostia River watershed, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2019-5128, 93 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20195128.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 93 p.; 6 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"106","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-039169","costCenters":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373579,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5128/sir20195128_appendix5.pdf","text":"Appendix 5","size":"10.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- South Capitol Street Geotechnical Report, MACTEC Engineering and Consulting, Inc., 2005 (reproduced with permission)"},{"id":399609,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_109888.htm"},{"id":373578,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5128/sir20195128_appendix4d.txt","text":"Appendix 4d","size":"1.45 MB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"linkHelpText":"- Tide Levels at USGS Station 01651750, Anacostia River Aquatic Gardens at Washington, D.C., 2007"},{"id":373577,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5128/sir20195128_appendix4c.txt","text":"Appendix 4c","size":"1.97 MB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"linkHelpText":"- Tide Levels at USGS Station 01651750, Anacostia River Aquatic Gardens at Washington, D.C., 2006"},{"id":373569,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5128/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":373570,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5128/sir20195128.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.52 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2019-5128"},{"id":373575,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5128/sir20195128_appendix4a.txt","text":"Appendix 4a","size":"1.20 MB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"linkHelpText":"- Tide Levels at USGS Station 01651750, Anacostia River Aquatic Gardens at Washington, D.C., 2004"},{"id":373576,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5128/sir20195128_appendix4b.txt","text":"Appendix 4b","size":"2.08 MB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"linkHelpText":"- Tide Levels at USGS Station 01651750, Anacostia River Aquatic Gardens at Washington, D.C., 2005"},{"id":373574,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5128/sir20195128_appendix3.xlsx","text":"Appendix 3","size":"59.4 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"linkHelpText":"- Instantaneous Groundwater-Level Measurements Collected at Selected Sites in the Anacostia River Watershed, 2002–11"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington, D.C.","otherGeospatial":"Tidal Anacostia River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.1185302734375,\n 38.79048618862274\n ],\n [\n -76.93313598632812,\n 38.79048618862274\n ],\n [\n -76.93313598632812,\n 38.93698019310818\n ],\n [\n -77.1185302734375,\n 38.93698019310818\n ],\n [\n -77.1185302734375,\n 38.79048618862274\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, MD-DE-DC Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
5522 Research Park Drive
Baltimore, MD 21228
Using traditional high-flow purge methods for long-term water quality monitoring of deep groundwater wells can be expensive, affect contaminant migration, and produce excessive volumes of discharge water that can be difficult to manage. The use of low-flow pumping methods and depth discrete bailers (DDBs) can reduce the cost of sampling deep groundwater wells. In general, using different pumping methods to obtain reproducible and representative groundwater can be challenging. Passive diffusion samplers (PDSs) have successfully been used in long-term monitoring for volatile organic compounds, major ions, and trace-elements, but application has been limited for stable and radioactive isotopes. Beginning in 2018, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) conducted three sampling events to test the ability of PDSs and DDBs to obtain reproducible and representative groundwater samples. The sampled well is completed in a regional, permeable carbonate aquifer and is one in a set of wells that have historically been used for tritium tracer testing. All samples were obtained at 180 m (590 ft) below land surface (bls) in a 13.97 cm (5.5 inch) uncased well that has a total depth of 202 m (662 ft) bls. The first sampling event deployed a regenerated cellulose dialysis membrane (RCDM) PDS for 14 days with deionized water as the blank. The second sampling event deployed a RCDM for 27 days also with deionized water as the blank. The third sampling event deployed a Dual Membrane (DM) PDS for 65 days using a blank of tritium-dead carbonate water. The DM PDS was used to assess the effect of longer-term deployment on tritium concentrations and address whether or not the PDSs reached equilibrium with ambient groundwater. The day after each of the three passive samplers were retrieved a DDB was used to obtain discrete non-integrated groundwater samples. For each DDB sampling day, the bailer was lowered into the well 10 consecutive times to determine if the water chemistry changed from the first to the last bailed sample. Quality assurance samples including blanks and duplicates were obtained during all three sampling events. All blank waters had tritium concentrations less than 21±33 pCi/L. Major ion (e.g. calcium, chloride, sodium, and sulfate) results were compared between all samples obtained with RCDM and DDB. Major ion concentrations showed a coefficient of variation of less than 6% between all RCDM and DDB samples; however, the coefficient of variation between the different deployment times and the two different methods for trace-element concentrations was much larger, particularly for manganese (82%), lead (41%), and zinc (33%). Stable isotope values were compared between the RCDM and DDB samples. The DDB sample results all fell within analytical uncertainty and were considered representative of the formation groundwater. The stable isotope values from the RCDM samples indicated that a longer deployment time was necessary to gain equilibrium and to obtain representative groundwater samples. Tritium results from groundwater samples obtained from the RCDM, DM, and DDB indicate that groundwaters obtained with PDSs produced tritium concentrations 2 to 3 times higher (between 1,426 and 3,060±87 pCi/L) than groundwaters obtained with a DDB (479 to 1,219±51 pCi/L). The longer the passive diffusion samplers were deployed, the higher the tritium concentration, suggesting that equilibrium with tritium was not reached within a 27-day deployment. DDB samples showed tritium results declining from the first to the last bailed sample for all three sampling events. This research suggests that tritium results from groundwater samples obtained from PDSs are more reproducible than samples obtained from DDBs. Also, PDSs likely do not accumulate isotopes of water but rather equilibrate with the ambient groundwater. On the other hand, both PDSs and DDBs were able to provide representative groundwater samples for major ions and have the potential to produce.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waste Management Symposium proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Waste Management Symposia","collaboration":"Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Frus, R.J., and Imbrigiotta, T., 2020, A comparison of groundwater sampling technologies, including passive diffusion sampling, for radionuclide contamination, in Waste Management Symposium proceedings, p. 15-15.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"15","ipdsId":"IP-113326","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374440,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":373709,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.wmsym.org/technical-program/proceedings/"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frus, Rebecca J. 0000-0002-2435-7202","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2435-7202","contributorId":206261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frus","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":786212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Imbrigiotta, Thomas 0000-0003-1716-4768","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1716-4768","contributorId":216749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Imbrigiotta","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":786213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70208777,"text":"70208777 - 2020 - Borehole‐scale testing of matrix diffusion for contaminated‐rock aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-02T06:40:01","indexId":"70208777","displayToPublicDate":"2020-02-28T06:37:04","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3249,"text":"Remediation Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Borehole‐scale testing of matrix diffusion for contaminated‐rock aquifers","docAbstract":"A new method was developed to assess the effect of matrix diffusion on contaminant transport and remediation of groundwater in fractured rock. This method utilizes monitoring wells constructed of open boreholes in fractured rock to conduct backward diffusion experiments on chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) in groundwater. The experiments are performed on relatively unfractured zones (called test zones) of the open boreholes over short intervals (approximately 1 meter) by physical isolation using straddle packers. The test zones were identified with a combination of borehole geophysical logging and chemical profiling of CVOCs with passive samplers in the open boreholes. To confirm the test zones are within inactive flow zones, they are subjected to a series of hydraulic tests. Afterwards, the test zones are air sparged with argon to volatilize the CVOCs from aqueous to air phase. Backward diffusion is then measured by periodic passive-sampling of water in the test zone to identify rebound. The passive (non-hydraulically stressed) sampling negates the need to extract water and potentially dewater the test zone. We also monitor active flowing zones of the borehole to assess trends in concentrations in other parts of the fractured rock by purge and passive sampling methods.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rem.21637","usgsCitation":"Harte, P., and Brandon, W.C., 2020, Borehole‐scale testing of matrix diffusion for contaminated‐rock aquifers: Remediation Journal, v. 30, no. 2, p. 37-53, https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.21637.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"53","ipdsId":"IP-080063","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":372754,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harte, Philip 0000-0002-7718-1204","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7718-1204","contributorId":222856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harte","given":"Philip","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":783359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brandon, William C.","contributorId":199890,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brandon","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206441,"text":"sir20195122 - 2020 - Hydrogeologic characterization, groundwater chemistry, and vulnerability assessment, Ute Mountain Ute Reservation, Colorado and Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-25T19:05:32.137207","indexId":"sir20195122","displayToPublicDate":"2020-02-10T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2019-5122","displayTitle":"Hydrogeologic Characterization, Groundwater Chemistry, and Vulnerability Assessment, Ute Mountain Ute Reservation, Colorado and Utah","title":"Hydrogeologic characterization, groundwater chemistry, and vulnerability assessment, Ute Mountain Ute Reservation, Colorado and Utah","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe (UMUT), initiated a study in 2016 to increase understanding of the hydrogeology and chemistry of groundwater within select areas of the Ute Mountain Ute Reservation (UMUR) in Colorado and Utah, identify vulnerabilities to the system and other natural resources, and outline information needs to aid in the understanding and protection of groundwater resources. The results presented for this study can be used to support the UMUT’s goal of protecting their vital groundwater resources on the UMUR.
Hydrogeologic conditions were characterized for the surficial aquifer contained in Quaternary-age unconsolidated surficial deposits and the Dakota aquifer contained in the Cretaceous-age Dakota Sandstone. In the surficial aquifer, median depth to water ranges from about 5.4 to 17.2 feet below land surface in the Farm and Ranch Enterprise area and 11 to 34 feet below land surface in the Towaoc area, and the water table slopes generally southwest or south. A map of depth to the top of the Dakota Sandstone was constructed from existing well data. Depths range from zero in outcrop areas to more than 3,000 feet below land surface on mesas in the southeastern part of the UMUR.
Groundwater-chemistry data were collected by the UMUT from 13 springs and 31 wells from 1996 through 2017. Specific conductance was much lower for samples from springs than from wells; median values were 512 and 6,024 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius, respectively. Spring samples were well oxygenated. A few well samples were anoxic (dissolved oxygen concentrations less than 0.5 milligrams per liter [mg/L]), indicating reducing conditions in the aquifer. About 75 percent of spring samples had fresh water (total dissolved solids concentrations less than 1,000 mg/L), and about 85 percent of well samples had brackish or highly saline water (total dissolved solids concentrations greater than 1,000 mg/L). Water type for springs on the Ute Mountains was calcium bicarbonate. Lower-altitude springs had a calcium-sulfate water type. Most well samples had sodium as the dominant cation, and sulfate, bicarbonate, and chloride as the dominant anions. Fluoride concentrations in about 45 percent of well samples were greater than an agricultural-use standard of 2 mg/L.
Nitrate plus nitrite concentrations in most spring and well samples were less than about 1.6 mg/L per liter. Concentrations in samples from wells in the irrigated agricultural area were elevated; the maximum concentration was 78.5 mg/L. About one-half of the trace-element samples had concentrations that were less than laboratory reporting limits. Only aluminum, arsenic, and selenium in spring samples, and boron and selenium in well samples, were detected at concentrations greater than surface-water standards or water-quality standards for agricultural use of groundwater.
Only three organic compounds, the pesticides alachlor and atrazine and the volatile organic compound di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, were detected in well samples. The Escherichia coli bacteria was detected in 47 and 23 percent of samples from wells and springs, respectively. The E. coli detections included samples from three culturally significant springs, which did not meet the UMUT cultural-use standard of total absence of E. coli.
