The West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) flows through the volcanically active West Antarctic Rift System (WARS). The aeromagnetic method has been the most useful geophysical tool for identification of subglacial volcanic rocks, since 1959–64 surveys, particularly combined with 1978 radar ice-sounding. The unique 1991–97 Central West Antarctica (CWA) aerogeophysical survey covering 354,000 km2 over the WAIS, (5-km line-spaced, orthogonal lines of aeromagnetic, radar ice-sounding, and aerogravity measurements), still provides invaluable information on subglacial volcanic rocks, particularly combined with the older aeromagnetic profiles. These data indicate numerous 100–>1000 nT, 5–50-km width, shallow-source, magnetic anomalies over an area greater than 1.2 × 106 km2, mostly from subglacial volcanic sources. I interpreted the CWA anomalies as defining about 1000 “volcanic centers” requiring high remanent normal magnetizations in the present field direction. About 400 anomaly sources correlate with bed topography. At least 80% of these sources have less than 200 m relief at the WAIS bed. They appear modified by moving ice, requiring a younger age than the WAIS (about 25 Ma).
\nExposed volcanoes in the WARS are < 34 Ma, but at least four are active. If a few buried volcanic centers are active, subglacial volcanism may well affect the WAIS regime. Aerogeophysical data (Blankenship et al., 1993, Mt. Casertz; Corr and Vaughan, 2008, near Hudson Mts.) indicated active subglacial volcanism. Magnetic data indicate a caldera and a surrounding “low” in the WAISCORE vicinity possibly the result of a shallow Curie isotherm. High heat flow reported from temperature logging in the WAISCORE (Conway et al., 2011; Clow, personal commun.) and a volcanic ash layer (Dunbar, 2012) are consistent with this interpretation. A subaerially erupted subglacial volcano, (Mt Thiel), about 100 km distant, may be the ash source.
\nThe present rapid changes resulting from global warming, could be accelerated by subglacial volcanism.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tectonophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.tecto.2012.06.035","usgsCitation":"Behrendt, J.C., 2013, The aeromagnetic method as a tool to identify Cenozoic magmatism in the West Antarctic Rift System beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet: a review; Thiel subglacial volcano as possible source of the ash layer in the WAISCOR: Tectonophysics, v. 585, p. 124-136, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.06.035.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"124","endPage":"136","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290998,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.06.035"},{"id":290999,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antartica","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -163.7,-85.2 ], [ -163.7,-63.3 ], [ -57.1,-63.3 ], [ -57.1,-85.2 ], [ -163.7,-85.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"585","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f29ae4b0bc0bec0a049e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Behrendt, John C. jbehrendt@usgs.gov","contributorId":25945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrendt","given":"John","email":"jbehrendt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":496199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70047186,"text":"ofr20131151 - 2013 - Quality-assurance plan for groundwater activities, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Water Science Center","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-24T09:48:45","indexId":"ofr20131151","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-24T09:25:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1151","title":"Quality-assurance plan for groundwater activities, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Water Science Center","docAbstract":"This report documents the standard procedures, policies, and field methods used by the U.S. Geological Survey’s (USGS) Washington Water Science Center staff for activities related to the collection, processing, analysis, storage, and publication of groundwater data. This groundwater quality-assurance plan changes through time to accommodate new methods and requirements developed by the Washington Water Science Center and the USGS Office of Groundwater. The plan is based largely on requirements and guidelines provided by the USGS Office of Groundwater, or the USGS Water Mission Area. Regular updates to this plan represent an integral part of the quality-assurance process. Because numerous policy memoranda have been issued by the Office of Groundwater since the previous groundwater quality assurance plan was written, this report is a substantial revision of the previous report, supplants it, and contains significant additional policies not covered in the previous report.\n\nThis updated plan includes information related to the organization and responsibilities of USGS Washington Water Science Center staff, training, safety, project proposal development, project review procedures, data collection activities, data processing activities, report review procedures, and archiving of field data and interpretative information pertaining to groundwater flow models, borehole aquifer tests, and aquifer tests. Important updates from the previous groundwater quality assurance plan include: (1) procedures for documenting and archiving of groundwater flow models; (2) revisions to procedures and policies for the creation of sites in the Groundwater Site Inventory database; (3) adoption of new water-level forms to be used within the USGS Washington Water Science Center; (4) procedures for future creation of borehole geophysics, surface geophysics, and aquifer-test archives; and (5) use of the USGS Multi Optional Network Key Entry System software for entry of routine water-level data collected as part of long-term water-level monitoring networks.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131151","usgsCitation":"Kozar, M.D., and Kahle, S.C., 2013, Quality-assurance plan for groundwater activities, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Water Science Center: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1151, iv, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131151.","productDescription":"iv, 88 p.","numberOfPages":"92","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275337,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131151.bmp"},{"id":275335,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1151/pdf/ofr20131151.pdf"},{"id":275336,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1151/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51f0e95de4b04309f4e38cf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kozar, Mark D. 0000-0001-7755-7657 mdkozar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7755-7657","contributorId":1963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kozar","given":"Mark","email":"mdkozar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37280,"text":"Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kahle, Sue C. 0000-0003-1262-4446 sckahle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1262-4446","contributorId":3096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kahle","given":"Sue","email":"sckahle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70047129,"text":"ofr20131136 - 2013 - Review of revised Klamath River Total Maximum Daily Load models from Link River Dam to Keno Dam, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-22T09:29:47","indexId":"ofr20131136","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-22T09:22:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1136","title":"Review of revised Klamath River Total Maximum Daily Load models from Link River Dam to Keno Dam, Oregon","docAbstract":"Flow and water-quality models are being used to support the development of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) plans for the Klamath River downstream of Upper Klamath Lake (UKL) in south-central Oregon. For riverine reaches, the RMA-2 and RMA-11 models were used, whereas the CE-QUAL-W2 model was used to simulate pooled reaches. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) was asked to review the most upstream of these models, from Link River Dam at the outlet of UKL downstream through the first pooled reach of the Klamath River from Lake Ewauna to Keno Dam. Previous versions of these models were reviewed in 2009 by USGS. Since that time, important revisions were made to correct several problems and address other issues. This review documents an assessment of the revised models, with emphasis on the model revisions and any remaining issues.\n\nThe primary focus of this review is the 19.7-mile Lake Ewauna to Keno Dam reach of the Klamath River that was simulated with the CE-QUAL-W2 model. Water spends far more time in the Lake Ewauna to Keno Dam reach than in the 1-mile Link River reach that connects UKL to the Klamath River, and most of the critical reactions affecting water quality upstream of Keno Dam occur in that pooled reach. This model review includes assessments of years 2000 and 2002 current conditions scenarios, which were used to calibrate the model, as well as a natural conditions scenario that was used as the reference condition for the TMDL and was based on the 2000 flow conditions. The natural conditions scenario included the removal of Keno Dam, restoration of the Keno reef (a shallow spot that was removed when the dam was built), removal of all point-source inputs, and derivation of upstream boundary water-quality inputs from a previously developed UKL TMDL model.\n\nThis review examined the details of the models, including model algorithms, parameter values, and boundary conditions; the review did not assess the draft Klamath River TMDL or the TMDL allocations. Attention to the details of a model is one of the best ways to identify potential problems, correct them if possible, and begin to assess the magnitude of potential model errors and uncertainty. Model users need to determine the level of acceptable uncertainty associated with their objectives, identify all sources of potential uncertainty (model uncertainty, data uncertainty, etc.), and assess their approach and results accordingly. In the draft Klamath River TMDL, the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality identified the upstream boundary conditions as the largest source of uncertainty for both the current and natural conditions scenarios, not the model algorithms or choice of model parameters. We agree that the upstream boundary conditions are one of the largest, if not the largest, source of model uncertainty; therefore, the derivation of upstream boundary conditions may be more important to the TMDL than some other model-related issues identified in this review.\n\nThe revised models contain a number of changes, some of which were done to solve small problems and are largely inconsequential to model results, but others of which are important and affect model predictions of instream concentrations. A consistent version of the model is now applied to all scenarios, and an error in the source code was corrected that had inadvertently discarded 20 percent of the incoming solar radiation in the original model. The baseline light-extinction coefficient for water was decreased and set to a consistent and defensible value across all models of reservoir reaches. Inconsistencies among the values of certain parameters in the original models, such as the ammonia nitrification rate and the decomposition rates of organic matter, have been eliminated, although the reasoning behind the final selections was not documented. The dependence of the rate of sediment oxygen demand (SOD) on temperature was modified such that the SOD rate was substantially decreased at temperatures less than 20°C, causing the model to predict higher dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in spring, autumn, and winter. Although that change to the temperature dependence function was done to make the function more similar to the model’s default, this change was not accompanied by any documentation of recalibration or sensitivity exercises. The maximum SOD rate for the 2002 current conditions scenario was decreased from 3.0 grams per square meter per day (g/m2/d) in the original model to 2.0 g/m2/d in the revised model, a considerable adjustment that appears to have been needed to offset effects of a change to another variable (O2LIM) that would have resulted in a substantial increase in the effective SOD rate for 2002. A 50-percent decrease in the SOD rate over a 2-year period, however, is not likely to be mirrored by field measurements, so this change may be compensating for some process that is not represented correctly in the DO budget for the current conditions scenarios.