No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr75648","usgsCitation":"State of Washington, 1975, Aeromagnetic map for part of southwestern Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-648, 4 Plates: 34.00 × 44.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75648.","productDescription":"4 Plates: 34.00 × 44.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175314,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":389666,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_15224.htm"},{"id":98803,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0648/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":98802,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0648/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":98801,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0648/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":98800,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0648/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"62500","country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.25,\n 45.75\n ],\n [\n -121,\n 45.75\n ],\n [\n -121,\n 46.75\n ],\n [\n -122.25,\n 46.75\n ],\n [\n -122.25,\n 45.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6983e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"State of Washington","contributorId":128080,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"State of Washington","id":530863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":15874,"text":"ofr75478 - 1975 - Water availability of Monroe County, Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:09","indexId":"ofr75478","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-478","title":"Water availability of Monroe County, Alabama","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr75478","usgsCitation":"Scott, J.C., Davis, M.E., McCain, J.F., and Whitman, H.M., 1975, Water availability of Monroe County, Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-478, 30 leaves :folded ill. (some col.), folded col. maps ;30 cm.; (65 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75478.","productDescription":"30 leaves :folded ill. (some col.), folded col. maps ;30 cm.; (65 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148378,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa2dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, John C.","contributorId":21963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, Marvin E.","contributorId":36553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Marvin","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCain, Jerald F.","contributorId":104039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCain","given":"Jerald","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Whitman, Harry M.","contributorId":66703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitman","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":42150,"text":"ofr75183 - 1975 - Aeromagnetic map of an area east of Albuquerque, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:07","indexId":"ofr75183","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-183","title":"Aeromagnetic map of an area east of Albuquerque, New Mexico","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr75183","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1975, Aeromagnetic map of an area east of Albuquerque, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-183, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75183.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175419,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":79884,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0183/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"25000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697f66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":530867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":42152,"text":"ofr75185 - 1975 - Aeromagnetic map of an area north and east of Socorro, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:07","indexId":"ofr75185","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-185","title":"Aeromagnetic map of an area north and east of Socorro, New Mexico","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr75185","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1975, Aeromagnetic map of an area north and east of Socorro, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-185, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75185.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175421,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":79886,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0185/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"25000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697f72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":530869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":15830,"text":"ofr75430 - 1975 - Stratigraphy and Tertiary development of the continental margin east of Florida","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15830,"text":"ofr75430 - 1975 - Stratigraphy and Tertiary development of the continental margin east of Florida","indexId":"ofr75430","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"title":"Stratigraphy and Tertiary development of the continental margin east of Florida"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6406,"text":"pp581F - 1977 - Stratigraphy and Tertiary development of the continental margin east of Florida","indexId":"pp581F","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"Stratigraphy and Tertiary development of the continental margin east of Florida"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":6406,"text":"pp581F - 1977 - Stratigraphy and Tertiary development of the continental margin east of Florida","indexId":"pp581F","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Stratigraphy and Tertiary development of the continental margin east of Florida"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:11","indexId":"ofr75430","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-430","title":"Stratigraphy and Tertiary development of the continental margin east of Florida","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr75430","usgsCitation":"Schlee, J.S., 1975, Stratigraphy and Tertiary development of the continental margin east of Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-430, 73 leaves :ill. (some folded), maps (some folded) ;27 cm.; (96 p., 2 sheets - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75430.","productDescription":"73 leaves :ill. (some folded), maps (some folded) ;27 cm.; (96 p., 2 sheets - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149765,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6ab9bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schlee, John Stevens","contributorId":46501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlee","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"Stevens","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":15831,"text":"ofr7560 - 1975 - Structure of continental margin off Mid-Atlantic states (Baltimore Canyon Trough)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15831,"text":"ofr7560 - 1975 - Structure of continental margin off Mid-Atlantic states (Baltimore Canyon Trough)","indexId":"ofr7560","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"title":"Structure of continental margin off Mid-Atlantic states (Baltimore Canyon Trough)"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042824,"text":"70042824 - 1976 - Regional geologic framework off northeastern United States","indexId":"70042824","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"Regional geologic framework off northeastern United