Kalamazoo County comprises an area of 572 square miles in the southwestern part of Michigan. It includes parts of the Kalamazoo, St. Joseph, and Paw Paw River basins, which drain into Lake Michigan. The northern two-thirds of the county is drained by the Kalamazoo River and its tributaries. A small area in the western piart of the county is drained by the Paw Paw River, and the rest, by tributaries of the St. Joseph River. Glacial deposits, containing sand and gravel, form an upper aquifer and a lower aquifer underlying large parts of the county. Areas of high transmissibility and thick saturated deposits are sufficiently localized to be considered as separate ground-water reservoirs having limited areal extent and definite hydrologic boundaries.
Ground-water runoff from the basins constitutes a large part of the streamflow. Hydrograph separation shows that ground-water runoff composed 65 and 73 percent of the discharge of Kalamazoo River at Comstock and 75 and 79 percent of the discharge of Portage River near Vicksburg in 1965 and 1966, respectively. Based on the hydrologic budgets for the same years, ground-water recharge was 9.1 and 9.0 inches in the Kalamazoo River basin and 12.2 and 11.6 inches in the St. Joseph River basin.
Ground-water recharge in the Kalamazoo River basin extrapolated for the 34-year period 1933-66 ranged from 4 to 13 inches and averaged 9 inches. In the St. Joseph River basin average recharge was about 9 inches for the same period.
There is a wide range in runoff in the county. Augusta Creek, Portage Creek near Kalamazoo, and Gourdneck Creek have the highest annual runoff and maintain high yields even during periods of deficient precipitation. Spring Brook also reflects large ground-water contributions to streamflow. Storage in these basins could provide additional water during low flows for municipal and industrial needs.
The primary use of lakes in the county is for recreational and esthetic purposes. Maintaining lake levels is therefore of the utmost importance. Levels at Crooked and Eagle Lakes have been maintained by pumping from lower aquifers. Diversion of water from Gourdneck Creek to West and Austin Lakes has helped in maintaining levels. Several relatively undeveloped lakes could be utilized as reservoirs whose storage could be used to augment streamflow or for water supply.
Water in streams is generally of good chemical quality; however, several streams, including the Kalamazoo River downstream from Kalamazoo, have been degraded by municipal and industrial waste disposal. Water in the lakes is generally of good chemical quality with the exception of Barton Lake, which has been degraded by waste disposal.
There is sufficient surface water available in Kalamazoo County to meet requirements for development of large quantities of water. The total available supply (average discharge of a stream) is about 680 mgd (million gallons per day). The dependable supply (7-day Q2, or average 7-day low flow having a recurrence interval of 2 years) is about 303 mgd. By developing artificial recharge facilities, surface runoff during winter and spring could be utilized to recharge ground-water reservoirs.
Surface-water withdrawal in 1966 was about 58 mgd, of which 33 mgd was withdrawn from the Kalamazoo River. The quantity of water now being withdrawn from the ground and surface sources is small compared to the total that may be obtained in the area through full utilization of these resources.
Mathematical models were used to simulate hydrologic conditions in the ground-water reservoirs and to evaluate maximum drawdowns for periods of little or no recharge. The practical limits of development as determined for the ground-water reservoirs are estimated to be at the following average withdrawal rates: Kalamazoo, 39 .mgd; Schoolcraft, 17 mgd; Kalamazoo-Portage, 24 mgd; and several small reservoirs, 67 mgd. These total 147 mgd. Further development would require additional artificial recharge facilities.
Average ground-water withdrawal in 1966 was about 54 mgd. The Kalamazoo River ground-water reservoir furnished about 28 mgd, the Kalamazoo-Portage ground-water reservoir, about 21 mgd, and the other reservoirs, about 5 mgd. Thus, further development without artificial recharge is estimated to be about 11 mgd in the Kalamazoo River reservoir, 17 mgd in the Schoolcraft reservoir, 62 mgd in the several small reservoirs, and only 3 mgd in the Kalamazoo-Portage reservoir.
The ground water is generally of good chemical quality and is suitable for most uses; however, it is Usually very hard and may contain objectionable amounts of iron. Some deterioration of water quality- has .been observed in several areas because of seepage from stockpiles of industrial minerals.
The presence of many inland lakes, streams having high ground-water runoff, and, in places, relatively undeveloped ground-water reservoirs provides -flexibility in water management.