Tritium and carbon-14 were the primary environmental tracers used for interpreting groundwater ages for Lopez 2 Spring and five wells (AP–1, 5000 Block, Cottonwood Spring, Goodknight, and SE Toe). Water from the AP–1 well contained a mixture of pre- and post-1950s recharge. Tritium and carbon-14 recharge ages for Lopez 2 Spring (post-1950s in age), Goodknight and SE Toe wells (pre-1950s in age), and Cottonwood Spring well (primarily pre-1950s in age) are supported by helium-4 data. The helium-4 data for the 5000 Block well are inconsistent with the tritium and carbon-14 age of pre-1950s recharge because of interference caused by high methane concentrations in the water.
Springs and surficial deposits are more vulnerable to contamination from anthropogenic chemicals than deeper bedrock wells. Bedrock aquifers are vulnerable in areas where the geologic formations containing the aquifers are exposed at the land surface. Groundwater in deep bedrock aquifers is likely thousands of years old and is not currently affected by present-day land uses. Both shallow and deep groundwater are vulnerable to naturally occurring salts and minerals, such as of total dissolved solids, major ions, nitrate, and trace elements.
Effects of a changing climate on water resources and other ecological characteristics of the UMUR could include changes in evapotranspiration, a decrease in snowpack, decreased aquifer recharge and flow of springs, a decrease in soil moisture, and increased occurrence of wildfires and forest mortality. Of particular interest for the UMUT are possible effects of a changing climate on medicinal and culturally important plants and springs
Several information needs were identified during this study that would aid in the understanding and protection of groundwater resources on the UMUR. These include well-completion information for bedrock wells, the collection of environmental tracer data at additional wells, the addition of methane and hydrocarbon analysis to well sampling plans, and the resampling of springs and wells that were last sampled in 2002 or earlier.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20195122","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe","usgsCitation":"Bauch, N.J., and Arnold, L.R., 2020, Hydrogeologic characterization, groundwater chemistry, and vulnerability assessment, Ute Mountain Ute Reservation, Colorado and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2019–5122, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20195122.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 76 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-095027","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399604,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_109676.htm"},{"id":372110,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9S4MOB6","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geospatial datasets for estimating depth to the top of the Dakota Sandstone, Ute Mountain Ute Reservation, Colorado, 2017"},{"id":372108,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5122/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":372109,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5122/sir20195122.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.40 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2019-5122"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Ute Mountain Ute Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.0333,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -108.2667,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -108.2667,\n 37.3564\n ],\n [\n -109.0333,\n 37.3564\n ],\n [\n -109.0333,\n 37\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Colorado Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-415
Denver, CO 80225-0046
Recent activity has provided new insights into the causes of surface deformation in and around the Yellowstone Caldera, a topic that has been debated since the discovery of caldera floor uplift more than four decades ago. An episode of unusually rapid uplift (>15 cm/yr) centered near Norris Geyser Basin along the north caldera rim began in late 2013 and continued until a Mw 4.9 earthquake on 30 March 2014; thereafter, uplift abruptly switched to subsidence. Uplift at rates of several centimeters per year resumed in 2016 and continued at least through the end of 2018. Modeling of Global Positioning System and interferometric synthetic aperture radar data suggests an evolving process of deep magma intrusion during 1996–2001 followed by volatile ascent and accumulation at shallow levels, perhaps as shallow as a few hundred meters depth. The depth of shallow volatile accumulation appears to have shallowed from the 2014 to the 2016 deformation episode, and frequent eruptions of Steamboat Geyser since March 2018 are likely a surface manifestation of this ongoing process. Hydrothermal explosion features are prominent in the Norris Geyser Basin area, and the apparent shallow nature of the volatile accumulation implies an increased risk of hydrothermal explosions.
Cinder Cone is the youngest scoria cone volcano in the continental United States. Erupted in 1666 C.E. within what is now Lassen Volcanic National Park, Cinder Cone is an un-vegetated scoria cone with well-preserved lava flows and tephra deposits that display complex geochemical variability. In this study, we utilize the volatile (H2O, CO2, Cl), major, and trace element chemistry of olivine-hosted melt inclusions from the tephra deposit of Cinder Cone to better understand the sub-surface evolution of magmas that erupt to produce scoria cones. High-Fo olivine phenocrysts from all erupted units contain melt inclusions that are more primitive in composition than the erupted material. The evolved compositions of the lava and bulk tephra and the abundance of quartz xenocrysts within the deposits suggest the basaltic parental magmas were rapidly contaminated by granitic material in the middle to upper crust, after melt inclusion entrapment. Distinct compositional variability between early and late erupted units suggests two different mantle-derived basaltic magmas were tapped and erupted sequentially as two distinct eruptive phases. The CO2 concentrations in the melt inclusions, after correction for the presence of vapor bubbles, suggest minimum entrapment depths of ~9.5–20 km and show no resolvable differences between early and late erupted units at the time of olivine crystallization. Diffusion modeling of Ni and Fo gradients in olivine rims indicates that olivine residence times in an evolving magma were on the order of weeks to years, similar to those calculated for longer-lived scoria cone eruptions, such as Jorullo, in Mexico. Additionally, geochemical evidence suggests that the evolution of parental magmas was likely driven by the partial melting, disaggregation, and assimilation of granitic material in the upper crust. Our combined results provide new insight into the complexities of short-lived monogenetic eruptions.
Since 1952, wastewater discharged to infiltration ponds (also called percolation ponds) and disposal wells at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) has affected water quality in the eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP) aquifer and perched groundwater zones underlying the INL. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, maintains groundwater-monitoring networks at the INL to determine hydrologic trends and to delineate the movement of radiochemical and chemical wastes in the aquifer and in perched groundwater zones. This report presents an analysis of water-level and water-quality data collected from the ESRP aquifer and perched groundwater wells in the USGS groundwater monitoring networks during 2016–18.
From March–May 2015 to March–May 2018, water levels in wells completed in the ESRP aquifer declined in the northern part of the INL and increased in the southwestern part. Water-level decreases ranged from 0.5 to 3.0 feet (ft) in the northern part of the INL and increases ranged from 0.5 to 3.0 ft in the southwestern part.
Detectable concentrations of radiochemical constituents in water samples from wells in the ESRP aquifer at the INL generally decreased or remained constant during 2016–18. Decreases in concentrations were attributed to radioactive decay, changes in waste-disposal methods, and dilution from recharge and underflow.
In 2018, concentrations of tritium in water samples collected from 46 of 111 aquifer wells were greater than the reporting level of three times the sample standard deviation and ranged from 260±50 to 5,100±190 picocuries per liter (pCi/L). Tritium concentrations in water from 10 wells completed in deep perched groundwater above the ESRP aquifer near the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) Complex generally were greater than or equal to the reporting level during at least one sampling event during 2016–18, and concentrations ranged from 150 ±50 to 12,900 ±200 pCi/L.
Concentrations of strontium-90 in water from 17 of 60 ESRP aquifer wells sampled during April or October 2018 exceeded the reporting level, ranging from 2.2±0.7 to 363±19 pCi/L. Strontium-90 was not detected in the ESRP aquifer beneath the ATR Complex. During at least one sampling event during 2016–18, concentrations of strontium-90 in water from eight wells completed in deep perched groundwater above the ESRP aquifer at the ATR Complex equaled or exceeded the reporting levels, and concentrations ranged from 0.57±0.17 to 34.3±1.2 pCi/L.
During 2016–18, concentrations of cesium-137 were less than the reporting level in all but one ESRP aquifer well, and concentrations of plutonium-238, -239, and -240 (undivided), and americium-241 were less than the reporting level in water samples from all ESRP aquifer wells.
In April 2009, the dissolved chromium concentration in water from one ESRP aquifer well, USGS 65, south of the ATR Complex equaled the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 100 micrograms per liter (μg/L). In April 2018, the concentration of chromium in water from that well had decreased to 76.0 μg/L, less than the MCL. Concentrations in water samples from 62 other ESRP aquifer wells sampled ranged from less than 0.6 to 21.6 μg/L. During 2016–18, dissolved chromium was detected in water from all wells completed in deep perched groundwater above the ESRP aquifer at the ATR Complex, and concentrations ranged from 4.2 to 98.8 μg/L.
In 2018, concentrations of sodium in water from most ESRP aquifer wells in the southern part of the INL were greater than the western tributary background concentration of 8.3 milligrams per liter (mg/L). After the new percolation ponds were put into service in 2002 southwest of the Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center (INTEC), concentrations of sodium in water samples from the Rifle Range well increased steadily until 2008, when concentrations generally began decreasing. The increases and decreases were attributed to disposal variability in the new percolation ponds. During 2016–18, dissolved sodium concentrations in water from 18 wells completed in deep perched groundwater above the ESRP aquifer at the ATR Complex ranged from 6.37 to 143 mg/L.
In 2018, concentrations of chloride in most water samples from ESRP aquifer wells south of the INTEC and at the Central Facilities Area exceeded the background concentrations. Chloride concentrations in water from wells south of the INTEC generally have decreased since 2002 when chloride disposal to the old percolation ponds was discontinued. After the new percolation ponds southwest of the INTEC were put into service in 2002, concentrations of chloride in water samples from one well rose steadily until 2008 then began decreasing. During 2016–18, dissolved chloride concentrations in deep perched groundwater above the ESRP aquifer from 18 wells at the ATR Complex ranged from 3.89 to 176 mg/L.
In 2018, sulfate concentrations in water samples from ESRP aquifer wells in the south-central part of the INL exceeded the background concentration of sulfate and ranged from 22 to 151 mg/L. The greater-than-background concentrations in water from these wells probably resulted from sulfate disposal at the ATR Complex infiltration ponds or the old INTEC percolation ponds. In 2018, sulfate concentrations in water samples from wells near the Radioactive Waste Management Complex (RWMC) mostly were greater than background concentrations and could have resulted from well construction techniques and (or) waste disposal at the RWMC or the ATR complex. The maximum dissolved sulfate concentration in shallow perched groundwater above the ESRP aquifer near the ATR Complex was 215 mg/L in well CWP 3 in April 2016. During 2018, dissolved sulfate concentrations in water from wells completed in deep perched groundwater above the ESRP aquifer near the cold-waste ponds at the ATR Complex ranged from 65.8 to 171 mg/L.
In 2018, concentrations of nitrate in water from most ESRP aquifer wells at and near the INTEC exceeded the western tributary background concentration of 0.655 mg/L. Concentrations of nitrate in wells southwest of the INTEC and farther away from the influence of disposal areas and the Big Lost River show a general decrease in nitrate concentration through time. Two wells south of the INTEC show increasing trends that could be the result of wastewater beneath the INTEC tank farm being mobilized to the aquifer.
During 2016–18, water samples from several ESRP aquifer wells were collected and analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Sixteen VOCs were detected. At least 1 and as many as 7 VOCs were detected in water samples from 15 wells. The primary VOCs detected include carbon tetrachloride, trichloromethane, tetrachloroethene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and trichloroethene. In 2016–18, concentrations for all VOCs were less than their respective MCLs for drinking water, except carbon tetrachloride in water from two wells and trichloroethene in one well.