States"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70042824,"text":"70042824 - 1976 - Regional geologic framework off northeastern United States","indexId":"70042824","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"Regional geologic framework off northeastern United States"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-19T08:32:25","indexId":"ofr7560","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-60","title":"Structure of continental margin off Mid-Atlantic states (Baltimore Canyon Trough)","docAbstract":"Increasing interest in the Atlantic continental margin as a future petroleum province has resulted in several recent papers (Emmerich, 1974; Burk and Drake, 1974) that attempt to summarize the structure and stratigraphic framework of this area. Most papers tend to portray the margin as a wedge of Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediment that thins at the edge of the shelf over a \"basement ridge\" and then thickens again under the continental rise. Off the northeastern United States, the sediment wedge under the shelf attains a thickness of 8-11 km in the Georges Bank basin (Schultz and Glover, 1974; Mattick and others, 1974; Sheridan, 1974b; Behrendt and others, 1974) and 12 km in thickness in the Baltimore Canyon trough off the middle Atlantic states of Delaware, Maryland, Virginia and New Jersey (fig. 1). Seaward of the continental shelf and its sediment prism, Emery and Uchupi (1972, figs. 133-135) infer slump deposits (eroded in some areas) covering a buried ridge thought to extend from the Laurentian Channel to Cape Hatteras, where it splits in two. The lower slope and continental rise are inferred by Drake and later investigators to be a thick prism of deep sea sediment (turbidites, hemipelagic clays, slump deposits) overlying oceanic basement in a welt that parallels the continental edge and reaches a maximum thickness of 6 km (Emery and Uchupi, 1972, fig. 188).
Our purpose is to present the results of a geophysical survey across the margin seaward of the middle Atlantic states that comments on the structural - stratigraphic framework of the margin.
","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr7560","collaboration":"This report is preliminary and has not been edited or reviewed for conformity with Geological Survey standards or nomenclature","usgsCitation":"Schlee, J.S., Behrendt, J.C., Mattick, R.E., and Taylor, P.T., 1975, Structure of continental margin off Mid-Atlantic states (Baltimore Canyon Trough): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-60, 45 p. :ill., charts ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7560.","productDescription":"45 p. :ill., charts ;28 cm.","numberOfPages":"61","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149766,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":259890,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0060/ofr197560.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.45 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"contact":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program
U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole, MA 02543
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr75658","usgsCitation":"Peck, J.H., 1975, Preliminary bedrock geologic map of the Clinton quadrangle, Worcester County, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-658, Report: 30 p.; 3 Plates: 19.36 × 28.03 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75658.","productDescription":"Report: 30 p.; 3 Plates: 19.36 × 28.03 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":398060,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_94208.htm"},{"id":79035,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0658/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":79034,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0658/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":79033,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0658/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":79036,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0658/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":169258,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0658/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","county":"Worcester County","otherGeospatial":"Clinton quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.75,\n 42.375\n ],\n [\n -71.625,\n 42.375\n ],\n [\n -71.625,\n 42.5\n ],\n [\n -71.75,\n 42.5\n ],\n [\n -71.75,\n 42.375\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bd8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peck, John H.","contributorId":19615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":61004,"text":"mf641E - 1975 - Some aspects of water quality as affected by land use in McLaughlin Run and Painters Run basins, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-12T18:09:30.947972","indexId":"mf641E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"641","chapter":"E","title":"Some aspects of water quality as affected by land use in McLaughlin Run and Painters Run basins, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf641E","usgsCitation":"Subitzky, S., 1975, Some aspects of water quality as affected by land use in McLaughlin Run and Painters Run basins, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 641, 1 Plate: 33.82 x 26.06 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf641E.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 33.82 x 26.06 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":485727,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_3759.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":274663,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0641e/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":182780,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"150000","country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Allegheny County","otherGeospatial":"McLaughlin Run and Painters Run basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.3636,\n 40.6725\n ],\n [\n -80.3636,\n 40.1925\n ],\n [\n -79.6742,\n 40.1925\n ],\n [\n -79.6742,\n 40.6725\n ],\n [\n -80.3636,\n 40.6725\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e9e4b07f02db5e9478","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Subitzky, Seymour","contributorId":99111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Subitzky","given":"Seymour","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":15281,"text":"ofr75253 - 1975 - Experimental results of atomic absorption analyses for indium and thallium in 803 nonmagnetic concentrates from Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-05T20:01:49.083783","indexId":"ofr75253","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-253","title":"Experimental results of atomic absorption analyses for indium and thallium in 803 nonmagnetic concentrates from Alaska","docAbstract":"The development in the U.S. Geological Survey of rapid methods for the determination by atomic absorption spectrophotometry of indium and thallium at limits of detection as low as 0.2 ppm each in geologic materials affords great advantages over spectrographic methods in studies concerned with values at or near the crustal abundances of these elements. Experimental application of the technique to the analysis of 803 nonmagnetic concentrates from Alaska showed specific disadvantages owing to the insolubility of cassiterite--one of the major sources for indium in concentrates--under the conditions of dissolution used in the preparation of samples for analysis by atomic absorption. Where nonmagnetic concentrates are used as a geochemical sample medium, and an exploration program is based on the interpretation of multi-element data, little purpose is served by independent analyses for indium and thallium.