\n\nSeveral important changes were made to the natural conditions scenario. First, the elevation of the Keno reef was corrected; the elevation specified in the original model was 1 foot too high, which affected the volume of the pooled reach and the travel time through it. The most important changes to this scenario were to the upstream boundary inputs of organic matter and algae, which affect incoming fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus. Algal biomass inputs were increased by approximately 60 percent during summer because of a change in the way those inputs were derived from results of the UKL TMDL model. Non-algal organic matter inputs were decreased, particularly in summer to correct a problem attributed to double-counting of phosphorus in the original inputs. The distribution of non-algal organic matter was changed from 20 percent dissolved in the original model to 90 percent dissolved in the revised model in response to review comments and published data. The overall sum of algal biomass and non-living organic matter was decreased, which resulted in lower inputs of total phosphorus and nitrogen. Total phosphorus inputs were less than 0.03 mg/L, and although the inputs were derived from selected results of the UKL TMDL model, these concentrations seem too low to be representative of a historically eutrophic system surrounded by extensive wetlands, peat soils, and a groundwater system high in phosphorus. The draft TMDL states that the upstream boundary conditions are the greatest source of uncertainty, greater than any uncertainty associated with the models. Efforts to improve existing models of algal growth and nutrient cycling in UKL, therefore, would provide a substantial benefit to downstream modeling efforts on the Klamath River.\n\nAlthough many improvements were made in revising the Klamath River TMDL models, some issues and uncertainties remain. Several errors in the model source code remain, but do not affect model results for this application as long as certain options and rates are not changed; future users of these models should be aware of these issues. Although the distribution of dissolved and particulate organic matter was modified for the natural conditions scenario, that distribution was not changed for the current conditions scenarios. Recent data on that distribution and the likely rates of organic matter decomposition could be used to improve these models in the future. Nitrate predictions at Keno (Highway 66) still are too high for the current conditions scenarios; future efforts should re-evaluate the model’s denitrification rates and the release rate of ammonia from anoxic sediments. Possibly the most important of the remaining issues are tied to the two-state (healthy/unhealthy) hypothesis for the algae population that was coded into the model. Some of the rates and conversion functions could be refined to make them more acceptable; currently, the published literature does not support the concept of moderately low dissolved-oxygen concentrations as a stressor of algae in the ranges used by the model. More research is needed before these algorithms can be truly tested. The algorithms currently appear to help the model fit the patterns in the available data, and that is useful and perhaps sufficient for some purposes, but those algorithms are not truly predictive or reliable for certain purposes until they can be tested through well-designed experiments and research.\n\nIn summary, the TMDL models used to simulate Link and Klamath Rivers from Link River Dam to Keno Dam were revised to fix several problems and address various issues. The resulting models are an improvement over those that were reviewed by USGS in 2009, and represent a useful advance in the simulation of a complex system that is difficult to model. However, several issues remain that cause increased uncertainty in the model results. Depending on the objectives of the modeling, now or in the future, these remaining issues could be more or less important. For the Klamath River TMDL, the upstream boundary conditions may be a larger source of uncertainty than the concerns with model algorithms and model parameters identified in this review. Efforts to re-evaluate the available models of algal growth and nutrient cycling in UKL would be highly beneficial to downstream modeling efforts in the Klamath River.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131136","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Rounds, S.A., and Sullivan, A.B., 2013, Review of revised Klamath River Total Maximum Daily Load models from Link River Dam to Keno Dam, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1136, vi, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131136.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p.","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275196,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131136.PNG"},{"id":275195,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1136/pdf/ofr20131136.pdf"},{"id":275194,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1136/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon;California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.5,40.5 ], [ -124.5,43.0 ], [ -120.75,43.0 ], [ -120.75,40.5 ], [ -124.5,40.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51ee465be4b00ffbed48f879","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rounds, Stewart A. 0000-0002-8540-2206 sarounds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8540-2206","contributorId":905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rounds","given":"Stewart","email":"sarounds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sullivan, Annett B. 0000-0001-7783-3906 annett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7783-3906","contributorId":56317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Annett","email":"annett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70047122,"text":"ofr20131106 - 2013 - Streamflow characterization and summary of water-quality data collection during the Mississippi River flood, April through July 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-19T10:16:02","indexId":"ofr20131106","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-19T09:55:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1106","title":"Streamflow characterization and summary of water-quality data collection during the Mississippi River flood, April through July 2011","docAbstract":"From April through July 2011, the U.S. Geological Survey collected surface-water samples from 69 water-quality stations and 3 flood-control structures in 4 major subbasins of the Mississippi River Basin to characterize the water quality during the 2011 Mississippi River flood. Most stations were sampled at least monthly for field parameters suspended sediment, nutrients, and selected pesticides. Samples were collected at daily to biweekly frequencies at selected sites in the case of suspended sediment. Hydro-carbon analysis was performed on samples collected at two sites in the Atchafalaya River Basin to assess the water-quality implications of opening the Morganza Floodway. Water-quality samples obtained during the flood period were collected at flows well above normal streamflow conditions at the majority of the stations throughout the Mississippi River Basin and its subbasins.\n\nHeavy rainfall and snowmelt resulted in high streamflow in the Mississippi River Basin from April through July 2011. The Ohio River Subbasin contributed to most of the flow in the lower Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Subbasin during the months of April and May because of widespread rainfall, whereas snowmelt and precipitation from the Missouri River Subbasin and the upper Mississippi River Subbasin contributed to most of the flow in the lower Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Subbasin during June and July. Peak streamflows from the 2011 flood were higher than peak streamflow during previous historic floods at most the selected streamgages in the Mississippi River Basin. In the Missouri River Subbasin, the volume of water moved during the 1952 flood was greater than the amount move during the 2011 flood.\n\nMedian concentrations of suspended sediment and total phosphorus were higher in the Missouri River Subbasin during the flood when compared to the other three subbasins. Surface water in the upper Mississippi River Subbasin contained higher median concentrations of total nitrogen, nitrate, orthophosphate, and atrazine during the flood period.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131106","collaboration":"National Stream Quality Accounting Network; National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Welch, H.L., and Barnes, K., 2013, Streamflow characterization and summary of water-quality data collection during the Mississippi River flood, April through July 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1106, v, 27 p.; 8 Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131106.","productDescription":"v, 27 p.; 8 Appendixes","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2011-03-01","temporalEnd":"2011-07-31","costCenters":[{"id":394,"text":"Mississippi Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275179,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131106.gif"},{"id":275171,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1106/appendix/Appendix01.xlsx"},{"id":275169,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1106/"},{"id":275170,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1106/pdf/ofr2013-1106.pdf"},{"id":275172,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1106/appendix/Appendix02.xlsx"},{"id":275173,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1106/appendix/Appendix03.xlsx"},{"id":275174,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1106/appendix/Appendix04.xlsx"},{"id":275175,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1106/appendix/Appendix05.xlsx"},{"id":275176,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1106/appendix/Appendix06.xlsx"},{"id":275177,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1106/appendix/Appendix07.xlsx"},{"id":275178,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1106/appendix/Appendix08.xlsx"}],"country":"United States;Canada","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -130.0,20.0 ], [ -130.0,55.0 ], [ -65.0,55.0 ], [ -65.0,20.0 ], [ -130.0,20.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51ea86c5e4b03397884d3984","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Welch, Heather L. 0000-0001-8370-7711 hllott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8370-7711","contributorId":552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"Heather","email":"hllott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":105,"text":"Alabama Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, Kimberlee K.","contributorId":41476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Kimberlee K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70047060,"text":"fs20133045 - 2013 - Culvert Analysis Program Graphical User Interface 1.0--A preprocessing and postprocessing tool for estimating flow through culvert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-16T10:56:09","indexId":"fs20133045","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-16T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-3045","title":"Culvert Analysis Program Graphical User Interface 1.0--A preprocessing and postprocessing tool for estimating flow through culvert","docAbstract":"The peak discharge of a flood can be estimated from the elevation of high-water marks near the inlet and outlet of a culvert after the flood has occurred. This type of discharge estimate is called an “indirect measurement” because it relies on evidence left behind by the flood, such as high-water marks on trees or buildings. When combined with the cross-sectional geometry of the channel upstream from the culvert and the culvert size, shape, roughness, and orientation, the high-water marks define a water-surface profile that can be used to estimate the peak discharge by using the methods described by Bodhaine (1968). This type of measurement is in contrast to a “direct” measurement of discharge made during the flood where cross-sectional area is measured and a current meter or acoustic equipment is used to measure the water velocity. When a direct discharge measurement cannot be made at a streamgage during high flows because of logistics or safety reasons, an indirect measurement of a peak discharge is useful for defining the high-flow section of the stage-discharge relation (rating curve) at the streamgage, resulting in more accurate computation of high flows. The Culvert Analysis Program (CAP) (Fulford, 1998) is a command-line program written in Fortran for computing peak discharges and culvert rating surfaces or curves. CAP reads input data from a formatted text file and prints results to another formatted text file. Preparing and correctly formatting the input file may be time-consuming and prone to errors. This document describes the CAP graphical user interface (GUI)—a modern, cross-platform, menu-driven application that prepares the CAP input file, executes the program, and helps the user interpret the output","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20133045","usgsCitation":"Bradley, D.N., 2013, Culvert Analysis Program Graphical User Interface 1.0--A preprocessing and postprocessing tool for estimating flow through culvert: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2013-3045, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20133045.