{"pageNumber":"6025","pageRowStart":"150600","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184582,"records":[{"id":70156648,"text":"70156648 - 1976 - Gamma-ray spectrometer measurement of <sup>238</sup>U/<sup>235</sup>U in uranium ore from a natural reactor at Oklo, Gabon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-25T14:09:39","indexId":"70156648","displayToPublicDate":"1976-10-26T17:15:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gamma-ray spectrometer measurement of <sup>238</sup>U/<sup>235</sup>U in uranium ore from a natural reactor at Oklo, Gabon","docAbstract":"<p>About 20 years ago, Kuroda theorized that a high-grade uranium deposit emplaced about 2x10<sup>9</sup> years ago could achieve criticality and sustain a nuclear chain reaction, given a sufficient thickness of high-grade ore and an appropriate water content. Such a natural reactor was found in 1972 at the Oklo deposit, Gabon. The ore contains as much as 60 percent uranium, but the isotopic abundance of <sup>235</sup>U is as little as 0.4 percent in contrast to the normal abundance of 0.7110 percent <sup>235</sup>U. A sample from the Oklo deposit containing about 0.51 atom percent <sup>235</sup>U (by mass spectrometer) was analyzed by a gamma-ray spectrometer system, using a high-purity planar germanium detector. The <sup>235</sup>U was determined from its daughter's (<sup>234</sup>Th) 63.3 keV photopeak; the <sup>235</sup>U was determined from its 143.8 and 163.4 keV photopeaks. The ratios of these photopeaks were compared with that from a standard having normal uranium isotopic content; the resulting calculations give a <sup>235</sup>U abundance of 0.54 atom percent in the Oklo sample. The gamma-ray spectrum also contains lines from five other isotopes in the uranium series, which indicate the Oklo sample to be at or near secular equilibrium, as the time elapsed since the nuclear reaction ended was sufficient to permit the daughters to achieve equilibrium.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Moxham, R.M., 1976, Gamma-ray spectrometer measurement of <sup>238</sup>U/<sup>235</sup>U in uranium ore from a natural reactor at Oklo, Gabon: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 4, no. 5, p. 589-592.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"589","endPage":"592","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307433,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307432,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1976/vol4issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"29.18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"Gabon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              11.62353515625,\n              -2.5479878714713706\n            ],\n            [\n              11.62353515625,\n              -0.4833927027896987\n            ],\n            [\n              14.52392578125,\n              -0.4833927027896987\n            ],\n            [\n              14.52392578125,\n              -2.5479878714713706\n            ],\n            [\n              11.62353515625,\n              -2.5479878714713706\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91b4e4b0518e354dd16f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moxham, Robert M.","contributorId":56210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moxham","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70156656,"text":"70156656 - 1976 - The aeromagnetic expression of bedrock geology between the Clinton-Newbury and Bloody Bluff fault zones, northeastern Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-25T14:38:08","indexId":"70156656","displayToPublicDate":"1976-10-26T17:15:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The aeromagnetic expression of bedrock geology between the Clinton-Newbury and Bloody Bluff fault zones, northeastern Massachusetts","docAbstract":"<p>The pattern of mapped bedrock geology in northeastern Massachusetts bears a striking similarity to patterns of aeromagnetic anomalies in the area. The correspondence of the geology with the anomaly pattern and lineaments on aeromagnetic maps is especially well shown northwest of Boston between the Clinton-Newbury and Bloody Bluff fault zones. Here, an aluminous schist unit and an underlying series of metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks south of the Clinton-Newbury fault zone coincide with a zone of northeast-trending positive anomalies that contrast with the broad magnetic low north of the fault. Nearly concordant granitic bodies intrude the metamorphic series and correspond to broad magnetic lows between the fault zones. Smaller narrower lows correspond to zones of amphibolite-carbonate rock. Commonly faults are indicated by lineaments that separate areas of different magnetic pattern and that offset or terminate other lineaments. The northeast-trending Spencer Brook and Assabet River fault zones and other unnamed faults are emphasized by magnetic lineaments trending slightly east of the strike of the stratigraphy.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Alvord, D., Bell, K., Pease, M.H., and Barosh, P.J., 1976, The aeromagnetic expression of bedrock geology between the Clinton-Newbury and Bloody Bluff fault zones, northeastern Massachusetts: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 4, no. 5, p. 601-604.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"601","endPage":"604","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307441,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1976/vol4issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"29.18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":307442,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.8,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.8,\n              42.7\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.2,\n              42.7\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.2,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.8,\n              42\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91c0e4b0518e354dd1cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alvord, Donald C.","contributorId":147001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alvord","given":"Donald C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bell, Kenneth G.","contributorId":42490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"Kenneth G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pease, Maurice H. Jr.","contributorId":147002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pease","given":"Maurice","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barosh, Patrick J.","contributorId":147003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barosh","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70156629,"text":"70156629 - 1976 - Field verification of method for distributing flow through multiple-bridge openings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-25T12:14:51","indexId":"70156629","displayToPublicDate":"1976-10-26T17:15:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field verification of method for distributing flow through multiple-bridge openings","docAbstract":"<p>Field data collected at three sites in Louisiana having multiple-bridge openings were used to check a method of distribution of flow through two or more bridges. Actual peak discharges in the various main and overflow bridges ranged from 878 to 11,055 cubic feet per second (24.9 to 313 m<sup>2</sup>/s). The error of the computed discharge to the actual discharge ranged between -20 and +6 percent, with the exception of one opening that had an error of +101 percent.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Lee, F.N., 1976, Field verification of method for distributing flow through multiple-bridge openings: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 4, no. 5, p. 539-543.