The diversity of ecosystems across boreal landscapes, successional changes after disturbance and complicated permafrost histories, present enormous challenges for assessing how vegetation, water and soil carbon may respond to climate change in boreal regions. To address this complexity, we used a chronosequence approach to assess changes in vegetation composition, water storage and soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks along successional gradients within four landscapes: (1) rocky uplands on ice-poor hillside colluvium, (2) silty uplands on extremely ice-rich loess, (3) gravelly–sandy lowlands on ice-poor eolian sand and (4) peaty–silty lowlands on thick ice-rich peat deposits over reworked lowland loess. In rocky uplands, after fire permafrost thawed rapidly due to low ice contents, soils became well drained and SOC stocks decreased slightly. In silty uplands, after fire permafrost persisted, soils remained saturated and SOC decreased slightly. In gravelly–sandy lowlands where permafrost persisted in drier forest soils, loss of deeper permafrost around lakes has allowed recent widespread drainage of lakes that has exposed limnic material with high SOC to aerobic decomposition. In peaty–silty lowlands, 2–4 m of thaw settlement led to fragmented drainage patterns in isolated thermokarst bogs and flooding of soils, and surface soils accumulated new bog peat. We were not able to detect SOC changes in deeper soils, however, due to high variability. Complicated soil stratigraphy revealed that permafrost has repeatedly aggraded and degraded in all landscapes during the Holocene, although in silty uplands only the upper permafrost was affected. Overall, permafrost thaw has led to the reorganization of vegetation, water storage and flow paths, and patterns of SOC accumulation. However, changes have occurred over different timescales among landscapes: over decades in rocky uplands and gravelly–sandy lowlands in response to fire and lake drainage, over decades to centuries in peaty–silty lowlands with a legacy of complicated Holocene changes, and over centuries in silty uplands where ice-rich soil and ecological recovery protect permafrost.
","language":"English","publisher":"IOP Science","doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/035017","usgsCitation":"Jorgenson, M., Harden, J.W., Kanevskiy, M., O'Donnell, J., Wickland, K., Ewing, S., Manies, K.L., Zhuang, Q., Shur, Y., Striegl, R.G., and Koch, J.C., 2013, Reorganization of vegetation, hydrology and soil carbon after permafrost degradation across heterogeneous boreal landscapes: Enivronmental Research Letters, v. 8, no. 3, 035017, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/035017.","productDescription":"035017, 13 p.","ipdsId":"IP-049320","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498470,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/035017","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":498357,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -141.27773613760382,\n 67.4727665846045\n ],\n [\n -159.5068799426073,\n 67.4727665846045\n ],\n [\n -159.5068799426073,\n 61.63719004329275\n ],\n [\n -141.27773613760382,\n 61.63719004329275\n ],\n [\n -141.27773613760382,\n 67.4727665846045\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-07-16","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jorgenson, M.T.","contributorId":364861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jorgenson","given":"M.T.","affiliations":[{"id":13506,"text":"Alaska Ecoscience","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harden, Jennifer W. 0000-0002-6570-8259 jharden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":1971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"Jennifer","email":"jharden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kanevskiy, M.","contributorId":364863,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kanevskiy","given":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":86994,"text":"Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering - 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Information on groundwater and surface-water availability, quality, development, use, and trends is based on previously published reports listed in the Cited References section. In 2010, about 2.60 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) of water were withdrawn in Claiborne Parish, Louisiana, including about 2.42 Mgal/d from groundwater sources and 0.18 Mgal/d from surface-water sources. Public-supply use accounted for about 84 percent of the total water withdrawn. Other categories of use included industrial, rural domestic, livestock, and general irrigation. Water-use data collected at 5-year intervals from 1960 to 2010 indicated that total water withdrawals in the parish have ranged from about 2.6 to 3.9 Mgal/d.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20133029","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development","usgsCitation":"Fendick, R., Prakken, L., and Griffith, J.M., 2013, Water resources of Claiborne Parish, Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2013-3029, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20133029.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274987,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20133029.gif"},{"id":274985,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3029/"},{"id":274986,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3029/FS2013-3029_Claiborne.pdf"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator, zone 15","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","county":"Claiborne Parish","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -93.3653,32.2196 ], [ -93.3653,33.4996 ], [ -92.0853,33.4996 ], [ -92.0853,32.2196 ], [ -93.3653,32.2196 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51e50bdae4b069f8d27cca7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fendick, Robert B. Jr. rfendick@usgs.gov","contributorId":1313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fendick","given":"Robert B.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rfendick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":480896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prakken, Lawrence B.","contributorId":73978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prakken","given":"Lawrence B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Griffith, Jason M. 0000-0002-8942-0380 jmgriff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8942-0380","contributorId":2923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffith","given":"Jason","email":"jmgriff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70046976,"text":"70046976 - 2013 - Experimental infection studies demonstrating Atlantic salmon as a host and reservoir of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus type IVa with insights into pathology and host immunity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-29T09:47:27","indexId":"70046976","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-15T12:44:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3685,"text":"Veterinary Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental infection studies demonstrating Atlantic salmon as a host and reservoir of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus type IVa with insights into pathology and host immunity","docAbstract":"In British Columbia, Canada (BC), aquaculture of finfish in ocean netpens has the potential for pathogen transmission between wild and farmed species due to the sharing of an aquatic environment. Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is enzootic in BC and causes serious disease in wild Pacific herring, Clupea pallasii, which often enter and remain in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, netpens. Isolation of VHSV from farmed Atlantic salmon has been previously documented, but the effects on the health of farmed salmon and the wild fish sharing the environment are unknown. To determine their susceptibility, Atlantic salmon were exposed to a pool of 9 isolates of VHSV obtained from farmed Atlantic salmon in BC by IP-injection or by waterborne exposure and cohabitation with diseased Pacific herring. Disease intensity was quantified by recording mortality, clinical signs, histopathological changes, cellular sites of viral replication, expression of interferon-related genes, and viral tissue titers. Disease ensued in Atlantic salmon after both VHSV exposure methods. Fish demonstrated gross disease signs including darkening of the dorsal skin, bilateral exophthalmia, light cutaneous hemorrhage, and lethargy. The virus replicated within endothelial cells causing endothelial cell necrosis and extensive hemorrhage in anterior kidney. Infected fish demonstrated a type I interferon response as seen by up-regulation of genes for IFNα, Mx, and ISG15. In a separate trial infected salmon transmitted the virus to sympatric Pacific herring. The results demonstrate that farmed Atlantic salmon can develop clinical VHS and virus can persist in the tissues for at least 10 weeks. Avoiding VHS epizootics in Atlantic salmon farms would limit the potential of VHS in farmed Atlantic salmon, the possibility for further host adaptation in this species, and virus spillback to sympatric wild fishes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Veterinary Microbiology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.019","usgsCitation":"Lovy, J., Piesik, P., Hershberger, P., and Garver, K., 2013, Experimental infection studies demonstrating Atlantic salmon as a host and reservoir of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus type IVa with insights into pathology and host immunity: Veterinary Microbiology, v. 166, no. 1-2, p. 91-101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.019.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"101","ipdsId":"IP-044808","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274981,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274875,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.019"}],"volume":"166","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51e50bd9e4b069f8d27cca77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lovy, Jan","contributorId":14708,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lovy","given":"Jan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piesik, P.","contributorId":82604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piesik","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hershberger, P.K. 0000-0002-2261-7760","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2261-7760","contributorId":58818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hershberger","given":"P.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Garver, K.A.","contributorId":42766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garver","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70046977,"text":"70046977 - 2013 - Estimating occupancy and abundance of stream amphibians using environmental DNA from filtered water samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-12T09:38:05","indexId":"70046977","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-15T11:28:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating occupancy and abundance of stream amphibians using environmental DNA from filtered water samples","docAbstract":"Environmental DNA (eDNA) methods for detecting aquatic species are advancing rapidly, but with little evaluation of field protocols or precision of resulting estimates. We compared sampling results from traditional field methods with eDNA methods for two amphibians in 13 streams in central Idaho, USA. We also evaluated three water collection protocols and the influence of sampling location, time of day, and distance from animals on eDNA concentration in the water. We found no difference in detection or amount of eDNA among water collection protocols. eDNA methods had slightly higher detection rates than traditional field methods, particularly when species occurred at low densities. eDNA concentration was positively related to field-measured density, biomass, and proportion of transects occupied. Precision of eDNA-based abundance estimates increased with the amount of eDNA in the water and the number of replicate subsamples collected. eDNA concentration did not vary significantly with sample location in the stream, time of day, or distance downstream from animals. Our results further advance the implementation of eDNA methods for monitoring aquatic vertebrates in stream habitats.