In the northwestern part of the San Juan basin, Colorado, thick high-volatile B bituminous coal deposits in the Upper Cretaceous Fruitland Formation are associated with nearshore marine sandstones of the Pictured Cliffs Sandstone. Detailed work along the outcrop and examination of drill cores, revealed two coal-bearing zones in the lower 60 m of the Fruitland Formation. Each zone is up to 13 m thick and consists of interbedded bright and dull coal (average ash values of 17 and 34% on a moisture-free basis, respectively), thin fine-grained clastic partings and abundant altered volcanic ash partings.
Isopachs of the interval between the top of the Pictured Cliffs Sandstone and a marker bed (Huerfanito Bentonite Bed) in the underlying Lewis Shale show linear zones where the interval abruptly thickens. These zones, which trend northwest to southeast, represent areas where the shoreline paused during an overall migration to the northeast. Isopach maps of coal in the lower part of the Fruitland Formation and subsurface correlation of shoreface sandstones with coal zones show that the thickest accumulation of coal is 20–25 km landward of these coeval shorelines.
The Fruitland coals may be compared to the high-ash peats of the Dismal Swamp in the southeastern U.S.A., which form in pocosin mires about 20 km inland from the Atlantic coast. Clastic deposirion, resulting from coastal processes, precludes the formation of peat in low-lying mires adjacent to the shoreline. The high ash yield, numerous partings and the relationship with the coeval shoreline suggest that the coals in the lower part of the Fruitland Formation accumulated in mires that were transitional from low-lying to raised.
Fluid speciations and their related reaction pathways were studied in C-O-H-system fluids produced by the thermal dissociation of oxalic acid dihydrate (OAD: H2C2O4 · 2H2O) sealed in silica glass capsules. Experiments were conducted in the temperature range 230–750°C, with bulk fluid densities in the range 0.01–0.53 g/cm3. Pressure was controlled by temperature and density in the isochoric systems. The quenched products of dissociation experiments were an aqueous liquid and one (supercritical fluid) or, rarely, two (vapor plus liquid) carbonic phase (s). In-situ Raman microanalyses were performed on the quenched carbonic phases at room temperature, at which fluid pressures ranged from about 50 to 340 bars. Bulk fluid speciations were reconstructed from the Raman analyses via mass balance constraints, and appear to monitor the true fluid speciations at run conditions. In experiments from the lowtemperature range (230–350°C), fluid speciations record the dissociation of OAD according to the reaction OAD = CO2 + CO + 3H2O. A process of the form CO + H2O = CO2 + H2 is driven to the right with increasing temperature. The hydrogen gas produced tends to escape from the sample systems via diffusion into/through the silica glass capsules, shifting bulk compositions toward equimolar binary H2O-CO2 mixtures.
The speciations of fluids in experiments with minimal hydrogen loss show poor agreement with speciations calculated for equilibrium fluids by the corresponding-states model of Saxena and Fei (1988). Such disagreement suggests that the formations of CH4 and graphite are metastably inhibited in the current experiments, which correlates with their absence or trivial abundances in experimental products. Moreover, calculations in which the stabilities of methane and graphite are suppressed suggest that such metastable equilibrium is approached only in experiments at temperatures greater than about 600–650°C. These results have applications to fluid processes in geological environments, in addition to considerations of using oxalate compounds as volatile sources in experimental studies. It is possible that disequilibrium or metastable fluids may be entrapped as inclusions; re-speciation (toward metastable or stable equilibrium) during P-T evolution of a given terrain would place the fluid inclusion on a new isochore that would not project through the original conditions of entrapment. Moreover, the disequilibrium to metastable nature of dissociation reactions, coupled with the diffusional mobility of hydrogen gas observed in the current experiments, suggests that the predominance of binary H2O-CO2 fluid mixtures in natural inclusions from medium- to high-grade metamorphic terrains may be more than a coincidence of similar initial bulk compositions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(92)90133-4","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Morgan, V.G., Chou, I., and Pasteris, J.D., 1992, Speciation in experimental C-O-H fluids produced by the thermal dissociation of oxalic acid dihydrate: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 56, no. 1, p. 281-294, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(92)90133-4.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"294","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224979,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94eae4b08c986b31acbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, VI G.B.","contributorId":68488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"VI","email":"","middleInitial":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chou, I.-M. 0000-0001-5233-6479","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-6479","contributorId":44283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chou","given":"I.-M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":374051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pasteris, J. D.","contributorId":97640,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pasteris","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016647,"text":"70016647 - 1992 - Pesticides in Iowa precipitation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-29T23:05:07.656146","indexId":"70016647","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pesticides in Iowa precipitation","docAbstract":"Rainfall was sampled for pesticides to assess their occurrence in precipitation and potential impacts on water resources. Three areas in Iowa were sampled; two localities were in rural settings, and a third in an urban area. Fourteen pesticides, including ten herbicides and four insecticides, were detected from October 1987 through September 1990. Atrazine, alachlor, cyanazine, and metolachlor were the most commonly detected, with one or more of these four herbicides found in almost every rainfall sample during the growing season. Concentrations of individual pesticides ranged from 0.1 µg L−1 to 40.0 µg L−1, with most detections under 1.0 µg L−1. Pesticide detections in rainfall began in April and ended in July or August, probably related to the timing of chemical application and greater volatilization rates during warmer weather. Samples from the urban site had detections of the same agricultural chemicals found at the rural sites, but in lesser quantities. In addition to the commonly detected herbicides, three of the four insecticides detected in rainfall were only found in urban samples. Two of these have urban as well as agricultural uses. Some variation of pesticide detections were seen at the three sampling localities, related to regional and local use patterns. Concentrations were greater at sampling sites near fields where pesticides are applied, suggesting that local volatilization and distance of transport affect the concentrations in rainfall. Pesticide concentrations were highest at the beginning of a rainfall event with concentrations becoming lower in samples taken later in the event.
A new method of collecting samples of unsaturated-zone water for quantitative analysis for a volatile organic compound, trichloroethene (TCE), was compared to three other, previously described sampling methodologies in the laboratory and in the field. In the laboratory, prepared water samples containing TCE in a known concentration (20 µg/L) were sampled repeatedly by using each of the four methods to quantify method precision and accuracy. To compare the four methods in the field, unsaturated-zone water above a TCE-contaminated water-table aquifer was transferred from a depth of 2 m to land surface with 0.15-m-long suction lysimeters attached to 1.85-m lengths of stainless-steel tubing. Statistical analyses of the laboratory and field data indicate that the new method, which involves collecting the water samples in gas-tight glass syringes, is superior to the other three methods for the quantitative sampling and analysis of TCE on the basis of its high precision and accuracy and ease of use. This method was used to collect additional samples from the field site to quantify the spatial variability of TCE concentrations in the unsaturated-zone water. Results of analysis of variance of the data indicate that the spatial concentration variability is important, and that differences in TCE concentration are statistically significant for horizontal distances less than 3.6 m.