During 2016–18, variability and bias were evaluated from 37 replicate and 15 blank quality-assurance samples. Results from replicate analyses were investigated to evaluate sample variability. Constituents with acceptable reproducibility were major ions, trace elements, nutrients, and VOCs. All radiochemical constituents had acceptable reproducibility except for gross alpha- and beta-particle radioactivity. The gross alpha- and beta-particle radioactivity samples that did not meet reproducibility criteria had low concentrations. Bias from sample contamination was evaluated from equipment, field, and source-solution blanks. Cadmium had a concentration slightly greater than its reporting level in a source-solution blank, and chloride and ammonia had concentrations that were slightly greater than their respective reporting levels in field and equipment blanks. Subtracting concentrations of chloride and ammonia in field blanks from the concurrently collected equipment blank indicates that adjusted concentrations for chloride and ammonia in the equipment blanks were less than their respective reporting levels. Therefore, no sample bias was observed for any of the sample periods.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20195149","collaboration":"DOE/ID-22251Director, Idaho Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
230 Collins Road
Boise, Idaho 83702-4520
Director,
Washington Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
934 Broadway, Suite 300
Tacoma, Washington 98402
Volcanoes are the main pathway to the surface for volatiles that are stored within the Earth. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is of particular interest because of its potential for climate forcing. Understanding the balance of CO2 that is transferred from the Earth’s surface to the Earth’s interior, hinges on accurate quantification of the long-term emissions of volcanic CO2 to the atmosphere. Here we present an updated evaluation of the world’s volcanic CO2 emissions that takes advantage of recent improvements in satellite-based monitoring of sulfur dioxide, the establishment of ground-based networks for semi-continuous CO2-SO2 gas sensing and a new approach to estimate key volcanic gas parameters based on magma compositions. Our results reveal a global volcanic CO2 flux of 51.3 ± 5.7 Tg CO2/y (11.7 × 1011 mol CO2/y) for non-eruptive degassing and 1.8 ± 0.9 Tg/y for eruptive degassing during the period from 2005 to 2015. While lower than recent estimates, this global volcanic flux implies that a significant proportion of the surface-derived CO2 subducted into the Earth’s mantle is either stored below the arc crust, is efficiently consumed by microbial activity before entering the deeper parts of the subduction system, or becomes recycled into the deep mantle to potentially form diamonds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","doi":"10.1038/s41598-019-54682-1","usgsCitation":"Fischer, T.P., Arellano, S., Carn, S., Aiuppa, A., Bo Galle, Allard, P., Lopez, T., Shinohara, H., Kelly, P.J., Cynthia Werner, Cardelini, C., and Chiodini, G., 2019, The emissions of CO2 and other volatiles from the world’s subaerial volcanoes: Scientific Reports, v. 9, 18716, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54682-1.","productDescription":"18716, 11 p.","ipdsId":"IP-112914","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":458990,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54682-1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":372915,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-12-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fischer, Tobias P.","contributorId":223024,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fischer","given":"Tobias","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":36307,"text":"University of New Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":783858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arellano, Santiago","contributorId":223025,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arellano","given":"Santiago","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40644,"text":"University of Chalmers","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":783859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carn, Simon","contributorId":223026,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carn","given":"Simon","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36614,"text":"Michigan Tech","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":783860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aiuppa, Alessandro","contributorId":223027,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aiuppa","given":"Alessandro","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25431,"text":"University of Palermo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":783861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bo Galle","contributorId":148064,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bo Galle","affiliations":[{"id":16988,"text":"Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":783862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Allard, Patrick","contributorId":223028,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allard","given":"Patrick","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":30776,"text":"Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":783863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lopez, Taryn","contributorId":199516,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lopez","given":"Taryn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Shinohara, Hiroshi","contributorId":223029,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shinohara","given":"Hiroshi","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27746,"text":"Geological Survey of Japan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":783865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kelly, Peter J. 0000-0002-3868-1046 pkelly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3868-1046","contributorId":5931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"Peter","email":"pkelly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":783857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Cynthia Werner","contributorId":223030,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cynthia Werner","affiliations":[{"id":37768,"text":"USGS Contractor","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":783866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Cardelini, Carlo","contributorId":223031,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cardelini","given":"Carlo","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40645,"text":"Università di Perugia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":783867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Chiodini, Giovanni","contributorId":223032,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chiodini","given":"Giovanni","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40646,"text":"INGV Bologna","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":783868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70207037,"text":"70207037 - 2019 - Evaluation of stormwater treatment vault with Coanda-effect screen for removal of solids and phosphorus in urban runoff","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-04T15:38:49","indexId":"70207037","displayToPublicDate":"2019-12-04T15:37:46","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5896,"text":"Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of stormwater treatment vault with Coanda-effect screen for removal of solids and phosphorus in urban runoff","docAbstract":"Catch basins commonly are used by cities as part of a stormwater management plan to remove sediment and associated contaminants from stormwater, keeping them in compliance with regulations. Recently, the city of Madison, Wisconsin modified traditional catch basins by incorporating a fine-mesh (1-mm) Coanda-effect screen into the design with the goal of increasing removal of sediment and organic matter from stormwater. The US Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the City of Madison, installed a water-quality monitoring station at such a catch basin to quantify reductions in total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), suspended sediment concentration (SSC), total phosphorus (TP), and dissolved phosphorus (DP) from urban stormwater before entering Lake Monona. A comparison of the cumulative load from 33 samples collected during the summers of 2016 and 2017 showed 23% and 45% reductions in TSS and SSC, respectively. A smaller reduction was observed for TP, 16%, whereas DP remained unchanged. Reported traditional catch basin sediment removal varies greatly, although typical removal rates are similar. Results from this study will help regulated municipalities determine whether the use of screened catch basins can help meet water-quality goals.","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/JSWBAY.0000892","usgsCitation":"Buer, N., and Selbig, W.R., 2019, Evaluation of stormwater treatment vault with Coanda-effect screen for removal of solids and phosphorus in urban runoff: Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment, v. 6, no. 1, 04019013, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1061/JSWBAY.0000892.","productDescription":"04019013, 10 p.","ipdsId":"IP-096348","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":459017,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jswbay.0000892","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":369921,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane County","city":"Madison","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-89.0094,43.286],[-89.0084,43.2555],[-89.0094,43.2],[-89.01,43.1131],[-89.0109,43.0849],[-89.0107,43.0271],[-89.0132,42.9353],[-89.013,42.8762],[-89.0119,42.8471],[-89.132,42.8479],[-89.2488,42.8478],[-89.3689,42.8484],[-89.3688,42.8575],[-89.4832,42.858],[-89.6026,42.8575],[-89.7196,42.8587],[-89.8377,42.8598],[-89.8375,42.9471],[-89.8386,43.0317],[-89.8384,43.1181],[-89.8394,43.205],[-89.8325,43.2123],[-89.825,43.2187],[-89.8175,43.226],[-89.8125,43.2342],[-89.8088,43.2369],[-89.8012,43.2365],[-89.7874,43.2356],[-89.771,43.237],[-89.7579,43.2379],[-89.7529,43.2443],[-89.7485,43.2507],[-89.7391,43.2548],[-89.7259,43.2644],[-89.7171,43.2739],[-89.714,43.2821],[-89.7165,43.2867],[-89.7235,43.2935],[-89.7209,43.2935],[-89.6008,43.2932],[-89.4819,43.2942],[-89.3617,43.2954],[-89.3624,43.2832],[-89.246,43.2834],[-89.1271,43.2827],[-89.0094,43.286]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Dane\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","volume":"6","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":15,"text":"Madison PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buer, Nicolas 0000-0002-4369-8715","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4369-8715","contributorId":204808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buer","given":"Nicolas","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Selbig, William R. 0000-0003-1403-8280 wrselbig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1403-8280","contributorId":877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selbig","given":"William","email":"wrselbig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210146,"text":"70210146 - 2019 - A novel method for the extraction, purification and characterization of noble gases in produced fluids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-18T12:55:59.852534","indexId":"70210146","displayToPublicDate":"2019-10-14T07:49:21","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1757,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A novel method for the extraction, purification and characterization of noble gases in produced fluids","docAbstract":"Hydrocarbon systems with declining or viscous oil production are often stimulated using enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques, such as the injection of water, steam and CO2, in order to increase oil and gas production. As EOR and other methods of enhancing production such as hydraulic fracturing have become more prevalent, environmental concerns about the impact of both new and historical hydrocarbon production on overlying shallow aquifers have increased. Noble gas isotopes are powerful tracers of subsurface fluid provenance and can be used to understand the impact of EOR on hydrocarbon systems and potentially overlying aquifers. In oil systems, produced fluids can consist of a mixture of oil, water and gas. Noble gases are typically measured in the gas phase; however, it is not always possible to collect gases and therefore produced fluids (which are water, oil and gas mixtures) must be analyzed. We outline a new technique to separate and analyze noble gases in multi-phase hydrocarbon-associated fluid samples. An offline double capillary method has been developed to quantitatively isolate noble gases into a transfer vessel, while effectively removing all water, oil, and less volatile hydrocarbons. The gases are then cleaned and analyzed using standard techniques. Air-saturated water reference materials (n=24) were analyzed and results show a method reproducibility of 2.9% for 4He, 3.8% for 20Ne, 4.5% for 36Ar, 5.3% for 84Kr and 5.7% for 132Xe. This new technique was used to measure the noble gas isotopic compositions in six produced fluid samples from the Fruitvale Oil Field, Bakersfield, California.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2019GC008552","collaboration":"","usgsCitation":"Tyne, R.L., Barry, P.H., Hillegonds, D., Hunt, A., Kulongoski, J.T., Stephens, M.J., Byrne, D., and Ballentine, C.J., 2019, A novel method for the extraction, purification and characterization of noble gases in produced fluids: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 20, no. 11, p. 5588-5597, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GC008552.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"5588","endPage":"5597","ipdsId":"IP-109160","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":459546,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gc008552","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":374884,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-11-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tyne, Rebecca L.","contributorId":205969,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tyne","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":25447,"text":"University of Oxford","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":789298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barry, Peter H","contributorId":224734,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barry","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"H","affiliations":[{"id":13294,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":789299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hillegonds, D J","contributorId":224735,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hillegonds","given":"D J","affiliations":[{"id":40928,"text":"Oxford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":789300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hunt, Andrew G. 0000-0002-3810-8610","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3810-8610","contributorId":206197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Andrew G.","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":789301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kulongoski, Justin T. 0000-0002-3498-4154 kulongos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3498-4154","contributorId":173457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kulongoski","given":"Justin","email":"kulongos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":789302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stephens, Michael J. 0000-0001-8995-9928","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8995-9928","contributorId":205895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":789303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Byrne, D.J.","contributorId":224736,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Byrne","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[{"id":40929,"text":"CRPG-CNRS, Université de Lorraine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":789304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ballentine, C. J.","contributorId":224737,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ballentine","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40928,"text":"Oxford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":789305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70205075,"text":"ofr20191094 - 2019 - Baseline environmental monitoring of groundwater, surface water, and soil at the Ammonium Perchlorate Rocket Motor Destruction Facility at the Letterkenny Army Depot, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, 2016","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-16T12:53:02","indexId":"ofr20191094","displayToPublicDate":"2019-10-10T14:05:00","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2019-1094","displayTitle":"Baseline Environmental Monitoring of Groundwater, Surface Water, and Soil at the Ammonium Perchlorate Rocket Motor Destruction Facility at the Letterkenny Army Depot, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, 2016","title":"Baseline environmental monitoring of groundwater, surface water, and soil at the Ammonium Perchlorate Rocket Motor Destruction Facility at the Letterkenny Army Depot, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, 2016","docAbstract":"Letterkenny Army Depot in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, built an Ammonium Perchlorate Rocket Motor Destruction (ARMD) facility in 2016. The ARMD Facility was designed to centralize rocket motor destruction and contain or capture all waste during the destruction process. Ideally, there would be no contaminant transport to air, soil, or water from the facility, but the Code of Federal Regulations requires that any hazardous waste disposal facility have an environmental monitoring program in place. In a study by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Letterkenny Army Depot, baseline characterization of constituents in groundwater, surface water, and soil was conducted from September to December 2016 to document site conditions prior to the beginning of operations at the facility in January 2017. Groundwater wells, surface water, and soils were sampled monthly during the baseline characterization period. No sediment transport from the site occurred on days when samples were collected from surface-water sites, so no sediment was collected from the retention basin at the facility during the baseline period. Data collected during the baseline period can be compared to data collected in future years to determine whether there is any contaminant transport from the ARMD Facility to the surrounding environment.