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/cjfas-2013-0047","usgsCitation":"Pilliod, D., Goldberg, C.S., Arkle, R., and Waits, L.P., 2013, Estimating occupancy and abundance of stream amphibians using environmental DNA from filtered water samples: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 70, no. 8, p. 1123-1130, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0047.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1123","endPage":"1130","ipdsId":"IP-045459","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274976,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274876,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0047"},{"id":274975,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0047"}],"volume":"70","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51e50bd8e4b069f8d27cca6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pilliod, David S.","contributorId":101760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pilliod","given":"David S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldberg, Caren S.","contributorId":76879,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goldberg","given":"Caren","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":5132,"text":"Washington State University, Pullman","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":480783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arkle, Robert S.","contributorId":55679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arkle","given":"Robert S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Waits, Lisette P.","contributorId":87673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waits","given":"Lisette","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70046534,"text":"70046534 - 2013 - Kaolin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-12T13:54:16","indexId":"70046534","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-12T13:52:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kaolin","docAbstract":"Nineteen companies mined kaolin in eight states in 2012. Production, on the basis of preliminary data, was estimated to be 5.88 Mt (6.48 million st) valued at $841 million, an increase from 5.77 Mt (6.36 million st) valued at $817 million in 2011. Production in Georgia, the top producing state, increased to an estimated 5.45 Mt (6.01 million st) valued at $804 million in 2012 from 5.34 Mt (5.89 million st) valued at $781 million in 2011. Georgia accounted for 93 percent of U.S. production tonnage and nearly the entire domestic water-washed, delaminated and pigment-grade calcined kaolin production.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SME","usgsCitation":"Virta, R., 2013, Kaolin: Mining Engineering, v. 2013, no. July, p. 60-62.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"60","endPage":"62","ipdsId":"IP-044449","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274947,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2013","issue":"July","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51e11763e4b02f5cae2b7318","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Virta, R.L.","contributorId":39357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Virta","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70046557,"text":"70046557 - 2013 - Bromine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-12T13:19:51","indexId":"70046557","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-12T13:17:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bromine","docAbstract":"The element bromine is found principally as a dissolved species in seawater, evaporitic (salt) lakes and underground brines associated with petroleum deposits. Seawater contains about 65 parts per million of bromine or an estimated 907 Gt (100 trillion st). In the Middle East, the highly saline waters of the Dead Sea are estimated to contain 907 Mt (1 billion st) of bromine. Bromine also may be recovered from seawater as a coproduct during evaporation to produce salt.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SME","usgsCitation":"Ober, J., 2013, Bromine: Mining Engineering, v. 2013, no. July, p. 29-30.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"30","ipdsId":"IP-044699","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274937,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2013","issue":"July","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51e1175be4b02f5cae2b72ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ober, J.A.","contributorId":76351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ober","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70046526,"text":"70046526 - 2013 - Ball clay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-12T13:05:36","indexId":"70046526","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-12T13:01:30","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ball clay","docAbstract":"Four companies — H.C. Spinks Clay Co., Inc., Imerys, Old Hickory Clay Co. and Unimin Corp. — mined ball clay in five U.S. states in 2012. Production, on the basis of preliminary data, was 900 kt (992,000 st), with an estimated value of $42.3 million. This was a slight increase in tonnage from 886 kt (977,000 st), with a value of $40.9 million in 2011. Tennessee was the leading ball clay producing state, with 63 percent of domestic production, followed by Texas, Mississippi, Kentucky and Indiana. Reported ball clay production from Indiana probably was fire clay rather than ball clay. About 69 percent of total ball clay production was airfloat, 20 percent was crude and 11 percent was water-slurried.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SME","usgsCitation":"Virta, R., 2013, Ball clay: Mining Engineering, v. 2013, no. July, p. 22-23.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"22","endPage":"23","ipdsId":"IP-044443","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274931,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2013","issue":"July","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51e11751e4b02f5cae2b72dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Virta, R.L.","contributorId":39357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Virta","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70047001,"text":"ofr20131153 - 2013 - Simulation of groundwater flow in the \"1,500-foot\" sand and \"2,000-foot\" sand and movement of saltwater in the \"2,000-foot\" sand of the Baton Rouge area, Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-12T11:20:11","indexId":"ofr20131153","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-12T11:09:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1153","title":"Simulation of groundwater flow in the \"1,500-foot\" sand and \"2,000-foot\" sand and movement of saltwater in the \"2,000-foot\" sand of the Baton Rouge area, Louisiana","docAbstract":"Groundwater withdrawals have caused saltwater to encroach into freshwater-bearing aquifers beneath Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Groundwater investigations in the 1960s identified a freshwater-saltwater interface located at the Baton Rouge Fault, across which abrupt changes in water levels occur. Aquifers south of the fault generally contain saltwater, and aquifers north of the fault contain freshwater, though limited saltwater encroachment has been detected within 7 of the 10 aquifers north of the fault. The 10 aquifers beneath the Baton Rouge area, which includes East and West Baton Rouge Parishes, Pointe Coupee Parish, and East and West Feliciana Parishes, provided about 167 million gallons per day (Mgal/day) for public supply and industrial use in 2010. Groundwater withdrawals from an aquifer that is 2,000-feet (ft) deep in East Baton Rouge Parish (the “2,000-foot” sand of the Baton Rouge area) have caused water-level drawdown up to 356 ft and induced saltwater movement northward across the fault. Groundwater withdrawals from the “2,000-foot” sand averaged 23.9 Mgal/d during 2010. Saltwater encroachment threatens wells that are located about 3 miles north of the fault, where industrial withdrawals account for about 66 percent of the water withdrawn from the “2,000-foot” sand in East Baton Rouge Parish. Constant and variable-density groundwater models were developed with the MODFLOW and SEAWAT groundwater modeling codes to evaluate strategies to control saltwater migration, including changes in the distribution of groundwater withdrawals and installation of “scavenger” wells to intercept saltwater before it reaches existing production wells.\n\nFive hypothetical scenarios simulated the effects of different groundwater withdrawal options on groundwater levels within the “1,500-foot” sand and the “2,000-foot” sand and the transport of saltwater within the “2,000-foot” sand. Scenario 1 is considered a base case for comparison to the other four scenarios and simulates continuation of 2007 reported groundwater withdrawals. Scenario 2 simulates discontinuation of withdrawals from seven selected industrial wells located in the northwest corner of East Baton Rouge Parish, and water levels within the “1,500-foot” sand were predicted to be about 15 to 20 ft higher under this withdrawal scenario than under scenario 1. Scenario 3 simulates the effects of a scavenger well, which withdraws water from the base of the “2,000-foot” sand at a rate of 2 Mgal/d, at two possible locations on water levels and concentrations within the “2,000-foot” sand. In comparison to the concentrations simulated in scenario 1, operation of the scavenger well in the locations specified in scenario 3 reduces the chloride concentrations at all existing chloride-observation well locations. Scenario 4 simulates a 3.6 Mgal/d reduction in total groundwater withdrawals from selected wells screened in the “2,000-foot” sand that are located in the Baton Rouge industrial district. For scenario 4, the median and mean plume concentrations are slightly lower than scenario 1. Scenario 5 simulates the effect of total cessation of groundwater withdrawals from the “2,000-foot” sand in the industrial district. The simulated chloride-concentration distribution in scenario 5 reflects the change in groundwater flow direction. Although some saltwater would continue to cross the Baton Rouge Fault and encroach toward municipal supply wells, further encroachment toward the industrial district would be abated.