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","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., 1975, A history of North American hawkwatching, chap. of Proceedings of the North American Hawk Migration Conference, Syracuse, NY, April 18-21, 1974. , p. 29-40.","productDescription":"iii, 165 ","startPage":"29","endPage":"40","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201294,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae443","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Harwood, Michael","contributorId":111858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harwood","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506007,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210153,"text":"5210153 - 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1975 - Some effects of pollutants in terrestrial ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:13","indexId":"5210197","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:16","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Some effects of pollutants in terrestrial ecosystems","docAbstract":"Summary: Pollutants tend to simplify plant and animal communities by causing a progressive loss of species. 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They may then suffer delayed mortality, and no doubt suffer reproductive or behavioral effects at sublethal levels. Lipophilic pollutants in the brain rise when body lipids decrease and fall when body lipids increase. Mutagenesis can be caused by some common pollutants and the mutagenic properties of most chemicals are far too little known. Fortunately, common pesticides are not likely to be strong mutagens. Mutagenicity may be affecting certain long-lived and slow-breeding species in the wild, but most species have enough population turnover to swamp an occasional mutagenic event. Behavioral changes can be caused by relatively low levels of contaminants, but it is often hard to demonstrate them without using high dosages. Reproduction may or may not be affected adversely by low exposures. At certain exposures that are below the toxic levels of a chemical, a biostimulatory effect is to be expected. Food chain accumulations definitely do occur when persistent chemicals enter organisms that eliminate them poorly. However, loss of chemicals in the food chain must be more common than accumulation. The great concentration from water to aquatic organism is chiefly a physical phenomenon, not a food chain effect, but it affords high starting levels for these chains. Terrestrial food chains often start at a high level with heavily contaminated, struggling prey. Litter feeders are another important base. Vegetation may be contaminated enough to be dangerous to animals that eat it. Dermal and respiratory routes of intoxication occur in the wild, but the oral route is far more important at most times and places. The organisms that govern soil fertility and texture are affected more by cultivation than by pesticides. Above ground, growing knowledge of resistance, species differences, and biological controls is leading to integrated control, in which use of chemicals is limited and specific. We do not know what is happening to most nontarget invertebrates. Amphibians and reptiles may be killed by applications of insecticides, but are not highly sensitive and can carry large residues. Effects of these residues on reproduction are little known. Heavy kills of birds by pesticides still occur in the field. Fish-eating and bird-eating birds also undergo shell thinning and related reproductive troubles in many areas, sometimes to the point of population decline and local or regional extermination. DDE most often correlates with shell thinning in the wild and in experiments. No other known chemical approaches DDE in causing severe and lasting shell thinning. Herbivorous birds seem to be largely immune to this effect. It is uncertain how much dieldrin and PCBs contribute to embryotoxicity in carnivorous birds. Mammals may be killed by the more toxic pesticides, but some of the commonest small rodents are so resistant, and lose their residues so rapidly, that they are of little","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Toxicology Research: Effects of Heavy Metal and Organohalogen Compounds: Proceedings of a NATO Science Committee Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Plenum Press","publisherLocation":"New York","usgsCitation":"Stickel, W.H., 1975, Some effects of pollutants in terrestrial ecosystems, chap. of Ecological Toxicology Research: Effects of Heavy Metal and Organohalogen Compounds: Proceedings of a NATO Science Committee Conference, p. 25-74.","productDescription":"xi, 323","startPage":"25","endPage":"74","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196012,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e9e4b07f02db5e92d2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"McIntyre, A.D.","contributorId":112074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntyre","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506107,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mills, C.F.","contributorId":112209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506108,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Stickel, W. 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Two programs presently under way and a third that is in the experimental phase are making possible the up-to-date mapping of abundance as well as distribution. A fourth program that has been used successfully in Europe and on a small scale in parts of North America yields detailed information on breeding distribution. The Breeding Bird Survey, sponsored by the U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife and the Canadian Wildlife Service, involves 2,000 randomly distributed roadside counts that are conducted during the height of the breeding season in all U.S. States and Canadian Provinces. Observations of approximately 1.4 million birds per year are entered on magnetic tape and subsequently used both for statistical analysis of population trends and for computer mapping of distribution and abundance. The National Audubon Society's Christmas Bird Count is conducted in about 1,000 circles, each 15 miles (24 km) in diameter, in the latter half of December. Raw data for past years have been published in voluminous reports, but not in a form for ready analysis. Under a contract between the U.S. Air Force and the U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife (in cooperation with the National Audubon Society), preliminary maps showing distribution and abundance of selected species that are potential hazards to aircraft are presently being mapped and prepared for publication. The Winter Bird Survey, which is in its fifth season of experimental study in a limited area in Central Maryland, may ultimately replace the Christmas Bird Count source. This Survey consists of a standardized 8-kilometer (5-mile) route covered uniformly once a year during midwinter. Bird Atlas programs, which map distribution but not abundance, are well established in Europe and are gaining interest in America","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of a Conference on the Biological Aspects of the Bird/Aircraft Collision Problem","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Clemson University, Department of Zoology","publisherLocation":"Clemson, South Carolina","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., 1975, Distribution and density of bird species hazardous to aircraft, chap. of Proceedings of a Conference on the Biological Aspects of the Bird/Aircraft Collision Problem, p. 191-207.","productDescription":"535","startPage":"191","endPage":"207","numberOfPages":"535","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649d9c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Gauthreaux, Sidney A. 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