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"539","endPage":"543","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307403,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307402,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1976/vol4issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"29.18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Castor Creek, Bayou de Loutre, Sixmile Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.3,\n              32\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.3,\n              32.1\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.1,\n              32.1\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.1,\n              32\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.3,\n              32\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.44,\n              32.77\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.44,\n              32.85\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.37,\n              32.85\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.37,\n              32.77\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.44,\n              32.77\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.14,\n              30.82\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.14,\n              30.87\n            ],\n            [\n              -93,\n              30.87\n            ],\n            [\n              -93,\n              30.82\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.14,\n              30.82\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91b2e4b0518e354dd163","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Fred N.","contributorId":101282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70156641,"text":"70156641 - 1976 - Bulk chemical analyses of petrographic thin sections of rocks of the Samli area, western Turkey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-25T13:24:13","indexId":"70156641","displayToPublicDate":"1976-10-26T17:15:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bulk chemical analyses of petrographic thin sections of rocks of the Samli area, western Turkey","docAbstract":"<p>Petrographic thin sections have been analyzed for their major-element composition using a fusion-dilution technique and measuring the intensity of X-rays by means of the electron microprobe. The balsam-mounted thin sections were removed from the glass slides by soaking them in methylene chloride. The freed sections were mixed with twice their weight of Li<sub>2</sub>B<sub>4</sub>O<sub>7</sub>, and fused at 1100&deg; C. A fragment of the resulting glasslike bead was mounted for probe analysis. Both wavelength and energy-dispersive detector systems were used for quantitative determinations of elements sodium through iron. Because the samples and standards are diluted and fused, powdered rock standards may be used as reference materials. The calibration curves obtained by plotting X-ray intensity versus concentration of the analyte are linear over the concentration ranges used in this work and have an overall range of error of 2 to 8 percent. Although some of the analytical values show excessive scatter for petrographically similar rocks, in general the analyses are acceptable given the sample size and analytical uncertainties. Bulk chemical analyses were made of 18 thin sections, including altered diabase, amphibolite, and calc-silicate hornfels produced by progressive contact metamorphism and associated with metasomatic magnetite deposits in the Samli area, western Turkey. Normative plots indicate that (1) diabase and amphibolite are compositionally related and are similar to average compositions of basalts and orthoamphibolites, and (2) calc-silicate hornfels appears to have been derived in part from amphibolite and in part from crystalline limestone that underlies much of the region.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Lindsay, J.R., and Leo, G.W., 1976, Bulk chemical analyses of petrographic thin sections of rocks of the Samli area, western Turkey: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 4, no. 5, p. 569-574.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"569","endPage":"574","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307418,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307417,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1976/vol4issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"29.18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"Turkey","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              26,\n              39\n            ],\n            [\n              26,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              30,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              30,\n              39\n            ],\n            [\n              26,\n              39\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91aee4b0518e354dd132","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindsay, James R.","contributorId":19714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsay","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leo, Gerhard W.","contributorId":26307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leo","given":"Gerhard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70156642,"text":"70156642 - 1976 - Brown, yellow, orange, and greenish-black thorites from the Seerie pegmatite, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-25T13:43:53","indexId":"70156642","displayToPublicDate":"1976-10-26T17:15:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Brown, yellow, orange, and greenish-black thorites from the Seerie pegmatite, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>Four types of thorite &nbsp;- brown, yellow, orange, and greenish-black - occur together in narrow fracture fillings rich in brown fluorite near the outer edge of the Seerie pegmatite. The brown thorite is by far the most abundant. The thorites are remarkably similar in composition except for their Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and UO<sub>2</sub> contents. The common brown thorite contains about 5 percent Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, but the other types have only about 0.3 percent. The greenish-black thorite contains about 15 percent UO<sub>2</sub>; the yellow and orange, about 7 percent; and the brown, about 3 percent. All four thorites have high total rare-earth oxide contents, which vary from 17.3 to 20 percent. The rare-earth assemblage is unusual in that the heavy rare earths predominate, ytterbium being the most abundant lanthanide. Unheated brown and yellow thorites gave thorite X-ray patterns, but the orange and greenish-black types are metamict. All the thorites gave a ThO<sub>2</sub>-UO<sub>2</sub> X-ray pattern as well as a thorite pattern after heating in air for 1- and 2-hour periods at 1,000&deg;C. In addition, the pattern of the greenish-black thorite contained peaks which we ascribe to a second UO<sub>2 </sub>compound. Minute black inclusions present in the greenish-black thorite were identified as uraninite by microprobe analysis.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Staatz, M.H., Adams, J.W., and Wahlberg, J.S., 1976, Brown, yellow, orange, and greenish-black thorites from the Seerie pegmatite, Colorado: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 4, no. 5, p. 575-582.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"575","endPage":"582","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307421,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307420,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1976/vol4issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"29.18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Jefferson County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.46806335449219,\n              39.2758527440647\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.46806335449219,\n              39.51675478434244\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.16799926757811,\n              39.51675478434244\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.16799926757811,\n              39.2758527440647\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.46806335449219,\n              39.2758527440647\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91aee4b0518e354dd130","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Staatz, Mortimer H.","contributorId":55494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staatz","given":"Mortimer","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adams, John W.","contributorId":76226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wahlberg, James S.","contributorId":10481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahlberg","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70156631,"text":"70156631 - 1976 - Confidence limits for flood-frequency curves computed from samples from Pearson type III populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-25T12:19:28","indexId":"70156631","displayToPublicDate":"1976-10-26T17:15:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Confidence limits for flood-frequency curves computed from samples from Pearson type III populations","docAbstract":"<p>A study of <i>T</i>-year events computed from samples drawn from Pearson type III populations of known skew indicates that for skew coefficients between -1.0 and 1.0, confidence limits can be derived from the confidence limits computed for frequency curves based on samples from normal distributions. For samples from populations with skew coefficients between -0.5 and 0.5, the ratios of the standard deviates of the confidence limits to the standard deviates of the underlying frequency curve are approximately the same as for samples from normal distributions. A table provides adjustments required to make the ratios for normal distributions more applicable to distributions with skews in the range -1.0 to 1.0.