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131153","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Capital Area Groundwater Conservation Commission; the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development, Public Works and Water Resources Division; and the City of Baton Rouge and Parish of East Baton Rouge","usgsCitation":"Heywood, C.E., and Griffith, J.M., 2013, Simulation of groundwater flow in the \"1,500-foot\" sand and \"2,000-foot\" sand and movement of saltwater in the \"2,000-foot\" sand of the Baton Rouge area, Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1153, viii, 35 p.; Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131153.","productDescription":"viii, 35 p.; Tables","numberOfPages":"87","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274914,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131153.gif"},{"id":274912,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1153/"},{"id":274913,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1153/OFR_2013-1153.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana;Mississippi","city":"Baton Rouge","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -92.0,30.2 ], [ -92.0,31.5 ], [ -90.25,31.5 ], [ -90.25,30.2 ], [ -92.0,30.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51e11769e4b02f5cae2b7344","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heywood, Charles E. cheywood@usgs.gov","contributorId":2043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heywood","given":"Charles","email":"cheywood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffith, Jason M. 0000-0002-8942-0380 jmgriff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8942-0380","contributorId":2923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffith","given":"Jason","email":"jmgriff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70046997,"text":"ofr20131145 - 2013 - Total suspended solids concentrations and yields for water-quality monitoring stations in Gwinnett County, Georgia, 1996-2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T16:41:04","indexId":"ofr20131145","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-12T09:56:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1145","title":"Total suspended solids concentrations and yields for water-quality monitoring stations in Gwinnett County, Georgia, 1996-2009","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Gwinnett County Department of Water Resources, established a water-quality monitoring program during late 1996 to collect comprehensive, consistent, high-quality data for use by watershed managers. As of 2009, continuous streamflow and water-quality data as well as discrete water-quality samples were being collected for 14 watershed monitoring stations in Gwinnett County.\n\nThis report provides statistical summaries of total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations for 730 stormflow and 710 base-flow water-quality samples collected between 1996 and 2009 for 14 watershed monitoring stations in Gwinnett County. Annual yields of TSS were estimated for each of the 14 watersheds using methods described in previous studies. TSS yield was estimated using linear, ordinary least-squares regression of TSS and explanatory variables of discharge, turbidity, season, date, and flow condition. The error of prediction for estimated yields ranged from 1 to 42 percent for the stations in this report; however, the actual overall uncertainty of the estimated yields cannot be less than that of the observed yields (± 15 to 20 percent). These watershed yields provide a basis for evaluation of how watershed characteristics, climate, and watershed management practices affect suspended sediment yield.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131145","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Gwinnett County Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Landers, M.N., 2013, Total suspended solids concentrations and yields for water-quality monitoring stations in Gwinnett County, Georgia, 1996-2009: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1145, iv, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131145.","productDescription":"iv, 10 p.","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1996-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-13","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274911,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131145.gif"},{"id":274909,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1145/"},{"id":274910,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1145/pdf/ofr2013-1145.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Gwinnett County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84.276822,33.747276 ], [ -84.276822,34.168231 ], [ -83.799059,34.168231 ], [ -83.799059,33.747276 ], [ -84.276822,33.747276 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51e1176ae4b02f5cae2b7354","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landers, Mark N. 0000-0002-3014-0480 landers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3014-0480","contributorId":1103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landers","given":"Mark","email":"landers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70046883,"text":"70046883 - 2013 - Consideration of vertical uncertainty in elevation-based sea-level rise assessments: Mobile Bay, Alabama case study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-11T12:42:41","indexId":"70046883","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-11T12:38:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Consideration of vertical uncertainty in elevation-based sea-level rise assessments: Mobile Bay, Alabama case study","docAbstract":"The accuracy with which coastal topography has been mapped directly affects the reliability and usefulness of elevationbased sea-level rise vulnerability assessments. Recent research has shown that the qualities of the elevation data must be well understood to properly model potential impacts. The cumulative vertical uncertainty has contributions from elevation data error, water level data uncertainties, and vertical datum and transformation uncertainties. The concepts of minimum sealevel rise increment and minimum planning timeline, important parameters for an elevation-based sea-level rise assessment, are used in recognition of the inherent vertical uncertainty of the underlying data. These concepts were applied to conduct a sea-level rise vulnerability assessment of the Mobile Bay, Alabama, region based on high-quality lidar-derived elevation data. The results that detail the area and associated resources (land cover, population, and infrastructure) vulnerable to a 1.18-m sea-level rise by the year 2100 are reported as a range of values (at the 95% confidence level) to account for the vertical uncertainty in the base data. Examination of the tabulated statistics about land cover, population, and infrastructure in the minimum and maximum vulnerable areas shows that these resources are not uniformly distributed throughout the overall vulnerable zone. The methods demonstrated in the Mobile Bay analysis provide an example of how to consider and properly account for vertical uncertainty in elevation-based sea-level rise vulnerability assessments, and the advantages of doing so.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Education and Research Foundation","doi":"10.2112/SI63-016.1","usgsCitation":"Gesch, D.B., 2013, Consideration of vertical uncertainty in elevation-based sea-level rise assessments: Mobile Bay, Alabama case study: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 63, p. 197-210, https://doi.org/10.2112/SI63-016.1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"197","endPage":"210","ipdsId":"IP-034553","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274874,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274712,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.2112/SI63-016.1"},{"id":274873,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2112/SI63-016.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama","otherGeospatial":"Mobile Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.1643,30.2646 ], [ -88.1643,30.6972 ], [ -87.7397,30.6972 ], [ -87.7397,30.2646 ], [ -88.1643,30.2646 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"63","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51dfc5dae4b0d332bf22f335","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gesch, Dean B. 0000-0002-8992-4933 gesch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8992-4933","contributorId":2956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gesch","given":"Dean","email":"gesch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70046719,"text":"sir20135127 - 2013 - Construction of 3-D geologic framework and textural models for Cuyama Valley groundwater basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-11T11:57:26","indexId":"sir20135127","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-11T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5127","title":"Construction of 3-D geologic framework and textural models for Cuyama Valley groundwater basin, California","docAbstract":"Groundwater is the sole source of water supply in Cuyama Valley, a rural agricultural area in Santa Barbara County, California, in the southeasternmost part of the Coast Ranges of California. Continued groundwater withdrawals and associated water-resource management concerns have prompted an evaluation of the hydrogeology and water availability for the Cuyama Valley groundwater basin by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Water Agency Division of the Santa Barbara County Department of Public Works. As a part of the overall groundwater evaluation, this report documents the construction of a digital three-dimensional geologic framework model of the groundwater basin suitable for use within a numerical hydrologic-flow model. The report also includes an analysis of the spatial variability of lithology and grain size, which forms the geologic basis for estimating aquifer hydraulic properties.\n\nThe geologic framework was constructed as a digital representation of the interpreted geometry and thickness of the principal stratigraphic units within the Cuyama Valley groundwater basin, which include younger alluvium, older alluvium, and the Morales Formation, and underlying consolidated bedrock. The framework model was constructed by creating gridded surfaces representing the altitude of the top of each stratigraphic unit from various input data, including lithologic and electric logs from oil and gas wells and water wells, cross sections, and geologic maps.\n\nSediment grain-size data were analyzed in both two and three dimensions to help define textural variations in the Cuyama Valley groundwater basin and identify areas with similar geologic materials that potentially have fairly uniform hydraulic properties. Sediment grain size was used to construct three-dimensional textural models that employed simple interpolation between drill holes and two-dimensional textural models for each stratigraphic unit that incorporated spatial structure of the textural data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135127","usgsCitation":"Sweetkind, D., Faunt, C., and Hanson, R.T., 2013, Construction of 3-D geologic framework and textural models for Cuyama Valley groundwater basin, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5127, vii, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135127.","productDescription":"vii, 46 p.","numberOfPages":"58","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274299,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135127.jpg"},{"id":274297,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5127/"},{"id":274298,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5127/pdf/sir2013-5127.