The Colorado River and its tributaries supply water to more than 35 million people in the United States and 3 million people in Mexico, irrigating more than 4.5 million acres of farmland, and generating about 12 billion kilowatt hours of hydroelectric power annually. The Upper Colorado River Basin, encompassing more than 110,000 square miles (mi2), contains the headwaters of the Colorado River (also known as the River) and is an important source of snowmelt runoff to the River. Groundwater discharge also is an important source of water in the River and its tributaries, with estimates ranging from 21 to 58 percent of streamflow in the upper basin. Planning for the sustainable management of the Colorado River in future climates requires an understanding of the Upper Colorado River Basin groundwater system. This report documents input datasets for a Soil-Water Balance groundwater recharge model that was developed for the Upper Colorado River Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151160","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation and the USGS Groundwater Resources Program","usgsCitation":"Tillman, F., 2015, Documentation of input datasets for the soil-water balance groundwater recharge model of the Upper Colorado River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1160, v, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151160.","productDescription":"v, 17 p.","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066684","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307918,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1160/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":307919,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1160/ofr20151160.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1160 PDF"},{"id":316699,"rank":3,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?ofr_2015_1160_soil-water_balance"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Upper Colorado River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.69937133789062,\n 36.730079507078415\n ],\n [\n -111.68083190917969,\n 36.730079507078415\n ],\n [\n -111.64581298828125,\n 36.72677751526221\n ],\n [\n -111.4068603515625,\n 36.67723060234619\n ],\n [\n -111.181640625,\n 36.54936246839778\n ],\n [\n -110.45654296875,\n 36.46105407505434\n ],\n [\n -109.8687744140625,\n 35.991340960635405\n ],\n [\n -109.5062255859375,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -109.21508789062499,\n 35.48751102385376\n ],\n [\n -108.907470703125,\n 35.34425514918409\n ],\n [\n -107.5286865234375,\n 35.290468565908775\n ],\n [\n -107.2760009765625,\n 35.28150065789119\n ],\n [\n -107.215576171875,\n 35.31736632923788\n ],\n [\n -107.13317871093749,\n 35.460669951495305\n ],\n [\n -106.9793701171875,\n 35.62604706595698\n ],\n [\n -106.94091796875,\n 35.817813158696616\n ],\n [\n -106.875,\n 36.26199220445664\n ],\n [\n -106.842041015625,\n 36.67723060234619\n ],\n [\n -106.864013671875,\n 37.02886944696474\n ],\n [\n -107.0068359375,\n 37.21283151445594\n ],\n [\n -107.33642578124999,\n 37.37015718405753\n ],\n [\n -107.545166015625,\n 37.55328764595765\n ],\n [\n -107.666015625,\n 37.74465712069939\n ],\n [\n -107.42431640625,\n 37.84883250647402\n ],\n [\n -107.07275390625,\n 37.90953361677018\n ],\n [\n -106.6552734375,\n 38.004819966413194\n ],\n [\n -106.666259765625,\n 38.33303882235456\n ],\n [\n -106.69921875,\n 38.685509760012\n ],\n [\n -106.875,\n 39.13006024213511\n ],\n [\n -106.435546875,\n 39.40224434029275\n ],\n [\n -105.9521484375,\n 39.740986355883564\n ],\n [\n -105.908203125,\n 40.34654412118006\n ],\n [\n -105.99609375,\n 40.613952441166596\n ],\n [\n -106.435546875,\n 40.74725696280421\n ],\n [\n -106.69921875,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n -107.57812499999999,\n 42.65012181368025\n ],\n [\n -108.10546875,\n 42.84375132629023\n ],\n [\n -108.8525390625,\n 43.13306116240612\n ],\n [\n -109.423828125,\n 43.197167282501276\n ],\n [\n -109.77539062499999,\n 43.42100882994726\n ],\n [\n -109.9072265625,\n 43.67581809328341\n ],\n [\n -110.3466796875,\n 43.83452678223682\n ],\n [\n -110.61035156249999,\n 43.67581809328341\n ],\n [\n -110.74218749999999,\n 43.13306116240612\n ],\n [\n -110.8740234375,\n 42.19596877629178\n ],\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 41.44272637767212\n ],\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 41.19518982948959\n ],\n [\n -111.181640625,\n 41.04621681452063\n ],\n [\n -111.37939453125,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -111.533203125,\n 40.613952441166596\n ],\n [\n -111.73095703125,\n 40.245991504199026\n ],\n [\n -111.884765625,\n 39.8928799002948\n ],\n [\n -111.97265625,\n 39.33429742980725\n ],\n [\n -112.2802734375,\n 39.11301365149975\n ],\n [\n -112.43408203124999,\n 38.856820134743636\n ],\n [\n -112.60986328125,\n 38.59970036588819\n ],\n [\n -112.60986328125,\n 38.376115424036016\n ],\n [\n -112.67578124999999,\n 38.22091976683121\n ],\n [\n -112.8955078125,\n 37.87485339352928\n ],\n [\n -113.02734374999999,\n 37.579412513438385\n ],\n [\n -113.02734374999999,\n 37.26530995561875\n ],\n [\n -112.9833984375,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -112.67578124999999,\n 36.756490329505155\n ],\n [\n -112.34619140625,\n 36.5978891330702\n ],\n [\n -111.97265625,\n 36.56260003738548\n ],\n [\n -111.69937133789062,\n 36.730079507078415\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Arizona Water Science Center
