Neonicotinoids are one of the most widely used classes of insecticides in the world. The neonicotinoid imidacloprid is commonly applied to hemlock (Tsuga spp.) stands in eastern North America to reduce tree mortality from infestations of the invasive hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA; Adelges tsugae). While laboratory and mesocosm studies have determined that imidacloprid can bioaccumulate in anurans and cause sublethal effects, no field studies have investigated whether salamanders or insects in streams adjacent to HWA treatments bioaccumulate imidacloprid or if sublethal effects are detectable in wild salamanders. We assessed relationships between imidacloprid exposure and stream salamander health in West Virginia, USA, using concentration of the stress hormone corticosterone and body condition indices (BCI) as response variables. Of 107 Desmognathus salamanders from 11 sites tested for bioaccumulation, we detected imidacloprid in 47 salamanders. Of 15 benthic macroinvertebrate samples tested, we detected imidacloprid, imidacloprid-urea, and imidacloprid-olefin in 15, 13, and 1 sample, respectively. Based on 115 Desmognathus salamanders sampled at 11 sites for stress hormone responses, corticosterone concentration increased with imidacloprid concentration in stream water. For 802 salamanders sampled at 48 sites, BCI decreased as concentration of imidacloprid in stream water increased, but explanatory power was low. Our study suggests that chronic leaching of imidacloprid from treated hemlock stands into adjacent streams has the potential to negatively affect aquatic organisms and may provide a route of exposure to higher trophic levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01292","usgsCitation":"Crayton, S.M., Wood, P.B., Brown, D., Millikin, A., McManus, T.J., Simpson, T.J., Ku, K., and Park, Y., 2020, Bioaccumulation of the pesticide imidacloprid in stream organisms and sublethal effects on salamanders: Global Ecology and Conservation, v. 24, p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01292.","productDescription":"e01292, 15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","ipdsId":"IP-112478","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":454705,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01292","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":395902,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Gauley River National Recreational Area, Monongahela National 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]\n}","volume":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crayton, Sara M.","contributorId":244780,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Crayton","given":"Sara","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":48971,"text":"West Virginia University, Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, Morgantown, WV","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wood, Petra B. 0000-0002-8575-1705 pbwood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8575-1705","contributorId":199090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Petra","email":"pbwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":834691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Donald J.","contributorId":264847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Donald J.","affiliations":[{"id":12432,"text":"West Virginia University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Millikin, Alice R.","contributorId":276266,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Millikin","given":"Alice R.","affiliations":[{"id":12432,"text":"West Virginia University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McManus, Terence J.","contributorId":278590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McManus","given":"Terence","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":12432,"text":"West Virginia University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Simpson, Tyler J.","contributorId":276267,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Simpson","given":"Tyler","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":12432,"text":"West Virginia University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ku, Kang-Mo","contributorId":276268,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ku","given":"Kang-Mo","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":56944,"text":"Chonnam National University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Park, Yong-Lak","contributorId":276271,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Park","given":"Yong-Lak","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12432,"text":"West Virginia University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70216480,"text":"sir20205123 - 2020 - Water levels and selected water-quality conditions in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas, 2014","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-01T13:46:47.314594","indexId":"sir20205123","displayToPublicDate":"2020-12-01T05:43:03","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-5123","displayTitle":"Water Levels and Selected Water-Quality Conditions in the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer in Eastern Arkansas, 2014","title":"Water levels and selected water-quality conditions in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas, 2014","docAbstract":"In 2014, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Arkansas Geological Survey and the Arkansas Natural Resources Commission, determined water-level altitudes in 468 wells in eastern Arkansas and collected water-quality samples from 144 wells. Water-level altitudes were calculated based on the measured depth to water in each well and used to construct a potentiometric-surface map of the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, and the water-quality samples were analyzed for chloride and bromide concentrations. Upon completion of the potentiometric-surface map, 10 depressions in the potentiometric surface were identified in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain: two large depressions, five small depressions, and three areas of decreased water levels. Analyses of water-quality samples identified several areas of elevated chloride/bromide ratios.
A water-level altitude difference map was constructed using 345 groundwater levels measured in 2010 and 2014. Differences in water-level altitude ranged from –10.2 feet in Craighead County to 18.00 feet in Prairie County. Analysis of the overall water-level altitude differences indicated a decline in approximately 84 percent of the wells measured in both 2010 and 2014, including in areas where previous studies indicated water-level altitude increases between 2008 and 2012. Analysis of long-term hydrographs of wells in the study area indicated that mean annual water levels declined in all but two counties. The decline in water levels observed in the hydrographs suggests continued growth of the cones of depression caused by groundwater use in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205123","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arkansas Natural Resources Commission and the Arkansas Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Rodgers, K.D., and Whaling, A.R., 2020, Water levels and selected water-quality conditions in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas, 2014: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5123, 22 p., 3 pls., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205123.","productDescription":"Report: v, 22 p.; 3 Plates: 20.04 x25.98 inches or smaller; Data Release","numberOfPages":"31","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-082198","costCenters":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380660,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5123/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":380661,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5123/sir20205123.pdf","text":"Report","size":"962 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020–5123"},{"id":380662,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5123/sir20205123_plate1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"1.82 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020–5123 Plate 1","linkHelpText":"— Potentiometric Surface of the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer, Spring 2014"},{"id":380664,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5123/sir20205123_plate3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","size":"1.73 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020–5123 Plate 3","linkHelpText":"— Chloride/Bromide Ratio of the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer, Spring 2014–15"},{"id":380663,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5123/sir20205123_plate2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"1.94 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020–5123 Plate 2","linkHelpText":"— Difference in Water Level of the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer, 2010–14"},{"id":380665,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F757197T","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGs data Release","linkHelpText":"Water-level data, selected water-quality data, and the potentiometric dataset for the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas, spring 2014"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.85693359375,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n -91.62597656249999,\n 35.24561909420681\n ],\n [\n -92.21923828124999,\n 34.74161249883172\n ],\n [\n -91.8017578125,\n 33.94335994657882\n ],\n [\n -91.62597656249999,\n 33.22949814144951\n ],\n [\n -91.60400390625,\n 33.04550781490999\n ],\n [\n -91.01074218749999,\n 33.08233672856376\n ],\n [\n -90.72509765625,\n 34.07086232376631\n ],\n [\n -90.3076171875,\n 34.88593094075317\n ],\n [\n -89.97802734375,\n 35.460669951495305\n ],\n [\n -89.67041015625,\n 36.03133177633187\n ],\n [\n -90.3076171875,\n 36.049098959065645\n ],\n [\n -90.06591796875,\n 36.33282808737917\n ],\n [\n -90.15380859375,\n 36.491973470593685\n ],\n [\n -90.52734374999999,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n -90.85693359375,\n 36.527294814546245\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Lower Mississippi Gulf Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
640 Grassmere Park, Suite 100
Nashville, TN 37211