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Hardison, C.H., 1976, Confidence limits for flood-frequency curves computed from samples from Pearson type III populations: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 4, no. 5, p. 545-547.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"545","endPage":"547","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307406,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307405,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1976/vol4issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"29.18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"volume":"4","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91afe4b0518e354dd143","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hardison, Clayton H.","contributorId":46073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardison","given":"Clayton","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70156663,"text":"70156663 - 1976 - Sedimentary depositional environments of uranium and petroleum host rocks of the Jackson Group, south Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-25T15:16:20","indexId":"70156663","displayToPublicDate":"1976-10-26T17:15:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sedimentary depositional environments of uranium and petroleum host rocks of the Jackson Group, south Texas","docAbstract":"<p>Determination of depositional environments in rocks of the Jackson Group of late Eocene age aids in the exploration for uranium and petroleum in south Texas. During deposition of the Jackson Group, conditions were similar to those existing along the modern Gulf Coast of Texas except for a less arid climate and a greater supply of volcanic sediment. Sedimentary depositional environments recognized in both the modern coast and the Jackson rocks, in order from sea toward land, are: shoreface, beach, lagoon and bay, and paludal. Sediment deposited in these environments in places is interbedded with or transected by fluvial sediment. Both uranium and petroleum are found in the shoreface, beach, and fluvial facies. These facies are characterized by permeable well-sorted sandstone, which is commonly overlain and underlain by less permeable mudstone. A typical vertical sequence in ascending order through a unit containing a beach sandstone facies is (1) lagoonal or paludal clay stone and siltstone, (2) crossbedded fine-grained beach sandstone which contains <i>Ophiomorpha</i> burrows and, which, in places, is locally interbedded with lacustrine or lagoonal mudstone, (3) weakly laminated beach sandstone which contains root impressions at the top and <i>Ophiomorpha</i>, and (4) lagoonal or paludal claystone and siltstone. Gulfward, the beach sandstone apparently grades into highly burrowed, generally finer grained, more poorly sorted, less porous shoreface rocks. The beach facies may include barrier island beaches and mainland beaches, some of which were probably cheniers. Beach facies sandstone units extend many miles along the depositional strike, which nearly parallels the present outcrop strike, but extend only a mile or two (2-3 km) normal to the depositional strike into the subsurface. Recognition of the various facies in outcrops and drill holes is necessary for determination of true stratigraphic relations and for aid in exploration for beach and fluvial sandstone favorable for uranium and petroleum accumulations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Dickinson, K.A., 1976, Sedimentary depositional environments of uranium and petroleum host rocks of the Jackson Group, south Texas: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 4, no. 5, p. 615-629.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"615","endPage":"629","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307454,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307453,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1976/vol4issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"29.18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Karnes County, McMullen County, Duval County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -100,\n              31.541089879585808\n            ],\n            [\n              -94,\n              31.541089879585808\n            ],\n            [\n              -94,\n              29.649868677972304\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.482421875,\n              29.401319510041485\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.361328125,\n              28.844673680771795\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.240234375,\n              28.478348692223165\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.65771484375,\n              28.07198030177986\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.119140625,\n              27.254629577800088\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.22900390625,\n              26.43122806450644\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.9873046875,\n              25.859223554761407\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.42675781249999,\n              25.859223554761407\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.19580078125,\n              26.03704188651584\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.03076171875,\n              26.2145910237943\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.5361328125,\n              27.00040800352175\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.64599609375,\n              27.625140335093324\n            ],\n            [\n              -100,\n              28.130127737874005\n            ],\n            [\n              -100,\n              31.541089879585808\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91bee4b0518e354dd1b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dickinson, Kendell A.","contributorId":55430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickinson","given":"Kendell","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70156646,"text":"70156646 - 1976 - Compositional variations in wolframite from the Hamme (Tungsten Queen) mine, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-25T13:53:42","indexId":"70156646","displayToPublicDate":"1976-10-25T17:15:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compositional variations in wolframite from the Hamme (Tungsten Queen) mine, North Carolina","docAbstract":"<p>A microprobe study of wolframite from the Tungsten Queen mine, Hamme district, North Carolina, proves it to be almost pure huebnerite. Concentric zoning, which shows up as light-brown and dark-brown bands, indicates small variations in the content of FeO. There is no apparent correlation between the small variations in the composition of the wolframite and its position in the mine. The Fe/Mn ratio of the wolframite is not indicative of the temperature of crystallization.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Bird, M.L., and Gair, J., 1976, Compositional variations in wolframite from the Hamme (Tungsten Queen) mine, North Carolina: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 4, no. 5, p. 583-588.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"583","endPage":"588","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307427,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307426,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1976/vol4issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"29.18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78.5,\n              36.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.5,\n              36.6\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.4,\n              36.6\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.4,\n              36.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.5,\n              36.