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Records of many shallow wells were compiled in 1937 and periodic measurements were made in a few wells until 1966. Owing to the heavy development of irrigation during the 1960's (fig. 1) an expanded network of observation wells established in Texas County in 1966 and in Beaver and Cimarron Counties in 1967; measurement of water levels have been made on an annual basis since those times.\r\nThis report contains water-level records for the period 1966-70 in Texas County, and for the period 1967-70 in Beaver and Cimarron Counties. At the present time (1971) the annual observation-well network includes 528 wells, of which 98 are in Beaver County, 211 are in Cimarron County, and 219 are in Texas County. These data provide an index to available ground-water supplies; they will be useful in planning and studying water resources development; and they will serve as a framework of data for the detailed hydrologic investigation now in progress in the panhandle.\r\n\r\n(available as photostat copy only)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr71344","usgsCitation":"Hart, D.L., 1972, Records of water-level measurements in wells in the Oklahoma panhandle, 1966-70: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-344, 66 p. : ill. ; 21 x 27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71344.","productDescription":"66 p. : ill. ; 21 x 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161897,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e58cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hart, Donald L. Jr.","contributorId":89946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"Donald","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":49233,"text":"ofr7257 - 1972 - Land subsidence due to ground-water withdrawal in the Los Banos-Kettleman City area, California; Part 1, Changes in the hydrologic environment conducive to subsidence","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":49233,"text":"ofr7257 - 1972 - Land subsidence due to ground-water withdrawal in the Los Banos-Kettleman City area, California; Part 1, Changes in the hydrologic environment conducive to subsidence","indexId":"ofr7257","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Land subsidence due to ground-water withdrawal in the Los Banos-Kettleman City area, California; Part 1, Changes in the hydrologic environment conducive to subsidence"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38939,"text":"pp437E - 1975 - Land subsidence due to ground-water withdrawal in the Los Banos-Kettleman City area, California; Part 1, Changes in the hydrologic environment conducive to subsidence","indexId":"pp437E","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"Land subsidence due to ground-water withdrawal in the Los Banos-Kettleman City area, California; Part 1, Changes in the hydrologic environment conducive to subsidence"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":38939,"text":"pp437E - 1975 - Land subsidence due to ground-water withdrawal in the Los Banos-Kettleman City area, California; Part 1, Changes in the hydrologic environment conducive to subsidence","indexId":"pp437E","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"title":"Land subsidence due to ground-water withdrawal in the Los Banos-Kettleman City area, California; Part 1, Changes in the hydrologic environment conducive to subsidence"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:16","indexId":"ofr7257","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-57","title":"Land subsidence due to ground-water withdrawal in the Los Banos-Kettleman City area, California; Part 1, Changes in the hydrologic environment conducive to subsidence","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr7257","usgsCitation":"Bull, W., and Miller, R., 1972, Land subsidence due to ground-water withdrawal in the Los Banos-Kettleman City area, California; Part 1, Changes in the hydrologic environment conducive to subsidence: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-57, 164 p., illus., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7257.","productDescription":"164 p., illus.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176650,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b31e4b07f02db6b411b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bull, W.B.","contributorId":96731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bull","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, R.E.","contributorId":86754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":49234,"text":"ofr7286 - 1972 - Annual compilation and analysis of hydrologic data for urban studies in the Dallas, Texas, metropolitan area, 1969","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-14T16:30:36","indexId":"ofr7286","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-86","title":"Annual compilation and analysis of hydrologic data for urban studies in the Dallas, Texas, metropolitan area, 1969","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7286","usgsCitation":"Dempster, G., and Massey, B., 1972, Annual compilation and analysis of hydrologic data for urban studies in the Dallas, Texas, metropolitan area, 1969: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-86, 136 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7286.","productDescription":"136 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":175491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bb77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dempster, G.R. Jr.","contributorId":20769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dempster","given":"G.R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Massey, B.C.","contributorId":102483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Massey","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":49252,"text":"ofr72247 - 1972 - Annual compilation and analysis of hydrologic data for North Creek, Trinity River basin, Texas, 1970","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-14T14:14:51","indexId":"ofr72247","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-247","title":"Annual compilation and analysis of hydrologic data for North Creek, Trinity River basin, Texas, 1970","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr72247","usgsCitation":"Maderak, M., and Lucero, E., 1972, Annual compilation and analysis of hydrologic data for North Creek, Trinity River basin, Texas, 1970: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-247, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72247.","productDescription":"32 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":175683,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bba5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maderak, M.L.","contributorId":41452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maderak","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lucero, E.","contributorId":98798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucero","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2630,"text":"wsp1880C - 1972 - Summary of floods in the United States during 1967","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-02T13:25:31","indexId":"wsp1880C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1880","chapter":"C","title":"Summary of floods in the United States during 1967","docAbstract":"This report describes the most outstanding floods in the United States during 1967. The two most destructive floods occurred in August in east-central Alaska and in September and October in southern Texas. In east-central Alaska, heavy rain on August 8-17 produced record-breaking floods near Fairbanks. Peak discharges on some streams in the area were from two to four times the 50-yea.r flood. Flood damage was estimated to have been $85 million, and six lives were lost. Torrential rains produced by Hurricane Beulah caused record-breaking floods on many streams in a 50,000-square-mile area in southern Texas and northeastern Mexico in September and October. As much as 25.5 inches of rain was measured at ESSA Weather Bureau stations in the period September 19-25. Major flooding occurred in the basins of the Guadalupe, San Antonio, Mission, Arkansas, and Nueces Rivers and in many small coastal basins in Texas ; on the Rio Grande and its floodways ; and in the Rio Alamo and Rio San Juan basins in Mexico. Peak discharges at several sites in Texas were more than three times the magnitude of a 50-year flood. Total damage in Texas due to wind, rain, stream flooding, sheet flow, ponding, and tidal flooding was $167 million. In addition to the two floods mentioned above, 27 others of lesser magnitude are considered important enough to be included in this annual flood summary.