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520 N. Park Avenue
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Three different geophysical sensor types were used to characterize the underwater pressure waves generated by the underwater firing of a seismic water gun and their suitability for establishing a pressure barrier to potentially direct or prevent the movement of the Asian carps. The sensors used to collect the seismic information were blast rated hydrophones and underwater blast sensors. Specific location information for the water guns and the sensors was obtained using either laser rangefinders or differentially corrected global positioning systems (GPS).
\nTwo separate studies are discussed in this report. The two studies were completed during September 2012 and July 2013. Both of these studies took place in an earthen testing pond on the campus of Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center (UMESC) in La Crosse, Wisconsin.
\nPrevious studies had identified 5 pounds per square inch (lb/in2) as a target value for the successful operation of a water gun barrier. The September 2012 study evaluated the performance of 1-cubic-inch (in3) and 80-in3 water guns. Data from the 1-in3 gun showed that it produces a very planar wave with limited effect on the depths above and below its gun ports. The 1-in3 gun did not produce the 5-lb/in2
\ntarget pressure at a sufficient distance to be considered effective. The 80-in3 gun produced a bowl-shaped pressure field with the 5-lb/in2 target radius at the surface extending to 45 feet.
\nThe July 2013 study consisted of three scenarios: fish behavior, single gun assessment, and experimental barrier evaluation. The fish behavior scenario simulated the pond conditions from previous studies. Two 80-in3 water guns were fired in the south end of the testing pond. Pressures essentially doubled from the testing of the single 80-in3 water gun. The single gun assessment scenario sought to replicate the setup of the 80-in3 scenario in September 2012, but with additional sensors to better define the pressure field. The 5-lb/in2 target pressure field continued to show a radius ranging from 40 to 45 feet, dependent on the pressure of the input air. The final scenario, the experimental barrier evaluation, showed that a two-dimensional continuous plane of 5 lb/in2 can be created between two 80-in3 water guns to a separation of 99 feet and a depth of 6.5 feet with 1,500 lb/in2 of input air.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151130","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes Restoration Initiative","usgsCitation":"Adams, R.F., and Morrow, W.S., 2015, Geophysical investigation of the pressure field produced by water guns at a pond site in La Crosse, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1130, 24 p., 1 app., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151130.","productDescription":"iv, 56 p.","numberOfPages":"64","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2012-09-01","temporalEnd":"2013-07-31","ipdsId":"IP-053140","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307792,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1130/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":307793,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1130/ofr20151130.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1130"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","city":"La Crosse","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.25677585601807,\n 43.8665583482127\n ],\n [\n -91.25677585601807,\n 43.86934288877363\n ],\n [\n -91.24935150146484,\n 43.86934288877363\n ],\n [\n -91.24935150146484,\n 43.8665583482127\n ],\n [\n -91.25677585601807,\n 43.8665583482127\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Illinois Water Science Center
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(217) 328-8747
http://il.water.usgs.gov/
In 2012, the total amount of water withdrawn in Florida was estimated to be 14,237 million gallons per day (Mgal/d). Saline water accounted for 7,855 Mgal/d (55 percent), and freshwater accounted for 6,383 Mgal/d (45 percent). Groundwater accounted for 4,167 Mgal/d (65 percent) of freshwater withdrawals, and surface water accounted for the remaining 2,216 Mgal/d (35 percent). Surface water accounted for nearly all (99.9 percent) saline-water withdrawals. Freshwater withdrawals were greatest in Palm Beach County (682 Mgal/d), and saline-water withdrawals were greatest in Pasco County (1,822 Mgal/d). Fresh groundwater provided drinking water (through either public supply or private domestic wells) for 17.699 million residents (93 percent of Florida’s population), and fresh surface water provided drinking water for 1.375 million residents (7 percent). The statewide public-supply gross per capita water use for 2012 was estimated at 136 gallons per day.