1) Movement has been studied extensively in stream salmonids, and most data suggest that population-level behavior is best described by a leptokurtic distribution. This distribution emphasizes the large proportion of sedentary individuals in a population, which can implicitly lead to assumptions of low population connectivity and overlook the ecological significance of rare individuals with more mobile phenotypes. 2) We report findings of a multi-season radio telemetry study conducted on four adjacent populations of wild brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) connected by Loyalsock Creek in northcentral Pennsylvania. We used these data to investigate temporal and spatial patterns in movement and fitness tradeoffs associated with behavioral phenotype. 3) Similar to previous studies, we found that 59 of the 120 radio-tagged individuals (49%) were sedentary and moved less than 200 m. Only 18% of individuals dispersed more than 1 km, but the maximum distanced moved exceeded 13 km. We also found that mobile individuals had significantly higher summer and fall survival than did sedentary fish, which could indicate that there are fitness benefits associated with vagility. 4) Most long-distance movements were the result of fish migrating from small tributaries into a larger mainstem river in the days after spawning. Therefore, even though mobility was only expressed for a short duration and by relatively few individuals in the population, the behavior appears to maintain metapopulation connectivity throughout the watershed. 5) Our study highlights the ecological significance of rare phenotypes for population demography across large spatial scales and the need to understand movement across multiple temporal and spatial scales to ensure adequate conservation of critical forms of cryptic life history diversity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/fwb.13637","usgsCitation":"Wagner, T., and White, S., 2020, Behavior at short temporal scales drives dispersal dynamics and survival in a metapopulation of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis): Freshwater Biology, v. 66, no. 2, p. 278-285, https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13637.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"278","endPage":"285","ipdsId":"IP-118703","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":454727,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13637","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":395892,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Double Creek, East Branch Creek, Loyalsock Creek, Pole Bridge Creek, Shanerburg Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.93528175354004,\n 41.254193933121606\n ],\n [\n -76.92240715026855,\n 41.254193933121606\n ],\n [\n -76.92240715026855,\n 41.266646415620784\n ],\n [\n -76.93528175354004,\n 41.266646415620784\n ],\n [\n -76.93528175354004,\n 41.254193933121606\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-10-30","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wagner, Tyler 0000-0003-1726-016X twagner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1726-016X","contributorId":1050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"Tyler","email":"twagner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":834735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Shannon","contributorId":276311,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Shannon","affiliations":[{"id":36985,"text":"Penn State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70216479,"text":"ofr20201116 - 2020 - Multiple-well monitoring site adjacent to the North and South Belridge Oil Fields, Kern County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-25T12:52:01.362381","indexId":"ofr20201116","displayToPublicDate":"2020-11-24T12:43:43","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-1116","displayTitle":"Multiple-Well Monitoring Site Adjacent to the North and South Belridge Oil Fields, Kern County, California","title":"Multiple-well monitoring site adjacent to the North and South Belridge Oil Fields, Kern County, California","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board, is evaluating several questions about oil and gas development and groundwater resources in California, including (1) the location of groundwater resources; (2) the proximity of oil and gas operations to groundwater and the geologic materials between them; (3) evidence (or no evidence) of fluids from oil and gas sources in groundwater; and (4) the pathways or processes responsible when fluids from oil and gas sources are present in groundwater (U.S. Geological Survey, 2017). As part of this evaluation, the USGS installed a multiple-well monitoring site in the southern San Joaquin Valley groundwater basin adjacent to the North and South Belridge oil fields, about 7 miles southwest of Lost Hills, California. Data collected at the Belridge multiple-well monitoring site (BWSD) provide information about the geology, hydrology, geophysical properties, and geochemistry of the aquifer system, thus enhancing understanding of relations between adjacent groundwater and the North and South Belridge oil fields in an area where there are few groundwater data. This report presents construction information for the BWSD and initial hydrogeologic data collected from the site. A similar site installed to the east of the Lost Hills oil field, 11.5 miles to the north of the BWSD site, was described by Everett and others (2020a).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201116","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Everett, R.R., Brown, A.A., Gillespie, J.M., Kjos, A., and Fenton, N.C., 2020, Multiple-well monitoring site adjacent to the North and South Belridge Oil Fields, Kern County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020-1116, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201116.","productDescription":"Report: 10 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-112077","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380658,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1116/ofr20201116.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1116"},{"id":380659,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96WITX5","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Aquifer test data for the Belridge multiple-well monitoring site (BWSD), Kern County, California"},{"id":380657,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1116/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Kern County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-120.1945,35.788],[-120.1842,35.789],[-120.1655,35.7891],[-120.1474,35.7887],[-120.0816,35.7886],[-119.9688,35.7896],[-119.852,35.7891],[-119.7618,35.7906],[-119.6472,35.7895],[-119.5395,35.79],[-119.4301,35.7905],[-119.3308,35.7899],[-119.2169,35.7906],[-119.1182,35.7903],[-118.9027,35.789],[-118.6504,35.7897],[-118.6441,35.7896],[-118.5885,35.7897],[-118.5233,35.7892],[-118.4785,35.7915],[-118.4706,35.7919],[-118.4502,35.7908],[-118.2716,35.7896],[-118.2562,35.7894],[-118.2387,35.7897],[-118.2137,35.7894],[-118.1956,35.7896],[-118.1632,35.7893],[-118.0839,35.7865],[-118.0697,35.7859],[-118.009,35.7861],[-117.9234,35.7863],[-117.9249,35.7986],[-117.9005,35.7983],[-117.8738,35.7988],[-117.8523,35.7985],[-117.6362,35.7958],[-117.6355,35.7086],[-117.6537,35.7085],[-117.6527,35.6776],[-117.6176,35.6775],[-117.6166,35.6493],[-117.6353,35.6487],[-117.6354,35.6233],[-117.6352,35.5807],[-117.6356,35.5666],[-117.6351,35.5639],[-117.6346,35.4472],[-117.6352,35.3755],[-117.6353,35.3464],[-117.6351,35.3319],[-117.6343,35.3174],[-117.6341,35.3028],[-117.6345,35.2874],[-117.6343,35.2742],[-117.6341,35.2588],[-117.6339,35.2447],[-117.6342,35.2302],[-117.634,35.2157],[-117.6338,35.2011],[-117.6336,35.1861],[-117.6334,35.1707],[-117.6338,35.1562],[-117.6336,35.1417],[-117.6333,35.1271],[-117.6331,35.1126],[-117.6329,35.098],[-117.6352,35.0981],[-117.636,35.0872],[-117.6358,35.0727],[-117.6356,35.0581],[-117.6357,35.0295],[-117.6361,35.015],[-117.6357,34.985],[-117.6351,34.8233],[-117.6519,34.8227],[-117.6704,34.8221],[-117.7757,34.8229],[-118.1408,34.8195],[-118.1493,34.8195],[-118.5995,34.8175],[-118.8946,34.8181],[-118.8945,34.818],[-118.8825,34.791],[-118.9772,34.7902],[-118.9771,34.8126],[-119.2462,34.8147],[-119.2461,34.857],[-119.2797,34.858],[-119.2779,34.8793],[-119.3844,34.8794],[-119.385,34.884],[-119.3849,34.899],[-119.4382,34.8999],[-119.4438,34.8999],[-119.4544,34.8999],[-119.4571,34.9],[-119.4746,34.9004],[-119.4746,34.9005],[-119.4746,34.9136],[-119.474,34.9367],[-119.474,34.9499],[-119.474,34.9576],[-119.474,34.9721],[-119.4746,35.0184],[-119.4746,35.0325],[-119.4745,35.077],[-119.4908,35.077],[-119.4914,35.092],[-119.5004,35.0915],[-119.5088,35.0906],[-119.5628,35.0883],[-119.5583,35.1369],[-119.5566,35.1601],[-119.5549,35.1791],[-119.5769,35.1787],[-119.6095,35.1773],[-119.6675,35.1749],[-119.6675,35.1908],[-119.6675,35.2049],[-119.6688,35.2617],[-119.7397,35.2629],[-119.7572,35.2633],[-119.7746,35.2633],[-119.8113,35.2641],[-119.8122,35.3508],[-119.8815,35.3501],[-119.8824,35.41],[-119.8824,35.4246],[-119.8831,35.4377],[-119.9999,35.4396],[-120.0007,35.4695],[-120.0171,35.469],[-120.0194,35.4835],[-120.0358,35.4834],[-120.0359,35.497],[-120.0523,35.4974],[-120.053,35.5124],[-120.0699,35.5128],[-120.0711,35.5268],[-120.0875,35.5276],[-120.0876,35.6139],[-120.1951,35.6151],[-120.1947,35.7481],[-120.1942,35.7626],[-120.1945,35.788]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Kern\",\"state\":\"CA\"}}]}","contact":"Director, California Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, California 95819
This report presents abundance and occurrence data for three species of ambystomad salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum, A. jeffersonianum, and A. opacum) collected over a 3-year period (2000, 2001, and 2002) at 200 potentional breeding sies within the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area (DEWA). In addition, numerous measures of inpond, near-pond, and landscape attributes were measured and used to inform statistical models to determine species-habitat relationships in the DEWA.
The results of a 3-year study of ambystomatid salamander breeding habits and habitats in the (DEWA) that was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Park Service, are described in the report. The objectives of the study were to document the population status and critical breeding habitats of the three species of ambystomatid salamanders known to be present in the DEWA—Ambystoma maculatum (spotted salamander), A. opacum (marbled salamander), and A. jeffersonianum (Jefferson salamander). DEWA managers are interested in ecological information on these species for several reasons. First, at the time the study began, there was little known regarding the status of pond-breeding amphibians and their habitats in the DEWA. Second, because they require undegraded habitats in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats to successfully complete their life cycles, the status of ambystomatid salamanders is widely viewed as indicative of overall ecosystem health. Third, because ambystomatid salamanders and other pond-breeding amphibians have been observed in numerous artificial impoundments with the DEWA, park managers would like to assess whether dismantling or discontinuing maintenance of artificial impoundments could affect pond-breeding amphibians and possibly other species that use pond or wetland habitats in the Park.