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91afe4b0518e354dd141","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bird, M. L.","contributorId":77176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gair, J. E.","contributorId":50891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gair","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5222343,"text":"5222343 - 1976 - Determining population size of territorial red-winged blackbirds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-18T17:58:26.940079","indexId":"5222343","displayToPublicDate":"1976-10-01T12:19:11","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determining population size of territorial red-winged blackbirds","docAbstract":"<p>Population sizes of territorial male red-winged blackbirds (<i>Agelaius phoeniceus</i>) were determined with counts of territorial males (area count) and a Petersen-Lincoln Index method for roadsides (roadside estimate). Weather conditions and time of day did not influence either method. Combined roadside estimates had smaller error bounds than the individual transect estimates and were not hindered by the problem of zero recaptures. Roadside estimates were usually one-half as large as the area counts, presumably due to an observer bias for marked birds. The roadside estimate provides only an index of major changes in populations of territorial male redwings. When the roadside estimate is employed, the area count should be used to determine the amount and nature of observer bias. For small population surveys, the area count is probably more reliable and accurate than the roadside estimate.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3800574","usgsCitation":"Albers, P., 1976, Determining population size of territorial red-winged blackbirds: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 40, no. 4, p. 761-768, https://doi.org/10.2307/3800574.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"761","endPage":"768","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196807,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db66740c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Albers, P.H.","contributorId":26646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albers","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011000,"text":"70011000 - 1976 - Preliminary results from the Viking x-ray fluorescence experiment: The first sample from Chryse Planitia, Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-20T15:45:14.200697","indexId":"70011000","displayToPublicDate":"1976-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preliminary results from the Viking x-ray fluorescence experiment: The first sample from Chryse Planitia, Mars","docAbstract":"<p><span>Iron, calcium, aluminum, silicon, and sulfur are major elements in the first surface sample of Mars that has been analyzed by the Viking x-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Titanium is present in minor quantities. This is consistent with the sample being a mixture of fine silicate and oxide mineral grains, with a significant proportion of sulfates, possibly hydrated. Ferric oxide is regarded as the red pigmenting agent on the martian surface, but if it coats silicate grains, the coatings must be very thin (≤ 2 micrometers) or discontinuous. A high abundance of Fe, relatively low abundances of Al, Rb, Sr, and Zr, and a high Ca/K ratio are distinctive features of the spectra. Preliminary determinations indicate the following abundances (as percentages by weight): Fe, 14 ± 2; Ti &lt; 1; S, 2 to 5; the Ca/K ratio by weight is greater than 5.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.194.4260.81","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Toulmin, P., Clark, B.C., Baird, A.K., Keil, K., and Rose, H.J., 1976, Preliminary results from the Viking x-ray fluorescence experiment: The first sample from Chryse Planitia, Mars: Science, v. 194, no. 4260, p. 81-84, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.194.4260.81.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"84","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221562,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"194","issue":"4260","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8a63e4b0c8380cd7e047","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Toulmin, P. III","contributorId":81244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toulmin","given":"P.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, B. C.","contributorId":39918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"B.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baird, A. K.","contributorId":65148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baird","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keil, Klaus","contributorId":55955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keil","given":"Klaus","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rose, H. J. Jr.","contributorId":79465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70011155,"text":"70011155 - 1976 - The \"Soil\" of Mars (Viking 1)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-20T16:44:42.791157","indexId":"70011155","displayToPublicDate":"1976-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The \"Soil\" of Mars (Viking 1)","docAbstract":"<p><span>The location of the Viking 1 lander is most ideal for the study of soil properties because it has one footpad in soft material and one on hard material. As each soil sample was acquired, information on soil properties was obtained. Although analysis is still under way, early results on bulk density, particle size, angle of internal friction, cohesion, adhesion, and penetration resistance of the soil of Mars are presented.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.194.4260.91","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Shorthill, R., Moore, H., Scott, R., Hutton, R., Liebes, S., and Spitzer, G., 1976, The \"Soil\" of Mars (Viking 1): Science, v. 194, no. 4260, p. 91-97, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.194.4260.91.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"97","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220961,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"194","issue":"4260","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba60ee4b08c986b320e6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shorthill, R.W.","contributorId":20321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shorthill","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, H.J. II","contributorId":99289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"H.J.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scott, R.F.","contributorId":95161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hutton, R.E.","contributorId":102623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutton","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liebes, S. Jr.","contributorId":105290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liebes","given":"S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Spitzer, G.R.","contributorId":58393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spitzer","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70011025,"text":"70011025 - 1976 - Viking orbital colorimetric images of Mars: Preliminary results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-20T16:50:59.345612","indexId":"70011025","displayToPublicDate":"1976-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Viking orbital colorimetric images of Mars: Preliminary results","docAbstract":"Color reconstruction and ratios of orbital images of Mars confirm Earth-based measurements showing red/violet ratios for bright areas to be roughly 1.5 times greater than dark areas. The new results show complex variation among dark materials; dark streaks emanating from craters in southern cratered terrains are much bluer than dark materials of the north equatorial plains on which Viking 1 landed.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.194.4260.97","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Soderblom, L., 1976, Viking orbital colorimetric images of Mars: Preliminary results: Science, v. 194, no. 4260, p. 97-99, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.194.4260.97.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"99","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221791,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"194","issue":"4260","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc268e4b08c986b32ab0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011086,"text":"70011086 - 1976 - Fine particles on Mars: Observations with the Viking 1 lander cameras","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-20T16:40:30.887778","indexId":"70011086","displayToPublicDate":"1976-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fine particles on Mars: Observations with the Viking 1 lander cameras","docAbstract":"Drifts of fine-grained sediment are present in the vicinity of the Viking 1 lander. Many drifts occur in the lees of large boulders. Morphologic analysis indicates that the last dynamic event was one of general deflation for at least some drifts. Particle cohesion implies that there is a distinct small-particle upturn in the threshold velocity-particle size curve; the apparent absence of the most easily moved particles (150 micrometers in diameter) may be due to their preferential transport to other regions or their preferential collisional destruction. A twilight rescan with lander cameras indicates a substantial amount of red dust with mean radius on the order of 1 micrometer in the atmosphere.