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Yukon River","docAbstract":"Channel geometry surveys were conducted to determine bankfull stage, discharge, and other hydraulic parameters at 22 locations along the proposed route of the trans-Alaska pipeline corridor south of the Yukon River. Combined with the records from gaging stations located at some of the sites, the data are sufficient to describe some of the channel and flow characteristics typical of each of two major hydrologic areas, the Yukon River Region and the South-Central Region. Although each region follows general hydrologic trends, least squares relations indicate each exhibits its own particular deviations.
Average values of the hydraulic and geometric properties of rivers were used to illustrate their application to practical engineering problems, namely the computation of depth of channel scour and of bedload discharge. For design purposes, caution is recommended when making computations based on average values. In the absence of other data, however, the average data become useful predictive tools.
The U.S. Soil Conservation Service is actively engaged in the installation of flood- and soil-erosion reducing measures in Texas under the authority of \"The Flood Control Act of 1936 and 1944\" and \"Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act\" (Public Law 566), as amended. The Soil Conservation Service has found a total of approximately 3,500 floodwater-retarding structures to be physically and economically feasible in Texas. As of September 30, 1970, 1,439 of these structures had been built.
This watershed-development program will have varying but important effects on the natural surface- and ground-water resources of river basins, especially where a large number of the floodwater-retarding structures are built. Basic hydrologic data under natural and developed conditions are needed to appraise the effects of the structures on the yield and mode of occurrence of runoff.
Hydrologic investigations of these small watershed study areas were begun by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1951 and are now being made in 12 areas (fig. 1). These investigations are being made in cooperation with the Texas Water Development Board, the Soil Conservation Service, the San Antonio River Authority, the city of Dallas, and the Tarrant County Water Control and Improvement District No. 1. The 12 study areas were chosen to sample watersheds having different rainfall, topography, geology, and soils. In five of the study areas (North, Little Elm, Mukewater, Little Pond-North Elm, and Pin Oak Creeks), streamflow and rainfall records were collected prior to construction of the floodwater-retarding structures, thus affording the opportunity for analyses of the conditions 'before and after\" development. Structures have now been built in four of these study areas. A summary of the development of the floodwater-retarding structures in each study area as of September 30, 1970, is shown in table 1.
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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70176063","usgsCitation":"VanZandt, J.K., 1972, Annual compilation and analysis of hydrologic data for urban studies in the Austin, Texas, metropolitan area, 1970: Open-File Report, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70176063.","productDescription":"70 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327802,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c6ae8ae4b0f2f0cebe3fa8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"VanZandt, J. K.","contributorId":173701,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"VanZandt","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":48075,"text":"ofr72348 - 1972 - Water-resources reconnaissance of Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-29T20:48:49.921019","indexId":"ofr72348","displayToPublicDate":"1972-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-348","title":"Water-resources reconnaissance of Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska","docAbstract":"A hydrologic reconnaissance was made of Anaktuvuk pass in the central Brooks Range during the summer of 1971 to help develop a water supply for the village school. Winter icings and summer flow conditions in Contact Creek both indicate that ground water is present beneath the creek bed. A well-site area was selected in the channel of Contact Creek near the school where the prospects of obtaining a suitable ground-water supply seem best. In the event that wells are unsuccessful, water can be hauled from Eleanor Lake to the school. Chemical quality of water at Anaktuvuk Pass is excellent, but any source of water may be subject to bacterial contamination and would require treatment.