In 2001, 2002, and 2003, the size and location of 200 wetlands, ponds, and artificial impoundments, and related landscape positions (Ridge versus Valley; Pennsylvania side versus New Jersey side of the Delaware river) were mapped, and site habitat data relating to salamander occurrence and abundance patterns were collected. The data collected during this study provide important new baseline information on ambystomatid salamanders and wetland habitats in the DEWA that will enhance long-term inventory and monitoring efforts. In addition, breeding habitat assessments indicate that ambystomatid salamanders may be sensitive to a wide variety of stresses important in the DEWA and in the region. In particular, recent trends in development (for example, roads) in and near the DEWA, regional increases in the acidity of precipitation, and predicted long-term warming trends for the region could be detrimental to pond-breeding salamander populations because of their effects on breeding site quality and quantity, and on the integrity of migration corridors. In contrast, the results of the study indicate management plans to eliminate small impoundments are not likely to adversely affect salamanders in DEWA, at least in the short-term. However, it is possible that these small impoundments may offer stable habitats that provide a rescure effect during long-term droughts.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205081","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Snyder, C.D., Young, J.A., Julian, J.T., King, T.L., and Julian, S.E., 2020, Assessment of Ambystomatid salamander populations and their breeding habitats in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5081, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205081.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 41 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-113175","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380510,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5081/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":380511,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5081/sir20205081.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.33 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020-5081"},{"id":380512,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9XCVHY3","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Ambystomatid salamander population and breeding pond habitat data for the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area (2001–2003)"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.7564697265625,\n 41.380930388318\n ],\n [\n -74.8992919921875,\n 41.29844430929419\n ],\n [\n -74.9761962890625,\n 41.18278832811288\n ],\n [\n -75.1080322265625,\n 41.06692773019345\n ],\n [\n -75.179443359375,\n 40.992337919312305\n ],\n [\n -75.1629638671875,\n 40.93011520598305\n ],\n [\n -75.0970458984375,\n 40.93841495689795\n ],\n [\n -74.893798828125,\n 41.075210270566636\n ],\n [\n -74.6630859375,\n 41.253032440653186\n ],\n [\n -74.7564697265625,\n 41.380930388318\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Eastern Ecological Science Center
11649 Leetown Road
Kearneysville, WV 25430
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Bernalillo County Public Works Division, conducted a 1-year study in 2015 to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of evapotranspiration (ET) and available water within the East Mountain area in Bernalillo County, New Mexico. ET and available water vary spatiotemporally because of complex interactions among environmental factors, including vegetation characteristics, soil characteristics, topography, and climate.
Precipitation data from the Parameter-Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) (P) were used in conjunction with actual ET (ETa) data from the Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) model to estimate available water (P – ETa) at 100-meter (m) resolution in the study area. Maps, descriptive statistics, boxplots, regression analyses (continuous data), and multiple comparison tests (categorical data) were used to characterize P, ETa, and available water and their relations to topographic, soil, and vegetation datasets in the East Mountain area. Five categories of the natural land-cover type (evergreen forest, shrub, herbaceous, deciduous forest, and mixed forest) and four categories of developed land-cover type specific to residential intensity (developed open, developed low, developed medium, and developed high) were analyzed individually and in interaction with multiple elevation, tree canopy, and soil texture classes.
Annual mean P in 2015 in the East Mountain area was 608 millimeters (mm), and annual mean ETa was 543 mm (89 percent of annual P in 2015), indicating that in 2015, a spatial mean of about 65 mm of water was available for runoff, soil moisture replenishment, or groundwater recharge. Monthly ETa was greatest in July and smallest in January. The intervening months did not show smooth temporal or consistent spatial changes from month to month. Months with lower ETa (January to March, October to December) also tended to have greater available water, indicating that soil moisture (water supply) and potential ET (water demand) may have been out of phase.
Regression analyses showed that monthly ETa data had the highest correlation with annual ETa among the atmospheric, topographic, soil, or vegetation datasets, particularly during the early and late growing season (March, April, May, and September). In contrast, monthly P was highly variable and not as highly correlated with annual ETa. Among landscape variables, correlations with annual ETa were highest for tree canopy cover (coefficient of determination [R2] = 0.46). Correlations between ETa and other landscape variables were lower (R2 = 0.06–0.19): available soil water in the top 100 centimeters, soil bulk density of layer 1, slope, sand content of soil layer 1, soil depth, available soil water in the top 25 centimeters, leaf area index, aspect eastness, and elevation. Evergreen forest areas had the highest annual median ETa, followed by mixed forest, open residential areas, and deciduous forest. Available water typically was higher in landcover types with lower ETa: herbaceous cover, followed by deciduous forest, high-intensity developed areas, and shrub. Deciduous forest had the second highest median available water, despite having the fourth highest ETa, because deciduous forest had greater P than most other areas. Annual median ETa typically was greatest in the second highest elevation band (2,401–2,800 m above the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 [NAVD 88]), and lower in the highest elevation band (2,801–3,254 m above NAVD 88), despite having greater P, likely because of decreased tree canopy cover or a shift from evergreen to deciduous trees at the highest elevations.
Annual median ETa increased with tree canopy cover, regardless of landcover type. ETa correlation was higher with tree canopy than with leaf area index or normalized difference vegetation index. This result indicates that it is important to include the thermal band (from satellite multispectral data) in vegetation indices used to describe ETa, perhaps to account for the influence of energy limitation or water limitation on ET. Of all natural landcover types, finer soils had the most available water, whereas coarser soils had the least available water. Relations of soil type with P – ETa were different than with ETa, indicating ET and available water have a complex response to differences in soil type. Further modeling would be useful in determining soils’ infiltration, storage, conductivity, and plant-water availability relations to individual storms for each position in the landscape, as well as the corresponding effects of these processes on ET and available water.
The best multivariate linear model for annual ETa had an R2 value of 0.62. Monthly ETa models had R2 values between 0.16 and 0.65. Models usually, but not always, performed best during the growing season. These results indicate that even the best multivariate linear models cannot explain a notable amount of the variability in ET. The monthly ETa models with the highest correlations (August and September) followed a July having almost twice the mean precipitation for July (1981–2010), which indicates that a soil-moisture variable is needed to more accurately model monthly ETa. Further study is needed to better characterize this system, the variables that affect ET and available water, and the partitioning of available water into runoff, soil moisture storage, and groundwater recharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205095","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bernalillo County Public Works Division","usgsCitation":"Douglas-Mankin, K.R., McCutcheon, R.J., Mitchell, A.C., and Senay, G.B., 2020, Landscape and climatic influences on actual evapotranspiration and available water using the Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) Model in eastern Bernalillo County, New Mexico, 2015: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5095, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205095.","productDescription":"x, 40 p.","numberOfPages":"53","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-101269","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380594,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5095/sir20205095.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.90 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020–5095"},{"id":380593,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5095/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Bernalillo County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.65252685546875,\n 34.879171662167664\n ],\n [\n -105.88623046874999,\n 34.879171662167664\n ],\n [\n -105.88623046874999,\n 35.35545618392078\n ],\n [\n -106.65252685546875,\n 35.35545618392078\n ],\n [\n -106.65252685546875,\n 34.879171662167664\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Mexico Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6700 Edith Blvd. NE
Albuquerque, NM 87113
The movement patterns of birds across a landscape are often highly variable and influenced by complex interactions between individuals and environments. Because periods of movement can be marked by high mortality, especially among juvenile birds, understanding these patterns may be vital for the conservation of many bird species. However, these patterns can be challenging to quantify. We used radio‐telemetry to document the movement patterns of ‘Akohekohe (Palmeria dolei), an endangered Hawaiian Honeycreeper endemic to Maui Island, Hawai'i. This species is believed to be highly susceptible to mosquito‐transmitted avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) and only breeds in high‐elevation wet forests on the windward side of east Maui (> 1715 m) that serve as mosquito‐free refugia. Over a 2‐yr period (2013–2014), we used radio‐telemetry and resightings of color‐banded birds to track the movements of juveniles (N = 11) and adults (N = 24) and quantified home ranges with minimum convex polygons (MCP) and 95% fixed kernels (KHR). Movement patterns and home range sizes of adult and juvenile ‘Akohekohe were significantly different, with adults having relatively small home ranges (0.57 ha, MCP; 1.09 ha, KHR) and juveniles moving greater distances and having larger home ranges (25.02 ha, MCP; 90.56 ha, KHR). Only juveniles moved into lower‐elevation forests that can support mosquito populations, at least seasonally. The absence of adults in this transitional malaria zone suggests that adult ‘Akohekohe cannot maintain long‐term home ranges in areas with an increased risk of malaria infection. In addition, the long‐distance movements of juveniles during the post‐fledging, pre‐breeding period likely increases their risk of contracting avian malaria and could be a key factor limiting the population of this species.