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William C.","contributorId":73586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Overstreet","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crenshaw, George L.","contributorId":25953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crenshaw","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hubert, Arthur E.","contributorId":78340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rosenblum, Sam","contributorId":60620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenblum","given":"Sam","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, Ricke J.","contributorId":82324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Ricke","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":3125,"text":"wsp2171 - 1975 - Ground-water levels in the United States, 1969-73, Southeastern states","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:38","indexId":"wsp2171","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2171","title":"Ground-water levels in the United States, 1969-73, Southeastern states","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. 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Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2171","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1975, Ground-water levels in the United States, 1969-73, Southeastern states: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2171, 250 p. :illus., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2171.","productDescription":"250 p. :illus.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":94729,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2171/report.pdf","size":"18147","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139458,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2171/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667536","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":15202,"text":"ofr75476 - 1975 - Water availability of Washington County, Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:03","indexId":"ofr75476","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-476","title":"Water availability of Washington County, Alabama","docAbstract":"Large quantities of ground water and surface water are available in Washington County. Major sources of ground water are the Gosport Sand and Lisbon Formation undifferentiated, the Miocene Series undifferentiated, and alluvium and low terrace deposits. The Miocene, the most productive source of ground water, will yield 0.5 to 1.0 mgd (million gallons per day) per well and is a potential source of larger supplies in most of the county. The quantity of potable water available is governed largely by geologic structures.\r\n\r\nAverage flows of the Tombigbee and Mobile Rivers in the southeast corner of the county are 18,200 and 39,400 mgd. Average runoff originating in the county is about 1,100 mgd or 1 mgd per square mile.\r\n\r\nWater in aquifers tapped by wells generally contains less than 500 mg/l (milligrams per liter) dissolved solids. The water generally is soft to moderately hard. Water in streams is soft to moderately hard and low in dissolved solids. Estimated water use in 1966 was 43.5 mgd of which 10.9 mgd was ground water and 32.6 mgd was surface water.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr75476","usgsCitation":"Newton, J.G., McCain, J.F., and Turner, J.D., 1975, Water availability of Washington County, Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-476, 21 leaves :col. maps ;38 cm.; (47 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75476.","productDescription":"21 leaves :col. maps ;38 cm.; (47 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147459,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0476/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44129,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0476/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44130,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0476/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44131,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0476/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4d59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newton, John G.","contributorId":22323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newton","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCain, Jerald F.","contributorId":104039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCain","given":"Jerald","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turner, James D.","contributorId":46542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":15558,"text":"ofr75104 - 1975 - Ground-water availability in the Belcourt area, Rolette County, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T16:01:40","indexId":"ofr75104","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-104","title":"Ground-water availability in the Belcourt area, Rolette County, North Dakota","docAbstract":"Test drilling and geologic data indicate that there are two potential aquifers in the Belcourt, N. Dak. area capable of supplying a sufficient quantity of ground water for the city of Belcourt. The Fox Hills aquifer, located about 3 miles (4.8 kilometres) west of Belcourt, could yield a sufficient quantity, as much as 500,000 gallons per day (1,900 cubic metres per day), of ground water for Belcourt, but the quality is unsuitable for a public supply. The Shell Valley aquifer, located about 5 miles (8 kilometres) southwest of Belcourt, appears to contain the quantity and quality of ground water required for the city of Belcourt municipal supply.