This report is the eighth in a series prepared by the U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights, that describes the water resources of the western basins of Utah. (See fig. 1.) Its purpose is to present available hydrologic data on the Park Valley area, to provide an evaluation of the potential water-resource development of the area, and to identify needed studies that would improve understanding of the area's water supply.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","usgsCitation":"Hood, J.W., 1971, Hydrologic reconnaissance of the Park Valley area, Box Elder County, Utah: Technical Publication 30, v, 51 p.","productDescription":"v, 51 p.","numberOfPages":"60","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331794,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":331792,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=20-4-650"},{"id":331793,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/docSys/v920/w920/w920008s.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Box Elder County","geographicExtents":" {\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.851318359375,\n 41.24064190269475\n ],\n [\n -113.851318359375,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -112.9669189453125,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -112.9669189453125,\n 41.24064190269475\n ],\n [\n -113.851318359375,\n 41.24064190269475\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"584bd0e3e4b077fc20250e32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hood, James W.","contributorId":66115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hood","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70178877,"text":"70178877 - 1971 - Hydrologic reconnaissance of Hansel Valley and northern Rozel Flat, Box Elder County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-09T16:41:18","indexId":"70178877","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":294,"text":"Technical Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"33","title":"Hydrologic reconnaissance of Hansel Valley and northern Rozel Flat, Box Elder County, Utah","docAbstract":"This report is the ninth in a series by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights, which describes the water resources of the western basins of Utah (see fig. 1). Its purpose is to present available hydrologic data for Hansel Valley, to provide an evaluation of the potential water-resource development of the valley, and to identify needed studies that would improve understanding of the valley's water supply. Hydrologic data from the northern part of adjacent Rozel Flat were collected to aid in evaluation of southern Hansel Valley, and these data also are included in this report.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","usgsCitation":"Hood, J.W., 1971, Hydrologic reconnaissance of Hansel Valley and northern Rozel Flat, Box Elder County, Utah: Technical Publication 33, ii, 41 p.","productDescription":"ii, 41 p.","numberOfPages":"46","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331831,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":331829,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=20-4-710"},{"id":331830,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/docSys/v920/w920/w920008v.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Box Elder County","otherGeospatial":"Hansel Valley, Northern Rozel Flat","geographicExtents":" {\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.0438232421875,\n 41.42625319507269\n ],\n [\n -113.0438232421875,\n 41.99624282178583\n ],\n [\n -112.4945068359375,\n 41.99624282178583\n ],\n [\n -112.4945068359375,\n 41.42625319507269\n ],\n [\n -113.0438232421875,\n 41.42625319507269\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"584bd0e2e4b077fc20250e2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hood, James W.","contributorId":66115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hood","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70178859,"text":"70178859 - 1971 - Water resources of Salt Lake County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-09T13:13:45","indexId":"70178859","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":294,"text":"Technical Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"31","title":"Water resources of Salt Lake County, Utah","docAbstract":"This report is the eighth in a series prepared by the U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights, that describes the water resources of the western basins of Utah. (See fig. 1.) Its purpose is to present available hydrologic data on the Park Valley area, to provide an evaluation of the potential water-resource development of the area, and to identify needed studies that would improve understanding of the area's water supply.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","usgsCitation":"Hely, A., Mower, R.W., Harr, C.A., and Arnow, T., 1971, Water resources of Salt Lake County, Utah: Technical Publication 31, xii, 240 p.","productDescription":"xii, 240 p.","numberOfPages":"258","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331797,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":331795,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=20-4-670"},{"id":331796,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/docSys/v920/w920/w920008t.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Salt Lake 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G.","contributorId":14401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hely","given":"A. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mower, R. W.","contributorId":34898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mower","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harr, C. Albert","contributorId":28978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harr","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Albert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Arnow, Ted","contributorId":84733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnow","given":"Ted","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":20796,"text":"ofr1639 - 1971 - Bottom sediments on the continental shelf off the northeastern United States -- Cape Cod to Cape Ann, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-16T15:24:48.297799","indexId":"ofr1639","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-30T14:55:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1639","title":"Bottom sediments on the continental shelf off the northeastern United States -- Cape Cod to Cape Ann, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"These reconnaissance maps have been constructed to show the areal distribution of major types of bottom sediment and some of their constituents on the sea floor off Massachusetts between Cape Ann and Cape Cod (41°45'N and 42°50'N and west of 70°-00W). They are intended to serve as a guide to future detailed mapping of gravel, sand, silt clay, and organic carbon. Because sediment texture is in part a reflection of long-term hydrologic conditions, the maps will also help to infer the important sediment transport mechanisms in the area and thus they should be useful in problems relating to disposal of solid and liquid waste offshore.