Mercury (Hg) pollution is an environmental problem that adversely affects human and ecosystem health at local, regional, and global scales—including within New York State. More than two-thirds of the Hg currently released to the environment originates, either directly or indirectly, from human activities. Since the early 1800s, global atmospheric Hg concentrations have increased by three- to eight-fold over natural levels. In the U.S., atmospheric emissions and point-source releases to waterways increased following industrialization into the mid-1980s. Since then, water discharges have largely been curtailed. As a result, Hg emissions, atmospheric concentrations, and deposition over the past few decades have declined across the eastern U.S. Despite these decreases, Hg pollution persists. To inform policy efforts and to advance public understanding, the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) sponsored a scientific synthesis of information on Hg in New York State. This effort includes 23 papers focused on Hg in atmospheric deposition, water, fish, and wildlife published in Ecotoxicology. New York State experiences Hg contamination largely due to atmospheric deposition. Some landscapes are inherently sensitive to Hg inputs driven by the transport of inorganic Hg to zones of methylation, the conversion of inorganic Hg to methylmercury, and the bioaccumulation and biomagnification along food webs. Mercury concentrations exceed human and ecological risk thresholds in many areas of New York State, particularly the Adirondacks, Catskills, and parts of Long Island. Mercury concentrations in some biota have declined in the Eastern Great Lakes Lowlands and the Northeastern Highlands over the last four decades, concurrent with decreases in water releases and air emissions from regional and U.S. sources. However, widespread changes have not occurred in other ecoregions of New York State. While the timing and magnitude of the response of Hg levels in biota varies, policies expected to further diminish Hg emissions should continue to decrease Hg concentrations in food webs, yielding benefits to the fish, wildlife, and people of New York State. Anticipated improvements in the Hg status of aquatic ecosystems are likely to be greatest for inland surface waters and should be roughly proportional to declines in atmospheric Hg deposition. Efforts that advance recovery from Hg pollution in recent years have yielded significant progress, but Hg remains a pollutant of concern. Indeed, due to this extensive compilation of Hg observations in biota, it appears that the extent and intensity of the contamination on the New York landscape and waterscape is greater than previously recognized. Understanding the extent of Hg contamination and recovery following decreases in atmospheric Hg deposition will require further study, underscoring the need to continue existing monitoring efforts.
Twelve unnamed, bedrock stratigraphic units are recognized within the Sleetmute A-2 1:63,360-scale quadrangle of southwestern Alaska. These units range in age from late(?) Proterozoic through Devonian and can be divided into two distinct facies belts: (1) a southern facies of dominantly shallow-water platform carbonate and minor siliciclastic rocks (including Early Ordovician–Early Devonian platform edge algal buildups) with subordinate transgressive tongues of deeper-water platy carbonates; and (2) a northern facies belt of approximately age equivalent deep-water carbonate and siliciclastic rocks deposited in slope and basinal environments. Both facies belts belong to the Farewell terrane of Decker and others (1994). Two structural provinces are also recognized, which correspond directly with these belts. The Farewell terrane is interpreted as a continental margin sequence that rifted from Siberia. Many of the bedrock units recognized in the Sleetmute A-2 quadrangle are equivalent to units previously recognized to the east and northeast in the Lime Hills, McGrath, and Medfra quadrangles. Shallow-water carbonate platform rocks make up the majority of the southern facies and occur primarily along the crest and north side (and to a lesser degree along the south side) of a prominent crescentic-shaped, east-west trending anticlinal axis exposed in the southern part of the Sleetmute A-2 quadrangle. Because of the relatively low thermal alteration indices of the rocks of this area and the presence of highly porous dolostone intervals of good reservoir quality in the platform facies, this region elicited interest for petroleum exploration in the 1980s. However, low total organic carbon (TOC) content of potential source rocks within the Ordovician–Silurian basinal facies belt indicates low petroleum resource potential for this area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3450","usgsCitation":"Blodgett, R.B., Wilson, F.H., Shew, N.B., and Clough, J.G., 2020, Bedrock geologic map of the 15' Sleetmute A-2 quadrangle, southwestern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3450, 18 p., 1 map sheet, scale 1:63,360, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3450.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: iv, 18 p.; 1 Sheet: 23.20 x 26.17 inches; Table; Spatial Data","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-098211","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380271,"rank":2,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3450/sim3450.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","size":"1.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3450"},{"id":380272,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3450/sim3450_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","size":"1.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3450 Pamphlet"},{"id":380270,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3450/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":380273,"rank":4,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3450/sim3450_table.csv","text":"Table 1","size":"10 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"},"description":"SIM 3450 Table csv"},{"id":380274,"rank":5,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3450/sim3450_table.xls","text":"Table 1","size":"39 KB xls","description":"SIM 3450 Table xls"},{"id":380275,"rank":6,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3450/sim3450_spatial_data.zip","text":"SIM 3450 spatial data","size":"2.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIM 3450 Spatial Data"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.45,\n 61.000\n ],\n [\n -156.2230,\n 61.000\n ],\n [\n -156.2230,\n 61.15\n ],\n [\n -156.45,\n 61.15\n ],\n [\n -156.45,\n 61.000\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Alaska Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4210 University Dr.
Anchorage, AK 99508
Increasing specific conductance (SC) and chloride concentrations [Cl] negatively affect many stream ecosystems. We characterized spatial variability in SC, [Cl], and exceedances of Environmental Protection Agency [Cl] criteria using nearly 30 million high-frequency observations (2–15 min intervals) for SC and modeled [Cl] from 93 sites across three regions in the eastern United States: Southeast, Mid-Atlantic, and New England. SC and [Cl] increase substantially from south to north and within regions with impervious surface cover (ISC). In the Southeast, [Cl] weakly correlates with ISC, no [Cl] exceedances occur, and [Cl] concentrations are constant with time. In the Mid-Atlantic and New England, [Cl] and [Cl] exceedances strongly correlate with ISC. [Cl] criteria are frequently exceeded at sites with greater than 9–10% ISC and median [Cl] higher than 30–80 mg/L. Tens to hundreds of [Cl] exceedances observed annually at most of these sites help explain previous research where stream ecosystems showed changes at (primarily nonwinter) [Cl] as low as 30–40 mg/L. Mid-Atlantic chronic [Cl] exceedances occur primarily in December–March. In New England, exceedances are common in nonwinter months. [Cl] is increasing at nearly all Mid-Atlantic and New England sites with the largest increases at sites with higher [Cl].
Reduced abundance of non-native Tamarix shrubs in western U.S. riparian systems following biological control by a defoliating beetle has led to concerns that replacement plant communities could be dominated by other invasive species and/or not provide some of the ecosystem services that Tamarix was providing. In previous studies, Tamarix decline following biocontrol was accompanied by small increases in native and non-native herbaceous species, with variable responses of woody vegetation. However, none of these studies spanned periods longer than a decade since beetle release. This is an important caveat, given the cyclical nature of plant-herbivore interactions and potential lags in vegetation recovery. We report plant community response to an eight-year-long second cycle of Tamarix defoliation-refoliation in two reaches of the upper Colorado River in eastern Utah, 11–13 years after beetle arrival. Tamarix cover across sites initially declined an average of ca. 50% in response to the beetle, but then recovered. Changes in the associated plant community were small but supported common management goals, including a 47% average increase in cover of a native shrub (Salix exigua), and no secondary invasions by other non-native plants. We suggest that the effectiveness of biocontrol programs must be assessed case-by-case, and on a long-term basis.
