Indium is rare in the Earth’s crust. The continental crust contains an average of about 50 parts per billion of indium, whereas the oceanic crust contains about 72 parts per billion, which is similar to meteoritic abundances and comparable to the crustal abundance of silver. Indium minerals are rare in nature and only 12 indium minerals are known. In its elemental form, indium is a soft, lustrous, silver-white metal with a low melting point relative to other metals. It is ductile and malleable, even at temperatures approaching absolute zero, making it ideal for cryogenic applications.
\nIndium was discovered in the mid-1800s by two German chemists who were investigating zinc ores from Freiberg, Saxony. They named it after the distinctive indigo-blue color observed in its emission spectrum. For years indium remained only a scientific curiosity and early applications of indium were few, but included manufacturing of light-emitting diodes and coatings for bearings used in aircraft engines. Indium-bearing nuclear control rods became more widely used in the 1970s, and today the major application of indium is in manufacturing liquid-crystal displays.
\nCompared to more abundant industrial metals such as lead and zinc, information about the behavior and toxicity of indium in the environment is limited. However, many indium compounds have been proven to be toxic to animals.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153012","usgsCitation":"Mercer, C.N., 2015, Indium—Bringing liquid-crystal displays into focus: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3012, 2 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153012.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059493","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306176,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3012/fs20153012.pdf","text":"Report","size":"977 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3012"},{"id":306202,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3012/coverthb1.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS–973
Denver, CO 80225
http://minerals.cr.usgs.gov/
Germanium is a rare element but is present in trace quantities in most rock types because of its affinity for iron- and organic-bearing materials. The average germanium content of the Earth is about 14 parts per million, but the majority of germanium resides within the Earth’s core (37 parts per million) while the Earth’s crust contains only about 1.5 parts per million. Germanium does not occur as a native metal in nature, but about 30 different germanium minerals are known to exist. In refined form, it is grayish-white and metallic in appearance. Germanium is a semiconducting metalloid with electrical properties between those of a metal and an insulator.
\nGermanium was discovered in the late 1800s within silver ore at a mine near Freiberg, Germany. The German chemist who described the element, Clemens Winkler, named it germanium, after his native country. More than half a century elapsed before its first commercial use after World War II, when Karl Lark-Horovitz from Purdue University discovered its properties as a semiconductor. Today germanium is commonly used in commercial, industrial, and military applications.
\nGermanium is an essentially nontoxic element, with the exception of only a few compounds. However, if dissolved concentrations in drinking water are as high as one or more parts per million chronic diseases may occur.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153011","collaboration":"USGS Mineral Resources Program","usgsCitation":"Mercer, C.N., 2015, Germanium—Giving microelectronics an efficiency boost: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015–3011, 2 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153011.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059492","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305935,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3011/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":305936,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3011/fs20153011.pdf","text":"Report","size":"975 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3011"}],"contact":"Director, Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS–973
Denver, CO 80225
http://minerals.cr.usgs.gov/
In October 2011, the U.S. Geological Survey began investigating and monitoring water-quality conditions and suspended-sediment transport in the Wilson and Trask Rivers, northwestern Oregon. Water temperature, specific conductance, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen were measured every 15–30 minutes in both streams using real-time instream water-quality monitors. In conjunction with the monitoring effort, suspended-sediment samples were collected and analyzed to model the amount of suspended sediment being transported by each river. Over the course of the 3-year study, which ended in September 2014, nearly 600,000 tons (t) of suspended-sediment material entered Tillamook Bay from these two tributaries.
\nEach year of the study, the Wilson River transported between 80,300 and 240,000 t of suspended sediment, while the Trask River contributed between 28,200 and 69,900 t. The suspended-sediment loads observed during the study were relatively small because streamflow conditions were routinely lower than normal between October 2011 and September 2014. Only one storm had a recurrence interval between a 2- and 5-year event. Every other storm produced streamflows equivalent to what would be classified as a 1- or 2-year event. Because most sediment moves during high flows, the lack of heavy rainfall and elevated streamflows muted any high sediment loads.
\nAlong with assessing suspended-sediment transport, the U.S. Geological Survey also monitored instream water quality. This monitoring was used to track instream conditions and relate them to water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and sedimentation issues for the Wilson and Trask Rivers. Stream temperatures in the Wilson and Trask Rivers exceeded the temperature standard for cold-water habitat. Water temperatures at both streams exceeded the standard for more than 30 percent of the year, as stream temperatures increased above the seasonal 13 degrees Celsius (°C) (seasonal core cold-water habitat) and 16 °C (salmon and steelhead [Oncorhynchus mykiss] spawning) thresholds. Conversely, dissolved oxygen concentrations rarely decreased to less than the absolute water-quality criterion of 8 milligrams per liter for cold-water streams.