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr1639","usgsCitation":"Schlee, J., Folger, D., and O’Hara, C.J., 1971, Bottom sediments on the continental shelf off the northeastern United States -- Cape Cod to Cape Ann, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 1639, Report: i, 17 p.; 8 Plates: 29.89 x 46.16 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr1639.","productDescription":"Report: i, 17 p.; 8 Plates: 29.89 x 46.16 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":430469,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1639/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":430470,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1639/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":430471,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1639/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":430472,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1639/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":430473,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1639/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":430474,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1639/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":430475,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1639/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":291424,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1639/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":430467,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1639/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":430468,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1639/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"125000","projection":"Transverse Mercator Projection","country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Ann, Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -70.6091,41.698762 ], [ -70.6091,42.656817 ], [ -70.0314,42.656817 ], [ -70.0314,41.698762 ], [ -70.6091,41.698762 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffc5f3e4b0824b2d173c19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schlee, John","contributorId":16078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlee","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Folger, David W.","contributorId":78349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folger","given":"David W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Hara, Charles J.","contributorId":11228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Hara","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70047885,"text":"70047885 - 1971 - Ground-water resources: Cumberland County, New Jersey","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":56051,"text":"ofr70279 - 1970 - Ground-water resources, Cumberland County, New Jersey","indexId":"ofr70279","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water resources, Cumberland County, New Jersey"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70047885,"text":"70047885 - 1971 - Ground-water resources: Cumberland County, New Jersey","indexId":"70047885","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water resources: Cumberland County, New Jersey"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-05T23:34:59.353431","indexId":"70047885","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T16:10:16","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":135,"text":"Special Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"34","title":"Ground-water resources: Cumberland County, New Jersey","docAbstract":"Cumberland County is located in the Atlantic Coastal Plain physiographic province along the northeastern shore of Delaware Bay in Southwestern New Jersey. An average annual hydrologic budget was computed for Cumberland County. Water gains are: precipitation, 1,050 mgd (million gallons per day); surface-water inflow, 142 mgd; ground-water inflow negligible. Water losses are: evapotranspiration, 685 mgd; surface-water outflow, 370 mgd; ground-water outflow, 137 mgd.
\nUnconsolidated and semiconsolidated Coastal Plain sediments, 2,500 to 4,500 feet thick, and ranging in age from Cretaceous to Holocene, consist of layers of clay, silt, sand and gravel. Aquifers composed mainly of sand and gravel occur in the Potomac Group and Raritan and Magothy Formations, the Wenonah Formation and Mount Laurel Sand, the Piney Point Formation, and the Kirkwood Formation and Cohansey Sand.
\nAquifers in the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy sequence contain saline water and are not currently utilized in Cumberland County. However, they may be utilized in the future for underground storage of fresh water, or possibly other uses when more is known about this aquifer system.
\nThe aquifer in the Wenonah Formation and Mount Laurel Sand is not presently utilized in Cumberland County. It is probably suitable for future development, however of wells yielding as much as 300 gpm (gallons per minute) of good quality water in the northern part of the county.
\nThe Piney Point Formation is tapped in Cumberland County by only a few wells; each of these generally yield less than 100 gpm. Additional small supplies can be developed from this aquifer. Water from this aquifer requires little or no treatment for domestic use.
\nTwo principal aquifers occur in the Kirkwood Formation and Cohansey Sand: (1) the lower Kirkwood aquifer and (2) the Cohansey-Kirkwood aquifer. Most wells tapping the lower Kirkwood aquifer yield less than 50 gpm but are capable of yielding as much as 400 gpm. Wells in the lower Kirkwood range in depth from 200 to 370 feet. The Cohansey-Kirkwood aquifer is the shallowest and most important source of ground-water in the county but is highly susceptible to surface contamination. This aquifer is highly permeable; analysis of data from two pumping tests indicates permeabilities of 1,200 and 2,700 gpm per square foot. It generally yields large supplies of water (300 to 1,200 gpm) to wells from depths of less than 180 feet. Water in the Cohansey-Kirkwood aquifer is characterized by 1mv dissolved-solids content (63 mg/l, median), low hardness (21 mg/l, median), and low pH values (5.5 pH units, median).
\nWater use in Cumberland County varies and is highly seasonal, mainly because of increasing requirements for irrigation and the food processing industries in the county. In 1964 seasonal use ranged from 27 mgd in March to 145 mgd in August. This is much higher than withdrawals in neighboring Salem and Cape May Counties. In 1964 withdrawals in Cumberland County averaged about 51 mgd; almost all of this, 49.4 mgd, was from ground-water supplies. The total annual water use in 1964 according to type of use was: for public supply, 10.6 mgd; for industrial uses, 19.0 mgd; irrigation, 15.4 mgd; suburban, rural, residential, institutional, farm, and commercial, 5.9 mgd.