During the baseline characterization period, monthly samples were collected from 4 groundwater wells and 9 soil sites near the ARMD Facility. The only surface-water site sampled monthly during the baseline period was upgradient from the facility. There was no streamflow at surface-water sites downgradient from the facility on days when surface-water samples were collected during the baseline characterization period.
Groundwater results for the four wells sampled near the ARMD Facility during the baseline period did not show any major water-quality issues. Mean specific conductance (SC) and pH in groundwater ranged from 220 to 771 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (μS/cm) and 6.45 to 6.98, respectively. No constituents in groundwater samples exceeded any U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL). Dissolved iron (Fe) was the only groundwater constituent that exceeded a Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (SMCL) established by the EPA. The SMCL for Fe is 300 micrograms per liter (μg/L); samples from three wells had mean dissolved Fe concentrations ranging from 1,100 to 2,600 μg/L. The only volatile organic compounds (VOCs) detected in groundwater samples were bromomethane, acetone, and chloromethane. All VOC detections in groundwater samples were less than the Reporting Detection Levels (RDLs). These three compounds also were detected in blank samples submitted for groundwater samples. Perchlorate was not detected in any groundwater sample collected during the baseline period.
Surface-water data collected during the baseline period were strictly representative of a stream reach upgradient from the ARMD Facility. Stream discharge ranged from 0.03 to 0.08 cubic feet per second during sample collection. The mean SC and pH were 310 μS/cm and 7.6, respectively. No EPA established MCLs or SMCLs were exceeded for any constituents in samples collected from this upgradient stream. Some VOCs were detected in surface water at less than the RDLs. The VOCs detected in surface water were generally the same VOCs as those detected at less than the RDLs for groundwater. Perchlorate was detected in each sample collected from the stream; the mean concentration was 0.07 μg/L. All perchlorate results were less than the RDL of 0.2 μg/L.
Soil samples collected during the baseline period did not have any constituent concentrations that exceeded any medium-specific concentrations (MSC) or soil screening levels (SSL) established by either the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania or the EPA. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania calculates MSCs based on either a function of acceptable concentrations in groundwater or based on health concerns if the soil is directly contacted. The EPA derives acceptable concentrations of constituents (SSLs) in soil based on standardized equations combining exposure information assumptions with EPA toxicity data. The EPA calculates SSLs for residential and industrial sites. Soil sites at the ARMD Facility were considered “industrial” for comparative purposes. There was at least one order of magnitude difference between any inorganic constituent concentration detected in soil and the MSC and (or) SSL for that constituent. Four VOCs were detected in soil samples collected during the baseline period. None of the VOCs detected in the soils were within three orders of magnitude of any established MSCs or SSLs. The VOCs detected in soil were dichloromethane (also known as methylene chloride), methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), tetrachloroethene, and acetone (only detected once). Dichloromethane was the only VOC detected at greater than the RDLs; concentrations in all soil samples were greater than the RDLs. Dichloromethane concentrations ranged from 1.9 to 50.1 micrograms per kilogram (μg/kg). MTBE was detected in 50 percent of samples collected but all results were less than the RDLs of 1.7 to 2.6 μg/kg. Tetrachloroethene was detected in 20 percent of soil samples collected, with a maximum estimated value of 1.5 μg/kg. Inorganic constituents with the highest concentrations in soil were Fe and aluminum (Al); mean Fe and Al concentrations ranged from 28,700 to 52,400 and 10,300 to 19,800 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg), respectively. Data collected during the baseline period in 2016 can be compared to future data to determine whether concentrations in water and soils surrounding the facility have shown any changes that could be caused by the facility operation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191094","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with the Letterkenny Army Depot","usgsCitation":"Galeone, D.G., 2019, Baseline environmental monitoring of groundwater, surface water, and soil at the Ammonium Perchlorate Rocket Motor Destruction Facility at the Letterkenny Army Depot, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, 2016: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1094, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191094.","productDescription":"Report: vii; 32 p.; Appendices 1-4","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-102807","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437309,"rank":8,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P973YRPL","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Quality Control and Soil Quality Data in support of Baseline Environmental Monitoring at the Ammonium Perchlorate Rocket Motor Destruction (ARMD) Facility at the Letterkenny Army Depot, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, 2016"},{"id":368210,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1094/ofr20191094_appendix3.xlsx","text":"Appendix 3","size":"16.8 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OFR 2019-1094"},{"id":368211,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1094/ofr20191094_appendix4.xlsx","text":"Appendix 4","size":"32.3 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OFR 2019-1094"},{"id":368208,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1094/ofr20191094_appendix1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1","size":"15.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OFR 2019-1094"},{"id":368212,"rank":7,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1094/ofr20191094.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1094"},{"id":368107,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5be05a51e4b0b3fc5cf33502","text":"USGS data release","description":"OFR 2019-1094","linkHelpText":"Quality Control and Soil Quality Data in support of Baseline Environmental Monitoring at the Ammonium Perchlorate Rocket Motor Destruction (ARMD) Facility at the Letterkenny Army Depot, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, 2016"},{"id":368209,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1094/ofr20191094_appendix2.xlsx","text":"Appendix 2","size":"22.1 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OFR 2019-1094"},{"id":368190,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1094/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania ","county":"Franklin County","city":"Chambersburg","otherGeospatial":"Letterkenny Army Depot","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.71831512451172,\n 40.0013199623656\n ],\n [\n -77.67333984375,\n 40.0013199623656\n ],\n [\n -77.67333984375,\n 40.03471220877633\n ],\n [\n -77.71831512451172,\n 40.03471220877633\n ],\n [\n -77.71831512451172,\n 40.0013199623656\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Recent studies of subaerial volcano carbon flux have challenged previous assumptions about carbon recycling in the mantle and the ratio of ingassing to outgassing. This chapter reviews the current state of knowledge of the flux of carbon from subaerial volcanoes at subduction zones and intraplate locations, as well as through diffuse degassing away from volcanic vents. It also reviews the importance of crustal carbonate assimilation and carbonate platforms on these fluxes. The chapter presents an overview of how these fluxes are estimated – including descriptions of new technologies and recent field campaigns – and the timescales of flux measurements. It also summarizes what is currently known about the flux of carbon versus other volatile elements in these various settings.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Deep carbon: Past to present","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","usgsCitation":"Werner, C.A., Fischer, T., Aiuppa, A., Edmonds, M., Cardellini, C., Carn, S., Chiodini, G., Cottrell, E., Burton, M., Shinohara, H., and Allard, P., 2019, Carbon dioxide emissions from subaerial volcanic regions: Two decades in review, chap. 8 of Deep carbon: Past to present, p. 188-236.","productDescription":"49 p.","startPage":"188","endPage":"236","ipdsId":"IP-102656","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":465754,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/deep-carbon/carbon-dioxide-emissions-from-subaerial-volcanic-regions/F8B4EFAE0DAF5306A8D397C23BF3F0D7","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465755,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Orcutt, B.","contributorId":38389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orcutt","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":922546,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alvarez, David","contributorId":221785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alvarez","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":922547,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dasgupta, Rajdeep","contributorId":347826,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dasgupta","given":"Rajdeep","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":922548,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Werner, Cynthia A. 0000-0003-3311-6694 cwerner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3311-6694","contributorId":224387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werner","given":"Cynthia","email":"cwerner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":922493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fischer, Tobias","contributorId":267762,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fischer","given":"Tobias","affiliations":[{"id":36307,"text":"University of New Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":922494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aiuppa, Alessandro","contributorId":173677,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aiuppa","given":"Alessandro","affiliations":[{"id":27272,"text":"Dipartimento DiSTeM, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":922495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edmonds, Marie 0000-0003-1243-137X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1243-137X","contributorId":272602,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Edmonds","given":"Marie","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27136,"text":"University of Cambridge","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":922496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cardellini, Carlo","contributorId":52785,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cardellini","given":"Carlo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":922497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Carn, Simon","contributorId":344949,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carn","given":"Simon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":922498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Chiodini, Giovanni","contributorId":347808,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chiodini","given":"Giovanni","affiliations":[{"id":39118,"text":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":922499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Cottrell, Elizabeth","contributorId":347203,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cottrell","given":"Elizabeth","affiliations":[{"id":36606,"text":"Smithsonian Institution","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":922500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Burton, Mike","contributorId":255650,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burton","given":"Mike","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37573,"text":"University of Manchester, UK","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":922501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Shinohara, Hiroshi","contributorId":347809,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shinohara","given":"Hiroshi","affiliations":[{"id":27746,"text":"Geological Survey of Japan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":922502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Allard, Patrick","contributorId":347812,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allard","given":"Patrick","affiliations":[{"id":30776,"text":"Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":922503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70209090,"text":"70209090 - 2019 - Spatial fingerprinting of biogenic and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds in an arid unsaturated zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-16T06:20:18","indexId":"70209090","displayToPublicDate":"2019-10-01T13:42:44","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3674,"text":"Vadose Zone Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial fingerprinting of biogenic and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds in an arid unsaturated zone","docAbstract":"Subsurface volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can pose risks to human and environmental health and mediate biological processes. VOCs have both anthropogenic and biogenic origins, but the relative importance of these sources has not been explored in subsurface environments. This study synthesizes 17 years of VOC data from the Amargosa Desert Research Site (ADRS) with the goal of improving understanding of spatial and temporal variations that distinguish sources of VOCs from a landfill and surrounding ambient sources including biogenic VOCs (bVOCs). Gas samples were collected from 1999 to 2016 from an array of shallow sample points (0.5 m and 1.5 m depth) and from vertical profiles at three deep boreholes, two (109 m deep) near the border of a waste facility (33 and 100 m distant), and one (29 m deep) in a remote area 3 km to the south. Samples were analyzed for target VOCs and a subset was analyzed for non-target VOCs to enumerate a greater variety of potential bVOCs. Principal components analysis of the target and non-target VOCs provided an assessment of spatial variability of VOCs originating from the landfill site and from ambient sources. Ambient VOCs occurred at all sample sites over a range of depths and most were consistent with biogenic origins, indicating, for the first time, presence of bVOCs in the deep unsaturated zone. Because some VOCs have both anthropogenic and biogenic sources, discrimination of sources can be important for estimating the extent and migration of anthropogenic plumes in arid unsaturated zones.