Winter low‐flow (LF) conditions in streams provide a potential opportunity to evaluate the importance of legacy nitrate in catchments due to the dominance of slow‐flow transport pathways and lowered biotic activity. In this study, the concentration, flux, and trend of nitrate in streams during winter low‐flow conditions were analyzed at 320 sites in the conterminous United States. LF flow‐normalized nitrate concentrations varied from <0.1 to >20 mg‐N L‐1 and LF conditions contributed between 2% and 98% of the winter nitrate flux. LF nitrate concentrations generally exceeded 2.5 mg‐N L‐1 in the upper Midwest, with smaller regions of high LF nitrate concentrations in eastern Texas and along the northern mid‐Atlantic coast. Groundwater was inferred to be the primary or sole contributor of nitrate to streams during winter LF conditions at 140 of our 320 sites. Among these 140 sites, nitrate from groundwater comprised 45% or more of the winter nitrate flux at a quarter of the sites. Among the same 140 sites, concentrations of nitrate in streams during winter LF conditions generally increased between 2002 and 2012 at sites where 40% or more of the winter flux was from groundwater, suggesting that concentrations of nitrate in the contributing groundwater system were increasing. Using metrics developed herein, we characterize the potential importance of legacy nitrate at sites in this study and discuss methods to characterize sites with fewer samples than required by our models or at sites without continuous stream discharge measurements.
The city of Summerset is a growing community in west South Dakota. The Sun Valley Estates subdivision in the north part of the city was developed on unconsolidated deposits surrounded by steep terrain. During years with greater than normal precipitation, particularly in 2019, groundwater levels increased in the unconsolidated deposits and caused damage to stormwater systems, sewer infrastructure, and houses with basements. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Summerset, completed a study of the hydrogeology and groundwater flow in the alluvial aquifer part of the unconsolidated deposits in north Summerset to understand the groundwater system in the area and to provide hydrogeologic information in support of future development planning.
The study area included most of the Sun Valley Estates subdivision in the north part of the city of Summerset in the east Black Hills of west South Dakota. About 0.7 square mile of water-bearing alluvial deposits is included in the study area. Precipitation in the study area from 2017 to 2019 was compared to the monthly normal values at a nearby climate site. The largest departure from normal was in May 2019 with precipitation exceeding the monthly normal by about 5 inches (in.). All months in 2019, except March, exceeded the monthly normal precipitation. Cumulative departure from normal precipitation in 2019 increased from about 4 in. greater than normal in January to about 18 in. greater than normal in December.
The geologic setting of the study area is characterized by the surrounding Black Hills. Unconsolidated Quaternary-age deposits overlie consolidated to partially consolidated Mesozoic-age and Paleozoic-age shales, sandstones, and limestones. Surficial deposits of alluvium and other unconsolidated deposits are the primary surficial geologic units in the study area and form the components of the alluvium hydrogeologic unit of the study area. Results from previous studies of alluvium along nearby Rapid Creek estimated hydraulic conductivity to range from 89 to 2,292 feet per day (ft/d), transmissivity to range from 1,001 to 32,083 feet squared per day, and storage coefficients to range from 0.0002 to 0.16. Hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity generally decreased downstream along Rapid Creek (west to east). Slug tests were completed August 16, 2019, at two observation wells completed in the alluvial aquifer in the Sun Valley Estates subdivision to determine hydraulic conductivity. Hydraulic conductivity estimated from AQTESOLV curve-fitting analysis using the Bouwer-Rice method for all slug-in and slug-out trials from two observation wells in the study ranged from 0.20 to 0.26 ft/d for well 441318103220001 (SunValley1 well) and from 0.54 to 14 ft/d for well 441319103215701 (SunValley2 well). The mean, median, and standard deviation of all trials at both wells were 4.3 ft/d, 0.8 ft/d, and 5.6 ft/d, respectively.
The extent of the alluvial aquifer was determined by geologic maps and lithologic logs. Alluvial deposits in the study area extend to about 1 mile in the north–south direction and about 1.5 miles in the southeast–northwest direction. The direction of groundwater flow was estimated using water-level records and topographic maps. The resulting potentiometric map indicated that groundwater in the alluvial aquifer under the Sun Valley Estates subdivision originates from higher elevations of the west part of the area of interest and from streams in the southeast part. Recharge and evapotranspiration estimates were results from a Soil-Water Balance model that calculated a matrix of recharge for 2019 with values ranging from 0 to 11.4 in. and an annual mean value of 5.1 in. across the study area. Soil-Water Balance-estimated potential evapotranspiration for 2019 ranged from 28.90 to 28.75 in. and the estimated annual mean was 28.86 in. across the study area. Estimated groundwater budget components for the alluvial aquifer in the area of interest included inflows and outflows. Total estimated groundwater budget components for inflows for 2019 were about 66 percent from recharge, 33 percent from streamflow, and 1 percent from inflow from adjacent aquifers. Total estimated outflows were about 99-percent evapotranspiration and less than 1-percent outflow to adjacent aquifers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205097","issn":"2328-0328","usgsCitation":"Eldridge, W.G., and Anderson, T.M., 2020, Hydrogeology and groundwater flow in alluvial deposits, north Summerset, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5097, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205097.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 31 p.; 2 Data Releases","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-116994","costCenters":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":379700,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5097/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":379703,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"USGS Water Data for the Nation"},{"id":379702,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9TKVMXU","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Soil-Water Balance model for alluvial deposits in Summerset, South Dakota"},{"id":379701,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5097/sir20205097.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.08 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020-5097"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","city":"Sommerset","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.37310791015625,\n 44.15856343854312\n ],\n [\n -103.28109741210938,\n 44.15856343854312\n ],\n [\n -103.28109741210938,\n 44.203866109361435\n ],\n [\n -103.37310791015625,\n 44.203866109361435\n ],\n [\n -103.37310791015625,\n 44.15856343854312\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Dakota Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
821 East Interstate Avenue, Bismarck, ND 58503
1608 Mountain View Road, Rapid City, SD 57702
In late Wisconsin time, the Purcell Trench lobe of the Cordilleran ice sheet dammed the Clark Fork of the Columbia River in western Montana, creating glacial Lake Missoula. During part of this epoch, the Okanogan lobe also dammed the Columbia River downstream, creating glacial Lake Columbia in northeast Washington. Repeated failure of the Purcell Trench ice dam released glacial Lake Missoula, causing dozens of catastrophic floods in eastern Washington that can be distinguished by the geologic record they left behind. These floods removed tens of meters of pale loess from dark basalt substrate, forming scars along flowpaths visible from space.
Different positions of the Okanogan lobe are required for modeled Missoula floods to inundate the diverse channels that show field evidence for flooding, as shown by accurate dam-break flood modeling using a roughly 185 m digital terrain model of existing topography (with control points dynamically varied using automatic mesh refinement). The maximum extent of the Okanogan lobe, which blocked inundation of the upper Grand Coulee and the Columbia River valley, is required to flood all channels in the Telford scablands and to produce highest flood stages in Pasco Basin. Alternatively, the Columbia River valley must have been open and the upper Grand Coulee blocked to nearly match evidence for high water on Pangborn bar near Wenatchee, Washington, and to flood Quincy Basin from the west. Finally, if the Columbia River valley and upper Grand Coulee were both open, Quincy Basin would have flooded from the northeast.