","language":"English","publisher":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Division of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Rooney, J.G., 1971, Ground-water resources: Cumberland County, New Jersey: Special Report 34, vi, 65 p.","productDescription":"vi, 65 p.","numberOfPages":"112","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":277134,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70047885.jpg"},{"id":311352,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047885/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","county":"Cumberland County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.9322509765625,\n 39.191819549771694\n ],\n [\n -74.937744140625,\n 39.296048244024085\n ],\n [\n -74.90203857421875,\n 39.37677199661635\n ],\n [\n -74.893798828125,\n 39.50827899034111\n ],\n [\n -74.96520996093749,\n 39.57182223734374\n ],\n [\n -75.07507324218749,\n 39.605688178320804\n ],\n [\n -75.20690917968749,\n 39.63530729658598\n ],\n [\n -75.30029296875,\n 39.6437675734185\n ],\n [\n -75.3607177734375,\n 39.63530729658598\n ],\n [\n -75.399169921875,\n 39.63530729658598\n ],\n [\n -75.47607421875,\n 39.55911824217184\n ],\n [\n -75.5364990234375,\n 39.48284540453334\n ],\n [\n -75.5419921875,\n 39.46164364205549\n ],\n [\n -75.487060546875,\n 39.431950321168635\n ],\n [\n -75.44860839843749,\n 39.38526381099774\n ],\n [\n -75.38818359375,\n 39.34704251121735\n ],\n [\n -75.333251953125,\n 39.32579941789298\n ],\n [\n -75.25634765625,\n 39.26203141523749\n ],\n [\n -75.1959228515625,\n 39.20246222588235\n ],\n [\n -75.146484375,\n 39.16414104768742\n ],\n [\n -75.07507324218749,\n 39.198205348894795\n ],\n [\n -74.9322509765625,\n 39.191819549771694\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"521f1be7e4b0f8bf2b07611a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rooney, James G.","contributorId":105628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rooney","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70039622,"text":"70039622 - 1971 - Water table in Long Island, New York, March 1971","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-18T01:01:45","indexId":"70039622","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T10:48:05","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Water table in Long Island, New York, March 1971","docAbstract":"The geologic framework and the hydrologic situation in Long Island are periodically reviewed by the U.S. Geological Survey as new knowledge is obtained from current investigations. This work is done through cooperative programs with Nassau and Suffolk County agencies and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. A unique opportunity to update many of the hydrogeologic maps occurred when the Geological Survey's Mineola, N.Y., office participated in the New England River Basins Commission's \"Long Island Sound Study.\" This map, one of a series of open-file maps showing the updated information, was compiled from data obtained from G. E. Kimmel (written commun., July 1972) and Jensen and Soren (in press). Comparison of the March 1971 data with similar data for March 1970 (Kimmel, 1970) shows virtually no change in water levels on Long Island during the 12 month period, except for a slight decline in levels in central Suffolk County.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mineola, NY","doi":"10.3133/70039622","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nassau County Department of Public Works, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Suffolk County Department of Environmental Control, and Suffolk County Water Authority","usgsCitation":"Koszalka, E.J., and Koch, E., 1971, Water table in Long Island, New York, March 1971: Open-File Report, 1 Plate: 157 x 77 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039622.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 157 x 77 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":261124,"rank":900,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039622/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":259704,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Kings;Nassau;Queens;Suffolk","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -74.08333333333333,40.5 ], [ -74.08333333333333,41.25 ], [ -71.83333333333333,41.25 ], [ -71.83333333333333,40.5 ], [ -74.08333333333333,40.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcc8ce4b08c986b32dbe2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koszalka, Edward J.","contributorId":47850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koszalka","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koch, Ellis","contributorId":72440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koch","given":"Ellis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31533,"text":"ofr70362 - 1971 - Effects of irrigation on streamflow in the Central Sand Plain of Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-13T11:54:02","indexId":"ofr70362","displayToPublicDate":"2002-04-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-362","title":"Effects of irrigation on streamflow in the Central Sand Plain of Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Development of ground water for irrigation affects streamflow and water levels in the sand-plain area of central Wisconsin. Additional irrigation development may reduce opportunities for water-based recreation by degrading the streams as trout habitat and by lowering lake levels. This study was made to inventory present development of irrigation in the sand-plain area, assess potential future development, and estimate the effects of irrigation on streamflow and ground-water levels. The suitability of land and the availability of ground water for irrigation are dependent, to a large extent, upon the geology of the area. Rocks making up the ground-water reservoir include outwash, morainal deposits, and glacial lake deposits. These deposits are underlain by crystalline rocks and by sandstone, which act as the floor of the ground-water