\nOverall, agricultural self-supplied accounted for 39 percent of the total freshwater withdrawals (groundwater and surface water), followed by public supply (36 percent). Public supply accounted for 49 percent of groundwater withdrawals, followed by agricultural self-supplied (34 percent), commercial-industrial-mining self-supplied (7 percent), recreational-landscape irrigation and domestic self-supplied (5 percent each), and power generation (less than 1 percent). Agricultural self-supplied accounted for 50 percent of fresh surface-water withdrawals, followed by power generation (26 percent), public supply (11 percent), recreational-landscape irrigation (9 percent), and commercial-industrial-mining self-supplied (4 percent). Power generation accounted for nearly all (99.8 percent) saline-water withdrawals.
\nThe largest percentage of freshwater withdrawals was from the South Florida Water Management District (46 percent), followed by the St. Johns River Water Management District (20 percent), Southwest Florida Water Management District (19 percent), Northwest Florida Water Management District (9 percent), and Suwannee River Water Management District (6 percent). The South Florida Water Management District accounted for the largest percentage of freshwater withdrawals for public-supply use (46 percent), commercial-industrial-mining self-supplied use (24 percent), agricultural self-supplied use (59 percent), and recreational-landscape irrigation use (63 percent). The Northwest Florida Water Management District accounted for the largest percentage of freshwater withdrawals for power-generation use (44 percent), and the Southwest Florida Water Management District accounted for the largest percentage of saline-water withdrawals for power-generation use (58 percent).
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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
12703 Research Parkway
Orlando, FL 32826
http://fl.water.usgs.gov
The Frazier Mountain paleoseismic site is located within the northern Big Bend of the southern San Andreas Fault (lat 34.8122° N., lon 118.9034° W.), in a small structural basin formed by the fault (fig. 1). The site has been the focus of over a decade of paleoseismic study due to high stratigraphic resolution and abundant dateable material. Trench 1 (T1) was initially excavated as a 50-m long, fault-perpendicular trench crossing the northern half of the basin (Lindvall and others, 2002; Scharer and others, 2014a). Owing to the importance of a high-resolution trench site at this location on a 200-km length of the fault with no other long paleoseismic records, later work progressively lengthened and deepened T1 in a series of excavations, or cuts, that enlarged the original excavation. Scharer and others (2014a) provide the photomosaics and event evidence for the first four cuts, which largely show the upper section of the site, represented by alluvial deposits that date from about A.D. 1500 to present. Scharer and others (2014b) discuss the earthquake evidence and dating at the site within the context of prehistoric rupture lengths and magnitudes on the southern San Andreas Fault. Here we present the photomosaics and event evidence for a series of cuts from the lower section, covering sediments that were deposited from about A.D. 500 to 1500 (fig. 2).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151147","usgsCitation":"Scharer, K.M., Fumal, T.E., Weldon, R.J., II, Streig, A.R., 2015, Photomosaics and event evidence from the Frazier Mountain paleoseismic site, trench 1, cuts 5–24, San Andreas Fault Zone, southern California (2010–2012): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1147, 25 p., 3 sheets, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151147.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: iii, 28 p.; 6 Sheets: 36.0 x 38.9 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2010-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-065601","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307515,"rank":4,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1147/ofr20151147_sheet2lg.pdf","text":"Sheet 2 print optimized","size":"76.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1147 Sheet 2 print version"},{"id":307517,"rank":6,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1147/ofr20151147_sheet1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1 screen optimized","size":"7.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1147 Sheet 1 screen version"},{"id":307513,"rank":3,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1147/ofr20151147_sheet1lg.pdf","text":"Sheet 1 print optimized","size":"62 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1147 Sheet 1 print version"},{"id":307516,"rank":5,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1147/ofr20151147_sheet3lg.pdf","text":"Sheet 3 print optimized","size":"71.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1147 Sheet 3 print version"},{"id":307519,"rank":8,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1147/ofr20151147_sheet3.pdf","text":"Sheet 3 screen optimized","size":"10.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1147 Sheet 3 screen version"},{"id":307518,"rank":7,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1147/ofr20151147_sheet2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2 screen optimized","size":"5.6 Mb","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1147 Sheet 2 screen version"},{"id":307215,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1147/coverthb.gif"},{"id":307216,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1147/ofr20151147_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","size":"6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1147 Pamphlet to accompany map sheets"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Frazier Mountain, San Andreas Fault","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.0,34.0 ], [ -120.0,36.0 ], [ -118.0,36.0 ], [ -118.0,34.0 ], [ -120.0,34.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","contact":"Earthquake Science Center—Menlo Park, Calif. Office