","language":"English","publisher":"Alliance of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science Societies ","doi":"10.2134/jeq1992.00472425002100020018x","usgsCitation":"Smith, J., Cho, H.J., Jaffe, P.R., MacLeod, C., and Koehnlein, S.A., 1992, Sampling vadose-zone water for a volatile organic compound at Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 21, no. 2, p. 264-271, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1992.00472425002100020018x.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"264","endPage":"271","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338070,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Picatinny Arsenal ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.5751953125,\n 40.9127342255246\n ],\n [\n -74.50721740722656,\n 40.9127342255246\n ],\n [\n -74.50721740722656,\n 40.973158837894324\n ],\n [\n -74.5751953125,\n 40.973158837894324\n ],\n [\n -74.5751953125,\n 40.9127342255246\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d60e4b0236b68f98f6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, James A.","contributorId":68718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cho, H. Jean","contributorId":189545,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cho","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jean","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jaffe, Peter R.","contributorId":22503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"MacLeod, Cecilia L.","contributorId":62250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacLeod","given":"Cecilia L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Koehnlein, Susan A.","contributorId":80550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koehnlein","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5223368,"text":"5223368 - 1991 - A vacuum-operated pore-water extractor for estuarine and freshwater sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-17T10:15:04","indexId":"5223368","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:04","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A vacuum-operated pore-water extractor for estuarine and freshwater sediments","docAbstract":"A vacuum-operated pore-water extractor for estuarine and freshwater sediments was developed and constructed from a fused-glass air stone attached with aquarium airline tubing to a 30 or 60 cc polypropylene syringe. Pore water is extracted by inserting the air stone into the sediment and creating a vacuum by retracting and bracing the syringe plunger. A hand-operated vacuum pump attached to a filtration flask was also evaluated as an alternative vacuum source. The volume and time to extract pore water varies with the number of devices and the sediment particle size. Extraction time is longer for fine sediments than for sandy sediments. Four liters of sediment generally yield between 500 and 1,500 mL of pore water. The sediment that surrounds and accumulates on the air stone acts as a filter, and, except for the first few milliliters, the collected pore water is clear. Because there is no exposure to air or avenue for escape, volatile compounds andin situ characteristics are retained in the extracted pore water.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01055353","usgsCitation":"Winger, P.V., and Lasier, P.J., 1991, A vacuum-operated pore-water extractor for estuarine and freshwater sediments: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 21, no. 2, p. 321-324, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01055353.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"324","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198431,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a51ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winger, Parley V.","contributorId":27983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winger","given":"Parley","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lasier, Peter J.","contributorId":6178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lasier","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":34329,"text":"b1913 - 1991 - Coal resources of Tazewell County, Virginia, 1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-05T07:49:37","indexId":"b1913","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1913","title":"Coal resources of Tazewell County, Virginia, 1980","docAbstract":"Economically important coal beds of Pennsylvanian age underlie about 96 square miles in the northwestern part of Tazewell County in the southwestern Virginia coal field. Coal in Tazewell County ranges in rank from low-volatile to high-volatile A bituminous and generally increases in rank with depth. On an as-received basis, most of the coal is relatively low in ash and high in heat value. Analyses of trace element and major and minor oxide composition of 22 coal beds in Tazewell County indicate that none of the samples contain significant amounts of either potentially toxic or economically valuable trace elements. Of 60 coal beds in Tazewell County, 37 beds are of sufficient thickness and extent to merit calculation of resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/b1913","issn":"00831093","usgsCitation":"Englund, K.J., and Thomas, R.E., 1991, Coal resources of Tazewell County, Virginia, 1980: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1913, Report: iv, 17 p; 5 Plates: 46.0 x 41.96 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1913.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 17 p; 5 Plates: 46.0 x 41.96 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":62217,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1913/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":62216,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1913/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":62218,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1913/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":62219,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1913/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":62220,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1913/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":62221,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1913/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":167221,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1913/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"Virginia ","county":"Tazewell County 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Kenneth John","contributorId":59023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Englund","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, Roger E.","contributorId":87899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":212797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":35608,"text":"b1938 - 1991 - Coal resources of the Fruitland Formation in part of the Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation, San Juan County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-27T14:03:20","indexId":"b1938","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1938","title":"Coal resources of the Fruitland Formation in part of the Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation, San Juan County, New Mexico","docAbstract":"The coal-bearing Upper Cretaceous Fruitland Formation occupies an area of about 14 square miles in the extreme southeast corner of the Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation in San Juan County, New Mexico. In this area, the Fruitland Formation contains an estimated 252 million short tons of coal in beds that range from 1.2 to 14 feet thick. About 100 million short tons of coal occur under less than 500 feet of overburden in the Ute Canyon, Upper Main, and Main coal beds. These three coal beds reach a cumulative coal thickness of about 18 feet in a stratigraphic interval that averages about 120 feet thick in the prospecting permit area, which is located in the extreme southwestern part of the study area. The southwestern part of the study area is probably best suited for surface mining, although steep dips may reduce minability locally. A major haul road that was recently constructed across the eastern half of the study area greatly improves the potential for surface mining.
Core sample analyses indicate that the apparent rank of the Ute Canyon, Upper Main, and Main coal beds is high-volatile C bituminous. Average heat-of-combustion on an as-received basis is 10,250 British thermal units per pound, average ash content is 15.5 percent, and average sulfur content is 1.0 percent.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1938","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe","usgsCitation":"Roberts, L.N., 1991, Coal resources of the Fruitland Formation in part of the Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation, San Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1938, Report: iv, 15 p.: Plate: 57.43 x 41.31 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1938.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 15 p.: Plate: 57.43 x 41.31 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":340508,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1938/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":167211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1938/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":63494,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1938/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.59 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"San Juan County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.39248657226562,\n 36.760891249565624\n ],\n [\n -108.09036254882812,\n 36.760891249565624\n ],\n [\n -108.09036254882812,\n 36.96086580957587\n ],\n [\n -108.39248657226562,\n 36.96086580957587\n ],\n [\n -108.39248657226562,\n 36.760891249565624\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aee54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberts, Laura N. Robinson","contributorId":45364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"N. Robinson","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28301,"text":"wri904137 - 1991 - Delineation of ground-water contamination using soil-gas analyses near Jackson, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:49","indexId":"wri904137","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4137","title":"Delineation of ground-water contamination using soil-gas analyses near Jackson, Tennessee","docAbstract":"An investigation of the ground-water resources near Jackson, West Tennessee, was conducted during 1988-89. The study included determination of the occurrence of contaminants in the shallow aquifer using soil-gas analyses in the unsaturated zone. Between 1980 and 1988, an underground fuel-storage tank leaked about 3,000 gallons of unleaded fuel to the water table about 4 feet below land surface. A survey of soil gas using a gas chromatograph equipped with a photoionization detector showed concentrations of volatile organic compounds greater than IO, 000 parts per million near the leak These compounds were detected in an area about 240 feet long and 110 feet wide extending west from the point source. The chromatograms provided two distinct 'fingerprints' of volatile organic compounds. The first revealed the presence of benzene, toluene, andxylenes, which are constituents of unleaded fuel, in addition to other volatile compounds, in soil gas in the area near the leak The second did not reveal any detectable benzene, toluene, or xylenes in the soil-gas samples, but showed the presence of other unidentified volatile organic compounds in soil gas north of the storage tank. The distribution of total concentrations of volatile organic compounds in the unsaturated zone indicated that a second plume about 200 feet long and 90 feet wide was present about 100 feet north of the storage tank The second plume could have been the result of previous activities at this site during the 1950's or earlier. Activities at the site are believed to have included storage of solvents used at the nearby railyard and flushing of tanks containing tar onto a gravel-covered parking area. The delineation of these plumes has shown that soil-gas analyses can be a useful technique for identifying areas of contamination with volatile organic compounds in shallow water-table aquifers and may have broad applications in similar situations where the water table is relatively close to the surface.