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.194.4260.87","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Mutch, T., Arvidson, R., Binder, A., Huck, F., Levinthal, E., Liebes, S., Morris, E.C., Nummedal, D., Pollack, J.B., and Sagan, C., 1976, Fine particles on Mars: Observations with the Viking 1 lander cameras: Science, v. 194, no. 4260, p. 87-91, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.194.4260.87.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"91","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221272,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"194","issue":"4260","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a101fe4b0c8380cd53b2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mutch, T.A.","contributorId":61884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mutch","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arvidson, R. E.","contributorId":46666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arvidson","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Binder, A.B.","contributorId":86855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binder","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Huck, F.O.","contributorId":106256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huck","given":"F.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Levinthal, E.C.","contributorId":45823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levinthal","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Liebes, S. Jr.","contributorId":105290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liebes","given":"S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Morris, E. C.","contributorId":84381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Nummedal, D.","contributorId":56374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nummedal","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Pollack, James B.","contributorId":12616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollack","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Sagan, C.","contributorId":42336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sagan","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70011067,"text":"70011067 - 1976 - Search for the Viking 2 landing site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-16T17:01:47.599925","indexId":"70011067","displayToPublicDate":"1976-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Search for the Viking 2 landing site","docAbstract":"<p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><span>The search for the landing site of Viking 2 was more extensive than the search for the Viking 1 site. Seven times as much area (4.5 million square kilometers) was examined as for Viking 1. Cydonia (B1) and Capri (C1) sites were examined with the Viking 1 orbiter. The B latitude band (40° to 50°N) was selected before the final midcourse maneuver of Viking 2 because of its high scientific interest (that is, high atmospheric water content, surface temperature, possible near-surface permafrost, and a different geological domain). The Viking 1 orbiter continued photographing the Cydonia (B1) site to search for an area large and smooth enough on which to land (three-sigma ellipse; 100 by 260 kilometers); such an area was not found. The second spacecraft photographed and made infrared measurements in large areas in Arcadia (B2) and Utopia Planitia (B3). Both areas are highly textured, mottled cratered plains with abundant impact craters like Cydonia (B1), but smaller sectors in each area are partially mantled by wind-formed deposits. The thermal inertia, from which the grain size of surface material can be computed, and atmospheric water content were determined from the infrared observations. A region in Utopia Planitia, west of the crater Mie, was selected: the landing took place successfully on 3 September 1976 at 3:58:20 p.m. Pacific Daylight Time, earth received time.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.194.4260.62","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Masursky, H., and Crabill, N., 1976, Search for the Viking 2 landing site: Science, v. 194, no. 4260, p. 62-68, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.194.4260.62.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"62","endPage":"68","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221022,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"194","issue":"4260","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b884de4b08c986b3168d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masursky, H.","contributorId":33823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masursky","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crabill, N.L.","contributorId":93627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crabill","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70205621,"text":"70205621 - 1976 - Geochronology of the Arabian Shield, western Saudi Arabia: K-Ar results ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-27T14:26:42","indexId":"70205621","displayToPublicDate":"1976-09-27T14:17:26","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochronology of the Arabian Shield, western Saudi Arabia: K-Ar results ","docAbstract":"<p><span>An orogenic event, correlated with the Pan-African event in eastern Africa, affected the Arabian Peninsula between 510 and 610 m.y. ago and is well-recorded geochronologically. The event probably included two thermal pulses or maxima, the first occurring between 560 and 610 m.y. ago and the second between 510 and 540 m.y. ago. The earlier pulse, the more severe one, included the majority of the igneous activity and metamorphism. During the last part of the 510- to 610-m.y. period, left-lateral strike-slip faulting occurred along a set of northwest-trending en echelon fracture zones, whose composite displacement may be as large as 240 km. At least one and probably more orogenic events affected the Arabian Peninsula before the Pan-African event, but only minimum ages can be assigned to these, because thermal effects of the 510- to 610-m.y. event have reset K-Ar ages. Major diorite-granite batholiths, however, formed before 760 m.y. ago.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<9:GOTASW>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fleck, R.J., Coleman, R.G., Cornwall, H.R., Greenwood, W., Hadley, D.G., Schmidt, D.L., Prinz, W.C., and Ratte, J.C., 1976, Geochronology of the Arabian Shield, western Saudi Arabia: K-Ar results : GSA Bulletin, v. 87, no. 1, p. 9-21, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<9:GOTASW>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":367783,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"Arabian Shield ","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              37.320556640625,\n              19.12440952808487\n            ],\n            [\n              42.308349609375,\n              19.12440952808487\n            ],\n            [\n              42.308349609375,\n              24.946219074360084\n            ],\n            [\n              37.320556640625,\n              24.946219074360084\n            ],\n            [\n              37.320556640625,\n              19.12440952808487\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"87","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleck, Robert J. 0000-0002-3149-8249 fleck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3149-8249","contributorId":1048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"Robert","email":"fleck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":771895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coleman, R. G.","contributorId":75170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cornwall, H. R.","contributorId":92333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cornwall","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Greenwood, W.R.","contributorId":34502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenwood","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hadley, D. G.","contributorId":121261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hadley","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schmidt, D. L.","contributorId":23934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Prinz, W. C.","contributorId":82670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prinz","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ratte, James