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 977
Menlo Park, CA 94025 http://earthquake.usgs.gov/
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, measured suspended-sediment concentrations, currents, waves, light attenuation, and a variety of other water-quality parameters in the summer of 2013 in Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor, New Jersey. These measurements quantified light attenuation and sediment resuspension in three seagrass meadows. Data were acquired sequentially at three paired channel-shoal sites, as the equipment was moved from south to north in the estuary. Data were collected for approximately 3 weeks at each site.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151146","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Dickhudt, P.J., Ganju, N.K, and Montgomery, E.T., 2015, Summary of oceanographic measurements for characterizing light attenuation and sediment resuspension in the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor estuary, New Jersey, 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1146, 18 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151146.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 18 p.; Dataset","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-065792","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307544,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1146/ofr20151146.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.59 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1146"},{"id":307640,"rank":3,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7GB224S","text":"Oceanographic measurements for characterizing light attenuation and sediment resuspension in the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor Estuary, New Jersey, 2013","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":307543,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1146/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor Estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.90228271484375,\n 40.29419163838167\n ],\n [\n -74.26483154296875,\n 40.3130432088809\n ],\n [\n -74.4598388671875,\n 39.84439484396462\n ],\n [\n -74.63836669921874,\n 39.53793974517628\n ],\n [\n -74.8114013671875,\n 39.3130504637139\n ],\n [\n -74.66033935546875,\n 39.179046210512645\n ],\n [\n -74.619140625,\n 39.17052936145295\n ],\n [\n -74.58343505859374,\n 39.18117526158749\n ],\n [\n -74.39666748046874,\n 39.29392267616436\n ],\n [\n -74.2510986328125,\n 39.442556532077376\n ],\n [\n -74.102783203125,\n 39.64165260123416\n ],\n [\n -74.0423583984375,\n 39.83174093314558\n ],\n [\n -73.90228271484375,\n 40.29419163838167\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Road
Quissett Campus
Woods Hole, MA 02543-1598
508-548-8700 or 508-457-2200
Or visit our Web site at:
http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/
Numbers of adult and juvenile Pacific lamprey ( Entosphenus tridentatus ) in the upper Columbia River Basin of the interior Pacific Northwest have decreased from historical levels (Close and others, 2002), raising concerns f rom State and Federal agencies and Tribal entities. In 1994, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service designated Pacific lamprey as a Category 2 candidate species and in 2003, the species was petitioned for listing under the Endangered Species Act. Listing consideration and potential recovery planning are significantly hindered by a lack of information on the basic biology and ecology of lampreys, including limiting factors. To date (2015), several factors that may limit lamprey production require study, including dam passage issues, contaminants, and effects on habitat.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151157","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Liedtke, T.L., Weiland, L.K., and Mesa, M.G., 2015, Vulnerability of larval lamprey to Columbia River hydropower system operations—Effects of dewatering on larval lamprey movements and survival: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1157, 28 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151157.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066361","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307622,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1157/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":307047,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1157/ofr20151157.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1157 PDF"}],"contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115
http://wfrc.usgs.gov/