\nResults from this study will provide resource managers insight into the seasonality of water-quality conditions and the extent of suspended-sediment transport in the Wilson and Trask Rivers. The data are useful for establishing a baseline and for maintaining best-use land management practices and possibly for aiding in prioritization of restoration actions for both rivers and their respective watersheds.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155109","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Tillamook Estuaries Partnership","usgsCitation":"Sobieszczyk, Steven, Bragg, H.M., and Uhrich, M.A., 2015, Water-quality conditions and suspended-sediment transport in the Wilson and Trask Rivers, northwestern Oregon, water years 2012–14: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5109, 32 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155109.","productDescription":"vi, 32 p.","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2011-10-01","temporalEnd":"2014-09-30","ipdsId":"IP-064609","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306219,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5109/sir20155109.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5109"},{"id":306220,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5109/coverthmb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Trask River, Wilson River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.77746582031249,\n 45.325116643332684\n ],\n [\n -123.56597900390626,\n 45.325116643332684\n ],\n [\n -123.56597900390626,\n 45.4947963896697\n ],\n [\n -123.77746582031249,\n 45.4947963896697\n ],\n [\n -123.77746582031249,\n 45.325116643332684\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2130 SW 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97201
http://or.water.usgs.gov
The Alaska Peninsula is composed of the late Paleozoic to Quaternary sedimentary, igneous, and minor metamorphic rocks that record the history of a number of magmatic arcs. These magmatic arcs include an unnamed Late Triassic(?) and Early Jurassic island arc, the early Cenozoic Meshik arc, and the late Cenozoic Aleutian arc. Also found on the Alaska Peninsula is one of the most complete nonmetamorphosed, fossiliferous, marine Jurassic sedimentary sections known. As much as 8,500 m of section of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks record the growth and erosion of the Early Jurassic island arc.
\nA thinner, but still thick (as much as 5,400 m), sequence of Tertiary sedimentary rocks that are predominantly continental overlies the Mesozoic section. A brief regression in early Tertiary time on the Alaska Peninsula and granodiorite plutonism in the Shumagin, Semidi, and Sanak Islands was followed by deposition of fluvial and minor marine clastic strata. This was followed by deposition of transgressive marine clastic strata and initiation of the Meshik arc, shown by an areally extensive outpouring of volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks and debris between late Eocene and earliest Miocene time. Late Miocene time was marked by another brief transgression and northwest- to southeast-directed compression, followed by renewed volcanism and plutonism which initiated the modern Aleutian magmatic arc.
\nExtensive glacial and glaciomarine deposits of late Pleistocene age create an extensive lowland physiographic province on the northwest side of the Alaska Peninsula and join isolated mountain masses to the Alaska Peninsula on the southwest. Multiple active volcanoes and volcanic peaks dominate the skyline of the Alaska Peninsula and represent the continuation of magmatic activity that has formed the Aleutian arc since late Miocene time.
\nThe Alaska Peninsula has had a long and involved history since Paleozoic time. We propose that the Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks that constitute much of the Alaska Peninsula be called the Alaska Peninsula terrane. Using the concept of subterranes, we divide the terrane into two distinct but tectonically related subterranes: the Chignik and Iliamna subterranes, which share a limited common geologic history. The Iliamna subterrane has served at most times as a source area for the Chignik subterrane; however, some rock units are in common across the subterranes. The Iliamna and Chignik subterranes are in part separated by the Bruin Bay fault system. The Iliamna subterrane is composed of moderately deformed early Mesozoic marine sedimentary and volcanic rocks and schist, gneiss, and marble of Paleozoic(?) and Mesozoic age, and plutonic rocks of the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith. Characteristic of the Chignik subterrane are little-deformed, shallow-marine to continental clastic sedimentary rocks ranging in age from Permian to latest Cretaceous. However, deep-marine, volcaniclastic, and calcareous rocks form important components of the older rocks in the subterrane.
\nThe two subterranes of the Alaska Peninsula terrane are characterized by radically different structural and metamorphic styles. The nonplutonic rocks of the Iliamna subterrane are characterized by metamorphism up to amphibolite-facies grade and intense folding. In the Chignik subterrane, the structural style is dominated by large, open, en echelon anticlinal structures, normal faulting, and thrust and high-angle reverse faults that have minor displacement in a northwest to southeast direction. In the Outer Shumagin and Sanak Islands, rocks assigned to the Chugach terrane are characterized structurally by tight, generally northeast-trending folds. Dips in these rocks tend to be steep, rarely less than 35°, and overturned beds are locally common.
\nThe boundaries separating the Alaska Peninsula terrane from other terranes are commonly indistinct or poorly defined. A few boundaries have been defined at major faults, although the extensions of these faults are speculative through some areas. The west side of the Alaska Peninsula terrane is overlapped by Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks and Quaternary deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/b1969B","usgsCitation":"Wilson, F.H., Detterman, R.L., and DuBois, G.D., 2015, Geologic framework of the Alaska Peninsula, southwest Alaska, and the Alaska Peninsula terrane (Legacy Report): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1969, Report: iii, 34 p.; 2 Plates: 57 x 44 inches and 31.5 x 32.77 inches; Digital Data, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1969B.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 34 p.; 2 Plates: 57 x 44 inches and 31.5 x 32.77 inches; Digital Data","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503631,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_103708.