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri904137","usgsCitation":"Lee, R.W., 1991, Delineation of ground-water contamination using soil-gas analyses near Jackson, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4137, iii, 9 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904137.","productDescription":"iii, 9 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124060,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_90_4137.jpg"},{"id":2365,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri904137/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab3e4b07f02db66fdb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, R. W.","contributorId":86757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26363,"text":"wri894201 - 1991 - A pilot study for delineation of areas contributing water to wellfields at Jackson, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-04T22:05:13.149604","indexId":"wri894201","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4201","title":"A pilot study for delineation of areas contributing water to wellfields at Jackson, Tennessee","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Tennessee Department of Health and Environment, Division of Groundwater Protection, and the Jackson Utility Division, conducted a pilot study to determine data needs and the applicability of four methods for the delineation of wellhead protection areas. Jackson Utility Division in Jackson, Madison County, Tennessee, pumps about 9 million gallons of ground water daily from two municipal wellfields that tap an unconfined sand aquifer. Under natural hydraulic gradients, ground waterflows southward toward the South Wellfield at approximately 2 to 3 feet per day; natural flow toward the North Wellfield from the east at 1 to 2 feet per day. Water quality generally is suitable for most uses. Concentrations of dissolved solids are low, and excessive iron is the only significant naturally occurring water-quality problem. However, trace concentrations of volatile organic compounds have been detected in water pumps from the South Wellfield; the highest concentration of a single compound has been 23 micrograms per liter of tetrachloroethylene. Potential sources of ground-water contamination in the Jackson area include a hazardous-waste site, municipal and industrial landfill, and underground-storage tanks. Some of the four method for delineating wellhead protection areas did not adequately describe zones contributing flow to the wellfields. Calculations based on a uniform flow equation provided a preliminary delineation of zones of contribution for the wellfields and ground-water time-of-travel contours. Limitations of the applied methods motivated the design of a more rigorous hydrogeologic investigation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri894201","usgsCitation":"Broshears, R.E., Connell, J.F., and Short, N.C., 1991, A pilot study for delineation of areas contributing water to wellfields at Jackson, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4201, v, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894201.","productDescription":"v, 32 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2033,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri89-4201","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123101,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_89_4201.jpg"},{"id":411388,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47277.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","city":"Jackson","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.9087415944655,\n 35.70309960291026\n ],\n [\n -88.9087415944655,\n 35.54833536637487\n ],\n [\n -88.75868085679966,\n 35.54833536637487\n ],\n [\n -88.75868085679966,\n 35.70309960291026\n ],\n [\n -88.9087415944655,\n 35.70309960291026\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab881","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Broshears, R. E.","contributorId":75552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broshears","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Connell, J. F.","contributorId":88779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Short, N. C.","contributorId":92298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Short","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016462,"text":"70016462 - 1991 - Picritic glasses from Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-28T16:35:41.556483","indexId":"70016462","displayToPublicDate":"1991-10-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Picritic glasses from Hawaii","docAbstract":"Estimates of the MgO content of primary Hawaiian tholeiitic melts range from 8wt% to as high as 25wt% (refs 1, 2). In general, these estimates are derived from analysis of the whole-rock composition of lavas, coupled with the compositions of the most magnesian olivine phenocrysts observed. But the best estimate of magma composition comes from volcanic glass, as it represents the liquid composition at the time of quenching; minimal changes occur during the quenching process. Here we report the discovery of tholeiitic basalt glasses, recovered offshore of Kilauea volcano, that contain up to 15.0 wt% MgO. To our knowledge, these are the most magnesian glasses, and have the highest eruption temperatures (∼ 1,316°C), yet found. The existence of these picritic (high-MgO) liquids provides constraints on the temperature structure of the upper mantle, magma transport and the material and thermal budgets of the Hawaiian volcanoes. Furthermore, picritic melts are affected little by magma-reservoir processes, and it is therefore relatively straightforward to extrapolate back to the composition of the primary melt and its volatile contents.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/353553a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Clague, D., Weber, W.S., and Dixon, J., 1991, Picritic glasses from Hawaii: Nature, v. 353, no. 6344, p. 553-556, https://doi.org/10.1038/353553a0.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"553","endPage":"556","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223216,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"353","issue":"6344","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b45e4b0c8380cd7935b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, D.A.","contributorId":36129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clague","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weber, W. S.","contributorId":9774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dixon, J.E.","contributorId":53093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207891,"text":"70207891 - 1991 - Degassing and differentiation in subglacial volcanoes, Iceland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-17T10:46:14","indexId":"70207891","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-17T10:34:56","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Degassing and differentiation in subglacial volcanoes, Iceland","docAbstract":"Within the neovolcanic zones of Iceland many volcanoes grew upward through icecaps that have subsequently melted. These steep-walled and flat-topped basaltic subglacial volcanoes, called tuyas, are composed of a lower sequence of subaqueously erupted, pillowed lavas overlain by breccias and hyaloclastites produced by phreatomagmatic explosions in shallow water, capped by a subaerially erupted lava plateau. Glass and whole-rock analyses of samples collected from six tuyas indicate systematic variations in major elements showing that the individual volcanoes are monogenetic, and that commonly the tholeiitic magmas differentiated and became more evolved through the course of the eruption that built the tuya. At Herdubreid, the most extensively studies tuya, the upward change in composition indicates that more than 50 wt.% of the first erupted lavas need crystallize over a range of 60°C to produce the last erupted lavas. The S content of glass commonly decreases upward in the tuyas from an average of about 0.08 wt.% at the base to < 0.02 wt.% in the subaerially erupted lava at the top, and is a measure of the depth of water (or ice) above the eruptive vent. The extensive subsurface crystallization that generates the more evolved, lower-temperature melts during the growth of the tuyas, apparently results from cooling and degassing of magma contained in shallow magma chambers and feeders beneath the volcanoes. Cooling may result from percolation of meltwater down cracks, vaporization, and cycling in a hydrothermal circulation. Degassing occurs when progressively lower pressure eruption (as the volcanic vent grows above the ice/water surface) lowers the volatile vapour pressure of subsurface melt, thus elevating the temperature of the liquidus and hastening liquid-crystal differentiation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(91)90081-A","usgsCitation":"Moore, J.G., and Calk, L.C., 1991, Degassing and differentiation in subglacial volcanoes, Iceland: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 46, no. 1-2, p. 157-180, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(91)90081-A.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"180","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488899,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(91)90081-a","text":"External Repository"},{"id":371334,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Iceland","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-14.5087,66.45589],[-14.73964,65.80875],[-13.60973,65.12667],[-14.90983,64.36408],[-17.79444,63.67875],[-18.65625,63.49638],[-19.97275,63.64363],[-22.76297,63.96018],[-21.77848,64.40212],[-23.95504,64.89113],[-22.1844,65.08497],[-22.22742,65.37859],[-24.32618,65.61119],[-23.65051,66.26252],[-22.13492,66.41047],[-20.57628,65.73211],[-19.05684,66.2766],[-17.79862,65.99385],[-16.16782,66.52679],[-14.5087,66.45589]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Iceland\"}}]}","volume":"46","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calk, L. C.","contributorId":54261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calk","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015635,"text":"70015635 - 1991 - Fluid inclusion gas chemistry as a potential minerals exploration tool: Case studies from Creede, CO, Jerritt Canyon, NV, Coeur d'Alene district, ID and MT, southern Alaska mesothermal veins, and mid-continent MVT's","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-17T11:02:09.017726","indexId":"70015635","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid inclusion gas chemistry as a potential minerals exploration tool: Case studies from Creede, CO, Jerritt Canyon, NV, Coeur d'Alene district, ID and MT, southern Alaska mesothermal veins, and mid-continent MVT's","docAbstract":"Recent advances in instrumentation now permit quantitative analysis of gas species from individual fluid inclusions. Fluid inclusion gas data can be applied to minerals exploration empirically to establish chemical (gas composition) signatures of the ore fluids, and conceptually through the development of genetic models of ore formation from a framework of integrated geologic, geochemical, and isotopic investigations. Case studies of fluid inclusion gas chemistry from ore deposits representing a spectrum of ore-forming processes and environments are presented to illustrate both the empirical and conceptual approaches. We consider epithermal silver-gold deposits of Creede, Colorado, Carlin-type sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits of Jerritt Canyon, Nevada, metamorphic silver-base-metal veins of the Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho and Montana, gold-quartz veins in accreted terranes of southern Alaska, and the mid-continent base-metal sulfide deposits of Mississippi Valley-Type (MVT's). Variations in gas chemistry determine the redox state of the ore fluids, provide compositional input for gas geothermometers, characterize ore fluid chemistry (e.g., CH4CO2, H2SSO2, CO2/H2S, organic-rich fluids, gas-rich and gas-poor fluids), identify magmatic, meteoric, metamorphic, shallow and deep basin fluids in ore systems, locate upwelling plumes of magmatic-derived volatiles, zones of boiling and volatile separation, interfaces between contrasting fluids, and important zones of fluid mixing. Present techniques are immediately applicable to exploration programsas empirical studies that monitor fluid inclusion gas threshold concentration levels, presence or absence of certain gases, or changes in gas ratios. We suggest that the greater contribution of fluid inclusion gas analysis is in the integrated and comprehensive chemical dimension that gas data impart to genetic models, and in the exploration concepts based on processes and environments of ore formation derived from these genetic models.