This report presents five storage assessment units (SAUs) that have been identified as potentially suitable for geologic carbon dioxide sequestration within a 35,075-square-mile area that includes the entire onshore and State-water portions of the South Florida Basin. Platform-wide, thick successions of laterally extensive carbonates and evaporites deposited in highly cyclic depositional environments in the South Florida Basin provide several massive, porous carbonate reservoirs that are separated by evaporite seals. For each storage assessment unit identified within the basin, the areal distribution of the reservoir-seal couplet identified as suitable for geologic Carbon dioxide sequestration is presented, along with a description of the geologic characteristics that influence the potential carbon dioxide storage volume and reservoir performance. On a case-by-case basis, strategies for estimating the pore volume existing within structurally and (or) stratigraphically closed traps are also discussed. Geologic information presented in this report has been employed to calculate potential storage capacities for carbon dioxide sequestration in the storage assessment units assessed herein, although complete assessment results are not contained in this report.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources (Open-File Report 2012-1024)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121024L","usgsCitation":"Roberts-Ashby, T.L., Brennan, S.T., Merrill, M.D., Blondes, M.S., Freeman, P.A., Cahan, S.M., DeVera, C.A., and Lohr, C.D., 2015, Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources—South Florida Basin, chap. L of Warwick, P.D., and Corum, M.D., eds., Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012–1024–L, 22 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121024L.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 22 p.; Datasets","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-061691","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307480,"rank":3,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1024/l/downloads/Cell_C5050.zip","text":"Well Density","size":"120 kB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":307479,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1024/l/ofr20121024l.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.62 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2012-1024-L"},{"id":307473,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1024/l/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":307481,"rank":4,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1024/l/downloads/SAU_C5050.zip","text":"Storage Assessment Units","size":"1.34 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"South Florida Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.70556640625,\n 28.729130483430154\n ],\n [\n -81.375732421875,\n 28.555576049185973\n ],\n [\n -82.386474609375,\n 28.478348692223165\n ],\n [\n -82.672119140625,\n 28.507315578441784\n ],\n [\n -82.8369140625,\n 28.20760859532738\n ],\n [\n -82.8369140625,\n 27.96044306897833\n ],\n [\n -82.8643798828125,\n 27.824502916144823\n ],\n [\n -82.7764892578125,\n 27.702983735525834\n ],\n [\n -82.6611328125,\n 27.48390806852859\n ],\n [\n -82.562255859375,\n 27.322974947245704\n ],\n [\n -82.4468994140625,\n 27.064017546608703\n ],\n [\n -82.265625,\n 26.632728662035912\n ],\n [\n -82.12280273437499,\n 26.391869671769022\n ],\n [\n -81.93603515625,\n 26.42138972529502\n ],\n [\n -81.82617187499999,\n 25.997549919572112\n ],\n [\n -81.6064453125,\n 25.799891182088334\n ],\n [\n -81.265869140625,\n 25.681137335685307\n ],\n [\n -81.14501953125,\n 25.34402602913433\n ],\n [\n -81.287841796875,\n 25.24469595130604\n ],\n [\n -81.6943359375,\n 24.936257323061316\n ],\n [\n -82.1337890625,\n 24.776759933219164\n ],\n [\n -82.562255859375,\n 24.78673454198888\n ],\n [\n -82.94677734375,\n 24.826624956562167\n ],\n [\n -83.14453125,\n 24.676969798202656\n ],\n [\n -83.07861328125,\n 24.4971463205719\n ],\n [\n -82.825927734375,\n 24.32707654001865\n ],\n [\n -82.177734375,\n 24.37712083961039\n ],\n [\n -81.298828125,\n 24.54712317973075\n ],\n [\n -80.6396484375,\n 24.836595553891183\n ],\n [\n -80.244140625,\n 25.304303764403617\n ],\n [\n -80.068359375,\n 25.730632525531913\n ],\n [\n -80.057373046875,\n 26.322960198925365\n ],\n [\n -80.035400390625,\n 26.88288045572338\n ],\n [\n -80.2001953125,\n 27.35225293806387\n ],\n [\n -80.452880859375,\n 27.877928333679495\n ],\n [\n -80.57373046875,\n 28.275358281817105\n ],\n [\n -80.5078125,\n 28.507315578441784\n ],\n [\n -80.70556640625,\n 28.729130483430154\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"USGS Energy Resources Program,
Health & Environment
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
National Center, MS 913
Reston, VA 20192
USGS ERP: Geologic CO2 Sequestration
The primary mission of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) is comprehensive global earthquake monitoring (M4.5 or larger) and complete seismic monitoring of the United States for all significant earthquakes (M3.0 or larger or felt). In recent years, the NEIC has assumed a more prominent role in local and regional seismic monitoring, backup capabilities, and special studies. The NEIC uses numerous scientific algorithms to produce information products for local, national, and international disaster responders; infrastructure corporations (for example, utility providers and insurers); U.S. embassies worldwide; news agencies; national and international earth science research communities; and millions of public users.