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.41,32.53 ], [ -124.41,42.01 ], [ -114.13,42.01 ], [ -114.13,32.53 ], [ -124.41,32.53 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51cea254e4b044272b8e88fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sweetkind, Donald S.","contributorId":18732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweetkind","given":"Donald S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faunt, Claudia C. 0000-0001-5659-7529 ccfaunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":1491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"Claudia C.","email":"ccfaunt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":480087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanson, Randall T. 0000-0002-9819-7141 rthanson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9819-7141","contributorId":801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Randall","email":"rthanson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70046724,"text":"sir20135108 - 2013 - Geology, water-quality, hydrology, and geomechanics of the Cuyama Valley groundwater basin, California, 2008--12","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-11T11:56:45","indexId":"sir20135108","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-11T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5108","title":"Geology, water-quality, hydrology, and geomechanics of the Cuyama Valley groundwater basin, California, 2008--12","docAbstract":"To assess the water resources of the Cuyama Valley groundwater basin in Santa Barbara County, California, a series of cooperative studies were undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Santa Barbara County Water Agency. Between 2008 and 2012, geologic, water-quality, hydrologic and geomechanical data were collected from selected sites throughout the Cuyama Valley groundwater basin.\n\nGeologic data were collected from three multiple-well groundwater monitoring sites and included lithologic descriptions of the drill cuttings, borehole geophysical logs, temperature logs, as well as bulk density and sonic velocity measurements of whole-core samples.\n\nGeneralized lithologic characterization from the monitoring sites indicated the water-bearing units in the subsurface consist of unconsolidated to partly consolidated sand, gravel, silt, clay, and occasional cobbles within alluvial fan and stream deposits. Analysis of geophysical logs indicated alternating layers of finer- and coarser-grained material that range from less than 1 foot to more than 20 feet thick. On the basis of the geologic data collected, the principal water-bearing units beneath the monitoring-well sites were found to be composed of younger alluvium of Holocene age, older alluvium of Pleistocene age, and the Tertiary-Quaternary Morales Formation. At all three sites, the contact between the recent fill and younger alluvium is approximately 20 feet below land surface.\n\nWater-quality samples were collected from 12 monitoring wells, 27 domestic and supply wells, 2 springs, and 4 surface-water sites and were analyzed for a variety of constituents that differed by site, but, in general, included trace elements; nutrients; dissolved organic carbon; major and minor ions; silica; total dissolved solids; alkalinity; total arsenic and iron; arsenic, chromium, and iron species; and isotopic tracers, including the stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen, activities of tritium, and carbon-14 abundance.\n\nOf the 39 wells sampled, concentrations of total dissolved solids and sulfate from 38 and 37 well samples, respectively, were greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s secondary maximum contaminant levels. Concentrations greater than the maximum contaminant levels for nitrate were observed in five wells and were observed for arsenic in four wells.\n\nDifferences in the stable-isotopic values of hydrogen and oxygen among groundwater samples indicated that water does not move freely between different formations or between different zones within the Cuyama Valley. Variations in isotopic composition indicated that recharge is derived from several different sources. The age of the groundwater, expressed as time since recharge, was between 600 and 38,000 years before present. Detectable concentrations of tritium indicated that younger water, recharged since the early 1950s, is present in parts of the groundwater basin.\n\nHydrologic data were collected from 12 monitoring wells, 56 domestic and supply wells, 3 surface-water sites, and 4 rainfall-gaging stations. Rainfall in the valley averaged about 8 inches annually, whereas the mountains to the south received between 12 and 19 inches. Stream discharge records showed seasonal variability in surface-water flows ranging from no-flow to over 1,500 cubic feet per second. During periods when inflow to the valley exceeds outflow, there is potential recharge from stream losses to the groundwater system\n\nWater-level records included manual quarterly depth-to-water measurements collected from 68 wells, time-series data collected from 20 of those wells, and historic water levels from 16 wells. Hydrographs of the manual measurements showed declining water levels in 16 wells, mostly in the South-Main zone, and rising water levels in 14 wells, mostly in the Southern Ventucopa Uplands. Time-series hydrographs showed daily, seasonal, and longer-term effects associated with local pumping. Water-level data from the multiple-well monitoring sites indicated seasonal fluctuations as great as 80 feet and water-level differences between aquifers as great as 40 feet during peak pumping season. Hydrographs from the multiple-well groundwater monitoring sites showed vertical hydraulic gradients were upward during the winter months and downward during the irrigation season. Historic hydrographs showed water-level declines in the Southern-Main, Western Basin, Caliente Northern-Main, and Southern Sierra Madre zone ranging from 1 to 7 feet per year. Hydrographs of wells in the Southern Ventucopa Uplands zone showed several years with marked increases in water levels that corresponded to increased precipitation in the Cuyama Valley.\n\nInvestigation of hydraulic properties included hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity estimated from aquifer tests performed on 63 wells. Estimates of horizontal hydraulic conductivity ranged from about 1.5 to 28 feet per day and decreased with depth. The median estimated hydraulic conductivity for the older alluvium was about five times that estimated for the Morales Formation. Estimates of transmissivity ranged from 560 to 163,400 gallons per day per foot and decreased with depth. The median estimated transmissivity for the younger alluvium was about three times that estimated for the older alluvium.\n\nGeomechanical analysis included land-surface elevation changes at five continuously operating global positioning systems (GPS) and land-subsidence detection at five interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) reference points. Analysis of data collected from continuously operating GPS stations showed the mountains to the south and west moved upward about 1 millimeter (mm) annually, whereas the station in the center of the Southern-Main zone moved downward more than 7 mm annually, indicating subsidence. It is likely that this subsidence is inelastic (permanent) deformation and indicates reduced storage capacity in the aquifer sediments. Analysis of InSAR data showed local and regional changes that appeared to be dependent, in part, on the time span of the interferogram, seasonal variations in pumping, and tectonic uplift. Long-term InSAR time series showed a total maximum detected subsidence rate of approximately 12 mm per year at one location and approximately 8 mm per year at a second location, while short-term InSAR time series showed maximum subsidence of about 15 mm at one location and localized maximum uplift of about 10 mm at another location.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135108","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the County of Santa Barbara","usgsCitation":"Everett, R., Gibbs, D.R., Hanson, R.T., Sweetkind, D., Brandt, J.T., Falk, S.E., and Harich, C.R., 2013, Geology, water-quality, hydrology, and geomechanics of the Cuyama Valley groundwater basin, California, 2008--12: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5108, x, 62 p.; Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135108.","productDescription":"x, 62 p.; Tables","numberOfPages":"76","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2008-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274317,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135108.jpg"},{"id":274316,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5108/pdf/sir20135108_tables.xlsx"},{"id":274314,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5108/"},{"id":274315,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5108/pdf/sir2013-5108.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Cuyama Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.833333,34.666667 ], [ -119.833333,35.1 ], [ -119.166667,35.1 ], [ -119.166667,34.666667 ], [ -119.833333,34.666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51d296d6e4b0ca184833899f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Everett, Rhett R. 0000-0001-7983-6270 reverett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7983-6270","contributorId":843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Everett","given":"Rhett R.","email":"reverett@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":480104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gibbs, Dennis R.","contributorId":21050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbs","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanson, Randall T. 0000-0002-9819-7141 rthanson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9819-7141","contributorId":801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Randall","email":"rthanson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sweetkind, Donald S.","contributorId":18732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweetkind","given":"Donald S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brandt, Justin T. 0000-0002-9397-6824","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9397-6824","contributorId":28326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"Justin","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Falk, Sarah E. sefalk@usgs.gov","contributorId":1056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falk","given":"Sarah","email":"sefalk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":480105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Harich, Christopher R. charich@usgs.gov","contributorId":3917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harich","given":"Christopher","email":"charich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":480106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70046971,"text":"ofr20131141 - 2013 - Preliminary stratigraphic and hydrogeologic cross sections and seismic profile of the Floridan aquifer system of Broward County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-11T09:48:25","indexId":"ofr20131141","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-11T09:37:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1141","title":"Preliminary stratigraphic and hydrogeologic cross sections and seismic profile of the Floridan aquifer system of Broward County, Florida","docAbstract":"To help water-resource managers evaluate the Floridan aquifer system (FAS) as an alternative water supply, the U.S. Geological Survey initiated a study, in cooperation with the Broward County Environmental Protection and Growth Management Department, to refine the hydrogeologic framework of the FAS in the eastern part of Broward County. This report presents three preliminary cross sections illustrating stratigraphy and hydrogeology in eastern Broward County as well as an interpreted seismic profile along one of the cross sections. Marker horizons were identified using borehole geophysical data and were initially used to perform well-to-well correlation. Core sample data were integrated with the borehole geophysical data to support stratigraphic and hydrogeologic interpretations of marker horizons. Stratigraphic and hydrogeologic units were correlated across the county using borehole geophysical data from multiple wells. Seismic-reflection data were collected along the Hillsboro Canal. Borehole geophysical data were used to identify and correlate hydrogeologic units in the seismic-reflection profile. Faults and collapse structures that intersect hydrogeologic units were also identified in the seismic profile. The information provided in the cross sections and the seismic profile is preliminary and subject to revision.