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":305965,"rank":6,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0317/","text":"Digital Data","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"linkHelpText":"Digital data for the Geologic Framework of the Alaska Peninsula, Southwest Alaska, and the Alaska Peninsula Terrane is available in USGS Open-File Report 99-317"},{"id":305964,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1969b/pdf/bul1969b_plate2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"200 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 2"},{"id":305961,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1969b/"},{"id":305963,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1969b/pdf/bul1969b_plate1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"22 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"},{"id":305962,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1969b/pdf/bul1969b_report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":305966,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/b1969b.gif"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Alaska Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -157.6318359375,\n 59.01794033995246\n ],\n [\n -153.193359375,\n 58.99531118795094\n ],\n [\n -154.7314453125,\n 57.77451753559619\n ],\n [\n -157.412109375,\n 56.24334992410525\n ],\n [\n -158.9501953125,\n 54.77534585936447\n ],\n [\n -162.94921875,\n 54.13669645687002\n ],\n [\n -163.9599609375,\n 54.13669645687002\n ],\n [\n -164.70703125,\n 55.00282580979323\n ],\n [\n -162.59765625,\n 55.92458580482951\n ],\n [\n -160.400390625,\n 56.511017504952136\n ],\n [\n -158.7744140625,\n 57.32652122521709\n ],\n [\n -157.85156249999997,\n 58.147518599073585\n ],\n [\n -157.6318359375,\n 59.01794033995246\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Legacy Report","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7eee1e4b0bc0bec09ed82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Detterman, Robert L.","contributorId":71526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Detterman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DuBois, Gregory D.","contributorId":6824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DuBois","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70154953,"text":"70154953 - 2015 - Estimating wind-turbine-caused bird and bat fatality when zero carcasses are observed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-22T10:39:56","indexId":"70154953","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-22T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating wind-turbine-caused bird and bat fatality when zero carcasses are observed","docAbstract":"Many wind-power facilities in the United States have established effective monitoring programs to determine turbine-caused fatality rates of birds and bats, but estimating the number of fatalities of rare species poses special difficulties. The loss of even small numbers of individuals may adversely affect fragile populations, but typically, few (if any) carcasses are observed during monitoring. If monitoring design results in only a small proportion of carcasses detected, then finding zero carcasses may give little assurance that the number of actual fatalities is small. Fatality monitoring at wind-power facilities commonly involves conducting experiments to estimate the probability (g) an individual will be observed, accounting for the possibilities that it falls in an unsearched area, is scavenged prior to detection, or remains undetected even when present. When g < 1, the total carcass count (X) underestimates the total number of fatalities (M). Total counts can be 0 when M is small or when M is large and g ≪1. Distinguishing these two cases is critical when estimating fatality of a rare species. Observing no individuals during searches may erroneously be interpreted as evidence of absence. We present an approach that uses Bayes' theorem to construct a posterior distribution for M, i.e., P(M | X, ĝ), reflecting the observed carcass count and previously estimated g. From this distribution, we calculate two values important to conservation: the probability that M is below a predetermined limit and the upper bound (M*) of the 100(1 − α)% credible interval for M. We investigate the dependence of M* on α, g, and the prior distribution of M, asking what value of g is required to attain a desired M* for a given α. We found that when g < ~0.15, M* was clearly influenced by the mean and variance of ĝ and the choice of prior distribution for M, but the influence of these factors is minimal when g > ~0.45. Further, we develop extensions for temporal replication that can inform prior distributions of M and methods for combining information across several areas or time periods. We apply the method to data collected at a wind-power facility where scheduled searches yielded X = 0 raptor carcasses
The Yellowcheek Darter (Etheostoma moorei) is a rare fish endemic to the Little Red River watershed in the Boston Mountains of northern Arkansas. Remaining populations of this species are geographically isolated and declining, and the species was listed in 2011 as federally endangered. Populations have declined, in part, due to intense seasonal stream drying and inundation of lower reaches by a reservoir. We used a kick seine sampling approach to examine distribution and abundance of Yellowcheek Darter populations in the Middle Fork and South Fork Little Red River. We used presence data to estimate occupancy rates and detection probability and examined relationships between Yellowcheek Darter density and environmental variables. The species was found at five Middle Fork and South Fork sites where it had previously been present in 2003–2004. Occupancy rates were >0.6 but with wide 95% CI, and where the darters occurred, densities were typical of other Ozark darters but highly variable. Detection probability and density were positively related to current velocity. Given that stream drying has become more extreme over the past 30 years and anthropogenic threats have increased, regular monitoring and active management may be required to reduce extinction risk of Yellowcheek Darter populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists","doi":"10.1643/CE-14-116","usgsCitation":"Magoulick, D.D., and Lynch, D.T., 2015, Occupancy and abundance of the endangered yellowcheek darter in Arkansas: Copeia, v. 103, no. 2, p. 433-439, https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-14-116.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"433","endPage":"439","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056381","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305765,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Middle Fork and South Fork Little Red River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.7802276611328,\n 35.53166744135354\n ],\n [\n -92.7802276611328,\n 35.708607653285505\n ],\n [\n -92.22679138183592,\n 35.708607653285505\n ],\n [\n -92.22679138183592,\n 35.53166744135354\n ],\n [\n -92.7802276611328,\n 35.53166744135354\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"103","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55a77623e4b0183d66e45e6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Magoulick, Daniel D. 0000-0001-9665-5957 danmag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9665-5957","contributorId":2513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magoulick","given":"Daniel","email":"danmag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lynch, Dustin T.","contributorId":145645,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lynch","given":"Dustin","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70193232,"text":"70193232 - 2015 - Statistical analysis of soil geochemical data to identify pathfinders associated with mineral deposits: An example from the Coles Hill uranium deposit, Virginia, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-31T16:53:41.817888","indexId":"70193232","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Statistical analysis of soil geochemical data to identify pathfinders associated with mineral deposits: An example from the Coles Hill uranium deposit, Virginia, USA","docAbstract":"Soil geochemical anomalies can be used to identify pathfinders in exploration for ore deposits. In this study, compositional data analysis is used with multivariate statistical methods to analyse soil geochemical data collected from the Coles Hill uranium deposit, Virginia, USA, to identify pathfinders associated with this deposit. Elemental compositions and