In all these scenarios, the discrepancy between modeled flood stages and field evidence for maximum flood stages increases in all channels downstream, from Spokane to Umatilla Basin. The pattern of discrepancies indicates that bulking of floods by loess increased flow volume across the scablands, but this alone does not explain low modeled flow stages along the Columbia River valley near Wenatchee. This latter discrepancy between modeled flood stages and field data requires either additional bulking of flow by sediment along the Columbia reach downstream of glacial Lake Columbia, or coincident dam failures of glacial Lake Columbia and glacial Lake Missoula.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2021.2548(17)","usgsCitation":"Denlinger, R.P., George, D.L., Cannon, C.M., O'Connor, J., and Waitt, R.B., 2020, Diverse cataclysmic floods from Pleistocene glacial Lake Missoula: GSA Special Volume on Pleistocene megafloods, v. 548, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1130/2021.2548(17).","productDescription":"18 p.","ipdsId":"IP-101636","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384572,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Lake Missoula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.92675781249999,\n 46.08847179577592\n ],\n [\n -113.3349609375,\n 46.08847179577592\n ],\n [\n -113.3349609375,\n 48.22467264956519\n ],\n [\n -119.92675781249999,\n 48.22467264956519\n ],\n [\n -119.92675781249999,\n 46.08847179577592\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"548","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Denlinger, Roger P. 0000-0003-0930-0635 roger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0930-0635","contributorId":2679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"Roger","email":"roger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":812746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"George, David L. 0000-0002-5726-0255 dgeorge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5726-0255","contributorId":3120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"David","email":"dgeorge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":812747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cannon, Charles M. 0000-0003-4136-2350 ccannon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4136-2350","contributorId":247680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"Charles","email":"ccannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":812748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O'Connor, Jim E. 0000-0002-7928-5883 oconnor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7928-5883","contributorId":140771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Connor","given":"Jim E.","email":"oconnor@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":812749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Waitt, Richard B. 0000-0002-6392-5604 waitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6392-5604","contributorId":2343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waitt","given":"Richard","email":"waitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":812750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70215976,"text":"70215976 - 2020 - Geomorphic and sedimentary effects of modern climate change: Current and anticipated future conditions in the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-14T16:49:17.200792","indexId":"70215976","displayToPublicDate":"2020-10-23T07:02:53","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geomorphic and sedimentary effects of modern climate change: Current and anticipated future conditions in the western United States","docAbstract":"Hydroclimatic changes associated with global warming over the past 50 years have been documented widely, but physical landscape responses are poorly understood thus far. Detecting sedimentary and geomorphic signals of modern climate change presents challenges owing to short record lengths, difficulty resolving signals in stochastic natural systems, influences of land use and tectonic activity, long‐lasting effects of individual extreme events, and variable connectivity in sediment‐routing systems. We review existing literature to investigate the nature and extent of sedimentary and geomorphic responses to modern climate change, focusing on the western United States, a region with generally high relief and high sediment yield likely to be sensitive to climatic forcing. Based on fundamental geomorphic theory and empirical evidence from other regions, we anticipate climate‐driven changes to slope stability, watershed sediment yields, fluvial morphology, and aeolian sediment mobilization in the western U.S. We find evidence for recent climate‐driven changes to slope stability and increased aeolian dune and dust activity, whereas changes in sediment yields and fluvial morphology have been linked more commonly to non‐climatic drivers thus far. Detecting effects of climate change will require better understanding how landscape response scales with disturbance, how lag times and hysteresis operate within sedimentary systems, and how to distinguish the relative influence and feedbacks of superimposed disturbances. The ability to constrain geomorphic and sedimentary response to rapidly progressing climate change has widespread implications for human health and safety, infrastructure, water security, economics, and ecosystem resilience.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2019RG000692","usgsCitation":"East, A.E., and Sankey, J.B., 2020, Geomorphic and sedimentary effects of modern climate change: Current and anticipated future conditions in the western United States: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 58, no. 4, e2019RG000692, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000692.","productDescription":"e2019RG000692, 59 p.","ipdsId":"IP-115204","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":454985,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019rg000692","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":380009,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125.5078125,\n 31.052933985705163\n ],\n [\n -103.6669921875,\n 31.052933985705163\n ],\n [\n -103.6669921875,\n 48.951366470947725\n ],\n [\n -125.5078125,\n 48.951366470947725\n ],\n [\n -125.5078125,\n 31.052933985705163\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-12-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"East, Amy E. 0000-0002-9567-9460 aeast@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9567-9460","contributorId":196364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"East","given":"Amy","email":"aeast@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":803644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sankey, Joel B. 0000-0003-3150-4992 jsankey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3150-4992","contributorId":3935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sankey","given":"Joel","email":"jsankey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":803645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70227401,"text":"70227401 - 2020 - The nature and composition of the J-M Reef, Stillwater Complex, Montana, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-13T13:05:12.086133","indexId":"70227401","displayToPublicDate":"2020-10-23T07:02:42","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The nature and composition of the J-M Reef, Stillwater Complex, Montana, USA","docAbstract":"In this contribution, we analyze 30 years of mine development data and quantitatively identify the processes that control the grade and tenor of the mineralized rock. An assay database of more than 60,000 samples was used to examine variations in ore grade and tenor of the sulfide mineralization in the J-M reef horizon of the Stillwater Complex along the strike and down the dip of the deposit in the area of the Stillwater mine. We compare these results with data from the East Boulder mine and whole-rock lithogeochemistry of samples collected along the entire strike length of the complex. We find significant variation in the composition of the reef sulfides in different spatial domains of the Stillwater mine area and between the Stillwater and East Boulder mines. Most of the variation in the grade and tenor can be explained by a variation in the mass of silicate magma with which the sulfide liquid equilibrated (i.e., R factor); however, geochemical and textural evidence suggests that parts of the reef may have experienced significant S loss following initial sulfide melt segregation. Some variability in the reef tenor and grade can be attributed to variable amounts of sulfur loss due to low-temperature hydrothermal fluids and the overestimation or underestimation of metal concentrations in reef assays due to the nugget effect. Furthermore, we address the Pd/Pt ratio of the reef samples and suggest that the lower solubility of Pt in the parental silicate melt may have caused the crystallization and removal of Pt alloys at some point before the melt reached sulfide saturation and Pt could partition into the sulfide liquid. This disparity between the prior evolution of Pt and Pd in the silicate melt resulted in the observed Pd/Pt ratio of ~3.65 across all areas of the reef—a value significantly larger than anticipated for primitive mantle-derived magmas.
The Younger Dryas (YD, 12.9–11.7 ka) is the most recent, near-global interval of abrupt climate change with rates similar to modern global warming. Understanding the causes and biodiversity effects of YD climate changes requires determining the spatial fingerprints of past temperature changes. Here we build pollen-based and branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether-based temperature reconstructions in eastern North America (ENA) to better understand deglacial temperature evolution. YD cooling was pronounced in the northeastern United States and muted in the north central United States. Florida sites warmed during the YD, while other southeastern sites maintained a relatively stable climate. This fingerprint is consistent with an intensified subtropical high during the YD and demonstrates that interhemispheric responses were more complex spatially in ENA than predicted by the bipolar seesaw model. Reduced-amplitude or antiphased millennial-scale temperature variability in the southeastern United States may support regional hotspots of biodiversity and endemism.