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131141","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Broward County, Florida","usgsCitation":"Reese, R.S., and Cunningham, K.J., 2013, Preliminary stratigraphic and hydrogeologic cross sections and seismic profile of the Floridan aquifer system of Broward County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1141, iv, 10 p.; 3 Plates: 37 x 38 inches; 4 Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131141.","productDescription":"iv, 10 p.; 3 Plates: 37 x 38 inches; 4 Tables","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":285,"text":"Florida Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274861,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131141.gif"},{"id":274852,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1141/"},{"id":274853,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1141/pdf/ofr2013-1141.pdf"},{"id":274856,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1141/Downloads/Plates/Plate03_Z-Z.pdf"},{"id":274854,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1141/Downloads/Plates/Plate01_A-A.pdf"},{"id":274857,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1141/Downloads/Tables/Table01.xlsx"},{"id":274858,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1141/Downloads/Tables/Table02.xlsx"},{"id":274855,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1141/Downloads/Plates/Plate02_C-C.pdf"},{"id":274859,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1141/Downloads/Tables/Table03.xlsx"},{"id":274860,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1141/Downloads/Tables/Table04.xlsx"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Broward County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80.8814,25.9567 ], [ -80.8814,26.3347 ], [ -80.0153,26.3347 ], [ -80.0153,25.9567 ], [ -80.8814,25.9567 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51dfc5dce4b0d332bf22f34b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reese, Ronald S. rsreese@usgs.gov","contributorId":1090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reese","given":"Ronald","email":"rsreese@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":480744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cunningham, Kevin J. 0000-0002-2179-8686 kcunning@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2179-8686","contributorId":1689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"Kevin","email":"kcunning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70046970,"text":"70046970 - 2013 - Calcification rates of the massive coral Siderastrea siderea and crustose coralline algae along the Florida Keys (USA) outer-reef tract","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-03T13:16:59","indexId":"70046970","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-11T09:22:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1338,"text":"Coral Reefs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calcification rates of the massive coral Siderastrea siderea and crustose coralline algae along the Florida Keys (USA) outer-reef tract","docAbstract":"Coral reefs are degrading on a global scale, and rates of reef-organism calcification are predicted to decline due to ocean warming and acidification. Systematic measurements of calcification over space and time are necessary to detect change resulting from environmental stressors. We established a network of calcification monitoring stations at four managed reefs along the outer Florida Keys Reef Tract (FKRT) from Miami to the Dry Tortugas. Eighty colonies (in two sequential sets of 40) of the reef-building coral, Siderastrea siderea, were transplanted to fixed apparatus that allowed repetitive detachment for buoyant weighing every 6 months. Algal-recruitment tiles were also deployed during each weighing interval to measure net calcification of the crustose coralline algal (CCA) community. Coral-calcification rates were an order of magnitude greater than those of CCA. Rates of coral calcification were seasonal (summer calcification was 53% greater than winter), and corals in the Dry Tortugas calcified 48% faster than those at the other three sites. Linear extension rates were also highest in the Dry Tortugas, whereas percent area of the coral skeletons excavated by bioeroding fauna was lowest. The spatial patterns in net coral calcification revealed here correlate well with Holocene reef thickness along the FKRT and, in part, support the “inimical waters hypothesis” proposed by Ginsburg, Hudson, and Shinn almost 50 yrs ago to explain reef development in this region. Due to the homogeneity in coral-calcification rates among the three main Keys sites, we recommend refinement of this hypothesis and suggest that water-quality variables (e.g., carbonate mineral saturation state, dissolved and particulate organic matter, light attenuation) be monitored alongside calcification in future studies. Our results demonstrate that our calcification monitoring network presents a feasible and worthwhile approach to quantifying potential impacts of ocean acidification, warming, and/or deteriorating water quality on the process of calcification.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00338-013-1047-8","usgsCitation":"Kuffner, I., Hickey, T., and Morrison, J., 2013, Calcification rates of the massive coral Siderastrea siderea and crustose coralline algae along the Florida Keys (USA) outer-reef tract: Coral Reefs, v. 32, no. 4, p. 987-997, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-013-1047-8.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"987","endPage":"997","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-042853","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473696,"rank":4,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-013-1047-8","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":274851,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335745,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7XP732P","text":"Data for evaluating the Sr/Ca temperature proxy with in-situ temperature in the western Atlantic coral Siderastrea siderea"},{"id":335750,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F71C1TZK","text":"Underwater temperature on off-shore coral reefs of the Florida Keys, U.S.A."}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.91455078125,\n 25.94816628853973\n ],\n [\n -79.9200439453125,\n 25.54244147012483\n ],\n [\n -80.2166748046875,\n 25.04081549894912\n ],\n [\n -80.8648681640625,\n 24.56211235799689\n ],\n [\n -81.5789794921875,\n 24.412140070651528\n ],\n [\n -82.6336669921875,\n 24.382124181118236\n ],\n [\n -83.07861328125,\n 24.45215015618098\n ],\n [\n -83.1060791015625,\n 24.696934226366672\n ],\n [\n -82.5787353515625,\n 24.806681353851964\n ],\n [\n -81.3262939453125,\n 24.926294766395593\n ],\n [\n -80.760498046875,\n 25.224820176765036\n ],\n [\n -80.4364013671875,\n 25.606855993715016\n ],\n [\n -80.343017578125,\n 25.849336891707605\n ],\n [\n -80.2056884765625,\n 25.93828707492375\n ],\n [\n -80.04638671875,\n 25.96792222903405\n ],\n [\n -79.91455078125,\n 25.94816628853973\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51dfc5d9e4b0d332bf22f331","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuffner, I. 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Healthy functioning stream ecosystems provide society with many benefits, including water purification, flood control, nutrient recycling, waste decomposition, fisheries, and aesthetics. The value to society of many of these benefits is substantial; for example, sportfishing in the United States generates an estimated annual economic output of $125 billion, including more than 1 million jobs (National Research Council, 2005; American Sportfishing Association, 2008). Continued monitoring and assessment of the Nation’s streams is needed to support informed decisions that will safeguard this important natural and economic resource.\n\nThe quality of streams and rivers is often assessed with measures of the chemical or physical properties of water. However, a more comprehensive perspective is obtained if resident biological communities are also assessed. Guidelines to protect human health and aquatic life have been established for specific physical and chemical properties of water and have become useful yardsticks with which to assess water quality. Biological communities provide additional crucial information because they live within streams for weeks to years and therefore integrate through time the effects of changes to their chemical or physical environment. In addition, biological communities are a direct measure of stream health—an indicator of the ability of a stream to support aquatic life. Thus, the condition of biological communities, integrated with key physical and chemical properties, provides a comprehensive assessment of stream health.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1391","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Carlisle, D.M., Meador, M., Short, T.M., Tate, C.M., Gurtz, M.E., Bryant, W., Falcone, J., and Woodside, M., 2013, The quality of our Nation’s waters--ecological health in the Nation's streams, 1993-2005: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1391, vii, 120 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1391.","productDescription":"vii, 120 p.","numberOfPages":"132","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1993-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503646,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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mrmeador@usgs.gov","contributorId":615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"Michael R.","email":"mrmeador@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Short, Terry M. 0000-0001-9941-4593 tmshort@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9941-4593","contributorId":1718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Short","given":"Terry","email":"tmshort@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tate, Cathy M. cmtate@usgs.gov","contributorId":3438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tate","given":"Cathy","email":"cmtate@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":480739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gurtz, Martin E. megurtz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gurtz","given":"Martin","email":"megurtz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":480738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bryant, Wade L. Jr. wbbryant@usgs.gov","contributorId":1777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryant","given":"Wade L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"wbbryant@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":480736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Falcone, James