relationships were compared between the collected Coles Hill soil and reference soil samples extracted from a regional subset of a national-scale geochemical survey. Results show that pathfinders for the Coles Hill deposit include light rare earth elements (La and Ce), which, when normalised by their Al content, are correlated with U/Al, and elevated Th/Al values, which are not correlated with U/Al, supporting decoupling of U from Th during soil generation. These results can be used in genetic and weathering models of the Coles Hill deposit, and can also be applied to future prospecting for similar U deposits in the eastern United States, and in regions with similar geological/climatic conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.12.012","usgsCitation":"Levitan, D.M., Zipper, C.E., Donovan, P., Schreiber, M.E., Seal, R.R., Engle, M.A., Chermak, J.A., Bodnar, R.J., Johnson, D.K., and Aylor, J.G., 2015, Statistical analysis of soil geochemical data to identify pathfinders associated with mineral deposits: An example from the Coles Hill uranium deposit, Virginia, USA: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 154, p. 238-251, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.12.012.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"238","endPage":"251","ipdsId":"IP-056717","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349148,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Coles Hill uranium deposit","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.3333,\n 36.9\n ],\n [\n -79.3333,\n 36.85\n ],\n [\n -79.2667,\n 36.85\n ],\n [\n -79.2667,\n 36.9\n ],\n [\n -79.3333,\n 36.9\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"154","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fe80e4b06e28e9c25307","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Levitan, Denise M.","contributorId":199138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Levitan","given":"Denise","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zipper, Carl E.","contributorId":198104,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zipper","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Donovan, Patricia","contributorId":199139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Donovan","given":"Patricia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schreiber, Madeline E.","contributorId":138959,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schreiber","given":"Madeline","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":12594,"text":"Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":718301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Seal, Robert R. 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":193011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"Robert","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":250,"text":"Eastern Water Science Field Team","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Engle, Mark A. 0000-0001-5258-7374 engle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5258-7374","contributorId":584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engle","given":"Mark","email":"engle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":722887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Chermak, John A.","contributorId":199140,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chermak","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bodnar, Robert J.","contributorId":199141,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bodnar","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":12694,"text":"Virginia Tech","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":718303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Johnson, Daniel K.","contributorId":200614,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Aylor, Joseph G. Jr.","contributorId":199142,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aylor","given":"Joseph","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70186036,"text":"70186036 - 2015 - Rare Earths in 2014","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-31T09:59:09","indexId":"70186036","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rare Earths in 2014","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"SME","usgsCitation":"Gambogi, J., 2015, Rare Earths in 2014: Mining Engineering, v. 67, no. 7, p. 31-31.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"31","ipdsId":"IP-066866","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338898,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338897,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://me.smenet.org/abstract.cfm?preview=1&articleID=6022&page=31"}],"volume":"67","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58df6ac3e4b02ff32c6aea4b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gambogi, Joseph 0000-0002-5719-2280 jgambogi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5719-2280","contributorId":4424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gambogi","given":"Joseph","email":"jgambogi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":687430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70154753,"text":"sim3315 - 2015 - Geologic map of the Simcoe Mountains Volcanic Field, main central segment, Yakama Nation, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-23T16:24:50","indexId":"sim3315","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-30T15:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3315","title":"Geologic map of the Simcoe Mountains Volcanic Field, main central segment, Yakama Nation, Washington","docAbstract":"Mountainous parts of the Yakama Nation lands in south-central Washington are mostly covered by basaltic lava flows and cinder cones that make up the Simcoe Mountains volcanic field. The accompanying geologic map of the central part of the volcanic field has been produced by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) on behalf of the Water Resources Program of the Yakama Nation. The volcanic terrain stretches continuously from Mount Adams eastward as far as Satus Pass and Mill Creek Guard Station. Most of the many hills and buttes are volcanic cones where cinders and spatter piled up around erupting vents while lava flows spread downslope. All of these small volcanoes are now extinct, and, even during their active lifetimes, most of them erupted for no more than a few years. On the Yakama Nation lands, the only large long-lived volcano capable of erupting again in the future is Mount Adams, on the western boundary.
\nThe geologic map presented here extends, east-west, from Satus Creek to the Klickitat River and, north-south, from Signal Peak to Indian Rock. In various colors, the map shows the areas covered by about 223 different eruptive units, mostly lava flows and cinder cones, while stars mark vents where many of them erupted. Shown in plain gray, the basement beneath the Simcoe Mountains volcanic field is the Columbia River Basalt Group, regional “flood basalts” of enormous volume and extent that erupted far to the east and long before the Simcoe volcanics.
\nAlthough the number of past eruptions is large, few were great explosions that fed towering eruption plumes or spread ash over huge areas downwind. Most were localized basaltic lava fountains (like some in Hawaii) where showers of molten fragments reached heights of a few hundred feet. Most of them also poured out tongues of lava that were channelled along stream valleys for a few miles downstream or, occasionally, as far as 10 miles. Because the basalt so common here is one of the most fluid kinds of lava, it tends to flow farther and faster than most other types of lava before it cools and solidifies.