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Bismarck, ND","doi":"10.3133/ofr75104","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Public Health Service","usgsCitation":"Randich, P., 1975, Ground-water availability in the Belcourt area, Rolette County, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-104, Report: iv, 36 p.; 2 Plates: 31.93 x 31.27 inches and 33.24 x 17.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75104.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 36 p.; 2 Plates: 31.93 x 31.27 inches and 33.24 x 17.50 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":148573,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr75104.jpg"},{"id":310407,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0104/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":310408,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0104/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":310406,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0104/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","county":"Rolette County","city":"Belcourt","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.80083465576172,\n 48.805167591409095\n ],\n [\n -99.80083465576172,\n 48.86460183609278\n ],\n [\n -99.69938278198241,\n 48.86460183609278\n ],\n [\n -99.69938278198241,\n 48.805167591409095\n ],\n [\n -99.80083465576172,\n 48.805167591409095\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d362","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Randich, P.G.","contributorId":69953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randich","given":"P.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13383,"text":"ofr75580 - 1975 - Oil-shale Fischer assay data, tables of average oil-yield values, and oil-yield histograms of U.S. Geological Survey coreholes CR-1 and CR-2, Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-15T15:12:28","indexId":"ofr75580","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-580","title":"Oil-shale Fischer assay data, tables of average oil-yield values, and oil-yield histograms of U.S. Geological Survey coreholes CR-1 and CR-2, Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"s. n.],","doi":"10.3133/ofr75580","usgsCitation":"Donnell, J., and Pitman, J.K., 1975, Oil-shale Fischer assay data, tables of average oil-yield values, and oil-yield histograms of U.S. Geological Survey coreholes CR-1 and CR-2, Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-580, 83 p., 2 sheets l. ;28 cm. +2 tables., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75580.","productDescription":"83 p., 2 sheets l. ;28 cm. +2 tables.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145187,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0580/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41812,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0580/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41810,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0580/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41811,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0580/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbfbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Donnell, John R.","contributorId":84330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donnell","given":"John R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pitman, Janet K. 0000-0002-0441-779X jpitman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0441-779X","contributorId":767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitman","given":"Janet","email":"jpitman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":167716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":13884,"text":"ofr75149 - 1975 - Tectonic framework of petroliferous rocks in Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13884,"text":"ofr75149 - 1975 - Tectonic framework of petroliferous rocks in Alaska","indexId":"ofr75149","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"title":"Tectonic framework of petroliferous rocks in Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042931,"text":"70042931 - 1976 - Tectonic framework of petroliferous rocks in Alaska: hydrocarbons","indexId":"70042931","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"Tectonic framework of petroliferous rocks in Alaska: hydrocarbons"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70042931,"text":"70042931 - 1976 - Tectonic framework of petroliferous rocks in Alaska: hydrocarbons","indexId":"70042931","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"Tectonic framework of petroliferous rocks in Alaska: hydrocarbons"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-24T21:07:21.511231","indexId":"ofr75149","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-149","title":"Tectonic framework of petroliferous rocks in Alaska","docAbstract":"Alaska, comprising 3.6 X 106 sq km (about 28 percent) of the land, shelf, and upper continental slope of the United States, has been estimated by the U.S. Geological Survey (1974) to contain about 25 percent of the Nation's petroleum resources. Some 11 billion barrels of petroleum liquids and 31 trillion cubic feet of natural gas have been announced as discovered to date.
In northern Alaska, Paleozoic and Mesozoic shelf and slope deposits of the Brooks Range orogen were thrust relatively northward over the depressed south margin of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic Arctic platform, upon which a foredeep (the Colville geosyncline) developed in earliest Cretaceous time. Detritus from the Brooks Range filled the foredeep and pro-graded northwest and northeast to fill the Cretaceous and Tertiary North Chukchi and Umiat-Camden basins and form the Beaufort shelf.