\nTo support this mission, the NEIC operates a constant service to derive numerous information products as rapidly and accurately as possible. Derived information products and data sets provide a wealth of related earthquake information and include products such as location, magnitude, maps of shaking intensity, moment tensors, phase arrivals, and loss and damage reports. These information products are automatically derived in near real-time and refined over time. Earthquake information products vary from well formatted text files, to binary files, to directories full of many files. A team of analysts, who provide constant coverage, 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year, review the acquired data and automatically derived products (1) in near real-time for rapid release and (2) in the weeks following events to produce historical catalogs of global earthquakes in support of scientific research. Data and products are reviewed both in near real-time for rapid release and in the weeks following events to produce historical catalogs of global earthquakes in support of scientific research. At the present time, the NEIC publishes data for approximately 25,000 earthquakes annually.
\nThe NEIC software system that supports this service and mission comprises many subsystems. The internals of each subsystem are often complex, but the integration between all of the subsystems is well defined, standardized, and straightforward. This Open-File Report describes the systems’ integration infrastructure and how all the subsystems fit together. It provides summary views of the system as a whole, along with detailed views of the inputs, outputs, and dependencies for each subsystem. It also outlines the many shared data services that support these subsystems and applications as well as external customers. The NEIC systems-integration effort is ongoing. Additional integration steps, needed to reach our goals, are discussed.
\nIt is important to note that this document provides a brief introduction to the work of dozens of software developers and IT specialists, spanning in many cases more than a decade. References to significant amounts of supporting documentation, code, and information are supplied within.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151120","usgsCitation":"Guy, Michelle, Patton, John, Fee, J.M., Hearne, Mike, Martinez, E.M., Ketchum, D., Worden, C.B., Quitoriano, Vince, Hunter, E.J., Smoczyk, G.M., and Schwarz, Stan, 2015, National Earthquake Information Center systems overview and integration: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1120, 25 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151120.","productDescription":"iii, 25 p.","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065994","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306512,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1120/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":306513,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1120/ofr20151120.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.35 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1120"}],"contact":"Director, Geologic Hazards Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS–966
Denver, CO 80225-0046
http://geohazards.cr.usgs.gov/
The U.S. Geological Survey Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center has created a Data Library to organize, preserve, and make available the field, laboratory, and modeling data collected and processed by Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center staff. This Data Library supports current research efforts by providing unique, historic datasets with accompanying metadata. The Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center’s Data Library has custody of historic data and records that are still useful for research, and assists with preservation and distribution of marine science records and data in the course of scientific investigation and experimentation by researchers and staff at the science center.
\nThe data accession and retention policies employed by the Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Data Library are based on scientific need and the National Archives and Records Administration standards for Federal records retention. Criteria for inclusion of data and records into the Data Library, the scope of the Data Library holdings, and operating procedures for the management and running of the library are designed to support the research operations of the U.S. Geological Survey.