The fate of acetone in an outdoor model stream to which nitrate was added as a nutrient supplement was determined. The stream, in southern Mississippi, U.S.A. was 234 m long. Water was supplied to the stream by an artesian well at about 1.21 s−1, resulting in a mean water velocity of about 0.5 m min−1. Acetone was injected continuously for 26 days resulting in concentrations of 20–40 mg l−1. A nitrate solution was injected for 21 days resulting in an instream concentration of about 1.7 mg l−1 at the upstream end of the stream. Rhodamine-WT dye was used to determine the travel time and dispersion characteristics of the stream, and t-butyl alcohol was used to determine the volatilization characteristics.
Volatilization controlled the fate of acetone in the model stream. The lack of substantial bacterial degradation of acetone was contrary to expectations based on the results of laboratory degradation studies using model stream water enriched with nitrate. A possible explanation for the lack of significant degradation in the model stream may be the limited 6-h residence time of the acetone in the stream.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90092-V","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., Stephens, D.W., and Tai, D.Y., 1991, Fate of acetone in an outdoor model stream with a nitrate supplement, southern Mississippi, U.S.A.: Journal of Hydrology, v. 123, no. 3-4, p. 225-242, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90092-V.","productDescription":"18 ","startPage":"225","endPage":"242","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224953,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f0fe4b0c8380cd5373e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephens, D. W.","contributorId":68335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tai, D. Y.","contributorId":59778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tai","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016818,"text":"70016818 - 1991 - An analytical model for in situ extraction of organic vapors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:51","indexId":"70016818","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2331,"text":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An analytical model for in situ extraction of organic vapors","docAbstract":"This paper introduces a simple convective-flow model that can be used as a screening tool and for conducting sensitivity analyses for in situ vapor extraction of organic compounds from porous media. An assumption basic to this model was that the total mass of volatile organic chemicals (VOC) exists in three forms: as vapors, in the soil solution, and adsorbed to soil particles. The equilibrium partitioning between the vapor-liquid phase was described by Henry's law constants (K(H)) and between the liquid-soil phase by soil adsorption constants (K(d)) derived from soil organic carbon-water partition coefficients (K(oc)). The model was used to assess the extractability of 36 VOCs from a hypothetical site. Most of the VOCs appeared to be removable from soil by this technology, although modeling results suggested that rates for the alcohols and ketones may be very slow. In general, rates for weakly adsorbed compounds (K(oc) < 100 mL/g) were significantly higher when K(H) was greater than 10-4 atm??m3??mol-1. When K(oc) was greater than about 100 mL/g, the rates of extraction were sensitive to the amount of organic carbon present in the soil. The air permeability of the soil material (k) was a critical factor. In situ extraction needs careful evaluation when k is less than 10 millidarcies to determine its applicability. An increase in the vacuum applied to an extraction well accelerated removal rates but the diameter of the well had little effect. However, an increase in the length of the well screen open to the contaminated zone significantly affected removal rates, especially in low-permeability materials.This paper introduces a simple convective-flow model that can be used as a screening tool and for conducting sensitivity analyses for in situ vapor extraction of organic compounds from porous media. An assumption basic to this model was that the total mass of volatile organic chemicals (VOC) exists in three forms: as vapors, in the soil solution, and adsorbed to soil particles. The equilibrium partitioning between the vapor-liquid phase was described by Henry's law constants (KH) and between the liquid-soil phase by soil adsorption constants (Kd) derived from soil organic carbon-water partition coefficients (Koc). The model was used to assess the extractability of 36 VOCs from a hypothetical site. Most of the VOCs appeared to be removable from soil by this technology, although modeling results suggested that rates for the alcohols and ketones may be very slow. In general, rates for weakly adsorbed compounds (Koc < 100 mL/g) were significantly higher when KH was greater than 10-4atm-m3-mol-1. When Koc was greater than about 100 mL/g, the rates of extraction were sensitive to the amount of organic carbon present in the soil. The air permeability of the soil material (k) was a critical factor. In situ extraction needs careful evaluation when k is less than 10 millidarcies to determine its applicability. An increase in the vacuum applied to an extraction well accelerated removal rates but the diameter of the well had little effect. However, an increase in the length of the well screen open to the contaminated zone significantly affected removal rates, especially in low-permeability materials.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0304-3894(91)85026-J","issn":"03043894","usgsCitation":"Roy, W.R., and Griffin, R.A., 1991, An analytical model for in situ extraction of organic vapors: Journal of Hazardous Materials, v. 26, no. 3, p. 301-317, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(91)85026-J.","startPage":"301","endPage":"317","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205554,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(91)85026-J"},{"id":224805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9f8e4b0c8380cd48573","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roy, William R.","contributorId":45454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roy","given":"William","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffin, R. A.","contributorId":46211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016805,"text":"70016805 - 1991 - Prospecting for zones of contaminated ground-water discharge to streams using bottom-sediment gas bubbles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T22:31:51.339925","indexId":"70016805","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prospecting for zones of contaminated ground-water discharge to streams using bottom-sediment gas bubbles","docAbstract":"Decomposition of organic-rich bottom sediment in a tidal creek in Maryland results in production of gas bubbles in the bottom sediment during summer and fall. In areas where volatile organic contaminants discharge from ground water, through the bottom sediment, and into the creek, part of the volatile contamination diffuses into the gas bubbles and is released to the atmosphere by ebullition. Collection and analysis of gas bubbles for their volatile organic contaminant content indicate that relative concentrations of the volatile organic contaminants in the gas bubbles are substantially higher in areas where the same contaminants occur in the ground water that discharges to the streams. Analyses of the bubbles located an area of previously unknown ground-water contamination.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1991.tb00523.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Vroblesky, D.A., and Lorah, M.M., 1991, Prospecting for zones of contaminated ground-water discharge to streams using bottom-sediment gas bubbles: Groundwater, v. 29, no. 3, p. 333-340, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1991.tb00523.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"333","endPage":"340","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224656,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8f52e4b0c8380cd7f6c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vroblesky, Don A. vroblesk@usgs.gov","contributorId":413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"Don","email":"vroblesk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":374544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lorah, Michelle M. 0000-0002-9236-587X mmlorah@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9236-587X","contributorId":1437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorah","given":"Michelle","email":"mmlorah@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":374545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016676,"text":"70016676 - 1991 - Degassing and differentiation in subglacial volcanoes, Iceland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:48","indexId":"70016676","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Degassing and differentiation in subglacial volcanoes, Iceland","docAbstract":"Within the neovolcanic zones of Iceland many volcanoes grew upward through icecaps that have subsequently melted. These steep-walled and flat-topped basaltic subglacial volcanoes, called tuyas, are composed of a lower sequence of subaqueously erupted, pillowed lavas overlain by breccias and hyaloclastites produced by phreatomagmatic explosions in shallow water, capped by a subaerially erupted lava plateau. Glass and whole-rock analyses of samples collected from six tuyas indicate systematic variations in major elements showing that the individual volcanoes are monogenetic, and that commonly the tholeiitic magmas differentiated and became more evolved through the course of the eruption that built the tuya. At Herdubreid, the most extensively studies tuya, the upward change in composition indicates that more than 50 wt.