In southern Alaska, a series of arc-trench systems developed on oceanic rocks during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Between the arcs and the metamorphic (continental) terranes of east-central and northern Alaska, large back-arc and arc-trench gap basins received thick volcanic and detrital deposits. These deposits were extensively deformed and disrupted by mid-Jurassic to Tertiary plutonism, Laramide oroclinal bending, wrench faulting, and arc-related compression.
The Laramide events 'continentalized' the late Mesozoic back-arc basin deposits and welded them to the older continental terranes to the north and east. Subsequent sedimentation was localized and nonmarine except in onshore and offshore coastal basins, where thick mixed marine and nonmarine sections were deposited. The Aleutian arc and associated Queen Charlotte transform fault system have dominated structural and depositional patterns in southern Alaska since the early Cenozoic.
The largest petroleum reserves in Alaska (the Prudhoe Bay and associated fields) and the best prospects for additional large discoveries are in northern Alaska, where an extensive terrane is underlain by Upper Paleozoic to Tertiary carbonate and shelf, slope and delta clastic deposits. The pre-Tertiary back-arc and arc-trench gap basins in southern and interior Alaska are too intensely deformed or too low in porosity (because of diagenetic mobilization of labile constituents) to offer more than modest local prospects. The Tertiary coastal basins do, however, offer large tracts of thick marine and nonmarine clastic rocks and in some areas many large folds to exploration. Such basins are known to be petroliferous on Bristol Bay and the Gulf of Alaska and to contain major accumulations of oil and gas at Cook Inlet, but they are relatively little explored.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr75149","usgsCitation":"Grantz, A., and Kirschner, C., 1975, Tectonic framework of petroliferous rocks in Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-149, i, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75149.","productDescription":"i, 29 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":419272,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0149/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":144734,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0149/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Arthur agrantz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grantz","given":"Arthur","email":"agrantz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":168570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirschner, C.E.","contributorId":81107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirschner","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":56914,"text":"wdrIA742 - 1975 - Water resources data for Iowa, water year 1974; Part II, Water quality records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-17T17:05:05.787157","indexId":"wdrIA742","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"IA-74-2","title":"Water resources data for Iowa, water year 1974; Part II, Water quality records","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1974 water year for Iowa including records of streamflow or reservoir storage at gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites, and records of water-quality data on the chemical and physical characteristics of surface and ground water, are given in this report. In Part 1, records are included for 127 gaging stations of which 119 are streamflow discharge stations, and 8 are reservoir or lake stations; also included are records for 426 low-flow partial-record stations, 128 crest-stage partial-record stations, and 30 miscellaneous sites. Locations of gaging stations are shown in Figure 2. In Part 2, water quality data on chemical, physical, biological, and sediment characteristics of surface water were collected from designated sampling sites at predetermined intervals such as once daily, weekly, monthly, or less frequently. Records are given for 353 sampling stations of which 23 are continuous record stations, 9 are partial-record stations, and 321 are miscellaneous sites. Locations of water-quality stations are shown in Figure 3. A summary of periodic water temperature data is given for 98 regular gaging stations. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of S.W. Wiitala, district chief. These data represent that portion of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Iowa.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrIA742","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1975, Water resources data for Iowa, water year 1974; Part II, Water quality records: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report IA-74-2, ix, 311 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrIA742.","productDescription":"ix, 311 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":492423,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1974/ia-74-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":184678,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1974/ia-74-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5bee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":533001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":14018,"text":"ofr7597 - 1975 - Data from ground magnetic survey of the Ralston Dike, Jefferson County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-05T13:36:06.800762","indexId":"ofr7597","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-97","title":"Data from ground magnetic survey of the Ralston Dike, Jefferson County, Colorado","docAbstract":"A high-quality ground magnetic survey was conducted over the Ralston dike, Jefferson County, Colorado, from September 1973 to June 1974. The data obtained on this survey are tabulated in this report.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7597","usgsCitation":"Hasbrouck, W.P., Botsford, M., and Jennings, W., 1975, Data from ground magnetic survey of the Ralston Dike, Jefferson County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-97, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7597.","productDescription":"43 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":493535,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0097/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":147188,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0097/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Jefferson County","otherGeospatial":"Ralston 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c8c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hasbrouck, Wilfred P.","contributorId":9258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hasbrouck","given":"Wilfred","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Botsford, M.L.","contributorId":26701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Botsford","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jennings, W.P.","contributorId":91872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":14663,"text":"ofr75250 - 1975 - Reconnaissance engineering geology of the Ketchikan area, Alaska, with emphasis on evaluation of earthquake and other geologic hazards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-18T20:56:19.121311","indexId":"ofr75250","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-250","title":"Reconnaissance engineering geology of the Ketchikan area, Alaska, with emphasis on evaluation of earthquake and other geologic hazards","docAbstract":"The Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964, dramatically emphasized the need for engineering geologic studies of urban areas in seismically active regions. A reconnaissance study of the Ketchikan area in southeastern Alaska is part of a program to evaluate earthquake and other geologic hazards in most of the larger Alaska coastal communities. These evaluations in the Ketchikan area should provide broad guidelines useful in city and land-use planning.