A.","contributorId":24044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falcone","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Woodside, Michael D. mdwoodsi@usgs.gov","contributorId":2903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodside","given":"Michael D.","email":"mdwoodsi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70046968,"text":"ofr20131135 - 2013 - Hydrologic conditions in New Hampshire and Vermont, water year 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-11T06:55:38","indexId":"ofr20131135","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-11T06:45:07","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1135","title":"Hydrologic conditions in New Hampshire and Vermont, water year 2011","docAbstract":"Record-high hydrologic conditions in New Hampshire and Vermont occurred during water year 2011, according to data from 125 streamgages and lake gaging stations, 27 creststage gages, and 41 groundwater wells. Annual runoff for the 2011 water year was the sixth highest on record for New Hampshire and the highest on record for Vermont on the basis of a 111-year reference period (water years 1901–2011). Groundwater levels for the 2011 water year were generally normal in New Hampshire and normal to above normal in Vermont. Record flooding occurred in April, May, and August of water year 2011. Peak-of-record streamflows were recorded at 38 streamgages, 25 of which had more than 10 years of record. Flooding in April 2011 was widespread in parts of northern New Hampshire and Vermont; peak-of-record streamflows were recorded at nine streamgages. Flash flooding in May 2011 was isolated to central and northeastern Vermont; peakof- record streamflows were recorded at five streamgages. Devastating flooding in August 2011 occurred throughout most of Vermont and in parts of New Hampshire as a result of the heavy rains associated with Tropical Storm Irene. Peak-ofrecord streamflows were recorded at 24 streamgages.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131135","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the States of New Hampshire and Vermont and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Kiah, R.G., Jarvis, J.D., Hegemann, R.F., Hilgendorf, G.S., and Ward, S.L., 2013, Hydrologic conditions in New Hampshire and Vermont, water year 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1135, vi, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131135.","productDescription":"vi, 38 p.","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274842,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131135.gif"},{"id":274840,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1135/"},{"id":274841,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1135/pdf/ofr2013-1135_report_508.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire;Vermont","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.4305,42.7268 ], [ -73.4305,45.3055 ], [ -70.6014,45.3055 ], [ -70.6014,42.7268 ], [ -73.4305,42.7268 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51dfc5dce4b0d332bf22f347","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kiah, Richard G. 0000-0001-6236-2507 rkiah@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6236-2507","contributorId":2637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kiah","given":"Richard","email":"rkiah@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jarvis, Jason D. jdjarvis@usgs.gov","contributorId":5146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarvis","given":"Jason","email":"jdjarvis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":480731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hegemann, Robert F. hegemann@usgs.gov","contributorId":5145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hegemann","given":"Robert","email":"hegemann@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":480730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hilgendorf, Gregory S. gshilgen@usgs.gov","contributorId":5144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hilgendorf","given":"Gregory","email":"gshilgen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":480729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ward, Sanborn L. sward@usgs.gov","contributorId":5147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"Sanborn","email":"sward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":480732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70043959,"text":"70043959 - 2013 - Snake River fall Chinook salmon life history investigations: Annual report 2011 (April 2011 - March 2012)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-04T12:28:01","indexId":"70043959","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-11T06:30:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Snake River fall Chinook salmon life history investigations: Annual report 2011 (April 2011 - March 2012)","docAbstract":"Chapter One – This chapter was published in the Transactions of the American Fisheries Society in 2012. We conducted a three-year radiotelemetry study in the lower Snake River to answer the questions: do fall Chinook salmon juveniles pass dams during winter when bypass systems and structures designed to prevent mortality are not operated; does downstream movement rate vary annually, seasonally, and from reservoir to reservoir; and, what are some of the factors that contribute to annual, seasonal, and spatial variation in downstream movement rate? Fall Chinook salmon juveniles moved downstream up to 169 km and fast enough (7.5 km/d) such that large percentages (up to 93%) of the fish passed one or more dams during winter. Mean downstream movement rate varied annually (9.2-11.3 km/d), increased from winter (7.5 km/d) to spring (16.4 km/d), and increased (6.9-16.8 km/d) as fish moved downstream from reservoir to reservoir. Fish condition factor at tagging explained some of the annual variation (P≤ 0.01) in downstream movement rate, whereas water particle velocity (P≤0.0001) and temperature (P≤0.0001) explained portions of the seasonal variation. An increase in migrational disposition as fish moved downstream helped explain the spatial variation (P=0.05-0.07). The potential cost of winter movement might be reduced survival due to turbine passage when the bypass systems and spillway passage structures are not operated. Efforts to understand and increase passage survival of winter migrants in large impoundments might help to rehabilitate some imperiled anadromous salmonid populations.
\nChapter Two – Natural juvenile fall Chinook salmon in the Snake and Clearwater rivers exhibit two life history strategies. “Ocean-type” fish migrate out to the ocean in their first summer of life as subyearlings, but “reservoir-type” fish delay seaward migration during the summer, and some overwinter in reservoirs before continuing their migration the following spring as yearlings. Earlier emerging fish produced in the Snake River tend to adopt the ocean-type life history whereas many of the later emerging fish from the Clearwater River tend to adopt the reservoirtype life history. The underlying cause of the reservoir-type life history is poorly understood, but we believe there may be link to physiological development. We used traditional markers of the parr-smolt transformation (smoltification), including gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity and thyroid hormone levels, along with gene expression microarrays to assess the development of ocean-type juvenile fall Chinook salmon and then compared it to that of juvenile fall Chinook salmon from the Clearwater River. We showed that parr in the Snake River are physiologically distinct from actively-migrating smolts but smolts migrating early and late in the summer and fall are physiologically similar. Juvenile fall Chinook salmon collected from the Clearwater River were similar in size to early-migrating smolts in the Snake River but were most physiologically similar to Snake River parr. Genes differentially expressed between Snake River parr and smolts and between fish from the Clearwater River and smolts from the Snake River were involved in the cell cycle, steroid metabolism and other metabolic pathways, and DNA repair and packaging. Many of the genes differentially expressed in these comparisons had expression patterns that correlated with gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity, suggesting that they were related to smoltification and migration status.
\nChapter Three – Natural subyearlings produced in the Clearwater River are exposed to cool (~10-12°C) temperatures when water is released from Dworshak Reservoir for summer flow augmentation. Total dissolved gas (TDG) levels range from 100-110% in the lower Clearwater iv River. When fish move into the Snake River, they encounter temperatures up to 24°C at the surface which have the potential to incur gas bubble disease (GBD) in fish as dissolved gases in their bodies expand under warmer temperatures. This may result in both direct and indirect mortality, but this situation has been little studied. We conducted laboratory experiments to examine subyearling mortality rates and incidence and severity of GBD in fish that were moved between waters that varied in TDG and temperature. Fish experienced significant mortality only at temperatures of 25°C, which increased with exposure time. However there was no significance difference in mortality between fish acclimated to 100% TDG and 110% TDG. Fish that died did show signs of GBD. Generally, signs of GBD such as bubbles in the lateral line and unpaired fins were higher in fish acclimated at 110% TDG than in fish acclimated at 100% TDG, but there were few trends related to exposure temperature. Field measurements of TDG showed that TDG ranged from about 100% to 122.5% at some locations. Generally, TDG fluctuated daily, up to 8% during August and early September, and was highest late in the afternoon and lowest in the early morning. Laboratory results and field monitoring demonstrated that emigrating juvenile salmon can potentially be at risk from elevated temperatures, TDG, and GBD albeit to an unknown extent, which may increase their vulnerability to predation.
\nChapter Four – We conducted monthly beam trawling in Lower Granite and Little Goose reservoirs to describe the seasonal abundance of benthic epifauna that are potentially important as prey to juvenile fall Chinook salmon. The predominant taxa collected were Siberian prawns, the opossum shrimp Neomysis mercedis, and the amphipod Corophium sp. Prawns were relatively abundant at shallow sites in both reservoirs in June, but were more abundant at deep sites in lower and middle reservoir reaches in autumn. Prawn densities were commonly <0.2/m2. Prawn length-frequency data indicated that there were at least two size classes. Juvenile prawns present in shallow water more often than adult prawns, which were generally only found in deep water by autumn. Ovigerous prawns had an average of 171 eggs, which represented about 11.5% of their body weight. Limited diet analyses suggested that prawns consumed Corophium, Neomysis, and aquatic insects. Neomysis dominated all catches both in terms of abundance and biomass, and they were more abundant in Lower Granite compared to Little Goose reservoir. Neomysis were more abundant at shallow sites than at deep sites. Corophium were present in our collections but were never abundant, probably because our trawl was not effective at capturing them. The caloric content of prawns (4,782 Kcal), Neomysis (4,962 Kcal), and Corophium (4,926 Kcal) indicates that these prey would be energetically profitable for juvenile salmon. Subyearling fall Chinook salmon prey heavily on Neomysis and Corophium at times, but the importance of prawns as prey is uncertain.