Declining water levels and reduced natural discharge at springs, seeps, and phreatophyte areas primarily are the result of decades of groundwater development in the Death Valley regional flow system, in Nevada and California. A calibrated groundwater-flow model was used to simulate potential future effects of groundwater pumping on water levels and natural groundwater discharge in the study area. Effects of climate change on future groundwater pumping were not considered and were beyond the scope of the study. Four groundwater-pumping scenarios were developed by stakeholders to predict and compare (1) the extent of regional water-level declines; (2) drawdown at Devils Hole; and (3) reductions in natural discharge at select discharge areas, including the Amargosa Wild and Scenic River, the Ash Meadows discharge area, the Furnace Creek area, and Stump Spring. Scenarios were simulated from 1913 to 2120, with historical pumping occurring from 1913 to 2010, historical 2010 pumping rates projected from 2010 to 2020, and scenario pumping beginning in 2020. Pumping scenarios included a base case and scenarios A, B, and C. The base case projected 2010 pumping rates from 2010 to 2120, and scenarios A, B, and C projected base case pumping plus additional pumping at various locations from 2020 to 2120. By 2020, historical (1913–2020) pumping resulted in the propagation of simulated drawdown of 1 foot (ft) or more westward from Pahrump Valley to areas north of Shoshone in the Pahrump to Death Valley South (PDVS) groundwater basin and the merging of simulated 1-ft drawdown contours between the Alkali Flat–Furnace Creek Ranch (AFFCR) and Ash Meadows groundwater basins. In the base case scenario, extent and magnitude of simulated drawdown continued to increase in the Ash Meadows and AFFCR groundwater basins from 2020 to 2120. In the base case, the magnitude of simulated drawdown continued to increase in western Pahrump Valley from 2020 to 2120, whereas simulated water levels rose in eastern Pahrump Valley from 2020 to 2070 and then stabilized from 2070 to 2120. Scenarios A and B primarily affected the PDVS and AFFCR groundwater basins by increasing the magnitude of drawdown in 2120, compared to the base case. In scenario C, drawdown propagated throughout a high-transmissivity part of the carbonate aquifer known as the megachannel, greatly affecting water levels in the Ash Meadows discharge area. Scenario C resulted in an additional 10–100 ft of drawdown (compared to the base case) throughout the southeastern part of the Ash Meadows groundwater basin by 2120. Simulated drawdowns in Devils Hole in 2120 were 3.2, 3.4, 3.8, and 25.4 ft for the base case and scenarios A, B, and C, respectively. The federally mandated minimum water level for Devils Hole is 2.7 ft below a reference point. In 2020, the simulated water level in Devils Hole was above the minimum water level, at 1.7 ft below the reference. Simulated water levels in Devils Hole fell below the federally mandated water level by 2078, 2073, 2058, and 2025 for the base case and scenarios A, B, and C, respectively, assuming a hypothetical recharge scenario of constant natural recharge. Simulated reductions in predevelopment (natural) discharge at select discharge areas ranged from 3 to 38 percent by 2120 for all scenarios. Amargosa Wild and Scenic River was the least affected discharge area with simulated capture rates ranging from 3 to 4 percent of predevelopment discharge by 2120. Ash Meadows discharge area was greatly affected by groundwater pumping in scenario C with a simulated capture rate of 38 percent, compared to simulated capture rates of 8, 8, and 9 percent for the base case, scenario A, and scenario B, respectively, in 2120. Simulated capture rates in the Furnace Creek area ranged from 10 to 11 percent for all scenarios in 2120. Simulated capture rates at Stump Spring ranged from 32 to 36 percent for all scenarios in 2120.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205103","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management; National Park Service; Nevada Division of Wildlife; Nye County, Nevada; and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Nelson, N.C., and Jackson, T.R., 2020, Simulated effects of pumping in the Death Valley Regional Groundwater Flow System, Nevada and California—Selected management scenarios projected to 2120: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5103, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205103.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 30 p.; Data Releases","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-112177","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":379438,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5103/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":379439,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5103/sir20205103.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020-5103"},{"id":379440,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9OBUPXU","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW-2005 models used to simulate effects of pumping in the Death Valley Regional Groundwater Flow System, Nevada and California—Selected management scenarios projected to 2120"},{"id":379476,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F75H7FH3","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Update to the groundwater withdrawals database for the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, Nevada and California, 1913 -2010"},{"id":379477,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HIYVG2","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW-2005 model and supplementary data used to characterize groundwater flow and effects of pumping in the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, Nevada and California, with special reference to Devils Hole"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Death Valley Regional Groundwater Flow System","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.3779296875,\n 33.62376800118811\n ],\n [\n -114.08203125,\n 33.62376800118811\n ],\n [\n -114.08203125,\n 38.62545397209084\n ],\n [\n -117.3779296875,\n 38.62545397209084\n ],\n [\n -117.3779296875,\n 33.62376800118811\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Nevada Water Science Center
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2730 N. Deer Run Road
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In 2015, about 84,600 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) of groundwater were withdrawn in the United States for various uses including public supply, self-supplied domestic, industrial, mining, thermoelectric power, aquaculture, livestock, and irrigation. Of this total, about 94 percent (79,200 Mgal/d) was withdrawn from principal aquifers, which are defined as regionally extensive aquifers or aquifer systems that have the potential to be used as sources of water of suitable quality and quantity to meet various needs. The remaining 6 percent (5,400 Mgal/d) was withdrawn from other, nonprincipal aquifers in the United States.
Sixty-six principal aquifers belonging to 5 major lithologic groups have been identified and delineated in the United States, including Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Of the water withdrawn from principal aquifers in 2015, 81 percent (63,900 Mgal/d) was from the unconsolidated and semiconsolidated sand and gravel lithologic group, 7.1 percent (5,630 Mgal/d) was from the igneous and metamorphic-rock lithologic group, 6.8 percent (5,360 Mgal/d) was from the carbonate-rock lithologic group, 3.4 percent (2,680 Mgal/d) was from the sandstone lithologic group, and 2.2 percent (1,710 Mgal/d) was from the sandstone and carbonate-rock lithologic group.
The most heavily pumped of the 24 principal aquifers and aquifer systems within the unconsolidated and semiconsolidated sand and gravel lithologic group were the High Plains aquifer (12,300 Mgal/d), Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer (12,100 Mgal/d), Central Valley aquifer system (11,100 Mgal/d), and Basin and Range basin-fill aquifers (7,390 Mgal/d). Withdrawals for irrigation were 48,100 Mgal/d and accounted for 75 percent of the total withdrawals from this lithologic group. Although unconsolidated sand and gravel aquifers are widely distributed and were used as sources of water in all States except Hawaii and the U.S. Virgin Islands, 56 percent of the total withdrawn from unconsolidated and semiconsolidated sand and gravel aquifers was in just four States: California (15,600 Mgal/d), Arkansas (9,560 Mgal/d), Nebraska (5,570 Mgal/d), and Texas (4,830 Mgal/d).
The most heavily pumped of the seven principal aquifers within the igneous and metamorphic-rock lithologic group were the Snake River Plain (2,930 Mgal/d) and Columbia Plateau basaltic-rock aquifers (1,080 Mgal/d), which are located in the northwestern United States and together accounted for 71 percent of the water withdrawn from this lithologic group. Withdrawals for irrigation were 4,190 Mgal/d and accounted for more than 74 percent of the total withdrawals from this lithologic group. Seventy-eight percent of the withdrawals from igneous and metamorphic-rock aquifers were in three States: Idaho (3,230 Mgal/d), Washington (614 Mgal/d), and Oregon (528 Mgal/d).
The most heavily pumped of the 15 principal aquifers and aquifer systems within the carbonate-rock lithologic group were the Floridan aquifer system (3,180 Mgal/d) and the Biscayne aquifer (679 Mgal/d), which are in the southeastern United States and together accounted for almost 72 percent of the withdrawals from this lithologic group. Withdrawals for public supply (2,440 Mgal/d) and irrigation (1,610 Mgal/d) together accounted for almost 76 percent of the total withdrawals from this lithologic group. Although water was withdrawn from carbonate-rock aquifers in 35 States, 71 percent of the total withdrawn was in Florida (3,020 Mgal/d) and Georgia (785 Mgal/d).
The most heavily pumped of the 15 principal aquifers within the sandstone lithologic group was the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system (921 Mgal/d), which is in the north-central United States and accounted for 34 percent of the water withdrawn from this lithologic group. Withdrawals for public supply were 1,030 Mgal/d and accounted for 38 percent of the total withdrawals from this lithologic group. Although sandstone aquifers were used as sources of water in 32 States, 45 percent of the total withdrawn from sandstone aquifers was in five States: Minnesota (321 Mgal/d), Wisconsin (319 Mgal/d), Kansas (193 Mgal/d), Illinois (187 Mgal/d), and Pennsylvania (179 Mgal/d).
The most heavily pumped of the five principal aquifers and aquifer systems within the sandstone and carbonate-rock lithologic group were the Edwards-Trinity aquifer system (661 Mgal/d) in the south-central United States and the Valley and Ridge aquifers (551 Mgal/d) of the eastern United States, which together accounted for 71 percent of total withdrawals from this lithologic group. Withdrawals from sandstone and carbonate-rock aquifers for public-supply (713 Mgal/d), irrigation (469 Mgal/d), and self-supplied domestic (253 Mgal/d) uses accounted for about 84 percent of the total withdrawals from this lithologic group. Although water was withdrawn from sandstone and carbonate-rock aquifers in 25 States, 65 percent of the total withdrawn was in Texas (651 Mgal/d), Pennsylvania (238 Mgal/d), and Florida (223 Mgal/d).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1464","usgsCitation":"Lovelace, J.K., Nielsen, M.G., Read, A.L., Murphy, C.J., and Maupin, M.A., 2020, Estimated groundwater withdrawals from principal aquifers in the United States, 2015 (ver. 1.2, October 2020): U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1464, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1464.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 70 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"82","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-107784","costCenters":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375193,"rank":4,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1464/versionHist.txt","text":"Version History","description":"CIR 1464 Version History"},{"id":374029,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9EI0KMR","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data 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U.S. Geological Survey
640 Grassmere Park, Suite 100
Nashville, Tennessee 37211
The Utica and Marcellus Shale Plays in the Appalachian Basin are the fourth and first largest natural gas producing plays in the United States, respectively. Hydrocarbon production generates large volumes of brine (“produced water”) that must be disposed of, treated, or reused. Though Marcellus brines have been studied extensively, there are few studies from the Utica Shale Play. This study presents new brine chemical analyses from 16 Utica Shale Play wells in Ohio and Pennsylvania. Results from Na–Cl–Br systematics and stable and radiogenic isotopes suggest that the Utica Shale Play brines are likely residual pore water concentrated beyond halite saturation during the formation of the Ordovician Beekmantown evaporative sequence. The narrow range of chemistry for the Utica Shale Play produced waters (e.g., total dissolved solids = 214–283 g/L) over both time and space implies a consistent composition for disposal and reuse planning. The amount of salt produced annually from the Utica Shale Play is equivalent to 3.4% of the annual U.S. halite production. Utica Shale Play brines have radium activities 580 times the EPA maximum contaminant level and are supersaturated with respect to barite, indicating the potential for surface and aqueous radium hazards if not properly disposed of.