% of the first erupted lavas need crystallize over a range of 60??C to produce the last erupted lavas. The S content of glass commonly decreases upward in the tuyas from an average of about 0.08 wt.% at the base to < 0.02 wt.% in the subaerially erupted lava at the top, and is a measure of the depth of water (or ice) above the eruptive vent. The extensive subsurface crystallization that generates the more evolved, lower-temperature melts during the growth of the tuyas, apparently results from cooling and degassing of magma contained in shallow magma chambers and feeders beneath the volcanoes. Cooling may result from percolation of meltwater down cracks, vaporization, and cycling in a hydrothermal circulation. Degassing occurs when progressively lower pressure eruption (as the volcanic vent grows above the ice/water surface) lowers the volatile vapour pressure of subsurface melt, thus elevating the temperature of the liquidus and hastening liquid-crystal differentiation. ?? 1991.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., and Calk, L.C., 1991, Degassing and differentiation in subglacial volcanoes, Iceland: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 46, no. 1-2, p. 157-180.","startPage":"157","endPage":"180","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225025,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe4fe4b0c8380cd4ec6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calk, L. C.","contributorId":54261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calk","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016411,"text":"70016411 - 1991 - Petrography of Permian “Gondwana” coals from boreholes in northwestern Bangladesh, based on semiautomated reflectance scanning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-13T21:44:21.840081","indexId":"70016411","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrography of Permian “Gondwana” coals from boreholes in northwestern Bangladesh, based on semiautomated reflectance scanning","docAbstract":"Drilling through Quaternary alluvium and Tertiary cover at low-gravity anomalies in northwestern Bangladesh showed the presence of Permian sedimentary rocks in depressions that may be as much as a thousand meters deep in the crystalline basement. These Permian strata include low-sulfur, high-volatile bituminous coals in beds as thick as 15 m. The maceral group composition of these coals was determined by semiautomated reflectance scanning with a motorized microscope stage, rather than by point counting. This method was chosen to give objectively recorded raw analytical data and to provide a graphical picture of each sample. The coals are mostly “Gondwana” type (poorly layered “plum pudding” with abundant minerals and inertinite in a vitrinite groundmass) that would be classed as semi-dull (inerto-gelitite) coals. However, six samples have more than 70% vitrinite. None of the samples would be classed as sapropelic (liptinitic). The upper, middle, and lower main seams in borehole GDH-45 were sampled in 10 benches (0.1–3 m thick) each. Inertinite ranges from 7 to 100 vol% (mineral free basis) in individual benches, but composite seam averages are 41, 54 and 67%. Inertinite increases toward the top of two main seams so the bottom would yield the most valuable first mine slices. Some benches with extremely high inertinite content, such as the top 7 m of the lower thick seam, might be mined specially for blending with foreign low-inert coals to increase coke strength. The free swelling index reaches 7.5 in several vitrinite-rich benches, which can indicate good coking coal. Much of the vitrinite is fluorescent, which indicates secondary bituminization characteristic of vitrinite in good coking coals. Ash yields range from 8 to 52%, with composite seam averages of 15, 14 and 24%. Rare visible pyrite is in veinlets or small nodules; framboids and dispersed pyrite are absent. In borehole GDH-40 near Barapukuria (200–500 m depth), the mean random reflectance of vitrinite “A” ranges from 0.60 to 0.80% Ro and vitrinite “B” ranges from 0.55 to 0.65%. In borehole GDH-45 near Khalaspir (287–442 m), the reflectance of vitrinite ranges from 0.79 to 0.94%. In individual cases, the vitrinite is difficult to define because of semivitrinite at higher reflectance (forming a separate peak on several reflectograms) and because of surface bitumen films or resinous (?) inclusions at lower reflectance. On the basis of vitrinite reflectance, the coals can be considered to have entered the “main phase of bitumen generation” of organic thermal maturation as understood in petroleum geochemistry.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(91)90106-T","usgsCitation":"Bostick, N., Betterton, W.J., Gluskoter, H.J., and Nazrul, I.M., 1991, Petrography of Permian “Gondwana” coals from boreholes in northwestern Bangladesh, based on semiautomated reflectance scanning: Organic Geochemistry, v. 17, no. 4, p. 399-413, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(91)90106-T.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"399","endPage":"413","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223319,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bangladesh","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[92.67272,22.04124],[92.65226,21.32405],[92.30323,21.47549],[92.36855,20.67088],[92.08289,21.1922],[92.02522,21.70157],[91.83489,22.18294],[91.41709,22.76502],[90.49601,22.80502],[90.58696,22.39279],[90.27297,21.83637],[89.84747,22.03915],[89.70205,21.85712],[89.41886,21.96618],[89.03196,22.05571],[88.87631,22.87915],[88.52977,23.63114],[88.69994,24.23371],[88.08442,24.50166],[88.30637,24.86608],[88.93155,25.23869],[88.20979,25.76807],[88.56305,26.44653],[89.35509,26.01441],[89.83248,25.96508],[89.92069,25.26975],[90.87221,25.1326],[91.7996,25.14743],[92.3762,24.97669],[91.91509,24.13041],[91.46773,24.07264],[91.15896,23.50353],[91.70648,22.98526],[91.86993,23.62435],[92.14603,23.6275],[92.67272,22.04124]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Bangladesh\"}}]}","volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a77a5e4b0c8380cd78549","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bostick, Neely","contributorId":24080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bostick","given":"Neely","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Betterton, William J. wbettert@usgs.gov","contributorId":2572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betterton","given":"William","email":"wbettert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":373441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gluskoter, Harold J. halg@usgs.gov","contributorId":21319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gluskoter","given":"Harold","email":"halg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":259,"text":"Energy Resources Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":373444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nazrul, Islam M.","contributorId":49523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nazrul","given":"Islam","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015089,"text":"70015089 - 1991 - Metasomatic oxidation of upper mantle periodotite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:55","indexId":"70015089","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metasomatic oxidation of upper mantle periodotite","docAbstract":"Examination of Fe3+ in metasomatized spinel peridotite xenoliths reveals new information about metasomatic redox processes. Composite xenoliths from Dish Hill, California possess remnants of magmatic dikes which were the sources of the silicate fluids responsible for metasomatism of the peridotite part of the same xenoliths. Mo??ssbauer spectra of mineral separates taken at several distances from the dike remnants provide data on Fe3+ contents of minerals in the metasomatized peridotite. Clinopyroxenes contain 33% of total iron (FeT) as Fe3+ (Fe3+/FeT=0.33); orthopyroxenes contain 0.06-0.09 Fe3+/FeT; spinels contain 0.30-0.40 Fe3+/FeT; olivines contain 0.01-0.06 Fe3+/FeT; and metasomatic amphibole in the peridotite contains 0.85-0.90 Fe3+/FeT. In each mineral, Fe3+ and Fe2+ cations per formula unit (p.f.u.) decrease with distance from the dike, but the Fe3+/FeT ratios of each mineral do not vary. Clinopyroxene, spinel, and olivine Fe3+/FeT ratios are significantly higher than in unmetasomatized spinel peridotites. Metasomatic changes in Fe3+/FeT ratios in each mineral are controlled by the oxygen fugacity of the system, but the mechanism by which each phase accommodates this ratio is affected by crystal chemistry, kinetics, rock mode, fluid composition, fluid/rock