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2136/vzj2019.05.0047","usgsCitation":"Green, C., Luo, W., Conaway, C., Haase, K., Baker, R., and Andraski, B.J., 2019, Spatial fingerprinting of biogenic and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds in an arid unsaturated zone: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 18, no. 1, 190047, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2019.05.0047.","productDescription":"190047","ipdsId":"IP-106246","costCenters":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":459654,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2019.05.0047","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":373272,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa Desert Research Site","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-115.9082,39.1615],[-115.5191,38.9578],[-115.4725,38.9325],[-115.4433,38.9162],[-115.3694,38.8769],[-115.363,38.874],[-115.242,38.8093],[-115.0969,38.7309],[-115.0777,38.721],[-115.0604,38.7107],[-115.0291,38.6937],[-114.999,38.6777],[-114.9996,38.592],[-114.9997,38.4315],[-114.9994,38.3894],[-115.0004,38.0507],[-115.1185,38.0508],[-115.1436,38.0508],[-115.326,38.0515],[-115.3453,38.0514],[-115.4003,38.051],[-115.4587,38.0506],[-115.6394,38.0512],[-115.6581,38.051],[-115.8404,38.0504],[-115.8931,38.0507],[-115.8938,37.723],[-115.8969,37.5498],[-115.8975,37.2796],[-115.8982,37.1926],[-115.8942,36.8425],[-115.8941,36.686],[-115.8945,36.6702],[-115.8949,36.598],[-115.8949,36.5962],[-115.8946,36.5858],[-115.8947,36.5005],[-115.8945,36.4806],[-115.8949,36.462],[-115.8944,36.457],[-115.8948,36.3087],[-115.8945,36.2923],[-115.8943,36.1957],[-115.8945,36.1608],[-115.8948,36.1163],[-115.8948,36.0927],[-115.895,36.0015],[-115.9178,36.0192],[-115.9518,36.0457],[-115.9925,36.0773],[-116.049,36.1211],[-116.0624,36.1314],[-116.1039,36.1636],[-116.1287,36.1829],[-116.1702,36.2152],[-116.173,36.2174],[-116.2311,36.2626],[-116.2834,36.3028],[-116.2954,36.3122],[-116.3752,36.373],[-116.5107,36.4764],[-116.5247,36.4871],[-116.5589,36.5131],[-116.574,36.5245],[-116.5946,36.54],[-116.6556,36.5867],[-116.6583,36.5888],[-116.6764,36.6024],[-116.706,36.6248],[-116.7895,36.6877],[-116.8424,36.7276],[-116.8453,36.7298],[-116.8806,36.7568],[-116.8912,36.7648],[-116.9237,36.7891],[-116.9641,36.8193],[-116.9783,36.8299],[-116.981,36.8319],[-117.0046,36.8495],[-117.164,36.9688],[-117.1639,36.9698],[-117.1637,37.0182],[-117.164,37.0894],[-117.1642,37.171],[-117.1641,37.1909],[-117.1641,37.1936],[-117.1665,37.6995],[-117.1664,37.714],[-117.1663,37.7285],[-117.1663,37.7435],[-117.1662,37.7585],[-117.1657,38.0019],[-117.2198,38.0482],[-117.2397,38.0483],[-117.239,38.0641],[-117.2408,38.0705],[-117.2653,38.0932],[-117.6896,38.4731],[-118.0197,38.7599],[-118.197,38.9154],[-118.1972,38.9993],[-117.8559,39.0746],[-117.7748,39.092],[-117.7008,39.1058],[-117.6409,39.1149],[-117.5946,39.1231],[-117.4742,39.1431],[-117.3823,39.1562],[-117.3609,39.1585],[-117.3318,39.1629],[-117.3063,39.1634],[-117.2849,39.1633],[-117.1995,39.1632],[-117.0856,39.1628],[-117.0322,39.1626],[-117.0144,39.1626],[-116.9871,39.1625],[-116.9158,39.1631],[-116.7562,39.1622],[-116.7301,39.1625],[-116.5996,39.1616],[-116.5859,39.162],[-116.4815,39.1616],[-116.3497,39.1618],[-116.2358,39.1616],[-116.0548,39.1624],[-115.9082,39.1615]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Nye\",\"state\":\"NV\"}}]}","volume":"18","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, Christopher 0000-0002-6480-8194","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6480-8194","contributorId":201642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"Christopher","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":784891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luo, Wentai 0000-0003-3421-4958","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3421-4958","contributorId":222128,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Luo","given":"Wentai","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6929,"text":"Portland State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":784892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conaway, Christopher H. 0000-0002-0991-033X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0991-033X","contributorId":201932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conaway","given":"Christopher H.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":784893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haase, Karl B. 0000-0002-6897-6494","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6897-6494","contributorId":216317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haase","given":"Karl B.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":784894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baker, Ronald J. 0000-0001-5966-554X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5966-554X","contributorId":223375,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baker","given":"Ronald J.","affiliations":[{"id":36625,"text":"Emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":784895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Andraski, Brian J. 0000-0002-2086-0417 andraski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-0417","contributorId":168800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andraski","given":"Brian","email":"andraski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":784896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70206000,"text":"70206000 - 2019 - Physicochemical models of effusive rhyolitic eruptions constrained with InSAR and DEM data: A case study of the 2011-2012 Cordon Caulle eruption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-17T07:00:50","indexId":"70206000","displayToPublicDate":"2019-08-13T14:44:20","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physicochemical models of effusive rhyolitic eruptions constrained with InSAR and DEM data: A case study of the 2011-2012 Cordon Caulle eruption","docAbstract":"The 9 month long 2011-2012 eruption of Cordon Caulle (Southern Andes, Chile) is the best instrumentally recorded rhyolitic eruption to date and the first time that the effusion of a rhyolitic flow has been observed in detail. We use Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), with time-lapse DEMs and numerical models to study the dynamics of coupled magma reservoir deflation and lava effusion. InSAR recorded ~2.2-2.5 m of deflation after the first three days of the eruption, which can be modeled using a spheroidal magma reservoir at a depth of ∼5 km, ∼20 km long, and with a pressure drop of ~20-30 MPa. The source is elongated in the NW-SE direction and its large dimensions imply a large plumbing system spanning neighboring volcanoes and active throughout the eruption, with a slight change halfway through the effusive phase. TanDEM-X DEMs record the extrusion of both the rhyolitic lava flow and the intrusion of a shallow laccolith around the eruptive vent, with a total volume of ~1.2 km3 DRE. The laccolith was emplaced during the first month of the eruption, during both the eruption explosive and effusive stages. Both the reservoir pressure drop and the extruded volume time series follow quasi-exponential trends, and can be explained by a model that couples the reservoir pres- sure decrease, time- and pressured ependent variations in the magma properties inside of the reservoir, and conduit flow. This model predicts both the temporal evolution and amplitude of both time series, and a magma compressibility of ∼10^−10 Pa−1, half the compressibility of the magma of the sub-Plinian explosive phase. Further, we estimate that the reservoir contained 1-3 wt.% dissolved H2O at the onset of lava effusion, with no exsolved CO2 and H2O in the reservoir throughout the eruption. This is in accord with a magma that was significantly degassed after the explosive phase. These remaining volatiles might have been responsible for magma fragmentation, consistent with the hybrid explosive and effusive style observed during the waning of the eruption.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115736","usgsCitation":"Delgado, F., Julia Kubanek, Anderson, K.R., Paul Lundgren, and Pritchard, M.E., 2019, Physicochemical models of effusive rhyolitic eruptions constrained with InSAR and DEM data: A case study of the 2011-2012 Cordon Caulle eruption: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 524, p. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115736.","productDescription":"115736, 14p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"14","ipdsId":"IP-102193","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467370,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115736","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":368337,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X19304285"},{"id":368348,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Chile","otherGeospatial":"Cordón Caulle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.59765625,\n -42.779275360241904\n ],\n [\n -71.69677734375,\n -42.779275360241904\n ],\n [\n -71.69677734375,\n -41.4262531950727\n ],\n [\n -72.59765625,\n -41.4262531950727\n ],\n [\n -72.59765625,\n -42.779275360241904\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"524","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Delgado, Francisco","contributorId":219817,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Delgado","given":"Francisco","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40075,"text":"Institute de Physique du Globe de Paris","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":773252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Julia Kubanek","contributorId":219818,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Julia Kubanek","affiliations":[{"id":6646,"text":"McGill University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":773253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Kyle R. 0000-0001-8041-3996 kranderson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8041-3996","contributorId":3522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Kyle","email":"kranderson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Paul Lundgren","contributorId":219819,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paul Lundgren","affiliations":[{"id":32904,"text":"Jet Propulsion Lab, California Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":773254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pritchard, Matthew E.","contributorId":219820,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pritchard","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":12722,"text":"Cornell University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":773255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70204397,"text":"ofr20191080 - 2019 - Effective solubility assessment for organic analytes in liquid samples, BKK class I landfill, West Covina, California, 2014–16","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-07T08:38:16","indexId":"ofr20191080","displayToPublicDate":"2019-08-06T15:15:00","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2019-1080","displayTitle":"Effective Solubility Assessment for Organic Analytes in Liquid Samples, BKK Class I Landfill, West Covina, California, 2014–16","title":"Effective solubility assessment for organic analytes in liquid samples, BKK class I landfill, West Covina, California, 2014–16","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey assessed the effective solubilities of organic analytes at the BKK Class Ⅰ Landfill site, West Covina, California, in cooperation with the California Department of Toxic Substances Control, using available data for liquid samples collected within (in-waste) and below (sub-waste) the landfill in 2014–16. The primary purpose of the effective solubility calculations was to determine the likely presence or absence of dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs), which is important for understanding the sources, persistence, and movement of the leachate contaminants. Percent effective solubility (a measure of the degree of deviation of a measured liquid concentration of a compound from the aqueous effective solubility) greater than 1 percent is the threshold that commonly has been used to infer the presence of DNAPLs or mixed DNAPLs in aqueous monitoring results. In the present study, however, thresholds higher than 1 percent were used because of elevated temperatures and concentrations of cosolvents in the liquid samples—thresholds of 10 percent or 100 percent, respectively, were used for liquid and solid (at 25 degrees Celsius) organic compounds for potential non-aqueous phase liquid presence.