Ketchikan, which had a population of approximately 7,000 in 1970, is built on the southwestern end of Revillagigedo Island along the northeastern coastline of Tongass Narrows. Altitudes reach 1,000 feet (305 m) within half a mile (0.8 km) of the coast and near-vertical cliffs characterize the terrain in places. The climate is predominantly marine. Average precipitation is approximately 152 inches (386 cm).
The Ketchikan area was covered by glacier ice at least once and probably several times during the Pleistocene Epoch. The present topography, characterized by elongate lakes, U-shaped valleys, fiords, inlets, and passages, clearly reflects the effects of glaciation. The presence of emergent marine deposits, at least 300 feet (91 m) above sea level, shows that the land has been uplifted relative to sea level since the last deglaciation of the region.
Bedrock is exposed or is near the surface throughout most of the mapped area. The bedrock consists chiefly of metamorphic rocks. In a few places these rocks have been intruded by igneous rocks. Exposed metamorphic rocks are mostly thinly foliated schists and phyllites, metamorphosed to greenschist facies. Foliation generally strikes northwest with moderate to steep dips to the northeast. Most of the rock is fairly competent and near-vertical cuts tend to be stable. The more indurated metamorphic rock can be used for riprap, but more durable blocks generally can be obtained from the igneous rock.
The surficial deposits have been divided into the following map units on the basis of their time of deposition, mode of origin, and grain size: (1) undifferentiated drift (Qd), (2) elevated marine deposits (Qm), (3) stream alluvium (Qa), (4) fan-delta deposits (Qf), and (5) modern beach deposits (Qb). Manmade fill (f) also is mapped as a separate unit. Muskeg, colluvium, and offshore deposits are not included as map units but are discussed in the report under the heading \"Surficial deposits (not shown on map).\" The undifferentiated drift deposits consist mostly of till or other diamictons, generally less than 25 feet (7.6 m) thick. Exposed elevated marine deposits (Qm) generally consist of sand and gravel less than 5 feet (1.5 m) thick. Stream alluvium (Qa) is chiefly sand, gravel, cobbles, and boulders probably everywhere less than 15 feet (4.6 m) thick. Fan-delta deposits (Qf) consist mostly of loose sand, gravel, and boulders as much as 50 feet (15 m) thick. Modern beach deposits (Qb) are mostly loose sand and gravel generally less than 10 feet (3 m) thick. Two basically different types of manmade fill are present: (1) large fills along the waterfront, commonly 5 to 15 feet (1.5-4.6 m) thick, consisting of silt, sand, gravel, rock, and diverse other materials, and (2) fills, generally less than 10 feet (3 m) thick and consisting of sand, gravel, or crushed rock, placed inland from the waterfront and used as pads for buildings and parking areas. Fairly thick deposits of muskeg may be present in the southeastern part of the mapped area but have not been examined in the field. Colluvial deposits, locally 5 to 8 feet (1.5-2.4 m) thick, consist mostly of decomposing bedrock fragments. Offshore deposits are poorly known; near-shore loose sand and gravel rest on a sloping bedrock surface.