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":338,"text":"Hydrologic Analysis Software Support Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275047,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20133045.gif"},{"id":275044,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3045/"},{"id":275045,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3045/pdf/fs2013-3045.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51e65d4fe4b017be1ba34711","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, D. Nathan","contributorId":79776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Nathan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70046997,"text":"ofr20131145 - 2013 - Total suspended solids concentrations and yields for water-quality monitoring stations in Gwinnett County, Georgia, 1996-2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T16:41:04","indexId":"ofr20131145","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-12T09:56:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1145","title":"Total suspended solids concentrations and yields for water-quality monitoring stations in Gwinnett County, Georgia, 1996-2009","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Gwinnett County Department of Water Resources, established a water-quality monitoring program during late 1996 to collect comprehensive, consistent, high-quality data for use by watershed managers. As of 2009, continuous streamflow and water-quality data as well as discrete water-quality samples were being collected for 14 watershed monitoring stations in Gwinnett County.\n\nThis report provides statistical summaries of total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations for 730 stormflow and 710 base-flow water-quality samples collected between 1996 and 2009 for 14 watershed monitoring stations in Gwinnett County. Annual yields of TSS were estimated for each of the 14 watersheds using methods described in previous studies. TSS yield was estimated using linear, ordinary least-squares regression of TSS and explanatory variables of discharge, turbidity, season, date, and flow condition. The error of prediction for estimated yields ranged from 1 to 42 percent for the stations in this report; however, the actual overall uncertainty of the estimated yields cannot be less than that of the observed yields (± 15 to 20 percent). These watershed yields provide a basis for evaluation of how watershed characteristics, climate, and watershed management practices affect suspended sediment yield.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131145","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Gwinnett County Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Landers, M.N., 2013, Total suspended solids concentrations and yields for water-quality monitoring stations in Gwinnett County, Georgia, 1996-2009: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1145, iv, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131145.","productDescription":"iv, 10 p.","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1996-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-13","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274911,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131145.gif"},{"id":274909,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1145/"},{"id":274910,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1145/pdf/ofr2013-1145.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Gwinnett County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84.276822,33.747276 ], [ -84.276822,34.168231 ], [ -83.799059,34.168231 ], [ -83.799059,33.747276 ], [ -84.276822,33.747276 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51e1176ae4b02f5cae2b7354","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landers, Mark N. 0000-0002-3014-0480 landers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3014-0480","contributorId":1103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landers","given":"Mark","email":"landers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70046724,"text":"sir20135108 - 2013 - Geology, water-quality, hydrology, and geomechanics of the Cuyama Valley groundwater basin, California, 2008--12","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-11T11:56:45","indexId":"sir20135108","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-11T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5108","title":"Geology, water-quality, hydrology, and geomechanics of the Cuyama Valley groundwater basin, California, 2008--12","docAbstract":"To assess the water resources of the Cuyama Valley groundwater basin in Santa Barbara County, California, a series of cooperative studies were undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Santa Barbara County Water Agency. Between 2008 and 2012, geologic, water-quality, hydrologic and geomechanical data were collected from selected sites throughout the Cuyama Valley groundwater basin.\n\nGeologic data were collected from three multiple-well groundwater monitoring sites and included lithologic descriptions of the drill cuttings, borehole geophysical logs, temperature logs, as well as bulk density and sonic velocity measurements of whole-core samples.\n\nGeneralized lithologic characterization from the monitoring sites indicated the water-bearing units in the subsurface consist of unconsolidated to partly consolidated sand, gravel, silt, clay, and occasional cobbles within alluvial fan and stream deposits. Analysis of geophysical logs indicated alternating layers of finer- and coarser-grained material that range from less than 1 foot to more than 20 feet thick. On the basis of the geologic data collected, the principal water-bearing units beneath the monitoring-well sites were found to be composed of younger alluvium of Holocene age, older alluvium of Pleistocene age, and the Tertiary-Quaternary Morales Formation. At all three sites, the contact between the recent fill and younger alluvium is approximately 20 feet below land surface.\n\nWater-quality samples were collected from 12 monitoring wells, 27 domestic and supply wells, 2 springs, and 4 surface-water sites and were analyzed for a variety of constituents that differed by site, but, in general, included trace elements; nutrients; dissolved organic carbon; major and minor ions; silica; total dissolved solids; alkalinity; total arsenic and iron; arsenic, chromium, and iron species; and isotopic tracers, including the stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen, activities of tritium, and carbon-14 abundance.\n\nOf the 39 wells sampled, concentrations of total dissolved solids and sulfate from 38 and 37 well samples, respectively, were greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s secondary maximum contaminant levels. Concentrations greater than the maximum contaminant levels for nitrate were observed in five wells and were observed for arsenic in four wells.\n\nDifferences in the stable-isotopic values of hydrogen and oxygen among groundwater samples indicated that water does not move freely between different formations or between different zones within the Cuyama Valley. Variations in isotopic composition indicated that recharge is derived from several different sources. The age of the groundwater, expressed as time since recharge, was between 600 and 38,000 years before present. Detectable concentrations of tritium indicated that younger water, recharged since the early 1950s, is present in parts of the groundwater basin.\n\nHydrologic data were collected from 12 monitoring wells, 56 domestic and supply wells, 3 surface-water sites, and 4 rainfall-gaging stations. Rainfall in the valley averaged about 8 inches annually, whereas the mountains to the south received between 12 and 19 inches. Stream discharge records showed seasonal variability in surface-water flows ranging from no-flow to over 1,500 cubic feet per second. During periods when inflow to the valley exceeds outflow, there is potential recharge from stream losses to the groundwater system\n\nWater-level records included manual quarterly depth-to-water measurements collected from 68 wells, time-series data collected from 20 of those wells, and historic water levels from 16 wells. Hydrographs of the manual measurements showed declining water levels in 16 wells, mostly in the South-Main zone, and rising water levels in 14 wells, mostly in the Southern Ventucopa Uplands. Time-series hydrographs showed daily, seasonal, and longer-term effects associated with local pumping. Water-level data from the multiple-well monitoring sites indicated seasonal fluctuations as great as 80 feet and water-level differences between aquifers as great as 40 feet during peak pumping season. Hydrographs from the multiple-well groundwater monitoring sites showed vertical hydraulic gradients were upward during the winter months and downward during the irrigation season. Historic hydrographs showed water-level declines in the Southern-Main, Western Basin, Caliente Northern-Main, and Southern Sierra Madre zone ranging from 1 to 7 feet per year. Hydrographs of wells in the Southern Ventucopa Uplands zone showed several years with marked increases in water levels that corresponded to increased precipitation in the Cuyama Valley.\n\nInvestigation of hydraulic properties included hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity estimated from aquifer tests performed on 63 wells. Estimates of horizontal hydraulic conductivity ranged from about 1.5 to 28 feet per day and decreased with depth. The median estimated hydraulic conductivity for the older alluvium was about five times that estimated for the Morales Formation. Estimates of transmissivity ranged from 560 to 163,400 gallons per day per foot and decreased with depth. The median estimated transmissivity for the younger alluvium was about three times that estimated for the older alluvium.\n\nGeomechanical analysis included land-surface elevation changes at five continuously operating global positioning systems (GPS) and land-subsidence detection at five interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) reference points. Analysis of data collected from continuously operating GPS stations showed the mountains to the south and west moved upward about 1 millimeter (mm) annually, whereas the station in the center of the Southern-Main zone moved downward more than 7 mm annually, indicating subsidence. It is likely that this subsidence is inelastic (permanent) deformation and indicates reduced storage capacity in the aquifer sediments. Analysis of InSAR data showed local and regional changes that appeared to be dependent, in part, on the time span of the interferogram, seasonal variations in pumping, and tectonic uplift. Long-term InSAR time series showed a total maximum detected subsidence rate of approximately 12 mm per year at one location and approximately 8 mm per year at a second location, while short-term InSAR time series showed maximum subsidence of about 15 mm at one location and localized maximum uplift of about 10 mm at another location.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135108","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the County of Santa Barbara","usgsCitation":"Everett, R., Gibbs, D.R., Hanson, R.T., Sweetkind, D., Brandt, J.T., Falk, S.E., and Harich, C.R., 2013, Geology, water-quality, hydrology, and geomechanics of the Cuyama Valley groundwater basin, California, 2008--12: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5108, x, 62 p.; Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135108.","productDescription":"x, 62 p.; Tables","numberOfPages":"76","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2008-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274317,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135108.jpg"},{"id":274316,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5108/pdf/sir20135108_tables.xlsx"},{"id":274314,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5108/"},{"id":274315,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5108/pdf/sir2013-5108.