Overall, the effective solubility calculations indicate the likely presence of DNAPLs or mixed DNAPLs in some samples for a range of compounds, including tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene, 1,1-dichloroethene, vinyl chloride, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, naphthalene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes. Samples with the highest calculated percent effective solubilities for chlorinated ethenes, ethanes, and benzenes were from a location where liquid in the waste prism is known to be in contact with the groundwater beneath the landfill. Trends in the effective solubilities for the chlorinated ethenes and ethanes were generally consistent between the in-waste and sub-waste samples, supporting a similar source composition for these liquids. Percent effective solubilities were less than 10 for the chlorinated ethanes in all the in-waste and sub-waste samples, indicating that DNAPL of these compounds is not present. Percent effective solubilities of chlorinated benzenes, ethylbenzene, and xylenes exceeded the 10-percent effective solubility threshold in more of the sub-waste samples than the in-waste liquid samples. Volatilization also may influence the patterns in the calculated effective solubilities but were not included in this study.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191080","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Toxic Substances Control","usgsCitation":"Lorah, M.M., Majcher, E.H., and Morel, C.J., 2019, Effective solubility assessment for organic analytes in liquid samples, BKK Class Ⅰ Landfill, West Covina, California, 2014–16: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1080, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191080.","productDescription":"Report: v, 18p.; Tables","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-105175","costCenters":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366110,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1080/ofr20191080.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.58 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1080"},{"id":366109,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1080/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":366188,"rank":3,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1080/ofr20191080_table1.xlsx","text":"Tables SI-1 through SI-11","size":"1.25 MB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"linkHelpText":"- Supplemental Information Worksheet - Mole Fraction and Effective Solubility Calculations"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"West Covinia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.99917221069335,\n 34.064463311552615\n ],\n [\n -118.01462173461914,\n 34.04000041165585\n ],\n [\n -117.95145034790039,\n 34.03729768165777\n ],\n [\n -117.91471481323242,\n 34.03800893474363\n ],\n [\n -117.90956497192383,\n 34.04782361826847\n ],\n [\n -117.90939331054688,\n 34.0715732952909\n ],\n [\n -117.94235229492188,\n 34.07143110146331\n ],\n [\n -117.99917221069335,\n 34.064463311552615\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, MD-DE-DC Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
5522 Research Park Drive
Baltimore, MD 21228
Groundwater supplies 50% of drinking water worldwide, but compromised water quality from anthropogenic and geogenic contaminants can limit usage of groundwater as a drinking water source. Groundwater quality in the glacial aquifer system, USA (GLAC), is presented in the context of a hydrogeologic framework that divides the study area into 17 hydrogeologic terranes. Results are reported at aquifer-system scale and regional (terrane) scale. This paper presents a quantitative assessment of groundwater quality in the GLAC using data from numerous sources for samples collected 2005–2013, compared to health-based and aesthetic (non-health) benchmarks, and evaluated with areal and population metrics. Concentrations above a benchmark are considered high. Trace elements are widespread across the study area, with an estimated 5.7 million people relying on groundwater with high concentrations of one or more trace elements; manganese and arsenic are most often at high concentration. Nitrate is found at high concentration in 4.0% of the study area, serving about 740 thousand people. Organic compounds including pesticides and volatile organic compounds are high in 2.0% of the assessed study area, with about 870 thousand people relying on groundwater with high concentrations of an organic compound. High arsenic and manganese concentrations occur primarily in the terranes with thick, stratigraphically complex, fine-grained glacial sediment, coincident with groundwater under reducing conditions (indicated by iron concentrations >100 μg/L); high nitrate is uncommon in those same terranes. When nitrate is high in thick, fine-grained, complex terranes, though, it is much more commonly associated with groundwater under more oxidizing conditions. Common geogenic trace elements occur at high concentration due to characteristic geologic and geochemical conditions. Conversely, anthropogenic nitrate and organic compounds are introduced at or near the land surface. High concentrations of nitrate or organic compounds are generally limited to areas in proximity where people live and use the chemicals.
Improved understanding of the origin of produced volatiles from conventional reservoirs and unconventional source rocks is critical for petroleum exploration and production. A series of hydrous heating experiments using two immature Type II siliciclastic source rocks, Pennsylvanian Turner Mine shale (TMS) and Devonian New Albany Shale (NAS), at 130 °C over one to two years were conducted to assess gas generation at low temperature. Elemental sulfur (ES) was added to the NAS samples to evaluate the role of sulfur on thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR). The produced volatile composition was investigated in situ using Raman spectroscopy at the end of the heating experiments. Results show that the two source rocks yield different types and concentrations of volatiles. Only CH4 and CO2 were detected following hydrous heating of the TMS source rock in contrast to CH4, C2H6, C3H8, and CO2 which were observed in experiments using NAS. Variations in the produced volatiles are likely the result of compositional differences within the respective source rock organic matter. Experiments involving ES show strong H2S signals that are likely due to the formation of H2S from the reaction of ES with water at 130 °C. H2S signals correlate with a greater relative concentration of CH4 and CO2 compared to experiments where ES was not added, on a time-normalized basis. The correlation between the presence of H2S and an increase in CH4 and CO2 concentration could indicate the occurrence of TSR. Here we propose that H2S in siliciclastic shale can be generated in the presence of ES at low temperatures via both disproportionation of ES into H2S and SO42–, and TSR. Our findings from this study provide experimental evidence that may aid efforts to interpret the origin of H2S in low-temperature sedimentary basins.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.orggeochem.2019.103901","usgsCitation":"Alrowaie, M., Jubb, A., Schimmelmann, A., Mastalerz, M., and Pratt, L., 2019, Hydrous heating experiments at 130°C yield insights into the occurrence of hydrogen sulfide and light alkanes in natural gas reservoirs: Organic Geochemistry, v. 137, 103901, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2019.103901.","productDescription":"103901, 8 p.","ipdsId":"IP-105974","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366290,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-79.916171,39.720893],[-80.075947,39.72135],[-80.421388,39.721189],[-80.519342,39.721403],[-80.519423,39.806181],[-80.518891,39.890964],[-80.519248,39.936967],[-80.51896,40.078089],[-80.519039,40.342101],[-80.517991,40.367968],[-80.51769,40.462467],[-80.51899,40.473667],[-80.519002,40.877543],[-80.519891,40.906661],[-80.519091,40.921061],[-80.518928,41.070954],[-80.519144,41.171203],[-80.518693,41.248855],[-80.518993,41.268155],[-80.518794,41.305509],[-80.519129,41.312408],[-80.519345,41.340145],[-80.518993,41.435454],[-80.519339,41.539297],[-80.519425,41.977522],[-80.435451,42.005611],[-80.409776,42.011578],[-80.373066,42.024102],[-80.371869,42.023966],[-80.363251,42.027973],[-80.349169,42.030243],[-80.329976,42.036168],[-80.296758,42.049076],[-80.230486,42.077957],[-80.188085,42.094257],[-80.165884,42.105857],[-80.154084,42.114757],[-80.136213,42.149937],[-80.13043,42.156331],[-80.117368,42.166341],[-80.088512,42.173184],[-80.077388,42.171262],[-80.073381,42.168658],[-80.080028,42.163625],[-80.071981,42.155357],[-80.078781,42.151457],[-80.076281,42.147857],[-80.07198,42.146057],[-80.06108,42.144857],[-79.989186,42.177051],[-79.931324,42.206737],[-79.923924,42.207546],[-79.90105,42.216701],[-79.886187,42.224933],[-79.867979,42.230999],[-79.844661,42.235486],[-79.798447,42.255939],[-79.761951,42.26986],[-79.762152,42.243054],[-79.761759,42.162675],[-79.762122,42.131246],[-79.761709,42.11899],[-79.761798,42.019042],[-79.761374,41.999067],[-79.670128,41.999335],[-79.472472,41.998255],[-79.249772,41.998807],[-79.17857,41.999458],[-79.061265,41.999259],[-78.983065,41.998949],[-78.874759,41.997559],[-78.749754,41.998109],[-78.59665,41.999877],[-78.308128,41.999415],[-78.271204,41.998968],[-78.12473,42.000452],[-78.031177,41.999415],[-77.997508,41.998758],[-77.83203,41.998524],[-77.505308,42.00007],[-77.124693,41.999395],[-77.063676,42.000461],[-76.920784,42.001774],[-76.749675,42.001689],[-76.558118,42.000155],[-76.462155,41.998934],[-76.343722,41.998346],[-76.131201,41.998954],[-75.98025,41.999035],[-75.870677,41.998828],[-75.742217,41.997864],[-75.610316,41.99896],[-75.359579,41.999445],[-75.353504,41.99711],[-75.346568,41.995324],[-75.341125,41.992772],[-75.337602,41.9867],[-75.337791,41.984386],[-75.34246,41.974303],[-75.342204,41.972872],[-75.339488,41.970786],[-75.335771,41.970315],[-75.329318,41.968232],[-75.322384,41.961693],[-75.32004,41.960867],[-75.318168,41.954236],[-75.312817,41.950182],[-75.310358,41.949012],[-75.303966,41.948216],[-75.301664,41.94838],[-75.301233,41.9489],[-75.301593,41.952811],[-75.300409,41.953871],[-75.29858,41.954521],[-75.293713,41.954593],[-75.29143,41.952477],[-75.291762,41.947092],[-75.290966,41.945039],[-75.289383,41.942891],[-75.279094,41.938917],[-75.277243,41.933598],[-75.276501,41.926679],[-75.276552,41.922208],[-75.275368,41.919564],[-75.269736,41.911363],[-75.267562,41.907054],[-75.267773,41.901971],[-75.272778,41.897112],[-75.272581,41.893168],[-75.271292,41.88736],[-75.267789,41.885982],[-75.263005,41.885109],[-75.260623,41.883783],[-75.257564,41.877108],[-75.258439,41.875087],[-75.261488,41.873277],[-75.263815,41.870757],[-75.263673,41.868105],[-75.262802,41.866213],[-75.260527,41.8638],[-75.257825,41.862154],[-75.251197,41.86204],[-75.248045,41.8633],[-75.243345,41.866875],[-75.241134,41.867118],[-75.238743,41.865699],[-75.234565,41.861569],[-75.231612,41.859459],[-75.22572,41.857481],[-75.223734,41.857456],[-75.220125,41.860534],[-75.21497,41.867449],[-75.209741,41.86925],[-75.204002,41.869867],[-75.197836,41.868807],[-75.194382