ratio, and fluid-mineral partition coefficients. Ratio increases in pyroxene and spinel occur by exchange reactions involving diffusion of Fe3+ into existing mineral grains rather than by oxidation of existing Fe2+ in peridotite mineral grains. The very high Fe3+/FeT ratio in the metasomatic amphibole may be a function of the high Fe3+/FeT of the metasomatic fluid, crystal chemical limitations on the amount of Fe3+ that could be accommodated by the pyroxene, spinel, and olivine of the peridotite, and the ability of the amphibole structure to accommodate large amounts of 3 + valence cations. In the samples studied, metasomatic amphibole accounts for half of the bulk-rock Fe2O3. This suggests that patent metasomatism may produce a greater change in the redox state of mantle peridotite than cryptic metasomatism. Comparison of the metasomatized samples with unmetasomatized peridotites reveals that both Fe2+ and Fe3+ cations p.f.u. were increased during metasomatism and 50% or more of iron added was Fe3+. With increasing distance from the dike, the ratio of added Fe3+ to added Fe2+ increases. The high Fe3+/FeT of amphibole and phlogopite in the dikes and in the peridotite, and the high ratios of added Fe3+/added Fe2+ in pyroxenes and spinel suggest that the Fe3+/FeT ratio of the metasomatic silicate fluid was high. As the fluid perolated through and reacted with the peridotite, Fe3+ and C-O-H volatile species were concentrated in the fluid, increasing the fluid Fe3+/FeT. ?? 1991 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00306483","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"McGuire, A.V., Dyar, M., and Nielson, J.E., 1991, Metasomatic oxidation of upper mantle periodotite: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 109, no. 2, p. 252-264, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00306483.","startPage":"252","endPage":"264","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205419,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306483"},{"id":223800,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5509e4b0c8380cd6d0e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGuire, A. V. 0000-0003-4646-0750 ffadm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4646-0750","contributorId":50928,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McGuire","given":"A.","email":"ffadm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dyar, M.D.","contributorId":21286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyar","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nielson, J. E.","contributorId":106140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016514,"text":"70016514 - 1991 - Subalkaline andesite from Valu Fa Ridge, a back-arc spreading center in southern Lau Basin: petrogenesis, comparative chemistry, and tectonic implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T20:39:03","indexId":"70016514","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subalkaline andesite from Valu Fa Ridge, a back-arc spreading center in southern Lau Basin: petrogenesis, comparative chemistry, and tectonic implications","docAbstract":"Tholeiitic andesite was dredged from two sites on Valu Fa Ridge (VFR), a back-arc spreading center in Lau Basin. Valu Fa Ridge, at least 200 km long, is located 40-50 km west of the active Tofua Volcanic Arc (TVA) axis and lies about 150 km above the subducted oceanic plate. One or more magma chambers, traced discontinuously for about 100 km along the ridge axis, lie 3-4 km beneath the ridge. The mostly aphyric and glassy lavas had high volatile contents, as shown by the abundance and large sizes of vesicles. An extensive fractionation history is inferred from the high SiO2 contents and FeO* MgO ratios. Chemical data show that the VFR lavas have both volcanic arc and back-arc basin affinities. The volcanic arc characteristics are: (1) relatively high abundances of most alkali and alkaline earth elements; (2) low abundances of high field strength elements Nb and Ta; (3) high U/Th ratios; (4) similar radiogenic isotope ratios in VFR and TVA lavas, in particular the enrichment of 87Sr 86Sr relative to 206Pb 204Pb; (5) high 238U 230Th, 230Th 232Th, and 226Ra 230Th activity ratios; and (6) high ratios of Rb/Cs, Ba/Nb, and Ba/La. Other chemical characteristics suggest that the VFR lavas are related to MORB-type back-arc basin lavas. For example, VFR lavas have (1) lower 87Sr 86Sr ratios and higher 143Nd 144Nd ratios than most lavas from the TVA, except samples from Ata Island, and are similar to many Lau Basin lavas; (2) lower Sr/REE, Rb/Zr, and Ba/Zr ratios than in arc lavas; and (3) higher Ti, Fe, and V, and higher Ti/V ratios than arc lavas generally and TVA lavas specifically. Most characteristics of VFR lavas can be explained by mixing depleted mantle with either small amounts of sediment and fluids from the subducting slab and/or an older fragment of volcanic arc lithosphere. The eruption of subalkaline andesite with some arc affinities along a back-arc spreading ridge is not unique. Collision of the Louisville and Tonga ridges probably activated back-arc extension that ultimately led to the creation and growth of Valu Fa Ridge. Some ophiolitic fragments in circum-Pacific and circum-Tethyan allochthonous terranes, presently interpreted to have originated in volcanic arcs, may instead be fragments of lithosphere that formed during early stages of seafloor spreading in a back-arc basin. ?? 1991.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(91)90002-9","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Vallier, T., Jenner, G., Frey, F., Gill, J., Davis, A.S., Volpe, A., Hawkins, J., Morris, J., Cawood, P.A., Morton, J.L., Scholl, D., Rautenschlein, M., White, W., Williams, R.W., Stevenson, A., and White, L.D., 1991, Subalkaline andesite from Valu Fa Ridge, a back-arc spreading center in southern Lau Basin: petrogenesis, comparative chemistry, and tectonic implications: Chemical Geology, v. 91, no. 3, p. 227-256, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90002-9.","startPage":"227","endPage":"256","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266078,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90002-9"},{"id":223430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9cfce4b08c986b31d58f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vallier, T.L.","contributorId":69526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallier","given":"T.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jenner, G.A.","contributorId":58027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenner","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frey, F.A.","contributorId":12618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frey","given":"F.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gill, J.B.","contributorId":61171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Davis, A. S.","contributorId":41424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Volpe, A.M.","contributorId":86113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Volpe","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hawkins, J.W.","contributorId":88088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hawkins","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Morris, J.D.","contributorId":25707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Cawood, Peter A.","contributorId":75280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cawood","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Morton, J. L.","contributorId":56196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Scholl, D.W.","contributorId":106461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Rautenschlein, M.","contributorId":103799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rautenschlein","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"White, W.M.","contributorId":69715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Williams, Ross W.","contributorId":33062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Ross","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Stevenson, A.J.","contributorId":27864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevenson","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"White, L. D.","contributorId":14330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":70195413,"text":"70195413 - 1991 - Regional characterization and resource evaluation of Paleocene and Eocene coal-bearing rocks in Pakistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-13T17:20:02","indexId":"70195413","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5628,"text":"Geological Bulletin, University of Peshawar","printIssn":"0367-4045","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional characterization and resource evaluation of Paleocene and Eocene coal-bearing rocks in Pakistan","docAbstract":"Field work drilling, and other related studies carried out from 1985 to 1988 to assess the quantity and quality of the coal resources of southern Sindh. Sixty-eight holes drilled in the Lakhra/Jherruck, Thatta, and Indus East coal fields indicate that presently known and mined coal fields in southern Sindh are not isolated coal occurrences. Rather, much of southern Sindh, including the Thar Desert, is underlain by strata that contain coal beds.