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Cuyama Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.833333,34.666667 ], [ -119.833333,35.1 ], [ -119.166667,35.1 ], [ -119.166667,34.666667 ], [ -119.833333,34.666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51d296d6e4b0ca184833899f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Everett, Rhett R. 0000-0001-7983-6270 reverett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7983-6270","contributorId":843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Everett","given":"Rhett R.","email":"reverett@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":480104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gibbs, Dennis R.","contributorId":21050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbs","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanson, Randall T. 0000-0002-9819-7141 rthanson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9819-7141","contributorId":801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Randall","email":"rthanson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sweetkind, Donald S.","contributorId":18732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweetkind","given":"Donald S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brandt, Justin T. 0000-0002-9397-6824","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9397-6824","contributorId":28326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"Justin","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Falk, Sarah E. sefalk@usgs.gov","contributorId":1056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falk","given":"Sarah","email":"sefalk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":480105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Harich, Christopher R. charich@usgs.gov","contributorId":3917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harich","given":"Christopher","email":"charich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":480106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70046719,"text":"sir20135127 - 2013 - Construction of 3-D geologic framework and textural models for Cuyama Valley groundwater basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-11T11:57:26","indexId":"sir20135127","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-11T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5127","title":"Construction of 3-D geologic framework and textural models for Cuyama Valley groundwater basin, California","docAbstract":"Groundwater is the sole source of water supply in Cuyama Valley, a rural agricultural area in Santa Barbara County, California, in the southeasternmost part of the Coast Ranges of California. Continued groundwater withdrawals and associated water-resource management concerns have prompted an evaluation of the hydrogeology and water availability for the Cuyama Valley groundwater basin by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Water Agency Division of the Santa Barbara County Department of Public Works. As a part of the overall groundwater evaluation, this report documents the construction of a digital three-dimensional geologic framework model of the groundwater basin suitable for use within a numerical hydrologic-flow model. The report also includes an analysis of the spatial variability of lithology and grain size, which forms the geologic basis for estimating aquifer hydraulic properties.\n\nThe geologic framework was constructed as a digital representation of the interpreted geometry and thickness of the principal stratigraphic units within the Cuyama Valley groundwater basin, which include younger alluvium, older alluvium, and the Morales Formation, and underlying consolidated bedrock. The framework model was constructed by creating gridded surfaces representing the altitude of the top of each stratigraphic unit from various input data, including lithologic and electric logs from oil and gas wells and water wells, cross sections, and geologic maps.\n\nSediment grain-size data were analyzed in both two and three dimensions to help define textural variations in the Cuyama Valley groundwater basin and identify areas with similar geologic materials that potentially have fairly uniform hydraulic properties. Sediment grain size was used to construct three-dimensional textural models that employed simple interpolation between drill holes and two-dimensional textural models for each stratigraphic unit that incorporated spatial structure of the textural data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135127","usgsCitation":"Sweetkind, D., Faunt, C., and Hanson, R.T., 2013, Construction of 3-D geologic framework and textural models for Cuyama Valley groundwater basin, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5127, vii, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135127.","productDescription":"vii, 46 p.","numberOfPages":"58","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274299,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135127.jpg"},{"id":274297,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5127/"},{"id":274298,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5127/pdf/sir2013-5127.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.41,32.53 ], [ -124.41,42.01 ], [ -114.13,42.01 ], [ -114.13,32.53 ], [ -124.41,32.53 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51cea254e4b044272b8e88fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sweetkind, Donald S.","contributorId":18732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweetkind","given":"Donald S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faunt, Claudia C. 0000-0001-5659-7529 ccfaunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":1491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"Claudia C.","email":"ccfaunt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":480087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanson, Randall T. 0000-0002-9819-7141 rthanson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9819-7141","contributorId":801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Randall","email":"rthanson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70043959,"text":"70043959 - 2013 - Snake River fall Chinook salmon life history investigations: Annual report 2011 (April 2011 - March 2012)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-04T12:28:01","indexId":"70043959","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-11T06:30:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Snake River fall Chinook salmon life history investigations: Annual report 2011 (April 2011 - March 2012)","docAbstract":"Chapter One – This chapter was published in the Transactions of the American Fisheries Society in 2012. We conducted a three-year radiotelemetry study in the lower Snake River to answer the questions: do fall Chinook salmon juveniles pass dams during winter when bypass systems and structures designed to prevent mortality are not operated; does downstream movement rate vary annually, seasonally, and from reservoir to reservoir; and, what are some of the factors that contribute to annual, seasonal, and spatial variation in downstream movement rate? Fall Chinook salmon juveniles moved downstream up to 169 km and fast enough (7.5 km/d) such that large percentages (up to 93%) of the fish passed one or more dams during winter. Mean downstream movement rate varied annually (9.2-11.3 km/d), increased from winter (7.5 km/d) to spring (16.4 km/d), and increased (6.9-16.8 km/d) as fish moved downstream from reservoir to reservoir. Fish condition factor at tagging explained some of the annual variation (P≤ 0.01) in downstream movement rate, whereas water particle velocity (P≤0.0001) and temperature (P≤0.0001) explained portions of the seasonal variation. An increase in migrational disposition as fish moved downstream helped explain the spatial variation (P=0.05-0.07). The potential cost of winter movement might be reduced survival due to turbine passage when the bypass systems and spillway passage structures are not operated. Efforts to understand and increase passage survival of winter migrants in large impoundments might help to rehabilitate some imperiled anadromous salmonid populations.
\nChapter Two – Natural juvenile fall Chinook salmon in the Snake and Clearwater rivers exhibit two life history strategies. “Ocean-type” fish migrate out to the ocean in their first summer of life as subyearlings, but “reservoir-type” fish delay seaward migration during the summer, and some overwinter in reservoirs before continuing their migration the following spring as yearlings. Earlier emerging fish produced in the Snake River tend to adopt the ocean-type life history whereas many of the later emerging fish from the Clearwater River tend to adopt the reservoirtype life history. The underlying cause of the reservoir-type life history is poorly understood, but we believe there may be link to physiological development. We used traditional markers of the parr-smolt transformation (smoltification), including gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity and thyroid hormone levels, along with gene expression microarrays to assess the development of ocean-type juvenile fall Chinook salmon and then compared it to that of juvenile fall Chinook salmon from the Clearwater River. We showed that parr in the Snake River are physiologically distinct from actively-migrating smolts but smolts migrating early and late in the summer and fall are physiologically similar. Juvenile fall Chinook salmon collected from the Clearwater River were similar in size to early-migrating smolts in the Snake River but were most physiologically similar to Snake River parr. Genes differentially expressed between Snake River parr and smolts and between fish from the Clearwater River and smolts from the Snake River were involved in the cell cycle, steroid metabolism and other metabolic pathways, and DNA repair and packaging. Many of the genes differentially expressed in these comparisons had expression patterns that correlated with gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity, suggesting that they were related to smoltification and migration status.
\nChapter Three – Natural subyearlings produced in the Clearwater River are exposed to cool (~10-12°C) temperatures when water is released from Dworshak Reservoir for summer flow augmentation. Total dissolved gas (TDG) levels range from 100-110% in the lower Clearwater iv River. When fish move into the Snake River, they encounter temperatures up to 24°C at the surface which have the potential to incur gas bubble disease (GBD) in fish as dissolved gases in their bodies expand under warmer temperatures. This may result in both direct and indirect mortality, but this situation has been little studied. We conducted laboratory experiments to examine subyearling mortality rates and incidence and severity of GBD in fish that were moved between waters that varied in TDG and temperature. Fish experienced significant mortality only at temperatures of 25°C, which increased with exposure time. However there was no significance difference in mortality between fish acclimated to 100% TDG and 110% TDG. Fish that died did show signs of GBD. Generally, signs of GBD such as bubbles in the lateral line and unpaired fins were higher in fish acclimated at 110% TDG than in fish acclimated at 100% TDG, but there were few trends related to exposure temperature. Field measurements of TDG showed that TDG ranged from about 100% to 122.5% at some locations. Generally, TDG fluctuated daily, up to 8% during August and early September, and was highest late in the afternoon and lowest in the early morning. Laboratory results and field monitoring demonstrated that emigrating juvenile salmon can potentially be at risk from elevated temperatures, TDG, and GBD albeit to an unknown extent, which may increase their vulnerability to predation.
\nChapter Four – We conducted monthly beam trawling in Lower Granite and Little Goose reservoirs to describe the seasonal abundance of benthic epifauna that are potentially important as prey to juvenile fall Chinook salmon. The predominant taxa collected were Siberian prawns, the opossum shrimp Neomysis mercedis, and the amphipod Corophium sp. Prawns were relatively abundant at shallow sites in both reservoirs in June, but were more abundant at deep sites in lower and middle reservoir reaches in autumn. Prawn densities were commonly <0.2/m2. Prawn length-frequency data indicated that there were at least two size classes. Juvenile prawns present in shallow water more often than adult prawns, which were generally only found in deep water by autumn. Ovigerous prawns had an average of 171 eggs, which represented about 11.5% of their body weight. Limited diet analyses suggested that prawns consumed Corophium, Neomysis, and aquatic insects. Neomysis dominated all catches both in terms of abundance and biomass, and they were more abundant in Lower Granite compared to Little Goose reservoir. Neomysis were more abundant at shallow sites than at deep sites. Corophium were present in our collections but were never abundant, probably because our trawl was not effective at capturing them. The caloric content of prawns (4,782 Kcal), Neomysis (4,962 Kcal), and Corophium (4,926 Kcal) indicates that these prey would be energetically profitable for juvenile salmon. Subyearling fall Chinook salmon prey heavily on Neomysis and Corophium at times, but the importance of prawns as prey is uncertain.