,41.867287],[-75.191441,41.865063],[-75.190203,41.862454],[-75.188888,41.861264],[-75.186993,41.860109],[-75.185254,41.85993],[-75.183937,41.860515],[-75.182271,41.862198],[-75.180497,41.86568],[-75.179134,41.869935],[-75.176633,41.872371],[-75.174574,41.87266],[-75.170565,41.871608],[-75.169142,41.87029],[-75.168053,41.867043],[-75.168733,41.859258],[-75.166217,41.853862],[-75.164168,41.851586],[-75.161541,41.849836],[-75.156512,41.848327],[-75.152898,41.848564],[-75.143824,41.851737],[-75.140241,41.852078],[-75.130983,41.845145],[-75.127913,41.844903],[-75.118789,41.845819],[-75.115598,41.844638],[-75.114399,41.843583],[-75.113369,41.840698],[-75.113441,41.836298],[-75.114998,41.8303],[-75.115147,41.827285],[-75.114837,41.82567],[-75.113334,41.822782],[-75.100024,41.818347],[-75.093537,41.813375],[-75.089484,41.811576],[-75.085789,41.811626],[-75.079818,41.814815],[-75.078063,41.815112],[-75.074409,41.815088],[-75.072172,41.813732],[-75.071751,41.811901],[-75.072168,41.808327],[-75.074412,41.802191],[-75.076889,41.798509],[-75.07827,41.797467],[-75.081415,41.796483],[-75.088328,41.797534],[-75.092876,41.796386],[-75.101463,41.787941],[-75.102329,41.786503],[-75.103548,41.782008],[-75.10464,41.774203],[-75.104334,41.772693],[-75.103492,41.771238],[-75.10099,41.769121],[-75.095451,41.768366],[-75.09281,41.768361],[-75.079478,41.771205],[-75.075942,41.771518],[-75.074231,41.770518],[-75.072664,41.768807],[-75.068567,41.767298],[-75.064901,41.766686],[-75.060759,41.764638],[-75.053431,41.752538],[-75.052808,41.744725],[-75.054818,41.735168],[-75.053527,41.72715],[-75.049699,41.715093],[-75.049862,41.713309],[-75.050689,41.711969],[-75.052226,41.711396],[-75.061174,41.712935],[-75.06663,41.712588],[-75.068642,41.710146],[-75.06883,41.708161],[-75.067278,41.705434],[-75.059829,41.699716],[-75.056745,41.695703],[-75.052736,41.688393],[-75.051234,41.682439],[-75.051285,41.679961],[-75.052653,41.678436],[-75.058765,41.674412],[-75.059332,41.67232],[-75.05843,41.669653],[-75.057251,41.668933],[-75.053991,41.668194],[-75.04992,41.662556],[-75.048683,41.656317],[-75.049281,41.641862],[-75.048658,41.633781],[-75.048199,41.632011],[-75.043562,41.62364],[-75.044224,41.617978],[-75.045508,41.616203],[-75.047298,41.615791],[-75.048385,41.615986],[-75.051856,41.618157],[-75.05385,41.618655],[-75.060098,41.617482],[-75.06156,41.616429],[-75.061675,41.615468],[-75.059956,41.612306],[-75.059725,41.610801],[-75.062716,41.609639],[-75.067795,41.610143],[-75.071667,41.609501],[-75.074626,41.607905],[-75.074613,41.605711],[-75.066955,41.599428],[-75.063677,41.594739],[-75.060012,41.590813],[-75.052858,41.587772],[-75.04676,41.583258],[-75.043879,41.575094],[-75.04049,41.569688],[-75.036989,41.567049],[-75.033162,41.565092],[-75.029211,41.564637],[-75.027343,41.563541],[-75.018524,41.551802],[-75.016328,41.546501],[-75.016144,41.544246],[-75.017626,41.542734],[-75.022828,41.541456],[-75.024798,41.539801],[-75.024757,41.535099],[-75.024206,41.534018],[-75.023018,41.533147],[-75.016616,41.53211],[-75.014919,41.531399],[-75.009552,41.528461],[-75.00385,41.524052],[-75.001297,41.52065],[-75.000911,41.519292],[-75.000935,41.517638],[-75.002592,41.51456],[-75.003706,41.511118],[-75.003694,41.509295],[-75.003151,41.508101],[-74.999612,41.5074],[-74.993893,41.508754],[-74.987645,41.508738],[-74.985653,41.507926],[-74.984372,41.506611],[-74.982385,41.500981],[-74.982168,41.498486],[-74.982463,41.496467],[-74.985247,41.489113],[-74.985595,41.485863],[-74.985004,41.483703],[-74.983341,41.480894],[-74.981652,41.479945],[-74.969887,41.477438],[-74.95826,41.476396],[-74.956411,41.476735],[-74.94808,41.480625],[-74.945634,41.483213],[-74.941798,41.483542],[-74.932585,41.482323],[-74.926835,41.478327],[-74.924092,41.477138],[-74.917282,41.477041],[-74.912517,41.475605],[-74.909181,41.472436],[-74.908133,41.468117],[-74.908103,41.464639],[-74.906887,41.461131],[-74.9042,41.459806],[-74.895069,41.45819],[-74.892114,41.456959],[-74.890358,41.455324],[-74.889116,41.452534],[-74.889075,41.451245],[-74.894931,41.446099],[-74.896399,41.442179],[-74.896025,41.439987],[-74.893913,41.43893],[-74.888691,41.438259],[-74.876721,41.440338],[-74.864688,41.443993],[-74.858578,41.444427],[-74.8542,41.443166],[-74.848602,41.440179],[-74.845572,41.437577],[-74.836915,41.431625],[-74.834635,41.430796],[-74.830671,41.430503],[-74.828592,41.430698],[-74.826031,41.431736],[-74.82288,41.436792],[-74.817995,41.440505],[-74.812123,41.442982],[-74.807582,41.442847],[-74.805655,41.442101],[-74.801225,41.4381],[-74.80037,41.43606],[-74.800095,41.432661],[-74.799546,41.43129],[-74.795396,41.42398],[-74.793856,41.422671],[-74.790417,41.42166],[-74.784339,41.422397],[-74.778029,41.425104],[-74.773239,41.426352],[-74.77065,41.42623],[-74.763701,41.423612],[-74.758587,41.423287],[-74.754359,41.425147],[-74.75068,41.427984],[-74.743821,41.430635],[-74.740932,41.43116],[-74.738455,41.430641],[-74.736688,41.429228],[-74.735519,41.427465],[-74.734893,41.425818],[-74.734731,41.422699],[-74.738684,41.413463],[-74.741086,41.411413],[-74.741717,41.40788],[-74.740963,41.40512],[-74.738554,41.401191],[-74.736103,41.398398],[-74.73364,41.396975],[-74.730384,41.39566],[-74.720891,41.39469],[-74.715979,41.392584],[-74.713411,41.389814],[-74.710391,41.382102],[-74.708458,41.378901],[-74.703282,41.375093],[-74.694968,41.370431],[-74.691129,41.367324],[-74.689516,41.363843],[-74.689767,41.361558],[-74.691076,41.36034],[-74.696398,41.357339],[-74.694914,41.357423],[-74.700595,41.354553],[-74.704429,41.354043],[-74.708514,41.352734],[-74.720923,41.347384],[-74.730373,41.345983],[-74.735622,41.346518],[-74.753239,41.346122],[-74.755971,41.344953],[-74.760325,41.340325],[-74.763499,41.331568],[-74.766714,41.328558],[-74.771588,41.325079],[-74.774887,41.324326],[-74.781584,41.324229],[-74.789095,41.323281],[-74.792116,41.322465],[-74.79504,41.320407],[-74.795822,41.318516],[-74.792377,41.314088],[-74.791991,41.311639],[-74.792558,41.310628],[-74.806858,41.303155],[-74.812033,41.298157],[-74.815703,41.296151],[-74.821884,41.293838],[-74.830057,41.2872],[-74.834067,41.281111],[-74.838366,41.277286],[-74.841137,41.27098],[-74.846319,41.263077],[-74.846506,41.261576],[-74.845031,41.258055],[-74.845883,41.254945],[-74.846932,41.253318],[-74.848987,41.251192],[-74.854669,41.25051],[-74.856003,41.250094],[-74.857151,41.248975],[-74.861678,41.241575],[-74.862049,41.237609],[-74.866182,41.232132],[-74.867405,41.22777],[-74.866839,41.226865],[-74.860837,41.222317],[-74.859323,41.220507],[-74.859632,41.219077],[-74.860398,41.217454],[-74.867287,41.208754],[-74.874034,41.198543],[-74.878275,41.190489],[-74.878492,41.187504],[-74.882139,41.180836],[-74.889424,41.1736],[-74.899701,41.166181],[-74.901172,41.16387],[-74.90178,41.161394],[-74.905256,41.155668],[-74.923169,41.138146],[-74.931141,41.133387],[-74.945067,41.129052],[-74.947714,41.126292],[-74.947334,41.124439],[-74.947912,41.12356],[-74.964294,41.114237],[-74.966298,41.113669],[-74.969312,41.113869],[-74.972917,41.113327],[-74.979873,41.110423],[-74.982212,41.108245],[-74.991718,41.092284],[-74.991815,41.089132],[-74.991013,41.088578],[-74.988263,41.088222],[-74.984782,41.088545],[-74.981314,41.08986],[-74.975298,41.094073],[-74.972036,41.095562],[-74.969434,41.096074],[-74.967464,41.095327],[-74.966759,41.093425],[-74.968389,41.087797],[-74.970987,41.085293],[-74.98259,41.079172],[-74.989332,41.078319],[-74.994847,41.076556],[-74.999617,41.073943],[-75.006376,41.067546],[-75.011133,41.067521],[-75.01257,41.066281],[-75.015271,41.061215],[-75.015867,41.05821],[-75.017239,41.055491],[-75.019186,41.052968],[-75.025702,41.046482],[-75.026376,41.04444],[-75.02543,41.04071],[-75.025777,41.039806],[-75.030701,41.038416],[-75.034496,41.036755],[-75.040668,41.031755],[-75.070532,41.01862],[-75.074999,41.01713],[-75.081101,41.016838],[-75.089787,41.014549],[-75.090312,41.013302],[-75.095556,41.008874],[-75.100682,41.006716],[-75.109114,41.004102],[-75.110595,41.002174],[-75.123423,40.996129],[-75.127196,40.993954],[-75.130575,40.991093],[-75.131619,40.9889],[-75.13153,40.984914],[-75.132106,40.982566],[-75.133086,40.980179],[-75.135521,40.976865],[-75.135526,40.973807],[-75.13378,40.970973],[-75.131364,40.969277],[-75.129074,40.968976],[-75.122603,40.970152],[-75.120514,40.968369],[-75.11977,40.96651],[-75.12065,40.964028],[-75.119893,40.961646],[-75.118904,40.956361],[-75.117764,40.953023],[-75.111683,40.948111],[-75.106153,40.939671],[-75.105524,40.936294],[-75.095526,40.924152],[-75.079279,40.91389],[-75.076956,40.90988],[-75.076092,40.907042],[-75.075188,40.900154],[-75.075957,40.895694],[-75.07534,40.894162],[-75.07392,40.892176],[-75.065438,40.885682],[-75.062149,40.882289],[-75.058655,40.877654],[-75.053664,40.87366],[-75.051508,40.870224],[-75.050839,40.868067],[-75.051029,40.865662],[-75.053294,40.8599],[-75.060491,40.85302],[-75.064328,40.848338],[-75.066014,40.847591],[-75.07083,40.847392],[-75.073544,40.84894],[-75.076684,40.849875],[-75.090962,40.849187],[-75.095784,40.847082],[-75.097221,40.844672],[-75.097586,40.843042],[-75.097572,40.840967],[-75.097006,40.839336],[-75.09494,40.837103],[-75.085517,40.830085],[-75.083822,40.827805],[-75.083929,40.824471],[-75.085387,40.821972],[-75.090518,40.815913],[-75.096147,40.812211],[-75.098279,40.810286],[-75.100277,40.807578],[-75.100739,40.805488],[-75.100165,40.803],[-75.100277,40.801176],[-75.1008,40.799797],[-75.108505,40.791094],[-75.111343,40.789896],[-75.116842,40.78935],[-75.123088,40.786746],[-75.125867,40.784026],[-75.131465,40.77595],[-75.133303,40.774124],[-75.1344,40.773765],[-75.139106,40.773606],[-75.149378,40.774786],[-75.16365,40.778386],[-75.169523,40.778473],[-75.171587,40.777745],[-75.173349,40.776129],[-75.17562,40.772923],[-75.176855,40.768721],[-75.177477,40.764225],[-75.17904,40.761897],[-75.183037,40.759344],[-75.191796,40.75583],[-75.196533,40.751631],[-75.196861,40.750097],[-75.196325,40.747137],[-75.195349,40.745473],[-75.18578,40.737266],[-75.182804,40.73365],[-75.182084,40.731522],[-75.1825,40.729922],[-75.186372,40.72397],[-75.189412,40.71797],[-75.192612,40.715874],[-75.19442,40.714018],[-75.19872,40.705298],[-75.20392,40.691498],[-75.20092,40.685498],[-75.19692,40.681299],[-75.19058,40.679379],[-75.184516,40.679971],[-75.180564,40.679363],[-75.177587,40.677731],[-75.176803,40.675715],[-75.177491,40.672595],[-75.182756,40.665971],[-75.18794,40.663811],[-75.190852,40.661939],[-75.196676,40.655123],[-75.200452,40.649219],[-75.200468,40.646899],[-75.193492,40.642275],[-75.192276,40.640803],[-75.191059,40.637971],[-75.188579,40.624628],[-75.189283,40.621492],[-75.190691,40.619956],[-75.197891,40.619332],[-75.200708,40.618356],[-75.201812,40.617188],[-75.201348,40.614628],[-75.198499,40.611492],[-75.195923,40.606788],[-75.192291,40.602676],[-75.190146,40.590359],[-75.190796,40.586838],[-75.194656,40.58194],[-75.195114,40.579689],[-75.194046,40.576256],[-75.192352,40.574257],[-75.186737,40.569406],[-75.183151,40.567354],[-75.175307,40.564996],[-75.168609,40.564111],[-75.162871,40.564096],[-75.158446,40.565286],[-75.147368,40.573152],[-75.141906,40.575273],[-75.136748,40.575731],[-75.117292,40.573211],[-75.110903,40.570671],[-75.100325,40.567811],[-75.0957,40.564401],[-75.078503,40.548296],[-75.068615,40.542223],[-75.067257,40.539584],[-75.066426,40.536619],[-75.06509,40.526148],[-75.065