More than 400 core and mine samples were collected for proximate and ultimate analysis and determination of major, minor and trace elements; also, lithologie logs were prepared from description of rock cuttings and core. Original coal resources of 1,080 million tones have been estimated for 7 out of 9 coal zones in parts of the Lakhra area, where coal-bed thicknesses range from a few centimeters to 5 m. In the Sonda/Jherruk area, 3,700 million tones of coal have been identified, the thickest coal bed intercepted being 6.3 meters. The apparent rank of the coal in these fields ranges from lignite A to sub-bituminous C. Averaged analytical results on an as received basis indicate the coal beds contain 28.4 % moisture, 18,3 % ash, 4.7 % sulfur, 25,2 % fixed carbon, 27.9 % volatile matter, and 33.1% oxygen. Average calorific value for Lakhra coal samples is about 3,660 Kcal/kg, whereas that of Sonda/Jherruk samples is about 3,870 Kcal/kg. Geophysical logs were obtained for the drill holes, and cores and rock cuttings are available from the GSP for further study and reference.
The second phase of the project began in 1987 with surface exploration in the Salt Range coal field of Punjab Province, the Sor Range and Khost-Sharig-Harnai coal fields of Baluchistan, and the Makarwal and Cherat coal fields of NWFP. These are briefly discussed here.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Peshawar","usgsCitation":"Durrani, N., and Warwick, P.D., 1991, Regional characterization and resource evaluation of Paleocene and Eocene coal-bearing rocks in Pakistan: Geological Bulletin, University of Peshawar, v. 24, p. 229-237.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"237","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":351574,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":351573,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://nceg.uop.edu.pk/gb-24-1991.html"}],"country":"Pakistan","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[75.15803,37.13303],[75.8969,36.66681],[76.19285,35.8984],[77.83745,35.49401],[76.87172,34.65354],[75.75706,34.50492],[74.2402,34.74889],[73.74995,34.3177],[74.10429,33.44147],[74.45156,32.7649],[75.25864,32.27111],[74.40593,31.69264],[74.42138,30.97981],[73.45064,29.97641],[72.82375,28.96159],[71.77767,27.91318],[70.6165,27.9892],[69.51439,26.94097],[70.16893,26.49187],[70.28287,25.72223],[70.8447,25.2151],[71.04324,24.35652],[68.8426,24.35913],[68.17665,23.69197],[67.44367,23.94484],[67.14544,24.66361],[66.37283,25.42514],[64.53041,25.23704],[62.9057,25.21841],[61.49736,25.07824],[61.87419,26.23997],[63.31663,26.75653],[63.2339,27.21705],[62.75543,27.37892],[62.72783,28.25964],[61.77187,28.69933],[61.36931,29.30328],[60.87425,29.82924],[62.54986,29.31857],[63.55026,29.46833],[64.148,29.34082],[64.35042,29.56003],[65.04686,29.47218],[66.34647,29.88794],[66.38146,30.7389],[66.93889,31.30491],[67.68339,31.30315],[67.79269,31.58293],[68.55693,31.71331],[68.92668,31.62019],[69.31776,31.90141],[69.26252,32.50194],[69.68715,33.1055],[70.32359,33.35853],[69.93054,34.02012],[70.8818,33.98886],[71.15677,34.34891],[71.11502,34.73313],[71.61308,35.1532],[71.49877,35.65056],[71.26235,36.07439],[71.84629,36.50994],[72.92002,36.72001],[74.06755,36.83618],[74.57589,37.02084],[75.15803,37.13303]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Pakistan\"}}]}","volume":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2a5de4b0da30c1bfd7e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Durrani, N.A.","contributorId":33321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durrani","given":"N.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":728504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016497,"text":"70016497 - 1991 - Examination of micrinite concentrates from the Cannel City coal bed of eastern Kentucky: Proposed mechanism of formation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-13T21:32:55.512865","indexId":"70016497","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Examination of micrinite concentrates from the Cannel City coal bed of eastern Kentucky: Proposed mechanism of formation","docAbstract":"A high volatile B, micrinite-rich bituminous coal from Morgan County, Kentucky, was crushed and screened to −100 mesh, demineralized and subjected to density gradient centrifugation (DGC). In an initial density separation, micrinite concentration was increased from 52 vol% in the demineralized coal to a maximum of 67% in the 1.25–1.26 g/ml density fraction. Micrinite enriched fractions (1.21–1.29 g/ml) were combined to yield a sample containing ∼61% micrinite. This sample was crushed to −200 mesh in an attempt to enhance micrinite liberation then reprocessed by DGC. Reprocessing resulted in a slight increase in purity to 69 vol% in the 1.25–1.28 g/ml density fraction. The original −100 mesh sample was density separated a second time with the material recovered between 1.22 and 1.30 g/ml combined, crushed, screened past 325 mesh and reprocessed by DGC. Micrinite was recovered at a purity ranging up to 73% (1.27–1.28 g/ml) from the −325 mesh sample. A density of 1.26g/ml and H/C atomic ratio of 0.79 was calculated for micrinite in one of the higher purity micrinite fractions. These values are notably different than published fusinite values and are more similar to vitrinite values measured in high volatile-B coals. The results from this study suggest that the partitioning of micrinite to a density near that of vitrinite was governed by the inherent micrinite density and not particle aggregation. Transition of the micrinite precursors through a mobile liquid phase is proposed as an explanation for the discrepancy between chemical properties and reflectance as well as to account for the observed microlithological occurrences of micrinite in this sample.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(91)90118-4","usgsCitation":"Taulbee, D., Hower, J., and Greb, S., 1991, Examination of micrinite concentrates from the Cannel City coal bed of eastern Kentucky: Proposed mechanism of formation: Organic Geochemistry, v. 17, no. 4, p. 557-565, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(91)90118-4.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"557","endPage":"565","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223375,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","county":"Morgan 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D.N.","contributorId":57600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taulbee","given":"D.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greb, S.F.","contributorId":48294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greb","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2000064,"text":"2000064 - 1991 - Chemical contamination and physical characteristics of sediments in the upper Great Lakes connecting channels 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:57","indexId":"2000064","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":66,"text":"Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"GL-015-91; EPA-905/9-91/018","title":"Chemical contamination and physical characteristics of sediments in the upper Great Lakes connecting channels 1985","docAbstract":"Contamination of sediments by toxic organic substances and heavy metals was widespread throughout the connecting channels of the upper Great Lakes in 1985. Sediments at 250 stations in the connecting channels were analyzed for total PCBs, oil and grease, phenols, total cyanide, total volatile solids, mercury, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc, and the results were evaluated according to U.S. EPA guidelines for polluted sediments. Sediments were most heavily contaminated near industrialized areas, although some areas more than 40 km downstream from known point sources of pollution were moderately contaminated by oil and metals.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office.","publisherLocation":"Chicago, IL","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Bertram, P.E., Edsall, T.A., Manny, B.A., Nichols, S., and Schloesser, D.W., 1991, Chemical contamination and physical characteristics of sediments in the upper Great Lakes connecting channels 1985: Report GL-015-91; EPA-905/9-91/018, 80 p.","productDescription":"80 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"80","numberOfPages":"80","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":94574,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://nepis.epa.gov/Adobe/PDF/200077AN.PDF","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":198713,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e0e4b07f02db5e3ed6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bertram, Paul E.","contributorId":36652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bertram","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edsall, Thomas A.","contributorId":84302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edsall","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":325035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Manny, Bruce A. 0000-0002-4074-9329 bmanny@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4074-9329","contributorId":3699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manny","given":"Bruce","email":"bmanny@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":325032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nichols, Susan