C. jratte@usgs.gov","contributorId":875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratte","given":"James","email":"jratte@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":771902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70011145,"text":"70011145 - 1976 - Tectonic aspects of the Guatemala earthquake of 4 February 1976","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-20T16:58:11.791353","indexId":"70011145","displayToPublicDate":"1976-09-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonic aspects of the Guatemala earthquake of 4 February 1976","docAbstract":"<p><span>The locations of surface ruptures and the main shock epicenter indicate that the disastrous Guatemala earthquake of 4 February 1976 was tectonic in origin and generated mainly by slip on the Motagua fault, which has an arcuate roughly east-west trend across central Guatemala. Fault breakage was observed for 230 km. Displacement is predominantly horizontal and sinistral with a maximum measured offset of 340 cm and an average of about 100 cm. Secondary fault breaks trending roughly north-northeast to south-southwest have been found in a zone about 20 km long and 8 km wide extending from the western suburbs of Guatemala City to near Mixco, and similar faults with more subtle surface expression probably occur elsewhere in the Guatemalan Highlands. Displacements on the secondary faults are predominantly extensional and dip-slip, with as much as 15 cm vertical offset on a single fracture.</span></p><p><span>The primary fault that broke during the earthquake involved roughly 10 percent of the length of the great transform fault system that defines the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates. The observed sinistral displacement is striking confirmation of deductions regarding the late Cenozoic relative motion between these two crustal plates that were based largely on indirect geologic and geophysical evidence. The earthquake-related secondary faulting, together with the complex pattern of geologically young normal faults that occur in the Guatemalan Highlands and elsewhere in western Central America, suggest that the eastern wedge-shaped part of the Caribbean plate, roughly between the Motagua fault system and the volcanic arc, is being pulled apart in tension and left behind as the main mass of the plate moves relatively eastward.</span></p><p><span>Because of their proximity to areas of high population density, shallow-focus earthquakes that originate on the Motagua fault system, on the system of predominantly extensional faults within the western part of the Caribbean plate, and in association with volcanism may pose a more serious seismic hazard than the more numerous (but generally more distant) earthquakes that are generated in the eastward-dipping subduction zone beneath Middle America.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Plafker, G., 1976, Tectonic aspects of the Guatemala earthquake of 4 February 1976: Science, v. 193, no. 4259, p. 1201-1208.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1201","endPage":"1208","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220819,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Guatamala","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.43896484375,\n              13.645986814875332\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.033447265625,\n              13.645986814875332\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.033447265625,\n              17.98918266463051\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.43896484375,\n              17.98918266463051\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.43896484375,\n              13.645986814875332\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"193","issue":"4259","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba453e4b08c986b320262","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plafker, George 0000-0003-3972-0390","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3972-0390","contributorId":36603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010998,"text":"70010998 - 1976 - Dinoflagellates: Fossil motile-stage tests from the Upper Cretaceous of the northern New Jersey coastal plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-20T17:03:58.69961","indexId":"70010998","displayToPublicDate":"1976-09-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dinoflagellates: Fossil motile-stage tests from the Upper Cretaceous of the northern New Jersey coastal plain","docAbstract":"<p><span>Fossil dinoflagellate tests have been considered to represent encysted, nonmotile stages. The discovery of flagellar porelike structures and probable trichocyst pores in the Upper Cretaceous genus&nbsp;</span><i>Dinogymnium</i><span>&nbsp;suggests that motile stage tests are also preserved as acid-resistant, organic-walled microfossils.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.193.4258.1128","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"May, F., 1976, Dinoflagellates: Fossil motile-stage tests from the Upper Cretaceous of the northern New Jersey coastal plain: Science, v. 193, no. 4258, p. 1128-1130, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.193.4258.1128.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1128","endPage":"1130","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221501,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"northern New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.09448214990174,\n              41.393740833879576\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.09448214990174,\n              40.23124733628964\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.87378177684977,\n              40.23124733628964\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.87378177684977,\n              41.393740833879576\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.09448214990174,\n              41.393740833879576\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"193","issue":"4258","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a01a4e4b0c8380cd4fcac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"May, F.E.","contributorId":99153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"F.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5221365,"text":"5221365 - 1976 - Organochlorine pesticide residues associated with mortality: Addivity of chlordane and endrin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-02T17:19:04.682584","indexId":"5221365","displayToPublicDate":"1976-09-01T12:19:16","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organochlorine pesticide residues associated with mortality: Addivity of chlordane and endrin","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01685886","usgsCitation":"Ludke, J.L., 1976, Organochlorine pesticide residues associated with mortality: Addivity of chlordane and endrin: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 16, no. 3, p. 253-260, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01685886.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"260","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197579,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-08-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a87e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ludke, J. Larry","contributorId":63467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludke","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Larry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010216,"text":"70010216 - 1976 - Bicarbonate content of groundwater in carbonate rock in eastern North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T15:50:17.089441","indexId":"70010216","displayToPublicDate":"1976-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bicarbonate content of groundwater in carbonate rock in eastern North America","docAbstract":"<p>In carbonate-rock terrane the most effective solution occurs where soil and vegetative cover facilitate biogenic production and storage of CO<sub>2</sub> in the soil until part of it is carried downward in percolating water. Bicarbonate data for groundwater in eastern North America are examined in the light of these conditions, of the CO<sub>2</sub> content of soil gas, and of the timing of groundwater recharge relative to seasonal changes in soil temperature. There appears to be no well-marked relation between latitude and bicarbonate content of groundwater in this region. Interplay of all the factors listed above, and of lithology and soil types, is evidently such that under optimum conditions the amount of solution of carbonate rock is roughly comparable, per unit of groundwater recharge, over the region from Ohio to Florida (and, perhaps, to Puerto Rico and Yucatan). Relatively low HCO<sub>3</sub> concentrations observed in much of the southern United States are attributed to low production and storage of CO<sub>2</sub> in sandy soil that is poor in organic matter. On the other hand, concentrations observed in Ontario, New York and Michigan are markedly higher than is to be expected from interrelations of the factors considered. These high values, apparently anomalous, are attributed in part to solution of granular glacial drift derived largely from carbonate rock.