","language":"English","publisher":"Bonneville Power Administration","usgsCitation":"Tiffan, K.F., Connor, W.P., Bellgraph, B., Kock, T.J., Mullins, F., Steinhorst, R., Christiansen, H.E., McCormick, S., Ortega, L.A., Carter, K.M., Arntzen, E.V., Klett, K.J., Deng, Z.D., Abel, T.K., Linley, T.J., Cullinan, V.I., St John, S.J., Erhardt, J.M., Bickford, B.K., Schmidt, A., and Rhodes, T.N., 2013, Snake River fall Chinook salmon life history investigations: Annual report 2011 (April 2011 - March 2012), 134 p.","productDescription":"134 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-040902","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320564,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":320968,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.cbfish.org/PiscesPublication.mvc/SearchByTextInDocuments/?SearchString=P128358"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Lower Snake River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.7569580078125,\n 45.251688256117646\n ],\n [\n -117.7569580078125,\n 46.76244305208004\n ],\n [\n -116.53198242187499,\n 46.76244305208004\n ],\n [\n -116.53198242187499,\n 45.251688256117646\n ],\n [\n -117.7569580078125,\n 45.251688256117646\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","tableOfContents":"Chapter 1: Downstream movement of fall Chinook salmon juveniles in the lower Snake River reservoirs during winter and early spring
\nChapter 2: Gene expression and physiological development of natural subyearling fall Chinook salmon in the Snake and Clearwater rivers
\nChapter 3: Mortality and severity of gas bubble disease of juvenile fall Chinook salmon exposed to supersaturated gas concentrations and sudden changes in temperature
\nChapter 4: Distribution and abundance of potential invertebrate prey for juvenile fall Chinook salmon in the Snake River
\n","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57209139e4b071321fe6569f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tiffan, Kenneth F. 0000-0002-5831-2846 ktiffan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5831-2846","contributorId":3200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiffan","given":"Kenneth","email":"ktiffan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":628773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Connor, William P.","contributorId":107589,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Connor","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":16677,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Idaho Fishery Resource Office, 276 Dworshak Complex Drive, Orofino, ID 83544","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":517014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bellgraph, Brian J.","contributorId":138844,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bellgraph","given":"Brian J.","affiliations":[{"id":6727,"text":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":517013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kock, Tobias J. 0000-0001-8976-0230 tkock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8976-0230","contributorId":3038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kock","given":"Tobias","email":"tkock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":628774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mullins, Frank","contributorId":36440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullins","given":"Frank","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Steinhorst, R. Kirk","contributorId":56950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinhorst","given":"R. Kirk","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Christiansen, Helena E. hchristiansen@usgs.gov","contributorId":4530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"Helena","email":"hchristiansen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":628777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McCormick, Stephen D. 0000-0003-0621-6200 smccormick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":139201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"Stephen D.","email":"smccormick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":628778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Ortega, Lori A.","contributorId":169177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortega","given":"Lori","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":527,"text":"Pacific Northwest Research Station","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":628779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Carter, Kathleen M.","contributorId":169178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Kathleen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":527,"text":"Pacific Northwest Research Station","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":628780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Arntzen, Evan V.","contributorId":169179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arntzen","given":"Evan","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":527,"text":"Pacific Northwest Research Station","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":628781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Klett, Katherine J.C.","contributorId":10699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klett","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Deng, Z. Daniel","contributorId":169180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deng","given":"Z.","email":"","middleInitial":"Daniel","affiliations":[{"id":527,"text":"Pacific Northwest Research Station","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":628783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Abel, Tylor K.","contributorId":169181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abel","given":"Tylor","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":527,"text":"Pacific Northwest Research Station","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":628784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Linley, Timothy J.","contributorId":169182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linley","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":527,"text":"Pacific Northwest Research Station","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":628785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Cullinan, Valerie I.","contributorId":169183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cullinan","given":"Valerie","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":527,"text":"Pacific Northwest Research Station","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":628786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"St John, Scott J. sstjohn@usgs.gov","contributorId":5381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"St John","given":"Scott","email":"sstjohn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":628787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Erhardt, John M. 0000-0002-5170-285X jerhardt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5170-285X","contributorId":5380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erhardt","given":"John","email":"jerhardt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":628788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Bickford, Brad K. 0000-0003-3756-6588 bbickford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3756-6588","contributorId":140889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bickford","given":"Brad","email":"bbickford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":628789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Schmidt, Amanda","contributorId":169184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Amanda","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":628790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Rhodes, Tobyn N. 0000-0002-4023-4827 trhodes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4023-4827","contributorId":140890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhodes","given":"Tobyn","email":"trhodes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":628791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21}]}} ,{"id":70046952,"text":"sir20135060 - 2013 - The simulated effects of wastewater-management actions on the hydrologic system and nitrogen-loading rates to wells and ecological receptors, Popponesset Bay Watershed, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-10T10:59:31","indexId":"sir20135060","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-10T10:50:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5060","title":"The simulated effects of wastewater-management actions on the hydrologic system and nitrogen-loading rates to wells and ecological receptors, Popponesset Bay Watershed, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The discharge of excess nitrogen into Popponesset Bay, an estuarine system on western Cape Cod, has resulted in eutrophication and the loss of eel grass habitat within the estuaries. Septic-system return flow in residential areas within the watershed is the primary source of nitrogen. Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for nitrogen have been assigned to the six estuaries that compose the system, and local communities are in the process of implementing the TMDLs by the partial sewering, treatment, and disposal of treated wastewater at wastewater-treatment facilities (WTFs). Loads of waste-derived nitrogen from both current (1997–2001) and future sources can be estimated implicitly from parcel-scale water-use data and recharge areas delineated by a groundwater-flow model. These loads are referred to as “instantaneous” loads because it is assumed that the nitrogen from surface sources is delivered to receptors instantaneously and that there is no traveltime through the aquifer. The use of a solute-transport model to explicitly simulate the transport of mass through the aquifer from sources to receptors can improve implementation of TMDLs by (1) accounting for traveltime through the aquifer, (2) avoiding limitations associated with the estimation of loads from static recharge areas, (3) accounting more accurately for the effect of surface waters on nitrogen loads, and (4) determining the response of waste-derived nitrogen loads to potential wastewater-management actions.\n\nThe load of nitrogen to Popponesset Bay on western Cape Cod, which was estimated by using current sources as input to a solute-transport model based on a steady-state flow model, is about 50 percent of the instantaneous load after about 7 years of transport (loads to estuary are equal to loads discharged from sources); this estimate is consistent with simulated advective traveltimes in the aquifer, which have a median of 5 years. Model-calculated loads originating from recharge areas reach 80 percent of the instantaneous load within 30 years; this result indicates that loads estimated from recharge areas likely are reasonable for estimating current instantaneous loads. However, recharge areas are assumed to remain static as stresses and hydrologic conditions change in response to wastewater-management actions.\n\nSewering of the Popponesset Bay watershed would not change hydraulic gradients and recharge areas to receptors substantially; however, disposal of wastewater from treatment facilities can change hydraulic gradients and recharge areas to nearby receptors, particularly if the facilities are near the boundary of the recharge area. In these cases, nitrogen loads implicitly estimated by using current recharge areas that do not accurately represent future hydraulic stresses can differ significantly from loads estimated with recharge areas that do represent those stresses. Nitrogen loads to two estuaries in the Popponesset Bay system estimated by using recharge areas delineated for future hydrologic conditions and nitrogen sources were about 3 and 9 times higher than loads estimated by using current recharge areas; for this reason, reliance on static recharge areas can present limitations for effective TMDL implementation by means of a hypothetical, but realistic, wastewater-management action. A solute-transport model explicitly represents nitrogen transport from surface sources and does not rely on the use of recharge areas; because changes in gradients resulting from wastewater-management actions are accounted for in transport simulations, they provide more reliable predictions of future nitrogen loads.\n\nExplicitly representing the mass transport of nitrogen can better account for the mechanisms by which nitrogen enters the estuary and improve estimates of the attenuation of nitrogen concentrations in fresh surface waters. Water and associated nitrogen can enter an estuary as either direct groundwater discharge or as surface-water inflow. Two estuaries in the Popponesset Bay watershed receive surface-water inflows: Shoestring Bay receives water from the Santuit River, and the tidal reach of the Mashpee River receives water (and associated nitrogen) from the nontidal reach of the Mashpee River. Much of the water discharging into these streams passes through ponds prior to discharge. The additional attenuation of nitrogen in groundwater that has passed through a pond and discharged into a stream prior to entering an estuary is about 3 kilograms per day.\n\nAdvective-transport times in the aquifer generally are small—median traveltimes are about 4.5 years—and nitrogen loads at receptors respond quickly to wastewater-management actions. The simulated decreases in nitrogen loads were 50 and 80 percent of the total decreases within 5 and 15 years, respectively, after full sewering of the watershed and within 3 and 10 years, for sequential phases of partial sewering and disposal at WTFs. The results show that solute-transport models can be used to assess the responses of nitrogen loads to wastewater-management actions, and that loads at ecological receptors (receiving waters—ponds, streams or coastal waters—that support ecosystems) will respond within a few years to those actions.\n\nThe responses vary for individual receptors as functions of hydrologic setting, traveltimes in the aquifer, and the unique set of nitrogen sources representing current and future wastewater-disposal actions within recharge areas. Changes in nitrogen loads from groundwater discharge to individual estuaries range from a decrease of 90 percent to an increase of 80 percent following sequential phases of hypothetical but realistic wastewater-management actions. The ability to explicitly represent the transport of mass through the aquifer allows for the evaluation of complex responses that include the effects of surface waters, traveltimes, and complex changes in sources. Most of the simulated decreases in nitrogen loads to Shoestring Bay and the tidal portion of the Mashpee River, 79 and 69 percent, respectively, were caused by decreases in the nitrogen loads from surface-water inflow.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135060","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Walter, D.A., 2013, The simulated effects of wastewater-management actions on the hydrologic system and nitrogen-loading rates to wells and ecological receptors, Popponesset Bay Watershed, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5060, vii, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135060.","productDescription":"vii, 62 p.","numberOfPages":"74","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274823,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135060.jpg"},{"id":274821,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5060/"},{"id":274822,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5060/pdf/sir2013-5060_report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod;Popponesset Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -70.75,41.5 ], [ -70.75,42.083333 ], [ -69.833333,42.083333 ], [ -69.833333,41.5 ], [ -70.75,41.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51de7457e4b0d24b0f89c66e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walter, Donald A. 0000-0003-0879-4477 dawalter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0879-4477","contributorId":1101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Donald","email":"dawalter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70046777,"text":"sir20135070 - 2013 - Geohydrology, water quality, and simulation of groundwater flow in the stratified-drift aquifer system in Virgil Creek and Dryden Lake Valleys, Town of Dryden, Tompkins County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-11T08:55:33","indexId":"sir20135070","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5070","title":"Geohydrology, water quality, and simulation of groundwater flow in the stratified-drift aquifer system in Virgil Creek and Dryden Lake Valleys, Town of Dryden, Tompkins County, New York","docAbstract":"