Southeastern Alaska lies within the circum-Pacific seismic belt that rims the northern Pacific Basin and has been tectonically active since at least early Paleozoic time. Large-scale faulting has been common. The two most prominent fault systems in southeastern Alaska and surrounding regions are (1) the Denali fault system, and (2) the Fairweather-Queen Charlotte Islands fault system. Of the two, the Fairweather-Queen Charlotte Islands fault system is the more active and of most significance in relation to the Ketchikan area. Ketchikan lies within the northwest trend of the Gravina-Nutzotin belt of fault thrusting. The trends of at least some of the linear fiords near the mapped area are controlled by faults. However, it is not known whether a major fault extends up Tongass Narrows offshore from Ketchikan.
Between 1899 and 1970, five earthquakes having magnitudes of 8 or greater occurred in or near southeastern Alaska or in adjacent offshore areas; three have occurred having magnitudes of between 7 and 8, at least eight with magnitudes of between 6 and 7, 15 with magnitudes of between 5 and 6, and about 140 have been recorded with magnitudes of less than 5 or of unassigned magnitudes. All of the earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 8, and a large proportion of the others, appear to be related to the Fair-weather-Queen Charlotte Islands fault system or to the connecting Chugach-St. Elias fault to the northwest. Within a 50-mile (80-km) radius of Ketchikan, epicenters of three earthquakes with magnitudes of 5 or less have been recorded. Within a radius of 100 miles (160 km), 10 epicenters have been recorded, two with magnitudes between 6 and 7 and eight with magnitudes of 5 or less. Although no instrumentally recorded earthquakes had epicenters in the mapped area, at least 32 earthquakes that had epicenters elsewhere were felt or possibly felt in Ketchikan. Most of these earthquakes probably had epicenters along the Queen Charlotte Islands fault.
Ketchikan is tentatively assigned by me to seismic zone 2. This is a zone in which magnitudes of the largest expectable earthquake would range from 4.5 to 6.0 and where moderate damage could be expected. Large earthquakes of magnitude 8 or greater, however, can be expected to occur from time to time along the Queen Charlotte Islands fault. Ground motion from these earthquakes, although attenuated with distance, may still be sufficiently strong at Ketchikan to cause substantial damage.
Possible future earthquake effects include: (1) land-level changes caused by local faulting or by large-scale regional deformation, (2) ground shaking, (3) compaction, (4) liquefaction, (5) subaerial and submarine sliding, (6) water-sediment ejection and ground fracturing, (7) reaction of sensitive and quick clays, and (8) effects of tsunamis, seiches, and other abnormal water waves. Although land-level changes due to local faulting are unlikely, large-scale regional deformation may cause uplift or subsidence in Ketchikan. Adverse effects would be confined mainly to the waterfront area. This area also would be most heavily damaged if Ketchikan were strongly shaken by an earthquake. Nonengineered, loose, manmade fills and fan-delta deposits in this area probably would be subject to the strongest shaking. These deposits probably also are most subject to compaction, liquefaction, sliding, and water-sediment ejection. Earthquake effects expectably would be considerably fewer and less severe for the part of Ketchikan upslope from the harbor area because bedrock is at or near the surface in large parts of the area. No sensitive clays have been identified but, if present, they probably are confined to the till and other diamicton deposits in the northeastern part of the mapped area. Tsunami waves are not expected to have a local generation source. Those arriving from a distant source, although potentially highly destructive, probably would be greatly attenuated before arriving at Ketchikan. Seiche waves may develop on lakes near the mapped area and possibly cause failure of earth-fill dams. Destructive waves generated by earthquake-induced local submarine sliding appear to be unlikely in the Ketchikan area.
Geologic hazards in the area that are not caused by earthquakes are believed to be relatively minor. They include: (1) landsliding and subaqueous sliding, and (2) flooding. Only minor landsliding has occurred in the mapped area, but the potential for sliding may increase as the city expands and heavily timbered areas are cleared, with attendant accelerated erosion and mass wasting. The greatest potential for subaqueous sliding is along the shoreline, where fairly thick fan-delta deposits rest on a sloping bedrock surface. Periodic flooding has occurred on some creeks in the mapped area and can be expected to occur from time to time in the future.
In order that more accurate evaluations of geologic hazards can be made in the future, several recommendations are made for additional studies.
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