\nLava compositions other than various types of basalt are uncommon here. Andesite is abundant on and around Mount Adams but is very rare east of the Klickitat River. The only important nonbasaltic composition in the map area is rhyolite, which crops out in several patches around the central highland of the volcanic field, mainly in the upper canyons of Satus and Kusshi Creeks and Wilson Charley canyon. Because the rhyolites were some of the earliest lavas erupted here, they are widely concealed by later basalts and therefore crop out only in local windows eroded by canyons that cut through the overlying basalts.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3315","usgsCitation":"Hildreth, W., and Fierstein, J., 2015, Geologic map of the Simcoe Mountains Volcanic Field, main central segment, Yakama Nation, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3315, Pamphlet: ii, 76 p.; 3 Sheets: 55.61 x 54.63 inches or smaller; Appendix A, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3315.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: ii, 76 p.; 3 Sheets: 55.61 x 54.63 inches or smaller; Appendix A","numberOfPages":"78","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-035925","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305485,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim3315.gif"},{"id":305481,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3315/pdf/sim3315_sheet1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","size":"4.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 1"},{"id":305479,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3315/"},{"id":305482,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3315/pdf/sim3315_sheet2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2","size":"4.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 2"},{"id":305484,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3315/downloads/sim3315_appendixA.xlsx","text":"Appendix A","size":"624 kB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix A","linkHelpText":"Chemical data for Simcoe Mountains volcanic field, main central segment."},{"id":305483,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3315/pdf/sim3315_sheet3.pdf","text":"Sheet 3","size":"7.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 3"},{"id":305480,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3315/pdf/sim3315_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","size":"6.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Pamphlet"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Simcoe Mountains Volcanic Field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.90179443359375,\n 45.79242458189578\n ],\n [\n -120.90179443359375,\n 46.2501492379416\n ],\n [\n -120.3277587890625,\n 46.2501492379416\n ],\n [\n -120.3277587890625,\n 45.79242458189578\n ],\n [\n -120.90179443359375,\n 45.79242458189578\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5593afaae4b0b6d21dd68222","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildreth, Wes 0000-0002-7925-4251 hildreth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":2221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"Wes","email":"hildreth@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":563995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fierstein, Judy jfierstn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fierstein","given":"Judy","email":"jfierstn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":563996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70150365,"text":"70150365 - 2015 - Improving estimates of tree mortality probability using potential growth rate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-24T09:58:08","indexId":"70150365","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-24T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1170,"text":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improving estimates of tree mortality probability using potential growth rate","docAbstract":"Tree growth rate is frequently used to estimate mortality probability. Yet, growth metrics can vary in form, and the justification for using one over another is rarely clear. We tested whether a growth index (GI) that scales the realized diameter growth rate against the potential diameter growth rate (PDGR) would give better estimates of mortality probability than other measures. We also tested whether PDGR, being a function of tree size, might better correlate with the baseline mortality probability than direct measurements of size such as diameter or basal area. Using a long-term dataset from the Sierra Nevada, California, U.S.A., as well as existing species-specific estimates of PDGR, we developed growth–mortality models for four common species. For three of the four species, models that included GI, PDGR, or a combination of GI and PDGR were substantially better than models without them. For the fourth species, the models including GI and PDGR performed roughly as well as a model that included only the diameter growth rate. Our results suggest that using PDGR can improve our ability to estimate tree survival probability. However, in the absence of PDGR estimates, the diameter growth rate was the best empirical predictor of mortality, in contrast to assumptions often made in the literature.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/cjfr-2014-0368","usgsCitation":"Das, A., and Stephenson, N.L., 2015, Improving estimates of tree mortality probability using potential growth rate: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, v. 45, p. 920-928, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0368.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"920","endPage":"928","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059276","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":302273,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada, Sequoia National Park, Yosemite National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.201416015625,\n 37.302460074782296\n ],\n [\n -120.201416015625,\n 37.99183365313853\n ],\n [\n -119.036865234375,\n 37.99183365313853\n ],\n [\n -119.036865234375,\n 37.302460074782296\n ],\n [\n -120.201416015625,\n 37.302460074782296\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.30603027343749,\n 35.22318504970181\n ],\n [\n -119.30603027343749,\n 36.87522650673951\n ],\n [\n -117.90527343750001,\n 36.87522650673951\n ],\n [\n -117.90527343750001,\n 35.22318504970181\n ],\n [\n -119.30603027343749,\n 35.22318504970181\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"45","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"558bc6b2e4b0b6d21dd65296","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Das, Adrian J. 0000-0002-3937-2616 adas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3937-2616","contributorId":3842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Das","given":"Adrian J.","email":"adas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":556739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephenson, Nathan L. 0000-0003-0208-7229 nstephenson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0208-7229","contributorId":2836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"Nathan","email":"nstephenson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":556738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70148574,"text":"70148574 - 2015 - Documentation of mountain lions in Marin County, California, 2010–2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-10T10:55:54","indexId":"70148574","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-17T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1153,"text":"California Fish and Game","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Documentation of mountain lions in Marin County, California, 2010–2013","docAbstract":"Prior to 2010, mountain lions (Puma concolor) have rarely been documented in Marin County, California. Although there are reports of sightings of mountain lions or observations of mountain lion sign, most have not been verified by photographs or physical samples. Beginning in 2010, we conducted a pilot study of mountain lions in Marin County using motion-triggered cameras. Our objectives were to obtain additional documentations, confirm the presence of mountain lions outside of Point Reyes National Seashore, and determine if mountain lions had a regular presence in the county.
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The succession can also be divided into four small-scale fining-upward cycles that represent deepening, and four overlying coarsening-upward cycles that represent upward shallowing.
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Areas favorable for exploration and development of these resources are being identified by geochemical data, which are supplemented with geological, geophysical, hydrological, and geographical data. The first steps of this analysis have been completed. The concentrations of lanthanum, yttrium, and titanium tend to decrease as distance from the Piedmont (which is the likely source of these resources) increases and are moderately correlated with airborne measurements of equivalent thorium concentration. The concentrations of lanthanum, yttrium, and titanium are relatively high in those watersheds that adjoin the Piedmont, south of the Cape Fear Arch. Although this relation suggests that the concentrations are related to the watersheds, it may be simply an independent regional trend. The concentration of zirconium is unrelated to the distance from the Piedmont, the equivalent thorium concentration, and the watershed. 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Our approach confirms the known negative relationship between fish and R. sierrae, but finds no evidence of a negative relationship between current packstock use and A. canorus breeding. Our statistical approach has potential broad application for deriving understanding (not just prediction) from observational data.