In 2002, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Tompkins County Planning Department and the Town of Dryden, New York, began a study of the stratified-drift aquifer system in the Virgil Creek and Dryden Lake Valleys in the Town of Dryden, Tompkins County. The study provided geohydrologic data needed by the town and county to develop a strategy to manage and protect their water resources. In this study area, three extensive confined sand and gravel aquifers (the upper, middle, and lower confined aquifers) compose the stratified-drift aquifer system. The Dryden Lake Valley is a glaciated valley oriented parallel to the direction of ice movement. Erosion by ice extensively widened and deepened the valley, truncated bedrock hillsides, and formed a nearly straight, U-shaped bedrock trough. The maximum thickness of the valley fill in the central part of the valley is about 400 feet (ft). The Virgil Creek Valley in the east part of the study area underwent less severe erosion by ice than the Dryden Lake Valley, and hence, it has a bedrock floor that is several hundred feet higher in altitude than that in the Dryden Lake Valley. The sources and amounts of recharge were difficult to identify in most areas because the confined aquifers are overlain by confining units. However, in the vicinity of the Virgil Creek Dam, the upper confined aquifer crops out at land surface in the floodplain of a gorge eroded by Virgil Creek, and this is where the aquifer receives large amounts of recharge from precipitation that directly falls over the aquifer and from seepage losses from Virgil Creek. The results of streamflow measurements made in Virgil Creek where it flows through the gorge indicated that the stream lost 1.2 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) or 0.78 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) of water in the reach extending from 220 ft downstream from the dam to 1,200 ft upstream from the dam. In the southern part of the study area, large amounts of recharge also replenish the stratified-drift aquifers at the Valley Heads Moraine, which consists of heterogeneous sediments including coarse-grained outwash and kame sediments, as well as zones containing till with a fine-grained matrix. In the southern part of the study area, the confining units are thin and likely to be discontinuous in some places, resulting in windows of permeable sediment, which can more readily transmit recharge from precipitation and from tributaries that lose water as they flow over the valley floor. In contrast, in the northern part of the study area, the confining units are thick, continuous, and comprise homogeneous fine-grained sediments that more effectively confine the aquifers than in the southern part of the study area. Most groundwater in the northern part of the study area discharges to the Village of Dryden municipal production wells, to the outlet to Dryden Lake, to Virgil Creek, and as groundwater underflow that exits the northern boundary of the study area. Most northward-flowing groundwater in the southern part of the study area discharges to Dryden Lake, to the inlet to Dryden Lake, and to homeowner, nonmunicipal community (a mobile home community and several apartments), and commercial wells. Most of this pumped water is returned to the groundwater system via septic systems. Most southward-flowing groundwater in the southern part of the study area discharges to the headwaters of Owego Creek and to agricultural wells; some flow also exits the southern boundary of the study area as groundwater underflow. The largest user of groundwater in the study area is the Village of Dryden. Water use in the village has approximately tripled between the early 1970s when withdrawals ranged between 18 and 30 million gallons per year (Mgal/yr) and from 2000 through 2008 when withdrawals ranged between 75 and 85 Mgal/yr. The estimated groundwater use by homeowners, nonmunicipal communities, and small commercial facilities outside the area supplied by the Village of Dryden municipal wells is estimated to be about 18.4 Mgal/yr. Most of this pumped water is returned to the groundwater system via septic systems. For this investigation, an aquifer test was conducted at the Village of Dryden production well TM 981 (finished in the middle confined aquifer at a well depth of 72 ft) at the Jay Street pumping station during June 19–21, 2007. The aquifer test consisted of pumping production well TM 981 at 104 gallons per minute over a 24-hour period. The drawdown in well TM 981 at the end of 24 hours of pumping was 19.2 ft. Results of the aquifer-test analysis for a partially penetrating well in a confined aquifer indicated that the transmissivity was 1,560 feet squared per day, and the horizontal hydraulic conductivity was 87 feet per day, based on a saturated thickness of 18 ft. During 2003–5, 14 surface-water samples were collected at 8 sites, including Virgil Creek, Dryden Lake outlet, and several tributaries. During 2003 through 2009, eight groundwater samples were collected from eight wells, including three municipal production wells, two test wells, and three domestic wells. Calcium dominates the cation composition, and bicarbonate dominates the anion composition in most groundwater and surface-water samples. None of the common inorganic constituents collected exceeded any Federal or State water-quality standards. Results from a three-dimensional, finite-difference groundwater-flow model were used to compute a water budget and to estimate the areal extent of the zone of groundwater contribution to the Village of Dryden municipal production wells. The model-computed water budget indicated that the sources of recharge to the confined aquifer system are precipitation that falls directly on the valley-fill sediments (40 percent of total recharge), stream leakage (35.5 percent), seepage from wetlands and ponds (12 percent), unchanneled runoff and groundwater inflow from the uplands (8.5 percent), and groundwater underflow into the eastern end of the model area (4 percent). Most groundwater discharges to surface-water bodies, including Dryden Lake (33 percent), streams (33 percent), and wetlands and ponds (10 percent of the total). In addition, some groundwater discharges as underflow out of the southern and northern ends of the model area (15 percent), to simulated pumping wells (4.5 percent), and to drains that represent seepage from the bluffs exposed in the gorge in the vicinity of the Virgil Creek Dam (4.5 percent). The areal extents of the zones of groundwater contribution for Village of Dryden municipal production wells TM 202 (Lake Road pump station, finished in the upper confined aquifer) and TM 981 (Jay Street pump station, finished in the middle confined aquifer) are 0.5 square mile (mi2) and 0.9 mi2, respectively. The areal extent of the zone of contribution to production well TM 202 extends 2.2 miles (mi) southeast into the Virgil Creek Valley, whereas production well TM 981 extends 3.8 mi south in the Dryden Lake Valley. The areal extent of the zone of contribution to production well TM1046 (South Street pump station) is 1.4 mi2 and extends 2.4 mi into Dryden Lake Valley and 0.5 mi into Virgil Creek Valley.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135070","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Town of Dryden and theTompkins County Planning Department","usgsCitation":"Miller, T.S., and Bugliosi, E.F., 2013, Geohydrology, water quality, and simulation of groundwater flow in the stratified-drift aquifer system in Virgil Creek and Dryden Lake Valleys, Town of Dryden, Tompkins County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5070, ix, 104 p.; Figures 8, 13, 18: 3 Sheets: 30 x 38 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135070.","productDescription":"ix, 104 p.; Figures 8, 13, 18: 3 Sheets: 30 x 38 inches","numberOfPages":"118","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274464,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135070.gif"},{"id":274461,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5070/pdf/sir2013-5070_miller_fig08_sheet.pdf","text":"Plate 08"},{"id":274462,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5070/pdf/sir2013-5070_miller_fig18_11x17.pdf","text":"Plate 18"},{"id":274459,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5070/"},{"id":274460,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5070/pdf/sir2013-5070_miller_508.pdf","text":"Report"},{"id":274463,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5070/pdf/sir2013-5070_miller_fig13_11x17.pdf","text":"Plate 13"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Tompkins County","city":"Dryden","otherGeospatial":"Virgil Creek Valley;Dryden Lake Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.314059,42.479558 ], [ -76.314059,42.50096 ], [ -76.286107,42.50096 ], [ -76.286107,42.479558 ], [ -76.314059,42.479558 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51d539d4e4b011afeb0c75c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Todd S. tsmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Todd","email":"tsmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bugliosi, Edward F. ebuglios@usgs.gov","contributorId":1083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bugliosi","given":"Edward","email":"ebuglios@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70046776,"text":"tm6A42 - 2013 - Advective transport observations with MODPATH-OBS--documentation of the MODPATH observation process","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-03T10:08:43","indexId":"tm6A42","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-A42","title":"Advective transport observations with MODPATH-OBS--documentation of the MODPATH observation process","docAbstract":"The MODPATH-OBS computer program described in this report is designed to calculate simulated equivalents for observations related to advective groundwater transport that can be represented in a quantitative way by using simulated particle-tracking data. The simulated equivalents supported by MODPATH-OBS are (1) distance from a source location at a defined time, or proximity to an observed location; (2) time of travel from an initial location to defined locations, areas, or volumes of the simulated system; (3) concentrations used to simulate groundwater age; and (4) percentages of water derived from contributing source areas. Although particle tracking only simulates the advective component of conservative transport, effects of non-conservative processes such as retardation can be approximated through manipulation of the effective-porosity value used to calculate velocity based on the properties of selected conservative tracers. This program can also account for simple decay or production, but it cannot account for diffusion. Dispersion can be represented through direct simulation of subsurface heterogeneity and the use of many particles.\n\nMODPATH-OBS acts as a postprocessor to MODPATH, so that the sequence of model runs generally required is MODFLOW, MODPATH, and MODPATH-OBS. The version of MODFLOW and MODPATH that support the version of MODPATH-OBS presented in this report are MODFLOW-2005 or MODFLOW-LGR, and MODPATH-LGR. MODFLOW-LGR is derived from MODFLOW-2005, MODPATH 5, and MODPATH 6 and supports local grid refinement. MODPATH-LGR is derived from MODPATH 5. It supports the forward and backward tracking of particles through locally refined grids and provides the output needed for MODPATH_OBS. For a single grid and no observations, MODPATH-LGR results are equivalent to MODPATH 5. MODPATH-LGR and MODPATH-OBS simulations can use nearly all of the capabilities of MODFLOW-2005 and MODFLOW-LGR; for example, simulations may be steady-state, transient, or a combination. Though the program name MODPATH-OBS specifically refers to observations, the program also can be used to calculate model prediction of observations.\n\nMODPATH-OBS is primarily intended for use with separate programs that conduct sensitivity analysis, data needs assessment, parameter estimation, and uncertainty analysis, such as UCODE_2005, and PEST.\n\nIn many circumstances, refined grids in selected parts of a model are important to simulated hydraulics, detailed inflows and outflows, or other system characteristics. MODFLOW-LGR and MODPATH-LGR support accurate local grid refinement in which both mass (flows) and energy (head) are conserved across the local grid boundary. MODPATH-OBS is designed to take advantage of these capabilities. For example, particles tracked between a pumping well and a nearby stream, which are simulated poorly if a river and well are located in a single large grid cell, can be simulated with improved accuracy using a locally refined grid in MODFLOW-LGR, MODPATH-LGR, and MODPATH-OBS. The locally-refined-grid approach can provide more accurate simulated equivalents to observed transport between the well and the river.\n\nThe documentation presented here includes a brief discussion of previous work, description of the methods, and detailed descriptions of the required input files and how the output files are typically used.