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(76)90019-6","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Trainer, F., and Heath, R., 1976, Bicarbonate content of groundwater in carbonate rock in eastern North America: Journal of Hydrology, v. 31, no. 1-2, p. 37-55, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(76)90019-6.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"55","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219132,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"eastern North 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America\"}}]}","volume":"31","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f125e4b0c8380cd4aa73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trainer, F.W.","contributorId":26007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trainer","given":"F.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heath, R.C.","contributorId":49408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heath","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":358329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70010943,"text":"70010943 - 1976 - The Viking landing sites: Selection and certification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-21T15:51:07.259164","indexId":"70010943","displayToPublicDate":"1976-08-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Viking landing sites: Selection and certification","docAbstract":"<p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><span>During the past several years the Viking project developed plans to use Viking orbiter instruments and Earth-based radar to certify the suitability of the landing sites selected as the safest and most scientifically rewarding using Mariner 9 data. During June and July 1976, the Earth-based radar and orbital spacecraft observations of some of the prime and backup sites were completed. The results of these combined observations indicated that the Viking 1 prime landing area in the Chryse region of Mars is geologically varied and possibly more hazardous than expected, and was not certifiable as a site for the Viking 1 landing. Consequently, the site certification effort had to be drastically modified and lengthened to search for a site that might be safe enough to attempt to land. The selected site considered at 47.5°W, 22.4°N represented a compromise between desirable characteristics observed with visual images and those inferred from Earth-based radar. It lies in the Chryse region about 900 kilometers northwest of the original site. Viking 1 landed successfully at this site on 20 July 1976.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.193.4255.809","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Masursky, H., and Crabill, N., 1976, The Viking landing sites: Selection and certification: Science, v. 193, no. 4255, p. 809-812, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.193.4255.809.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"809","endPage":"812","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220809,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"193","issue":"4255","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba978e4b08c986b3222aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masursky, H.","contributorId":33823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masursky","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crabill, N.L.","contributorId":93627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crabill","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70010932,"text":"70010932 - 1976 - Radar characteristics of Viking 1 landing sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-21T15:58:02.679636","indexId":"70010932","displayToPublicDate":"1976-08-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radar characteristics of Viking 1 landing sites","docAbstract":"<p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><span>Radar observations of Mars at centimeter wavelengths in May, June, and July 1976 provided estimates of surface roughness and reflectivity in three potential landing areas for Viking 1. Surface roughness is characterized by the distribution of surface landing slopes or tilts on lateral scales of the order of 1 to 10 meters; measurements of surface reflectivity are indicators of bulk surface density in the uppermost few centimeters. By these measures, the Viking 1 landing site at 47.5°W, 22.4°N is rougher than the martian average, although it may be near the martian average for elevations accessible to Viking, and is estimated to be near the Mars average in reflectivity. The AINW site at the center of Chryse Planitia, 43.5°W, 23.4°N, may be an area of anomalous radar characteristics, indicative of extreme, small-scale roughness, very low surface density, or a combination of these two characteristics, Low signal-to-noise ratio observations of the original Chryse site at 34°W, 19.5°N indicate that that area is at least twice as rough as the Mars average.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.193.4255.812","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Tyler, G., Campbell, D., Downs, G., Green, R., and Moore, H., 1976, Radar characteristics of Viking 1 landing sites: Science, v. 193, no. 4255, p. 812-815, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.193.4255.812.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"812","endPage":"815","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221789,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"193","issue":"4255","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9382e4b0c8380cd80e72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tyler, G.L.","contributorId":26297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tyler","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, D.B.","contributorId":35753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Downs, G.S.","contributorId":16980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downs","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Green, R.R.","contributorId":68460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Moore, H. J.","contributorId":71962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"H. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70011132,"text":"70011132 - 1976 - The surface of Mars: The view from the Viking 1 lander","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-21T15:37:51.434004","indexId":"70011132","displayToPublicDate":"1976-08-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The surface of Mars: The view from the Viking 1 lander","docAbstract":"<p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><span>The first photographs ever returned from the surface of Mars were obtained by two facsimile cameras aboard the Viking 1 lander, including black-and-white and color, 0.12° and 0.04° resolution, and monoscopic and stereoscopic images. The surface, on the western slopes of Chryse Planitia, is a boulder-strewn deeply reddish desert, with distant eminences—some of which may be the rims of impact craters—surmounted by a pink sky. Both impact and aeolian processes are evident. After dissipation of a small dust cloud stirred by the landing maneuvers, no subsequent signs of movement were detected on the landscape, and nothing has been observed that is indicative of macroscopic biology at this time and place.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.193.4255.791","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Mutch, T., Binder, A., Huck, F., Levinthal, E., Liebes, S., Morris, E.C., Patterson, W., Pollack, J.B., Sagan, C., and Taylor, G., 1976, The surface of Mars: The view from the Viking 1 lander: Science, v. 193, no. 4255, p. 791-801, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.193.4255.791.