","language":"English","publisher":"Bonneville Power Administration","usgsCitation":"Tiffan, K.F., Connor, W.P., Bellgraph, B., Kock, T.J., Mullins, F., Steinhorst, R., Christiansen, H.E., McCormick, S., Ortega, L.A., Carter, K.M., Arntzen, E.V., Klett, K.J., Deng, Z.D., Abel, T.K., Linley, T.J., Cullinan, V.I., St John, S.J., Erhardt, J.M., Bickford, B.K., Schmidt, A., and Rhodes, T.N., 2013, Snake River fall Chinook salmon life history investigations: Annual report 2011 (April 2011 - March 2012), 134 p.","productDescription":"134 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-040902","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320564,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":320968,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.cbfish.org/PiscesPublication.mvc/SearchByTextInDocuments/?SearchString=P128358"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Lower Snake River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.7569580078125,\n 45.251688256117646\n ],\n [\n -117.7569580078125,\n 46.76244305208004\n ],\n [\n -116.53198242187499,\n 46.76244305208004\n ],\n [\n -116.53198242187499,\n 45.251688256117646\n ],\n [\n -117.7569580078125,\n 45.251688256117646\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","tableOfContents":"Chapter 1: Downstream movement of fall Chinook salmon juveniles in the lower Snake River reservoirs during winter and early spring
\nChapter 2: Gene expression and physiological development of natural subyearling fall Chinook salmon in the Snake and Clearwater rivers
\nChapter 3: Mortality and severity of gas bubble disease of juvenile fall Chinook salmon exposed to supersaturated gas concentrations and sudden changes in temperature
\nChapter 4: Distribution and abundance of potential invertebrate prey for juvenile fall Chinook salmon in the Snake River
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Daniel","contributorId":169180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deng","given":"Z.","email":"","middleInitial":"Daniel","affiliations":[{"id":527,"text":"Pacific Northwest Research Station","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":628783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Abel, Tylor K.","contributorId":169181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abel","given":"Tylor","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":527,"text":"Pacific Northwest Research Station","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":628784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Linley, Timothy J.","contributorId":169182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linley","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":527,"text":"Pacific Northwest Research Station","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":628785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Cullinan, Valerie I.","contributorId":169183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cullinan","given":"Valerie","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":527,"text":"Pacific Northwest Research Station","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":628786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"St John, Scott J. sstjohn@usgs.gov","contributorId":5381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"St John","given":"Scott","email":"sstjohn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":628787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Erhardt, John M. 0000-0002-5170-285X jerhardt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5170-285X","contributorId":5380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erhardt","given":"John","email":"jerhardt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":628788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Bickford, Brad K. 0000-0003-3756-6588 bbickford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3756-6588","contributorId":140889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bickford","given":"Brad","email":"bbickford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":628789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Schmidt, Amanda","contributorId":169184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Amanda","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":628790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Rhodes, Tobyn N. 0000-0002-4023-4827 trhodes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4023-4827","contributorId":140890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhodes","given":"Tobyn","email":"trhodes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":628791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21}]}} ,{"id":70046949,"text":"fs20133033 - 2013 - Ecological health in the Nation's streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-10T14:12:09","indexId":"fs20133033","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-10T15:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-3033","title":"Ecological health in the Nation's streams","docAbstract":"Aquatic biological communities, which are collections of organisms, are a direct measure of stream health because they indicate the ability of a stream to support life. This fact sheet highlights selected findings of a national assessment of stream health by the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The assessment was unique in that it integrated the condition of three biological communities—algae, macroinvertebrates, and fish—as well as measures of streamflow modification, pesticides, nutrients, and other factors. At least one biological community was altered at 83 percent of assessed streams, and the occurrence of altered communities was highest in urban streams. Streamflows were modified at 86 percent of assessed streams, and increasing severity of streamflow modification was associated with increased occurrence of altered biological communities. Agricultural and urban land use in watersheds may contribute pesticides and nutrients to stream waters, and increasing concentrations of these chemicals were associated with increased occurrence of altered biological communities.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20133033","collaboration":"The Quality of Our Nation’s Waters","usgsCitation":"Carlisle, D.M., and Woodside, M., 2013, Ecological health in the Nation's streams: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2013-3033, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20133033.","productDescription":"6 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274833,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20133033.gif"},{"id":274832,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3033/"},{"id":274831,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3033/pdf/fs2013-3033.pdf"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 173.0,16.916667 ], [ 173.0,71.833333 ], [ -66.95,71.833333 ], [ -66.95,16.916667 ], [ 173.0,16.916667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51de7456e4b0d24b0f89c666","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlisle, Daren M. 0000-0002-7367-348X dcarlisle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7367-348X","contributorId":513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlisle","given":"Daren","email":"dcarlisle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodside, Michael D. mdwoodsi@usgs.gov","contributorId":2903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodside","given":"Michael D.","email":"mdwoodsi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70046877,"text":"70046877 - 2013 - Bayesian inversion of data from effusive volcanic eruptions using physics-based models: Application to Mount St. Helens 2004--2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-10T12:37:45","indexId":"70046877","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-10T12:23:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bayesian inversion of data from effusive volcanic eruptions using physics-based models: Application to Mount St. Helens 2004--2008","docAbstract":"Physics-based models of volcanic eruptions can directly link magmatic processes with diverse, time-varying geophysical observations, and when used in an inverse procedure make it possible to bring all available information to bear on estimating properties of the volcanic system. We develop a technique for inverting geodetic, extrusive flux, and other types of data using a physics-based model of an effusive silicic volcanic eruption to estimate the geometry, pressure, depth, and volatile content of a magma chamber, and properties of the conduit linking the chamber to the surface. A Bayesian inverse formulation makes it possible to easily incorporate independent information into the inversion, such as petrologic estimates of melt water content, and yields probabilistic estimates for model parameters and other properties of the volcano. Probability distributions are sampled using a Markov-Chain Monte Carlo algorithm. We apply the technique using GPS and extrusion data from the 2004–2008 eruption of Mount St. Helens. In contrast to more traditional inversions such as those involving geodetic data alone in combination with kinematic forward models, this technique is able to provide constraint on properties of the magma, including its volatile content, and on the absolute volume and pressure of the magma chamber. Results suggest a large chamber of >40 km3 with a centroid depth of 11–18 km and a dissolved water content at the top of the chamber of 2.6–4.9 wt%.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1002/jgrb.50169","usgsCitation":"Anderson, K., and Segall, P., 2013, Bayesian inversion of data from effusive volcanic eruptions using physics-based models: Application to Mount St. Helens 2004--2008: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 118, no. 5, p. 2017-2037, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50169.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"2017","endPage":"2037","ipdsId":"IP-042668","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473700,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50169","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":274824,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274708,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50169"},{"id":274709,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jgrb.50169/abstract"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Skamania County","otherGeospatial":"Mount Saint Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.248734,46.156062 ], [ -122.248734,46.24062 ], [ -122.12654,46.24062 ], [ -122.12654,46.156062 ], [ -122.248734,46.156062 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"118","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-05-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51de7455e4b0d24b0f89c65e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Kyle 0000-0001-8041-3996","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8041-3996","contributorId":53677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Kyle","affiliations":[{"id":153,"text":"California Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":480544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Segall, Paul","contributorId":75942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Segall","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70046952,"text":"sir20135060 - 2013 - The simulated effects of wastewater-management actions on the hydrologic system and nitrogen-loading rates to wells and ecological receptors, Popponesset Bay Watershed, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-10T10:59:31","indexId":"sir20135060","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-10T10:50:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5060","title":"The simulated effects of wastewater-management actions on the hydrologic system and nitrogen-loading rates to wells and ecological receptors, Popponesset Bay Watershed, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The discharge of excess nitrogen into Popponesset Bay, an estuarine system on western Cape Cod, has resulted in eutrophication and the loss of eel grass habitat within the estuaries. Septic-system return flow in residential areas within the watershed is the primary source of nitrogen. Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for nitrogen have been assigned to the six estuaries that compose the system, and local communities are in the process of implementing the TMDLs by the partial sewering, treatment, and disposal of treated wastewater at wastewater-treatment facilities (WTFs). Loads of waste-derived nitrogen from both current (1997–2001) and future sources can be estimated implicitly from parcel-scale water-use data and recharge areas delineated by a groundwater-flow model. These loads are referred to as “instantaneous” loads because it is assumed that the nitrogen from surface sources is delivered to receptors instantaneously and that there is no traveltime through the aquifer. The use of a solute-transport model to explicitly simulate the transport of mass through the aquifer from sources to receptors can improve implementation of TMDLs by (1) accounting for traveltime through the aquifer, (2) avoiding limitations associated with the estimation of loads from static recharge areas, (3) accounting more accurately for the effect of surface waters on nitrogen loads, and (4) determining the response of waste-derived nitrogen loads to potential wastewater-management actions.\n\nThe load of nitrogen to Popponesset Bay on western Cape Cod, which was estimated by using current sources as input to a solute-transport model based on a steady-state flow model, is about 50 percent of the instantaneous load after about 7 years of transport (loads to estuary are equal to loads discharged from sources); this estimate is consistent with simulated advective traveltimes in the aquifer, which have a median of 5 years. Model-calculated loads originating from recharge areas reach 80 percent of the instantaneous load within 30 years; this result indicates that loads estimated from recharge areas likely are reasonable for estimating current instantaneous loads. However, recharge areas are assumed to remain static as stresses and hydrologic conditions change in response to wastewater-management actions.\n\nSewering of the Popponesset Bay watershed would not change hydraulic gradients and recharge areas to receptors substantially; however, disposal of wastewater from treatment facilities can change hydraulic gradients and recharge areas to nearby receptors, particularly if the facilities are near the boundary of the recharge area. In these cases, nitrogen loads implicitly estimated by using current recharge areas that do not accurately represent future hydraulic stresses can differ significantly from loads estimated with recharge areas that do represent those stresses. Nitrogen loads to two estuaries in the Popponesset Bay system estimated by using recharge areas delineated for future hydrologic conditions and nitrogen sources were about 3 and 9 times higher than loads estimated by using current recharge areas; for this reason, reliance on static recharge areas can present limitations for effective TMDL implementation by means of a hypothetical, but realistic, wastewater-management action. A solute-transport model explicitly represents nitrogen transport from surface sources and does not rely on the use of recharge areas; because changes in gradients resulting from wastewater-management actions are accounted for in transport simulations, they provide more reliable predictions of future nitrogen loads.\n\nExplicitly representing the mass transport of nitrogen can better account for the mechanisms by which nitrogen enters the estuary and improve estimates of the attenuation of nitrogen concentrations in fresh surface waters. Water and associated nitrogen can enter an estuary as either direct groundwater discharge or as surface-water inflow. Two estuaries in the Popponesset Bay watershed receive surface-water inflows: Shoestring Bay receives water from the Santuit River, and the tidal reach of the Mashpee River receives water (and associated nitrogen) from the nontidal reach of the Mashpee River. Much of the water discharging into these streams passes through ponds prior to discharge. The additional attenuation of nitrogen in groundwater that has passed through a pond and discharged into a stream prior to entering an estuary is about 3 kilograms per day.\n\nAdvective-transport times in the aquifer generally are small—median traveltimes are about 4.5 years—and nitrogen loads at receptors respond quickly to wastewater-management actions. The simulated decreases in nitrogen loads were 50 and 80 percent of the total decreases within 5 and 15 years, respectively, after full sewering of the watershed and within 3 and 10 years, for sequential phases of partial sewering and disposal at WTFs. The results show that solute-transport models can be used to assess the responses of nitrogen loads to wastewater-management actions, and that loads at ecological receptors (receiving waters—ponds, streams or coastal waters—that support ecosystems) will respond within a few years to those actions.\n\nThe responses vary for individual receptors as functions of hydrologic setting, traveltimes in the aquifer, and the unique set of nitrogen sources representing current and future wastewater-disposal actions within recharge areas. Changes in nitrogen loads from groundwater discharge to individual estuaries range from a decrease of 90 percent to an increase of 80 percent following sequential phases of hypothetical but realistic wastewater-management actions. The ability to explicitly represent the transport of mass through the aquifer allows for the evaluation of complex responses that include the effects of surface waters, traveltimes, and complex changes in sources. Most of the simulated decreases in nitrogen loads to Shoestring Bay and the tidal portion of the Mashpee River, 79 and 69 percent, respectively, were caused by decreases in the nitrogen loads from surface-water inflow.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135060","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Walter, D.A., 2013, The simulated effects of wastewater-management actions on the hydrologic system and nitrogen-loading rates to wells and ecological receptors, Popponesset Bay Watershed, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5060, vii, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135060.","productDescription":"vii, 62 p.","numberOfPages":"74","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274823,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135060.jpg"},{"id":274821,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5060/"},{"id":274822,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5060/pdf/sir2013-5060_report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod;Popponesset Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -70.75,41.5 ], [ -70.75,42.083333 ], [ -69.833333,42.083333 ], [ -69.833333,41.5 ], [ -70.75,41.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51de7457e4b0d24b0f89c66e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walter, Donald A. 0000-0003-0879-4477 dawalter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0879-4477","contributorId":1101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Donald","email":"dawalter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70046948,"text":"sir20135057 - 2013 - Assessment of managed aquifer recharge at Sand Hollow Reservoir, Washington County, Utah, updated to conditions in 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-10T09:27:49","indexId":"sir20135057","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-10T09:30:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5057","title":"Assessment of managed aquifer recharge at Sand Hollow Reservoir, Washington County, Utah, updated to conditions in 2012","docAbstract":"Sand Hollow Reservoir in Washington County, Utah, was completed in March 2002 and is operated primarily for managed aquifer recharge by the Washington County Water Conservancy District. From 2002 through 2011, surface-water diversions of about 199,000 acre-feet to Sand Hollow Reservoir have allowed the reservoir to remain nearly full since 2006. Groundwater levels in monitoring wells near the reservoir rose through 2006 and have fluctuated more recently because of variations in reservoir altitude and nearby pumping from production wells. Between 2004 and 2011, a total of about 19,000 acre-feet of groundwater was withdrawn by these wells for municipal supply. In addition, a total of about 21,000 acre-feet of shallow seepage was captured by French drains adjacent to the North and West Dams and used for municipal supply, irrigation, or returned to the reservoir.\n\nFrom 2002 through 2011, about 106,000 acre-feet of water seeped beneath the reservoir to recharge the underlying Navajo Sandstone aquifer. Water quality was sampled at various monitoring wells in Sand Hollow to evaluate the timing and location of reservoir recharge as it moved through the aquifer. Tracers of reservoir recharge include major and minor dissolved inorganic ions, tritium, dissolved organic carbon, chlorofluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and noble gases. By 2012, this recharge arrived at four monitoring wells located within about 1,000 feet of the reservoir. Changing geochemical conditions at five other monitoring wells could indicate other processes, such as changing groundwater levels and mobilization of vadose-zone salts, rather than arrival of reservoir recharge.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135057","usgsCitation":"Marston, T.M., and Heilweil, V.M., 2013, Assessment of managed aquifer recharge at Sand Hollow Reservoir, Washington County, Utah, updated to conditions in 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5057, vi, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135057.","productDescription":"vi, 40 p.","numberOfPages":"50","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2002-03-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274820,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135057.jpg"},{"id":274818,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5057/"},{"id":274819,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5057/pdf/sir2013-5057.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Washington County","otherGeospatial":"Sand Hollow Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.393499,37.102437 ], [ -113.393499,37.127407 ], [ -113.359917,37.127407 ], [ -113.359917,37.102437 ], [ -113.393499,37.102437 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51de7450e4b0d24b0f89c65a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marston, Thomas M. 0000-0003-1053-4172 tmarston@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1053-4172","contributorId":3272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marston","given":"Thomas","email":"tmarston@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heilweil, Victor M. heilweil@usgs.gov","contributorId":837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heilweil","given":"Victor","email":"heilweil@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}