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metamorphism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T11:01:16","indexId":"70188816","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"SHRIMP U–Pb and REE data pertaining to the origins of xenotime in Belt Supergroup rocks: evidence for ages of deposition, hydrothermal alteration, and metamorphism","docAbstract":"The Belt–Purcell Supergroup, northern Idaho, western Montana, and southern British Columbia, is a thick succession of Mesoproterozoic sedimentary rocks with an age range of about 1470–1400 Ma. Stratigraphic layers within several sedimentary units were sampled to apply the new technique of U–Pb dating of xenotime that sometimes forms as rims on detrital zircon during burial diagenesis; xenotime also can form epitaxial overgrowths on zircon during hydrothermal and metamorphic events. Belt Supergroup units sampled are the Prichard and Revett Formations in the lower Belt, and the McNamara and Garnet Range Formations and Pilcher Quartzite in the upper Belt. Additionally, all samples that yielded xenotime were also processed for detrital zircon to provide maximum age constraints for the time of deposition and information about provenances; the sample of Prichard Formation yielded monazite that was also analyzed. Ten xenotime overgrowths from the Prichard Formation yielded a U–Pb age of 1458 ± 4 Ma. However, because scanning electron microscope – backscattered electrons (SEM–BSE) imagery suggests complications due to possible analysis of multiple age zones, we prefer a slightly older age of 1462 ± 6 Ma derived from the three oldest samples, within error of a previous U–Pb zircon age on the syn-sedimentary Plains sill. We interpret the Prichard xenotime as diagenetic in origin. Monazite from the Prichard Formation, originally thought to be detrital, yielded Cretaceous metamorphic ages. Xenotime from the McNamara and Garnet Range Formations and Pilcher Quartzite formed at about 1160– 1050 Ma, several hundred million years after deposition, and probably also experienced Early Cretaceous growth. These xenotime overgrowths are interpreted as metamorphic–diagenetic in origin (i.e., derived during greenschist facies metamorphism elsewhere in the basin, but deposited in sub-greenschist facies rocks). Several xenotime grains are older detrital grains of igneous derivation. A previous study on the Revett Formation at the Spar Lake Ag–Cu deposit provides data for xenotime overgrowths in several ore zones formed by hydrothermal processes; herein, those results are compared with data from newly analyzed diagenetic, metamorphic, and magmatic xenotime overgrowths. The origin of a xenotime overgrowth is reflected in its rareearth element (REE) pattern. Detrital (i.e., igneous) xenotime has a large negative Eu anomaly and is heavy rare-earth element (HREE)-enriched (similar to REE in igneous zircon). Diagenetic xenotime has a small negative Eu anomaly and flat HREE (Tb to Lu). Hydrothermal xenotime is depleted in light rare-earth element (LREE), has a small negative Eu anomaly, and decreasing HREE. Metamorphic xenotime is very LREE-depleted, has a very small negative Eu anomaly, and is strongly depleted in HREE (from Gd to Lu). Because these characteristics seem to be process related, they may be useful for interpretation of xenotime of unknown origin. The occurrence of 1.16–1.05 Ga metamorphic xenotime, in the apparent absence of pervasive deformation structures, suggests that the heating may be related to poorly understood regional heating due to broad regional underplating of mafic magma. These results may be additional evidence (together with published ages from metamorphic titanite, zircon, monazite, and garnet) for an enigmatic, Grenville-age metamorphic event that is more widely recognized in the southwestern and eastern United States
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As much attention is focused on habitat management and restoration for bobwhites, they may act as an umbrella species for other bird species with similar habitat requirements. We quantified the relationship of bobwhites to the overall bird community and evaluated the potential for bobwhites to act as an umbrella species for grassland and shrubland birds. We monitored bobwhite presence and bird community composition within 31 sample units on selected private lands in the south-central United States from 2009 to 2011. Bobwhites were strongly associated with other grassland and shrubland birds and were a significant positive predictor for 9 species. Seven of these, including Bell's Vireo (Vireo bell), Dicksissel (Spiza americana), and Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), are listed as species of conservation concern. Species richness and occupancy probability of grassland and shrubland birds were higher relative to the overall bird community in sample units occupied by bobwhites. Our results show that bobwhites can act as an umbrella species for grassland and shrubland birds, although the specific species in any given situation will depend on region and management objectives. These results suggest that efficiency in conservation funding can be increased by using public interest in popular game species to leverage resources to meet multiple conservation objectives.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd.","publisherLocation":"Kidlington, Oxford","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2015.03.018","collaboration":"Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation at Oklahoma State University; Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station at Oklahoma State University; The Nature Conservancy's Weaver Grant Program; Oklahoma Ornithological Society; Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife; Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Ecol & ManagementPayne County Audubon Society","usgsCitation":"Crosby, A.D., Elmore, R., Leslie, D.M., and Will, R.E., 2015, Looking beyond rare species as umbrella species: Northern Bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) and conservation of grassland and shrubland birds: Biological Conservation, v. 186, p. 233-240, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.03.018.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"240","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-058135","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301473,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"186","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"558931cfe4b0b6d21dd61bf9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crosby, Andrew D.","contributorId":141455,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Crosby","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":549581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elmore, R.D.","contributorId":64450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elmore","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":549582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leslie, David M. Jr. 0000-0002-3884-1484 cleslie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3884-1484","contributorId":2483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leslie","given":"David","suffix":"Jr.","email":"cleslie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":549069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Will, Rodney E.","contributorId":141456,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Will","given":"Rodney","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":549583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70148405,"text":"70148405 - 2015 - How do humans affect wildlife nematodes?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-16T09:20:34","indexId":"70148405","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-01T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3890,"text":"Trends in Parasitology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"How do humans affect wildlife nematodes?","docAbstract":"Human actions can affect wildlife and their nematode parasites. Species introductions and human-facilitated range expansions can create new host–parasite interactions. Novel hosts can introduce parasites and have the potential to both amplify and dilute nematode transmission. Furthermore, humans can alter existing nematode dynamics by changing host densities and the abiotic conditions that affect larval parasite survival. Human impacts on wildlife might impair parasites by reducing the abundance of their hosts; however, domestic animal production and complex life cycles can maintain transmission even when wildlife becomes rare. Although wildlife nematodes have many possible responses to human actions, understanding host and parasite natural history, and the mechanisms behind the changing disease dynamics might improve disease control in the few cases where nematode parasitism impacts wildlife.