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"791","endPage":"801","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220690,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"193","issue":"4255","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb0abe4b08c986b324fe1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mutch, T.A.","contributorId":61884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mutch","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Binder, A.B.","contributorId":86855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binder","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huck, F.O.","contributorId":106256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huck","given":"F.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Levinthal, E.C.","contributorId":45823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levinthal","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liebes, S. Jr.","contributorId":105290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liebes","given":"S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Morris, E. C.","contributorId":84381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Patterson, W.R.","contributorId":71838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patterson","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pollack, James B.","contributorId":12616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollack","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sagan, C.","contributorId":42336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sagan","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Taylor, G.R.","contributorId":47648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70011001,"text":"70011001 - 1976 - Argon content of the Martian atmosphere at the Viking 1 landing site: Analysis by x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-21T15:45:10.313444","indexId":"70011001","displayToPublicDate":"1976-08-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Argon content of the Martian atmosphere at the Viking 1 landing site: Analysis by x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy","docAbstract":"<p><span>The argon content of the Martian atmosphere at the Viking 1 landing site is ≤ 0.15 millibar or ≤ 2 percent by volume (95 percent confidence level).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.193.4255.804","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Clark, B.C., Toulmin, P., Baird, A.K., Keil, K., and Rose, H.J., 1976, Argon content of the Martian atmosphere at the Viking 1 landing site: Analysis by x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy: Science, v. 193, no. 4255, p. 804-805, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.193.4255.804.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"804","endPage":"805","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221563,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"193","issue":"4255","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed75e4b0c8380cd49806","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, B. C.","contributorId":39918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"B.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Toulmin, P. III","contributorId":81244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toulmin","given":"P.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baird, A. K.","contributorId":65148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baird","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keil, Klaus","contributorId":55955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keil","given":"Klaus","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rose, H. J. Jr.","contributorId":79465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70011068,"text":"70011068 - 1976 - Preliminary results from the Viking orbiter imaging experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-21T15:31:32.825754","indexId":"70011068","displayToPublicDate":"1976-08-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preliminary results from the Viking orbiter imaging experiment","docAbstract":"During its first 30 orbits around Mars, the Viking orbiter took approximately 1000 photographic frames of the surface of Mars with resolutions that ranged from 100 meters to a little more than 1 kilometer. Most were of potential landing sites in Chryse Planitia and Cydonia and near Capri Chasma. Contiguous high-resolution coverage in these areas has led to an increased understanding of surface processes, particularly cratering, fluvial, and mass-wasting phenomena. Most of the surfaces examined appear relatively old, channel features abound, and a variety of features suggestive of permafrost have been identified. The ejecta patterns around large craters imply that fluid flow of ejecta occurred after ballistic deposition. Variable features in the photographed area appear to have changed little since observed 5 years ago from Mariner 9. A variety of atmospheric phenomena were observed, including diffuse morning hazes, both stationary and moving discrete white clouds, and wave clouds covering extensive areas.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.193.4255.766","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Carr, M.H., Masursky, H., Baum, W., Blasius, K., Briggs, G., Cutts, J., Duxbury, T., Greeley, R., Guest, J.E., Smith, B., Soderblom, L., Veverka, J., and Wellman, J., 1976, Preliminary results from the Viking orbiter imaging experiment: Science, v. 193, no. 4255, p. 766-776, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.193.4255.766.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"766","endPage":"776","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221023,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"193","issue":"4255","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8a62e4b0c8380cd7e044","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":360213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Masursky, H.","contributorId":33823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masursky","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baum, W.A.","contributorId":75674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baum","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blasius, K.R.","contributorId":96155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blasius","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Briggs, G.A.","contributorId":34242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cutts, J.A.","contributorId":56790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cutts","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Duxbury, T.","contributorId":15391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duxbury","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Greeley, R.","contributorId":6538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeley","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Guest, J. E.","contributorId":98749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guest","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Smith, B.A.","contributorId":17616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Veverka, J.","contributorId":71689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veverka","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Wellman, J.B.","contributorId":52835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wellman","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}}
,{"id":70175861,"text":"70175861 - 1976 - Instructions for sampling with depth-integrating, suspended-sediment samplers D-74, D-74AL, D-74TM, and D-74AL-TM","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T10:40:57","indexId":"70175861","displayToPublicDate":"1976-08-20T13:45:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Instructions for sampling with depth-integrating, suspended-sediment samplers D-74, D-74AL, D-74TM, and D-74AL-TM","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project","usgsCitation":"Skinner, J.V., 1976, Instructions for sampling with depth-integrating, suspended-sediment samplers D-74, D-74AL, D-74TM, and D-74AL-TM, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327045,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b82dcae4b03fd6b7da37b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skinner, J. V.","contributorId":32504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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