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Section A: Ground water in Book 6 Modeling Techniques","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm6A42","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy; This report is Chapter 42 of Section A: Ground water in Book 6 Modeling Techniques","usgsCitation":"Hanson, R.T., Kauffman, L., Hill, M.C., Dickinson, J., and Mehl, S., 2013, Advective transport observations with MODPATH-OBS--documentation of the MODPATH observation process: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A42, viii, 96 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A42.","productDescription":"viii, 96 p.","numberOfPages":"108","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274458,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm6a42.jpg"},{"id":274456,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/06/a42/"},{"id":274457,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/06/a42/pdf/tm6-a42.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51d539cee4b011afeb0c75bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, R. T.","contributorId":91148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kauffman, L.K.","contributorId":76624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dickinson, J.E.","contributorId":28790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickinson","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mehl, S.W.","contributorId":84555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehl","given":"S.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70046762,"text":"ofr20121244 - 2013 - Monitoring of stage and velocity, for computation of discharge in the Summit Conduit near Summit, Illinois, 2010-2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-02T10:56:34","indexId":"ofr20121244","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1244","title":"Monitoring of stage and velocity, for computation of discharge in the Summit Conduit near Summit, Illinois, 2010-2012","docAbstract":"Lake Michigan diversion accounting is the process used by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers to quantify the amount of water that is diverted from the Lake Michigan watershed into the Illinois and Mississippi River Basins. A network of streamgages within the Chicago area waterway system monitor tributary river flows and the major river flow on the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal near Lemont as one of the instrumental tools used for Lake Michigan diversion accounting. The mean annual discharges recorded by these streamgages are used as additions or deductions to the mean annual discharge recorded by the main stream gaging station currently used in the Lake Michigan diversion accounting process, which is the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal near Lemont, Illinois (station number 05536890). A new stream gaging station, Summit Conduit near Summit, Illinois (station number 414757087490401), was installed on September 23, 2010, for the purpose of monitoring stage, velocity, and discharge through the Summit Conduit for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in accordance with Lake Michigan diversion accounting. Summit Conduit conveys flow from a small part of the lower Des Plaines River watershed underneath the Des Plaines River directly into the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. Because the Summit Conduit discharges into the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal upstream from the stream gaging station at Lemont, Illinois, but does not contain flow diverted from the Lake Michigan watershed, it is considered a flow deduction to the discharge measured by the Lemont stream gaging station in the Lake Michigan diversion accounting process. This report offers a technical summary of the techniques and methods used for the collection and computation of the stage, velocity, and discharge data at the Summit Conduit near Summit, Illinois stream gaging station for the 2011 and 2012 Water Years. The stream gaging station Summit Conduit near Summit, Illinois (station number 414757087490401) is an example of a nonstandard stream gage. Traditional methods of equating stage to discharge historically were not effective. Examples of the nonstandard conditions include the converging tributary flows directly upstream of the gage; the trash rack and walkway near the opening of the conduit introducing turbulence and occasionally entraining air bubbles into the flow; debris within the conduit creating conditions of variable backwater and the constant influx of smaller debris that escapes the trash rack and catches or settles in the conduit and on the equipment. An acoustic Doppler velocity meter was installed to measure stage and velocity to compute discharge. The stage is used to calculate area based the stage-area rating. The index-velocity from the acoustic Doppler velocity meter is applied to the velocity-velocity rating and the product of the two rated values is a rated discharge by the index-velocity method. Nonstandard site conditions prevalent at the Summit Conduit stream gaging station generally are overcome through the index-velocity method. Despite the difficulties in gaging and measurements, improvements continue to be made in data collection, transmission, and measurements. Efforts to improve the site and to improve the ratings continue to improve the quality and quantity of the data available for Lake Michigan diversion accounting.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121244","collaboration":"In cooperation with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Johnson, K.K., and Goodwin, G.E., 2013, Monitoring of stage and velocity, for computation of discharge in the Summit Conduit near Summit, Illinois, 2010-2012: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1244, vi, 45 p., appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121244.","productDescription":"vi, 45 p., appendixes","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274421,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20121244.jpg"},{"id":274419,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1244/pdf/ofr2012-1244.pdf"},{"id":274420,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1244/"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic","country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Summit","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.249569,41.499964 ], [ -88.249569,42.154369 ], [ -87.399673,42.154369 ], [ -87.399673,41.499964 ], [ -88.249569,41.499964 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51d3e859e4b09630fbdc525e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Kevin K. 0000-0003-2703-5994 johnsonk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2703-5994","contributorId":4220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Kevin","email":"johnsonk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goodwin, Greg E.","contributorId":45987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodwin","given":"Greg","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70046757,"text":"ofr20121234 - 2013 - Application of a hydrodynamic and sediment transport model for guidance of response efforts related to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Northern Gulf of Mexico along the coast of Alabama and Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-04T15:49:18","indexId":"ofr20121234","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1234","title":"Application of a hydrodynamic and sediment transport model for guidance of response efforts related to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Northern Gulf of Mexico along the coast of Alabama and Florida","docAbstract":"U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists have provided a model-based assessment of transport and deposition of residual Deepwater Horizon oil along the shoreline within the northern Gulf of Mexico in the form of mixtures of sand and weathered oil, known as surface residual balls (SRBs). The results of this USGS research, in combination with results from other components of the overall study, will inform operational decisionmaking. The results will provide guidance for response activities and data collection needs during future oil spills.
\nIn May 2012 the U.S. Coast Guard, acting as the Deepwater Horizon Federal on-scene coordinator, chartered an operational science advisory team to provide a science-based review of data collected and to conduct additional directed studies and sampling. The goal was to characterize typical shoreline profiles and morphology in the northern Gulf of Mexico to identify likely sources of residual oil and to evaluate mechanisms whereby reoiling phenomena may be occurring (for example, burial and exhumation and alongshore transport). A steering committee cochaired by British Petroleum Corporation (BP) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is overseeing the project and includes State on-scene coordinators from four States (Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi), trustees of the U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI), and representatives from the U.S. Coast Guard.
\nThis report presents the results of hydrodynamic and sediment transport models and developed techniques for analyzing potential SRB movement and burial and exhumation along the coastline of Alabama and Florida. Results from these modeling efforts are being used to explain the complexity of reoiling in the nearshore environment and to broaden consideration of the different scenarios and difficulties that are being faced in identifying and removing residual oil. For instance, modeling results suggest that larger SRBs are not, under the most commonly observed low-energy wave conditions, likely to move very far alongshore. This finding suggests that SRBs from one source location may not (outside of storm conditions) be redistributed to other up or down coast locations. This information can guide operational response decisions. In addition, because SRBs are less mobile compared with sand, they are likely to become buried and unburied under normal sand transport processes thereby lengthening the time SRBs may take to move onshore. The rate of onshore movement was not specifically addressed by this study, yet the results resolve the cross-shore domain and cross-shore variations in alongshore transport that are relevant to achieving the primary objectives. Furthermore, during infrequent events (for example, winter storms and severe meteorological events such as Hurricane Isaac of August 2012), energy is shown to be sufficient to move a greater range of SRB sizes and potentially expose and break up submerged oil mats. When SRBs do move alongshore, the models indicate that there are regions that are more conducive to accumulation of SRB material than others. Accumulation can occur where there are reversals and decelerations in alongshore currents and where forces created by shear stress drops below critical thresholds to maintain or initiate SRB movement. In addition, flow and SRB mobility patterns around inlets indicate patterns in hydrodynamic forces that influence redistribution of SRBs and the surface oil that mixed with sediment to form oil mats in the first place.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121234","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Operational Science Advisory Team (OSAT3) Steering Committee chartered by the Deepwater Horizon Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC)","usgsCitation":"Plant, N.G., Long, J.W., Dalyander, P., Thompson, D.M., and Raabe, E.A., 2013, Application of a hydrodynamic and sediment transport model for guidance of response efforts related to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Northern Gulf of Mexico along the coast of Alabama and Florida (First posted July 2, 2013; Revised and reposted September 4, 2014, version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1234, Report PDF: vii, 47 p.; Report HTML and Digital Data, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121234.","productDescription":"Report PDF: vii, 47 p.; Report HTML and Digital Data","numberOfPages":"60","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274406,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20121234.PNG"},{"id":274405,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1234/pdf/ofr2012-1234.pdf"},{"id":274403,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1234/"},{"id":274404,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1234/title.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama;Florida","otherGeospatial":"Gulf Of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89.2862,29.6323 ], [ -89.2862,30.9921 ], [ -85.3716,30.9921 ], [ -85.3716,29.6323 ], [ -89.2862,29.6323 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"First posted July 2, 2013; Revised and reposted September 4, 2014, version 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51d296cfe4b0ca184833899b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plant, Nathaniel G. 0000-0002-5703-5672 nplant@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5703-5672","contributorId":3503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plant","given":"Nathaniel","email":"nplant@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Long, Joseph W. 0000-0003-2912-1992 jwlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2912-1992","contributorId":3303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Joseph","email":"jwlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dalyander, P. Soupy 0000-0001-9583-0872","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9583-0872","contributorId":65177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalyander","given":"P. Soupy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thompson, David M. 0000-0002-7103-5740 dthompson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7103-5740","contributorId":3502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"David","email":"dthompson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Raabe, Ellen A. eraabe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raabe","given":"Ellen","email":"eraabe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70046723,"text":"ofr20131130 - 2013 - National assessment of hurricane-induced coastal erosion hazards: Southeast Atlantic Coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-01T08:11:17","indexId":"ofr20131130","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1130","title":"National assessment of hurricane-induced coastal erosion hazards: Southeast Atlantic Coast","docAbstract":"Beaches serve as a natural barrier between the ocean and inland communities, ecosystems, and natural resources. However, these dynamic environments move and change in response to winds, waves, and currents. During extreme storms, changes to beaches can be large, and the results are sometimes catastrophic. Lives may be lost, communities destroyed, and millions of dollars spent on rebuilding.\n\nDuring storms, large waves may erode beaches, and high storm surge shifts the erosive force of the waves higher on the beach. In some cases, the combined effects of waves and surge may cause overwash or flooding. Building and infrastructure on or near a dune can be undermined during wave attack and subsequent erosion. During Hurricane Ivan in 2004, a five-story condominium in Orange Beach, Alabama, collapsed after the sand dune supporting the foundation eroded. The September 1999 landfall of Hurricane Dennis caused erosion and undermining that destroyed roads, foundations, and septic systems.