reservoir. Outwash, the main aquifer, supplies water to about 300 irrigation wells and maintains relatively stable flow in the streams draining the area. The saturated thickness of these deposits is more than 100 feet over much of the area and is as much as 180 feet in bedrock valleys. The saturated thickness of the outwash generally is great enough to provide sufficient water for large-scale irrigation in all but two areas --one near the town of Wisconsin Rapids and one near Dorro Couche Mound. Aquifer tests indicate that the permeability of the outwash is quite high, ranging from about 1,000 gpd per square foot to about 3,800 gpd per square foot, Specific capacities of irrigation wells in the area range from 14 to 157 gpm per foot of drawdown. Water use in the sand-plain area is mainly for irrigation and waterbased recreation. Irrigation development began in the area in the late 1940's, and by 1967 about 19,500 acre-feet of water were pumped to irrigate 34,000 acres of potatoes, snap beans, corn, cucumbers, and other crops. About 70 percent of the applied water was lost to evapotranspiration, and about 30 percent was returned to the ground-water reservoir. Irrigation development should continue in the sand plain; future development probably will include improved artificial drainage and land clearing. The hydrology of the sand-plain area was studied from water budgets for seven basins and from water balances for eight types of vegetative cover or land use. During the study period about 16-20 inches of the 28- to 30-inch average annual precipitation were lost to evapotranspiration from different basins in the area, Evapotranspiration from different types of vegetative cover or land use ranged from about 14 inches per year for bare ground to about 25 inches per year from land covered by phreatophytes. Evapotranspiration is about 19 inches from forested land, about 16 inches from grassland and unirrigated row crops, about 19 inches from irrigated beans, and about 22 inches from irrigated potatoes. Variations in evapotranspiration from the different types of vegetative cover result mainly from differences in soil moisture available to the plants. Available soil moisture ranges from about 1 inch for shallow-rooted grasses and row crops to about 3 inches for forest. Most of the precipitation not used by plants or to replenish soil moisture seeps to the water table, and ground-water recharge in the area averages about 12-14 inches per year. However, computed recharge ranged from about 3 inches to about 22 inches during the 1948-67 period, depending upon the amount and seasonal distribution of precipitation. Of the average 12-14 inches of recharge, about lo-13 inches are discharged to the streams draining the area, and about l-2 inches are used by phreatophytes or by irrigated crops. Annual streamflow in the area averages about 11-12 inches per year, and because it is sustained mainly by ground water, its seasonal distribution is fairly uniform, However, streamflow varies seasonally, being highest in the spring, low in the summer, higher
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr70362","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey","usgsCitation":"Weeks, E., and Stangland, H., 1971, Effects of irrigation on streamflow in the Central Sand Plain of Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-362, Report: 113 p.; 4 Plates: 17 x 21 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70362.","productDescription":"Report: 113 p.; 4 Plates: 17 x 21 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"116","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2720,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/OFR-sandplain/index.html ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":59800,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0362/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59801,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0362/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59802,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0362/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59803,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0362/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59804,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0362/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160891,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0362/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Adams, Portage, Waushara, Wood","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.84619140625,\n 44.11914151643737\n ],\n [\n -89.84619140625,\n 44.78086028131498\n ],\n [\n -89.22821044921875,\n 44.78086028131498\n ],\n [\n -89.22821044921875,\n 44.11914151643737\n ],\n [\n -89.84619140625,\n 44.11914151643737\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db625104","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weeks, E.P.","contributorId":38514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weeks","given":"E.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stangland, H.G.","contributorId":28286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stangland","given":"H.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70199687,"text":"70199687 - 1971 - Use of time-lapse photography equipment for hydrologic studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-25T11:17:26","indexId":"70199687","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-27T11:13:53","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Use of time-lapse photography equipment for hydrologic studies","docAbstract":"This report describes equipment used for recording hydrologic events photographically on a controlled time scale. Equipment used included a 16-mm (millimeter) motion-picture camera, batteries, and associated intervalometer hardware.
Variables that affected operation of the equipment, and which were used to turn the equipment on and off upon demand, were sunlight intensity, rainfall, and time. Winding of the camera and final shutdown were accomplished manually.