J.","contributorId":48905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Susan J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schloesser, Donald W. dschloesser@usgs.gov","contributorId":3579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schloesser","given":"Donald","email":"dschloesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":325031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70007044,"text":"70007044 - 1990 - Partitioning and bioavailability of mercury in an experimentally acidified Wisconsin lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-23T13:16:14","indexId":"70007044","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T11:28:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Partitioning and bioavailability of mercury in an experimentally acidified Wisconsin lake","docAbstract":"We studied the partitioning of mercury (Hg) among air, water, sediments and fish at Little Rock Lake, a clear water seepage lake in north-central Wisconsin. The lake was divided with a sea curtain into two basins, one acidified with sulfuric acid to pH 5.6 for two years and the other an untreated reference site (mean pH 6.1), to document the effects of acidification. Trace-metal-free protocols were used to measure Hg at the picomolar level in air and water. Total gaseous Hg in air samples averaged 2.0 ng/m3. Total Hg in unfiltered water samples collected in 1986 after the fall overturn averaged about 1 ng/L in the acidified and reference basins. Mercury in surficial sediments was strongly correlated with volatile matter content and ranged from 10 to about 170 ng/g (dry weight) in both basins. Total Hg concentrations in whole, calendar age-1 yellow perch (Perca flavescens), sampled after one year of residence in the lake, averaged 114 ng/g (fresh weight) in the reference basin and 135 ng/g in the acidified basin – a highly significant (p < 0.01) difference. The mean whole-body burden (quantity) of Hg in age-1 perch did not differ between basins after the first year, but was significantly greater in the treatment basin than in the reference basin after the second year of acidification. Differences between the two basins in the bioaccumulation of Hg were attributed to internal (within-lake) processes that influence the bioavailability of the metal. An initial Hg budget for the treatment basin of Little Rock Lake showed that atmospheric deposition and sedimentary remobilization of Hg are potentially important processes influencing its biogeochemical cycling and uptake by fish.
","language":"English","publisher":"SETAC","publisherLocation":"Brussels, Belgium","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620090709","usgsCitation":"Wiener, J.G., Fitzgerald, W., Watras, C.J., and Rada, R.G., 1990, Partitioning and bioavailability of mercury in an experimentally acidified Wisconsin lake: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 9, no. 7, p. 909-918, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620090709.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"909","endPage":"918","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258268,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620090709","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","volume":"9","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1990-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a753ce4b0c8380cd77a6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiener, James G.","contributorId":93853,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wiener","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":17913,"text":"River Studies Center, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":355726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fitzgerald, William F.","contributorId":77408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzgerald","given":"William F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watras, Carl J.","contributorId":88870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watras","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rada, Ronald G.","contributorId":14786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rada","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":29026,"text":"wri904092 - 1990 - Hydrogeology and preliminary assessment of the potential for contamination of the Memphis aquifer in the Memphis area, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:49","indexId":"wri904092","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4092","title":"Hydrogeology and preliminary assessment of the potential for contamination of the Memphis aquifer in the Memphis area, Tennessee","docAbstract":"Detailed maps of the thickness of the\r\nJackson-upper Claibome confining unit and the\r\naltitude of the water table in the alluvium andfluvial\r\ndeposits provide much new information concerning\r\nareas where downward leakage is or may be\r\noccurringfrom the water-table aquifers to theMemphrj\r\naqutyer in the Memphis area. A detailed map\r\nof the altitude of the potentiometric surface of the\r\nMemphis aquifer and the locations of 44sites where\r\ncontaminants have been detected in the water-table\r\naquifers indicate that many of these sites are located\r\nin areas where the direction of ground-water flow in\r\nthe Memphis aquifer is toward municipal well\r\nfields. Consequently, if contaminants enter the\r\nMemphis aquifer, a hydraulic potential exists for\r\ntheir transport to those wellfields.\r\nRecently (19&S-88), volatile organic compounds\r\nwere detected in water from five municipal\r\nwells screened in the Memphis aquifer - three in the\r\nAllen well field of the Memphis Light, Gas and\r\nWater Division at Memphis and two in the west well\r\nfield at Collierville. Concentrations of seven volatile\r\norganic compounds totaled about II microgramsperliterin\r\nasamplefrom one well in theAllen\r\nwellfield at Memphis, and the concentration of one\r\ncompound was 25 micrograms per liter in a sample\r\nj?om one well at Collierville. These are the first\r\nreported occurrences of synthetic organic compounds\r\nin the Memphis aquifer andprove that the\r\nprincipal aquifer in the Memphis area is vulnerable\r\nto contamination.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri904092","usgsCitation":"Parks, W.S., 1990, Hydrogeology and preliminary assessment of the potential for contamination of the Memphis aquifer in the Memphis area, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4092, iv, 39 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904092.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2293,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri904092/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159409,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":57887,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4092/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57888,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4092/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57889,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4092/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57890,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4092/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a642b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parks, W. S.","contributorId":99555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parks","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28859,"text":"wri904032 - 1990 - Geohydrology and the occurrence of volatile organic compounds in ground water, Culpeper basin of Prince William County, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:51","indexId":"wri904032","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4032","title":"Geohydrology and the occurrence of volatile organic compounds in ground water, Culpeper basin of Prince William County, Virginia","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri904032","usgsCitation":"Nelms, D., and Richardson, D., 1990, Geohydrology and the occurrence of volatile organic compounds in ground water, Culpeper basin of Prince William County, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4032, vi, 94 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904032.","productDescription":"vi, 94 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122591,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4032/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57730,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4032/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57731,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4032/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57732,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4032/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57733,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4032/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57734,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4032/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57735,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4032/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8bdd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelms, D.L.","contributorId":32189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelms","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richardson, D.L.","contributorId":22807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}