\n\nWaves overtopping a dune can transport sand inland, covering roads and blocking evacuation routes or emergency relief. If storm surge inundates barrier island dunes, currents flowing across the island can create a breach, or new inlet, completely severing evacuation routes. Waves and surge during the 2003 landfall of Hurricane Isabel left a 200-meter (m) wide breach that cut the only road to and from the village of Hatteras, N.C.\n\nExtreme coastal changes caused by hurricanes may increase the vulnerability of communities both during a storm and to future storms. For example, when sand dunes on a barrier island are eroded substantially, inland structures are exposed to storm surge and waves. Absent or low dunes also allow water to flow inland across the island, potentially increasing storm surge in the back bay, on the soundside of the barrier, and on the mainland. During Hurricane Isabel the protective sand dunes near the breach were completely eroded, increasing vulnerability to future storms.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131130","usgsCitation":"Stockdon, H.F., Doran, K., Thompson, D.M., Sopkin, K.L., and Plant, N.G., 2013, National assessment of hurricane-induced coastal erosion hazards: Southeast Atlantic Coast: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1130, vi, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131130.","productDescription":"vi, 28 p.","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":564,"text":"Southeast Atlantic Coastal Erosion Hazards Dataset","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274306,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1130/"},{"id":274307,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1130/pdf/ofr2013-1130.pdf"},{"id":274308,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://olga.er.usgs.gov/data/NACCH/GOM_erosion_hazards.zip"},{"id":274309,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131130.gif"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina;South Carolina;Georgia;Florida","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.9,24.52 ], [ -81.9,36.5882 ], [ -75.37,36.5882 ], [ -75.37,24.52 ], [ -81.9,24.52 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51d296d8e4b0ca18483389b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stockdon, Hilary F. 0000-0003-0791-4676 hstockdon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0791-4676","contributorId":2153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stockdon","given":"Hilary","email":"hstockdon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doran, Kara S. 0000-0001-8050-5727 kdoran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8050-5727","contributorId":2496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Kara S.","email":"kdoran@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":480099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, David M. 0000-0002-7103-5740 dthompson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7103-5740","contributorId":3502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"David","email":"dthompson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sopkin, Kristin L. ksopkin@usgs.gov","contributorId":4437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sopkin","given":"Kristin","email":"ksopkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":480102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Plant, Nathaniel G. 0000-0002-5703-5672 nplant@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5703-5672","contributorId":3503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plant","given":"Nathaniel","email":"nplant@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70046718,"text":"ofr20131142 - 2013 - The Regional Salmon Outmigration Study--survival and migration routing of juvenile Chinook salmon in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta during the winter of 2008-09","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-28T11:49:19","indexId":"ofr20131142","displayToPublicDate":"2013-06-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1142","title":"The Regional Salmon Outmigration Study--survival and migration routing of juvenile Chinook salmon in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta during the winter of 2008-09","docAbstract":"Juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) emigrating from natal tributaries of the Sacramento River may use a number of migration routes to navigate the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta (hereafter called “the Delta”), each of which may influence their probability of surviving. We applied a mark-recapture model to data from acoustically tagged juvenile late fall-run Chinook salmon that migrated through the Delta during the winter of 2008–09 to estimate route entrainment, survival, and migration times through the Delta.\n\nA tag-life study was conducted to determine the potential for premature tag failure. Tag failure began after 12 days and continued until the 45th day. Travel times of tagged fish exceeded minimum tag-failure times, indicating that survival estimates obtained from this study were negatively biased due to tag failure prior to fish exiting the Delta. Survival estimates were not adjusted and represent the joint probability of tag survival and fish survival. However, relative comparisons of survival among Chinook salmon choosing different routes appeared to be robust to tag failure, and migration-routing parameters were unaffected by tag failure.\n\nMigration-routing patterns were consistent among release groups. The Sacramento River was the primary migration route for all release groups except one. The percentage of fish entering the Sacramento River ranged from 33 to 55 percent. Sutter and Steamboat Sloughs were the secondary migration route for 9 of the 10 releases. The percentage of fish migrating through this route ranged from 10 to 35 percent. Entrainment into the interior Delta ranged from 15 to 33 percent. The Delta Cross Channel gates were open for 7 of the 10 releases. Entrainment into the interior Delta through the cross channel ranged from 1 to 27 percent.\n\nWe estimated route-specific survival for 10 release groups that were released between November 14, 2008, and January 19, 2009. Population-level survival through the Delta (SDelta) ranged from 0.019 (standard error of 0.012) to 0.277 (standard error of 0.041) among releases, which represent the probability of a fish surviving from Sacramento to Chipps Island with an operational transmitter. Sacramento River flows throughout the study period were approximately 8,000–15,000 cubic feet per second at Freeport, suggesting that variability in flow contributed little to differences in survival between releases. Fish migrating through the Sacramento River had the highest survival for most releases. Survival in Sutter and Steamboat Sloughs was slightly lower than survival in the Sacramento River for 7 of the 10 releases, but higher than survival in the Sacramento River for 3 releases. Survival in the interior Delta was lowest for all release groups except for one release in November. With the exception of this November release, survival patterns across release groups were similar to those of previous studies.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131142","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources and Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Romine, J.G., Perry, R.W., Brewer, S.J., Adams, N.S., Liedtke, T.L., Blake, A.R., and Burau, J.R., 2013, The Regional Salmon Outmigration Study--survival and migration routing of juvenile Chinook salmon in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta during the winter of 2008-09: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1142, vi, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131142.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2008-11-14","temporalEnd":"2009-01-19","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274296,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131142.jpg"},{"id":274293,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1142/"},{"id":274294,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1142/pdf/ofr20131142_appendixD.zip"},{"id":274295,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1142/pdf/ofr20131142.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento-san Joaquin River Delta","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.0,37.833333 ], [ -122.0,38.583333 ], [ -121.333333,38.583333 ], [ -121.333333,37.833333 ], [ -122.0,37.833333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51cea255e4b044272b8e890a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Romine, Jason G. 0000-0002-6938-1185 jromine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6938-1185","contributorId":2823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romine","given":"Jason","email":"jromine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perry, Russell W. 0000-0003-4110-8619 rperry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-8619","contributorId":2820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Russell","email":"rperry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brewer, Scott J. sbrewer@usgs.gov","contributorId":4407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brewer","given":"Scott","email":"sbrewer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":480084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Adams, Noah S. 0000-0002-8354-0293 nadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8354-0293","contributorId":3521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Noah","email":"nadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liedtke, Theresa L. 0000-0001-6063-9867 tliedtke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6063-9867","contributorId":2999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liedtke","given":"Theresa","email":"tliedtke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Blake, Aaron R. 0000-0001-7348-2336 ablake@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7348-2336","contributorId":5059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blake","given":"Aaron","email":"ablake@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Burau, Jon R. 0000-0002-5196-5035 jrburau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":1500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"Jon","email":"jrburau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70046703,"text":"sir20125209 - 2013 - Estimates of the volume of water in five coal aquifers, Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation, southeastern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-26T09:37:49","indexId":"sir20125209","displayToPublicDate":"2013-06-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5209","title":"Estimates of the volume of water in five coal aquifers, Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation, southeastern Montana","docAbstract":"The Tongue River Member of the Tertiary Fort Union Formation is the primary source of groundwater in the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation in southeastern Montana. Coal beds within this formation generally contain the most laterally extensive aquifers in much of the reservation. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Northern Cheyenne Tribe, conducted a study to estimate the volume of water in five coal aquifers.\n\nThis report presents estimates of the volume of water in five coal aquifers in the eastern and southern parts of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation: the Canyon, Wall, Pawnee, Knobloch, and Flowers-Goodale coal beds in the Tongue River Member of the Tertiary Fort Union Formation. Only conservative estimates of the volume of water in these coal aquifers are presented.\n\nThe volume of water in the Canyon coal was estimated to range from about 10,400 acre-feet (75 percent saturated) to 3,450 acre-feet (25 percent saturated). The volume of water in the Wall coal was estimated to range from about 14,200 acre-feet (100 percent saturated) to 3,560 acre-feet (25 percent saturated). The volume of water in the Pawnee coal was estimated to range from about 9,440 acre-feet (100 percent saturated) to 2,360 acre-feet (25 percent saturated). The volume of water in the Knobloch coal was estimated to range from about 38,700 acre-feet (100 percent saturated) to 9,680 acre-feet (25 percent saturated). The volume of water in the Flowers-Goodale coal was estimated to be about 35,800 acre-feet (100 percent saturated).\n\nSufficient data are needed to accurately characterize coal-bed horizontal and vertical variability, which is highly complex both locally and regionally. Where data points are widely spaced, the reliability of estimates of the volume of coal beds is decreased. Additionally, reliable estimates of the volume of water in coal aquifers depend heavily on data about water levels and data about coal-aquifer characteristics. Because the data needed to define the volume of water were sparse, only conservative estimates of the volume of water in the five coal aquifers are presented in this report. These estimates need to be used with caution and mindfulness of the uncertainty associated with them.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125209","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Northern Cheyenne Tribe","usgsCitation":"Tuck, L., Pearson, D., Cannon, M.R., and Dutton, D., 2013, Estimates of the volume of water in five coal aquifers, Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation, southeastern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5209, vi, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125209.","productDescription":"vi, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"35","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":400,"text":"Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274237,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20125209.gif"},{"id":274235,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5209/"},{"id":274236,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5209/sir2012-5209.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.083333,45.166667 ], [ -107.083333,45.75 ], [ -106.166667,45.75 ], [ -106.166667,45.166667 ], [ -107.083333,45.166667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51cbff4fe4b052f2a453985f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tuck, L.K.","contributorId":54247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuck","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pearson, Daniel K.","contributorId":52014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"Daniel K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cannon, M. R.","contributorId":99140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dutton, DeAnn M. ddutton@usgs.gov","contributorId":20762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dutton","given":"DeAnn M.","email":"ddutton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":480039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}