This geologic map includes a trove of stratigraphic and geomorphic information that chronicles the inception and evolution of the lower Colorado River. The map area is located near the south end of the Lake Mead National Recreation Area about 80 km (50 mi) downstream from Hoover Dam. It spans parts of northwestern Arizona and southern Nevada near the south end of Cottonwood Valley. The map includes the Spirit Mountain SE 7.5' quadrangle and the southern part of the Spirit Mountain NE 7.5' quadrangle. The map area contains well-exposed Neogene and Quaternary strata and associated geomorphic features that record and are critical in dating the arrival of the Colorado River in the early Pliocene and the subsequent history of the river and its landscape through the Holocene. The valley is bounded on the west by the Newberry Mountains (Nevada) and on the east by the Black Mountains (Arizona) and includes part of Lake Mohave, a reservoir created by the completion of Davis Dam in 1951. This map does not include the geology of the reservoir floor and focuses only on surficial deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3448","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology; Arizona Geological Survey; University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Department of Geoscience; University of Oklahoma School of Geosciences; and National Park Service","usgsCitation":"House, P.K., Crow, R.S., Pearthree, P.A., Brock-Hon, A.L., Schwing, J., Thacker, J.O., and Gootee, B.F., 2020, Surficial geologic map of the Spirit Mountain SE and part of the Spirit Mountain NE 7.5' quadrangles, Nevada and Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3448, pamphlet 30 p., scale 1:24,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3448.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: iv, 30 p.; 1 Sheet: 38.50 x 43.00 inches; Database; Metadata; Readme file","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-094912","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":379010,"rank":5,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3448/sim3448_metadata.xml","size":"18 KB","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIM 3448 metadata xml"},{"id":379009,"rank":4,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3448/sim3448_metadata.txt","size":"16 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"SIM 3448 metadata txt"},{"id":379008,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3448/sim3448_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","size":"18.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3448 Pamphlet"},{"id":379007,"rank":2,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3448/sim3448.pdf","text":"Map","size":"22.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3448"},{"id":495225,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_110667.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":379011,"rank":6,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3448/sim3448_readme.txt","size":"3 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"SIM 3448 readme"},{"id":379012,"rank":7,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3448/sim3448_database.zip","size":"73.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIM 3448 database (.zip)"},{"id":379006,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3448/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Spirit Mountain quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.61212158203124,\n 35.21420969483077\n ],\n [\n -114.33197021484375,\n 35.21420969483077\n ],\n [\n -114.33197021484375,\n 35.641673184600585\n ],\n [\n -114.61212158203124,\n 35.641673184600585\n ],\n [\n -114.61212158203124,\n 35.21420969483077\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Contact Information, Geology, Minerals, Energy, & Geophysics Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2255 N. Gemini Drive
Flagstaff, AZ 86001-1600
Soil respiration is a primary component of the terrestrial carbon cycle. However, predicting the response of soil respiration to climate change remains a challenge due to the complex interactions between environmental drivers, especially plant phenology, temperature, and soil moisture. In this study, we use a 1‐D diffusion‐reaction model to calculate depth‐resolved CO2 production rates from soil CO2 concentrations and surface efflux observations in a subalpine meadow in the East River watershed, CO. Modeled rates are compared to in situ soil temperature and moisture conditions and MODIS satellite enhanced vegetation index (EVI) representing plant phenology across three hydrologically distinct growing seasons from 2016–2018. While soil respiration correlated with temperature on diel timescales (p < 0.05), seasonal variability was dominated by soil moisture and plant phenology (p < 0.05). We observed significant respiration increases in response to precipitation events; however, magnitude and duration were significantly higher in 2017 than 2016 despite similar wetting characteristics. Based on MODIS EVI, we suggest that the respiration response to rainfall is controlled by plant phenology, which in turn reflects the capacity of plants to respond to precipitation via increased photosynthesis and autotrophic respiration, behavior that is not captured in typical soil respiration pulse models. Projected changes in montane climate such as earlier snowmelt and prolonged fore‐summer drought may decrease soil respiration fluxes by decreasing the overlap between peak productivity and the summer monsoon. Finally, we observed significant late season CO2 fluxes from the deep subsoil (>165 cm) that support growing evidence for the importance of subsoil processes in driving integrated respiration fluxes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2020JG005924","usgsCitation":"Winnick, M., Lawrence, C.R., McCormick, M., Druhan, J., and Maher, K., 2020, Soil respiration response to rainfall modulated by plant phenology in a montane meadow, East River, Colorado, USA: Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences, v. 125, no. 10, e2020JG005924, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JG005924.","productDescription":"e2020JG005924, 20 p.","ipdsId":"IP-108485","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":455072,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1664387","text":"External Repository"},{"id":381100,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"East River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.061767578125,\n 38.50626606567193\n ],\n [\n -106.82968139648436,\n 38.50626606567193\n ],\n [\n -106.82968139648436,\n 38.922023851268925\n ],\n [\n -107.061767578125,\n 38.922023851268925\n ],\n [\n -107.061767578125,\n 38.50626606567193\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"125","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-10-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winnick, Mathew","contributorId":245458,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Winnick","given":"Mathew","affiliations":[{"id":36396,"text":"University of Massachusetts","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":806219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lawrence, Corey R. 0000-0001-6143-7781","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6143-7781","contributorId":202390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"Corey","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":806220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCormick, Maeve","contributorId":245459,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCormick","given":"Maeve","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":806221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Druhan, Jennifer","contributorId":245460,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Druhan","given":"Jennifer","affiliations":[{"id":36403,"text":"University of Illinois","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":806222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Maher, Kate","contributorId":245461,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maher","given":"Kate","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":806223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70215178,"text":"70215178 - 2020 - Estimating the net costs of brine production and disposal to expand pressure-limited dynamic capacity for basin-scale CO2 storage in a saline formation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-09T12:45:17.757956","indexId":"70215178","displayToPublicDate":"2020-10-09T07:39:43","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2049,"text":"International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating the net costs of brine production and disposal to expand pressure-limited dynamic capacity for basin-scale CO2 storage in a saline formation","docAbstract":"If carbon capture and storage (CCS) needs to be deployed at basin- or larger-scale, it is likely that multiple sites will be injecting carbon dioxide (CO2) into the same geologic formation. This could lead to excessive pressure buildup, overlapping induced pressure fronts, and pressure interference with neighboring uses of the subsurface. Extracting the in situ brine from the storage formation could be necessary to relieve pressure constraints; control migration of the CO2 plume, displaced brine, and the induced pressure front; and sequester more CO2 while reducing potential risks. Such active pressure management could be very costly, and it could present a formidable economic constraint on the feasible scale of deployment of CCS. Alternatively, there may be high-injectivity zones (“storage sweet spots”) where a significant volume of CO2 could be stored without producing brine. For simulated deployment of CO2 storage sites across the Illinois Basin, the results of this study suggest that brine production could be required to sequester 20 % or more of the regional CO2 emissions of major stationary sources in the Mount Simon Sandstone saline formation. In some cases, brine production could expand pressure-limited CO2 storage capacity enough to more than compensate for the additional costs of pressure management, but only if produced brine could be cheaply reinjected onsite for disposal in an overlying geologic formation. With or without brine production, this study found that the lowest-cost deployment option was to inject CO2 only into a potential storage sweet spot of the Mount Simon Sandstone.