A 15-minute silent motion picture was made from the time-lapse film installed at Bolinas Lagoon. This film shows sand erosion and deposition on the Stinson Beach Spit during the period January 1968 to July 1969.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70199687","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Beck, J., 1971, Use of time-lapse photography equipment for hydrologic studies: Open-File Report, ii, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70199687.","productDescription":"ii, 10 p.","costCenters":[{"id":630,"text":"Water Resources Division Menlo Park California","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357703,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beck, J.R.","contributorId":46921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beck","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47946,"text":"ofr71180 - 1971 - Preliminary evaluation of hydrologic factors related to radioactive waste storage in basaltic rocks at Hanford Reservation, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:25","indexId":"ofr71180","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-180","title":"Preliminary evaluation of hydrologic factors related to radioactive waste storage in basaltic rocks at Hanford Reservation, Washington","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr71180","usgsCitation":"La Sala, A.M., and Doty, G., 1971, Preliminary evaluation of hydrologic factors related to radioactive waste storage in basaltic rocks at Hanford Reservation, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-180, 80 p. ill., map ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71180.","productDescription":"80 p. ill., map ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169442,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c3eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"La Sala, A. M. Jr.","contributorId":38199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"La Sala","given":"A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doty, G.C.","contributorId":83960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doty","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":47945,"text":"ofr71177 - 1971 - Hydrologic data for Horseshoe Lake, Arkansas and vicinity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:25","indexId":"ofr71177","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-177","title":"Hydrologic data for Horseshoe Lake, Arkansas and vicinity","docAbstract":"During the summer and fall, seepage and evaporation losses from Horseshoe Lake, an oxbow or an 'old river' lake adjacent to the Mississippi River, exceed inflow to the lake, and seasonal declines of 2.5-3.0 feet in the lake level are common. In exceptionally dry years, the minimum lake level has been as much as 4 feet below the normal seasonal low. These low levels severely affect the recreational uses of the lake. \r\n\r\nSeepage and evaporation rates at Horseshoe Lake were determined from hydrologic and meteorologic data. Analysis of these data indicates that the direction of seepage is out of the lake except for a period of about 2 months in the spring, when the stage of the Mississippi River is high. \r\n\r\nThe lake can be maintained at a constant level by supplementing the inflow to the lake with surface or ground water. Contributions to the lake from local drainage can be increased, but this water contains undesirable amounts of pesticides, herbicides, and plant nutrients, and the flow is insufficient to eliminate seasonal declines in the lake level. Water from r the Mississippi River can be used to maintain a given lake level, but the bacteriological quality of water from the river makes this an undesirable source of supplemental water. Water from the Quaternary alluvium contains troublesome amounts of iron, but it probably is free of pesticides, herbicides, and coliform bacteria which are commonly found in surface water. \r\n\r\nAn electric-analog model was used to determine the rate at which inflow to the lake must be supplemented to maintain various lake levels. During this investigation, the lake could have been maintained very near the normal spring level by supplementing the inflow at a maximum rate of 10,600 gallons per minute. The analog model was also used to determine the effects of pumping wells on seepage. With the exception of wells near the southeast end of the lake, wells located within one-half mile of the lake would obtain more than 50 percent of their yield from the lake after pumping for 90 days.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr71177","usgsCitation":"Lamonds, A.G., 1971, Hydrologic data for Horseshoe Lake, Arkansas and vicinity: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-177, 36 p. ill. ; 28 cm. + 7 maps, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71177.","productDescription":"36 p. ill. ; 28 cm. + 7 maps","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169441,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":84730,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84731,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84732,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84733,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84734,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84735,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84736,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84737,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84738,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84739,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84740,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84741,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84742,"rank":412,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84743,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db6831a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamonds, A. G.","contributorId":8450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamonds","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2577,"text":"wsp1532E - 1971 - Hydrology and sedimentation of Corey Creek and Elk Run basins, north-central Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-07T09:07:16","indexId":"wsp1532E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1532","chapter":"E","title":"Hydrology and sedimentation of Corey Creek and Elk Run basins, north-central Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Analysis of data collected from two small agricultural basins in northcehtral Pennsylvania during the period May 1954 to September 1967 indicates that conservation measures reduced the quantity of suspended sediment leaving the Corey Creek basin as a result of frequent storms during the growing season. Extensive soil conservation treatments were applied in the 12.2-squaremile Corey Creek basin, but only minor treatments were applied in the adjacent 10.2-square-mile Elk Run basin. These treatments included the construction of ponds and diversion terraces and altering land use by such measures as establishing permanent hay land and changing marginal pasture land to wood lands. Elk Run basin, which is topographically and hydrologically similar to the Corey Creek basin, was used as an external control to assist in detecting and evaluating the hydrologic changes in Corey Creek. Trend analyses of data from both basins indicate a 47-percent decrease in sediment discharge from Corey Creek during the frequent storms that occur in the May to October growing season. Six percent of the sediment discharged from Corey Creek during the period of this investigation (1954-67) was discharged during these frequent growing-season storms. The remaining 94 percent of the sediment was discharged during the November to April dormant season and during two major events during the growing season, one October 1955 and one May 1961. No decrease in sediment discharge was observed for these events or for this period. The adjacent basin of similar size, topography, and hydrologic characteristics, Elk Run, was not scheduled for extensive conservation treatment; it was selected as a control for this study \"because of the assumption that any changes in precipitation and runoff patterns would affect both basins in a similar manner. Rainfall, runoff, sediment, and stream-channel data are used in this report to estimate the probable hydrologic behavior of the Corey Creek basin provided the intensive conservation program had not been undertaken.~
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp1532E","usgsCitation":"Reed, L.A., 1971, Hydrology and sedimentation of Corey Creek and Elk Run basins, north-central Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1532, iv, 27 p. :illus., map. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1532E.","productDescription":"iv, 27 p. :illus., map. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138149,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1532e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28853,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1532e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e85f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, Lloyd A.","contributorId":79861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Lloyd","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}