853,40.519495],[-75.066001,40.510716],[-75.065275,40.504682],[-75.062373,40.491689],[-75.061937,40.486362],[-75.062227,40.481391],[-75.064327,40.476795],[-75.067776,40.472827],[-75.06805,40.468578],[-75.067302,40.464954],[-75.070568,40.456348],[-75.070568,40.455165],[-75.067425,40.448323],[-75.062923,40.433407],[-75.061489,40.422848],[-75.058848,40.418065],[-75.056102,40.416066],[-75.046473,40.413792],[-75.043071,40.411603],[-75.041651,40.409894],[-75.036616,40.406796],[-75.028315,40.403883],[-75.024775,40.403455],[-75.017221,40.404638],[-75.003351,40.40785],[-74.998651,40.410093],[-74.996378,40.410528],[-74.988901,40.408773],[-74.985467,40.405935],[-74.982735,40.404432],[-74.969597,40.39977],[-74.965508,40.397337],[-74.963997,40.395246],[-74.953697,40.376081],[-74.948722,40.364768],[-74.946006,40.357306],[-74.945088,40.347332],[-74.943776,40.342564],[-74.939711,40.338006],[-74.933111,40.333106],[-74.92681,40.329406],[-74.91741,40.322406],[-74.90831,40.316907],[-74.90331,40.315607],[-74.896409,40.315107],[-74.891609,40.313007],[-74.887109,40.310307],[-74.880609,40.305607],[-74.868209,40.295207],[-74.860492,40.284584],[-74.856508,40.277407],[-74.853108,40.269707],[-74.846608,40.258808],[-74.842308,40.250508],[-74.836307,40.246208],[-74.823907,40.241508],[-74.819507,40.238508],[-74.795306,40.229408],[-74.781206,40.221508],[-74.77136,40.215399],[-74.770406,40.214508],[-74.766905,40.207709],[-74.760605,40.198909],[-74.756905,40.189409],[-74.755605,40.186709],[-74.754305,40.185209],[-74.751705,40.183309],[-74.744105,40.181009],[-74.737205,40.177609],[-74.733804,40.174509],[-74.722304,40.160609],[-74.721504,40.158409],[-74.721604,40.15381],[-74.722604,40.15001],[-74.724304,40.14701],[-74.725663,40.145495],[-74.740605,40.13521],[-74.742905,40.13441],[-74.745905,40.13421],[-74.755305,40.13471],[-74.758882,40.134036],[-74.762864,40.132541],[-74.769488,40.129145],[-74.782106,40.12081],[-74.785106,40.12031],[-74.788706,40.12041],[-74.800607,40.12281],[-74.812807,40.12691],[-74.816307,40.12761],[-74.819007,40.12751],[-74.822307,40.12671],[-74.825907,40.12391],[-74.828408,40.12031],[-74.832808,40.11171],[-74.835108,40.10391],[-74.838008,40.10091],[-74.843408,40.09771],[-74.851108,40.09491],[-74.854409,40.09311],[-74.856509,40.09131],[-74.858209,40.08881],[-74.859809,40.08491],[-74.860909,40.08371],[-74.863809,40.08221],[-74.880209,40.07881],[-74.88781,40.07581],[-74.909011,40.07021],[-74.911911,40.06991],[-74.920811,40.07111],[-74.925311,40.07071],[-74.932211,40.068411],[-74.944412,40.063211],[-74.974713,40.048711],[-74.983913,40.042711],[-74.989914,40.037311],[-75.007914,40.023111],[-75.011115,40.021311],[-75.015515,40.019511],[-75.039316,40.013012],[-75.047016,40.008912],[-75.051217,40.004512],[-75.059017,39.992512],[-75.072017,39.980612],[-75.088618,39.975212],[-75.093718,39.974412],[-75.108119,39.970312],[-75.11922,39.965412],[-75.12692,39.961112],[-75.13012,39.958712],[-75.13352,39.954412],[-75.13572,39.947112],[-75.13612,39.933912],[-75.13502,39.927312],[-75.13282,39.921612],[-75.13012,39.917013],[-75.12792,39.911813],[-75.13082,39.900213],[-75.13342,39.896213],[-75.140221,39.888213],[-75.145421,39.884213],[-75.150721,39.882713],[-75.183023,39.882013],[-75.189323,39.880713],[-75.195324,39.877013],[-75.210425,39.865913],[-75.221025,39.861113],[-75.235026,39.856613],[-75.243431,39.854597],[-75.271159,39.84944],[-75.293376,39.848782],[-75.309674,39.850179],[-75.323232,39.849812],[-75.330433,39.849012],[-75.341765,39.846082],[-75.3544,39.839917],[-75.371835,39.827612],[-75.390536,39.815312],[-75.403737,39.807512],[-75.415041,39.801786],[-75.428038,39.809212],[-75.45374,39.820312],[-75.463341,39.823812],[-75.481242,39.829112],[-75.498843,39.833312],[-75.518444,39.836311],[-75.539346,39.838211],[-75.570464,39.839007],[-75.579849,39.838526],[-75.593666,39.837455],[-75.617251,39.833999],[-75.634706,39.830164],[-75.641518,39.828363],[-75.662822,39.82115],[-75.685991,39.811054],[-75.701208,39.802606],[-75.716969,39.791998],[-75.727049,39.784126],[-75.736489,39.775759],[-75.744394,39.767855],[-75.753066,39.757631],[-75.760346,39.747231],[-75.766058,39.737811],[-75.773558,39.722411],[-75.788359,39.721811],[-75.998649,39.721576],[-76.013067,39.72192],[-76.233259,39.721305],[-76.715594,39.721103],[-76.8901,39.720401],[-76.936601,39.720701],[-76.990903,39.7198],[-77.058204,39.7202],[-77.534758,39.720134],[-77.724115,39.720894],[-77.874719,39.722219],[-78.330715,39.722689],[-78.337111,39.722461],[-78.438839,39.722481],[-78.461422,39.722869],[-78.537702,39.72249],[-78.546415,39.722869],[-78.575893,39.722561],[-78.723529,39.723043],[-79.045548,39.722883],[-79.548465,39.720778],[-79.610623,39.721245],[-79.763774,39.720776],[-79.916171,39.720893]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Pennsylvania\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"137","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alrowaie, M.A.","contributorId":217903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alrowaie","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37145,"text":"Indiana University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":767776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jubb, Aaron M. 0000-0001-6875-1079","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6875-1079","contributorId":201978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jubb","given":"Aaron M.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":767775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schimmelmann, A.","contributorId":217904,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schimmelmann","given":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37145,"text":"Indiana University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":767777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mastalerz, M.","contributorId":217905,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":33640,"text":"Indiana Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":767778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pratt, L.M.","contributorId":217906,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pratt","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37145,"text":"Indiana University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":767779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70204257,"text":"70204257 - 2019 - Hydrocarbons in upland groundwater, Marcellus Shale Region, Northeastern Pennsylvania and Southern New York, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T11:44:31","indexId":"70204257","displayToPublicDate":"2019-06-27T14:57:31","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrocarbons in upland groundwater, Marcellus Shale Region, Northeastern Pennsylvania and Southern New York, USA","docAbstract":"Water samples from 50 domestic wells located <1 km (proximal) and >1 km (distal) from shale-gas wells in upland areas of the Marcellus Shale region were analyzed for chemical, isotopic, and groundwater-age tracers. Uplands were targeted because natural mixing with brine and hydrocarbons from deep formations is less common in those areas compared to valleys. CH4-isotope, predrill CH4-concentration, and other data indicate that one proximal sample (5% of proximal samples) contains thermogenic CH4 (2.6 mg/L) from a relatively shallow source (Catskill/Lock Haven Formations) that appears to have been mobilized by shale-gas production activities. Another proximal sample contains five other volatile hydrocarbons (0.03–0.4 μg/L), including benzene, more hydrocarbons than in any other sample. Modeled groundwater-age distributions, calibrated to 3H, SF6, and 14C concentrations, indicate that water in that sample recharged prior to shale-gas development, suggesting that land-surface releases associated with shale-gas production were not the source of those hydrocarbons, although subsurface leakage from a nearby gas well directly into the groundwater cannot be ruled out. Age distributions in the samples span ∼20 to >10000 years and have implications for relating occurrences of hydrocarbons in groundwater to land-surface releases associated with recent shale-gas production and for the time required to flush contaminants from the system.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.9b01440","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P.B., Lindsey, B.D., Conlon, M.D., Hunt, A.G., Belitz, K., Jurgens, B., and Varela, B.A., 2019, Hydrocarbons in upland groundwater, Marcellus Shale Region, Northeastern Pennsylvania and Southern New York, USA: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 53, no. 14, p. 8027-8035, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01440.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"8027","endPage":"8035","ipdsId":"IP-104959","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5078,"text":"Southwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437401,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P93M7JCD","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data Release for Hydrocarbons in Upland Groundwater, Marcellus Shale Region, Northeastern Pennsylvania and Southern New York, USA"},{"id":365631,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York, Pennsylvania","volume":" 53","issue":"14","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, Peter B. 0000-0001-7452-2379 pmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Peter","email":"pmcmahon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":766203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lindsey, Bruce D. 0000-0002-7180-4319 blindsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7180-4319","contributorId":175346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"Bruce","email":"blindsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":766204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conlon, Matthew D. 0000-0001-8266-9610 mconlon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8266-9610","contributorId":201291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conlon","given":"Matthew","email":"mconlon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":766205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hunt, Andrew G. 0000-0002-3810-8610 ahunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3810-8610","contributorId":1582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Andrew","email":"ahunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":766206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":201889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":766207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jurgens, Bryant C. 0000-0002-1572-113X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1572-113X","contributorId":203409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jurgens","given":"Bryant","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":766208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Varela, Brian A. 0000-0001-9849-6742 bvarela@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9849-6742","contributorId":178091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varela","given":"Brian","email":"bvarela@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":766209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ]}