","language":"English","publisher":"Science Direct","doi":"10.1016/j.pt.2015.01.005","usgsCitation":"Weinstein, S.B., and Lafferty, K.D., 2015, How do humans affect wildlife nematodes?: Trends in Parasitology, v. 31, no. 5, p. 222-227, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2015.01.005.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"222","endPage":"227","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061732","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308152,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55fa92bee4b05d6c4e501a94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weinstein, Sara B.","contributorId":141028,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weinstein","given":"Sara","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":7168,"text":"UCSB","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70148562,"text":"70148562 - 2015 - Performance metrics and variance partitioning reveal sources of uncertainty in species distribution models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-15T10:14:45","indexId":"70148562","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-01T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Performance metrics and variance partitioning reveal sources of uncertainty in species distribution models","docAbstract":"Species distribution models (SDMs) are widely used in basic and applied ecology, making it important to understand sources and magnitudes of uncertainty in SDM performance and predictions. We analyzed SDM performance and partitioned variance among prediction maps for 15 rare vertebrate species in the southeastern USA using all possible combinations of seven potential sources of uncertainty in SDMs: algorithms, climate datasets, model domain, species presences, variable collinearity, CO2 emissions scenarios, and general circulation models. The choice of modeling algorithm was the greatest source of uncertainty in SDM performance and prediction maps, with some additional variation in performance associated with the comprehensiveness of the species presences used for modeling. Other sources of uncertainty that have received attention in the SDM literature such as variable collinearity and model domain contributed little to differences in SDM performance or predictions in this study. Predictions from different algorithms tended to be more variable at northern range margins for species with more northern distributions, which may complicate conservation planning at the leading edge of species' geographic ranges. The clear message emerging from this work is that researchers should use multiple algorithms for modeling rather than relying on predictions from a single algorithm, invest resources in compiling a comprehensive set of species presences, and explicitly evaluate uncertainty in SDM predictions at leading range margins.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.03.017","usgsCitation":"Watling, J., Brandt, L., Bucklin, D., Fujisaki, I., Mazzotti, F., Romanach, S.S., and Speroterra, C., 2015, Performance metrics and variance partitioning reveal sources of uncertainty in species distribution models: Ecological Modelling, v. 309-310, p. 48-59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.03.017.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"48","endPage":"59","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061287","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301222,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"309-310","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557ff73ae4b023124e8ef986","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watling, James I.","contributorId":101963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watling","given":"James I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brandt, Laura A.","contributorId":18608,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brandt","given":"Laura A.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bucklin, David N.","contributorId":58963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bucklin","given":"David N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fujisaki, Ikuko","contributorId":42152,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fujisaki","given":"Ikuko","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mazzotti, Frank J.","contributorId":100018,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mazzotti","given":"Frank J.","affiliations":[{"id":12557,"text":"University of Florida, FLREC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Romanach, Stephanie S. 0000-0003-0271-7825 sromanach@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0271-7825","contributorId":140419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romanach","given":"Stephanie","email":"sromanach@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Speroterra, Carolina","contributorId":34451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Speroterra","given":"Carolina","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70148546,"text":"70148546 - 2015 - High-frequency, long-duration water sampling in acid mine drainage studies: a short review of current methods and recent advances in automated water samplers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-12T09:37:16","indexId":"70148546","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-01T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-frequency, long-duration water sampling in acid mine drainage studies: a short review of current methods and recent advances in automated water samplers","docAbstract":"Hand-collected grab samples are the most common water sampling method but using grab sampling to monitor temporally variable aquatic processes such as diel metal cycling or episodic events is rarely feasible or cost-effective. Currently available automated samplers are a proven, widely used technology and typically collect up to 24 samples during a deployment. However, these automated samplers are not well suited for long-term sampling in remote areas or in freezing conditions. There is a critical need for low-cost, long-duration, high-frequency water sampling technology to improve our understanding of the geochemical response to temporally variable processes. This review article will examine recent developments in automated water sampler technology and utilize selected field data from acid mine drainage studies to illustrate the utility of high-frequency, long-duration water sampling.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.04.004","usgsCitation":"Chapin, T., 2015, High-frequency, long-duration water sampling in acid mine drainage studies: a short review of current methods and recent advances in automated water samplers: Applied Geochemistry, v. 59, p. 118-124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.04.004.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"118","endPage":"124","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-054825","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.04.004","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":301184,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557c02d2e4b023124e8edf21","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.04.004","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.04.004","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Chapin Thomas P.","journalName":"Applied Geochemistry","publicationDate":"8/2015","auditedOn":"7/24/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapin, Thomas 0000-0001-6587-0734 tchapin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6587-0734","contributorId":758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapin","given":"Thomas","email":"tchapin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70187299,"text":"70187299 - 2015 - Incidental captures of Eastern Spotted Skunk in a high-elevation Red Spruce forest in Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-27T15:14:13","indexId":"70187299","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2898,"text":"Northeastern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Incidental captures of Eastern Spotted Skunk in a high-elevation Red Spruce forest in Virginia","docAbstract":"Spilogale putorius (Eastern Spotted Skunk) is considered rare in the southern Appalachian Mountains and throughout much of its range. We report incidental captures of 6 Eastern Spotted Skunks in a high-elevation Picea rubens (Red Spruce) forest in southwestern Virginia during late February and March 2014. At 1520 m, these observations are the highest-elevation records for Eastern Spotted Skunk in the Appalachian Mountains. They are also the first known records of this species using Red Spruce forests in the southern Appalachians.
","language":"English","publisher":"Eagle Hill Institute","doi":"10.1656/045.022.0211","usgsCitation":"Diggins, C.A., Jachowski, D.S., Martin, J., and Ford, W.M., 2015, Incidental captures of Eastern Spotted Skunk in a high-elevation Red Spruce forest in Virginia: Northeastern Naturalist, v. 22, no. 2, p. N6-N10, https://doi.org/10.1656/045.022.0211.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"N6","endPage":"N10","ipdsId":"IP-058547","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340535,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59030327e4b0e862d230f73f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diggins, Corinne A.","contributorId":171667,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Diggins","given":"Corinne","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":33131,"text":"Dept of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":693252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jachowski, David S.","contributorId":82966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachowski","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, Jay","contributorId":169561,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martin","given":"Jay","affiliations":[{"id":16172,"text":"Ohio State University, Columbus, OH","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":693254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ford, W. Mark wford@usgs.gov","contributorId":3858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ford","given":"W.","email":"wford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Mark","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":693231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70193056,"text":"70193056 - 2015 - Spatial and temporal use of a prairie dog colony by coyotes and rabbits: Potential indirect effects on endangered black-footed ferrets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-31T17:00:37.96629","indexId":"70193056","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2515,"text":"Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal use of a prairie dog colony by coyotes and rabbits: Potential indirect effects on endangered black-footed ferrets","docAbstract":"In western North America, endangered black-footed ferrets Mustela nigripes are conserved via reintroduction to colonies of prairie dogs Cynomys spp., their primary prey. Predation is an important source of mortality; coyotes Canis latrans appear to be the most problematic predator, accounting for 67% of known predation events on radio-tagged ferrets. Little is known about what factors affect spatial use of prairie dog colonies by coyotes, or how other animals might affect interactions between coyotes and ferrets. During June–October 2007–2008, we used spotlight surveys to monitor coyotes and ferrets (both years) and rabbits Sylvilagus spp. (first year) on a 452-ha colony of black-tailed prairie dogs Cynomys ludovicianus in the Conata Basin, South Dakota. Coyotes appeared to select areas of the colony used by rabbits, suggesting coyotes hunted rabbits, a common item in their diet. Between midnight and sunrise, ferrets were most commonly observed during early morning (01:00–03:00 h), whereas coyotes were observed mostly during dawn (04:00 h – sunrise) when ferrets were rarely seen. These temporal differences in the timing of observations suggest ferrets tend to remain underground in burrows when coyotes are most active. Coyotes appeared to be attracted to rabbits in both space and time, suggesting the risk of predation for ferrets might relate to the abundance and locations of rabbits in prairie dog colonies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Zoological Society of London","doi":"10.1111/jzo.12228","usgsCitation":"Eads, D., Biggins, D.E., and Livieri, T.M., 2015, Spatial and temporal use of a prairie dog colony by coyotes and rabbits: Potential indirect effects on endangered black-footed ferrets: Journal of Zoology, v. 296, no. 2, p. 146-152, https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12228.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"146","endPage":"152","ipdsId":"IP-065671","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":347703,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Conata Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.20486846045789,\n 43.69583510071038\n ],\n [\n -102.33775915230753,\n 43.797628895774494\n ],\n [\n -102.41871555079076,\n 43.813062147130296\n ],\n [\n -102.43399034295724,\n 43.79404560646648\n ],\n [\n -102.29308038522007,\n 43.696111198574556\n ],\n [\n -102.26214893108263,\n 43.690312876470955\n ],\n [\n -102.20486846045789,\n 43.69583510071038\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"296","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-03-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59f83a3ee4b063d5d3098119","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eads, David A.","contributorId":198976,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eads","given":"David A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":717769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Biggins, Dean E. 0000-0003-2078-671X bigginsd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2078-671X","contributorId":2522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biggins","given":"Dean","email":"bigginsd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":717768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Livieri, Travis M.","contributorId":198977,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Livieri","given":"Travis","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":717770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70154991,"text":"70154991 - 2015 - Using occupancy models to accommodate uncertainty in the interpretation of aerial photograph data: status of beaver in Central Oregon, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-27T09:31:31","indexId":"70154991","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using occupancy models to accommodate uncertainty in the interpretation of aerial photograph data: status of beaver in Central Oregon, USA","docAbstract":"Beavers (Castor canadensis) influence habitat for many species and pose challenges in developed landscapes. They are increasingly viewed as a cost-efficient means of riparian habitat restoration and water storage. Still, information on their status is rare, particularly in western North America. We used aerial photography to evaluate changes in beaver occupancy between 1942–1968 and 2009 in upper portions of 2 large watersheds in Oregon, USA. We used multiple observers and occupancy modeling to account for bias related to photo quality, observers, and imperfect detection of beaver impoundments. Our analysis suggested a slightly higher rate of beaver occupancy in the upper Deschutes than the upper Klamath basin. We found weak evidence for beaver increases in the west and declines in eastern parts of the study area. Our study presents a method for dealing with observer variation in photo interpretation and provides the first assessment of the extent of beaver influence in 2 basins with major water-use challenges. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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