\nThis report explains the roles and detailed responsibilities of library and scientific staff, and provides step-by-step instructions for managing the collections of the Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Data Library.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151141","usgsCitation":"List, K.M., Buczkowski, B.J., McCarthy, L.P., and Orton, A.M., 2015, Collections management plan for the U.S. Geological Survey Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Data Library: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1141, 16 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151141.","productDescription":"vi, 16 p.","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060877","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306752,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1141/ofr20151141.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.87 MB","description":"OFR 2015-1141"},{"id":306751,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1141/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"
Director, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine
Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Road
Quissett Campus
Woods Hole, MA 02543-1598
WHSC_science_director@usgs.gov
508-548-8700 or 508-457-2200
Or visit our Web site at:
http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/
Acknowledgments
\nAbstract
\nIntroduction to the Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Data Library
\nScope of the Collections in the Data Library
\nGeology Discipline Research Records Schedule
\nRoles and Responsibilities
\nData Library Operations
\nSummary
\nSelected References
\nGiant gartersnakes (Thamnophis gigas) comprise a species of semi-aquatic snakes precinctive to marshes in the Central Valley of California (Hansen and Brode, 1980; Rossman and others, 1996). Because more than 90 percent of their historical wetland habitat has been converted to other uses (Frayer and others, 1989; Garone, 2007), giant gartersnakes have been listed as threatened by the State of California (California Department of Fish and Game Commission , 1971) and the United States (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993). Giant gartersnakes currently occur in a highly modified landscape, with most extant populations occurring in the rice - growing regions of the Sacramento Valley, especially near areas that historically were tule marsh habitat (Halstead and others, 2010, 2014).
\nIn ricelands and managed marshes, many operational decisions likely affect the health and viability of giant gartersnake populations. Land-use decisions, including the management of water, aquatic vegetation, terrestrial vegetation, and co-occurring species, have the potential to affect giant gartersnakes. Little is known, however, about the effects of these types of decisions on the viability of giant gartersnake populations. Bayesian network models are a useful tool to help guide decisions with uncertain outcomes. These models require the articulation of what experts think they know about a system, and facilitate learning about the hypothesized relations (Marcot and others, 2001; Uusitalo , 2007).
\nBayesian networks further provide a clear visual display of the model that facilitates understanding among various stakeholders (Marcot and others, 2001; Uusitalo , 2007). Empirical data and expert judgment can be combined, as continuous or categorical variables, to update knowledge about the system (Marcot and others, 2001; Uusitalo , 2007). Importantly, Bayesian network models allow inference from causes to consequences, but also from consequences to causes, so that data can inform the states of nodes (values of different random variables) in either direction (Marcot and others, 2001; Uusitalo , 2007). Because they can incorporate both decision nodes that represent management actions and utility nodes that quantify the costs and benefits of outcomes, Bayesian networks are ideally suited to risk analysis and adaptive management (Nyberg and others, 2006; Howes and others, 2010). Thus, Bayesian network models are useful in situations where empirical data are not available, such as questions concerning the responses of giant gartersnakes to management.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151152","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Halstead, B.J., Wylie, G.D., Casazza, M.L., Hansen, E.C., Scherer, R.D., and Patterson, L.C., 2015, A conceptual model for site-level ecology of the giant gartersnake (Thamnophis gigas) in the Sacramento Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1152, 152 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151152.","productDescription":"iv, 152 p.","numberOfPages":"160","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061941","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306765,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1152/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":306766,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1152/ofr20151152.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1152"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.26684570312499,\n 38.47079371120379\n ],\n [\n -122.26684570312499,\n 39.51675478434244\n ],\n [\n -121.42639160156249,\n 39.51675478434244\n ],\n [\n -121.42639160156249,\n 38.47079371120379\n ],\n [\n -122.26684570312499,\n 38.47079371120379\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
http://werc.usgs.gov/
The Boulder magnetic observatory has, since 1963, been operated by the Geomagnetism Program of the U.S. Geological Survey in accordance with Bureau and national priorities. Data from the observatory are used for a wide variety of scientific purposes, both pure and applied. The observatory also supports developmental projects within the Geomagnetism Program and collaborative projects with allied geophysical agencies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151125","usgsCitation":"Love, J.J., Finn, C.A., Pedrie, K.L., and Blum, C.C., 2015, The Boulder magnetic observatory: U.S. Geological Survey\nOpen-File Report 2015–1125, 8 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151125.","productDescription":"iii, 13 p.","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066290","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306618,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1125/ofr20151125.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.89","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1125"},{"id":306617,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1125/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Boulder","otherGeospatial":"Boulder Magnetic Observatory","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.25279998779297,\n 40.118515137824204\n ],\n [\n -105.25279998779297,\n 40.148438503139076\n ],\n [\n -105.22430419921875,\n 40.148438503139076\n ],\n [\n -105.22430419921875,\n 40.118515137824204\n ],\n [\n -105.25279998779297,\n 40.118515137824204\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Geomagnetism Program
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS–966
Denver, CO 80225–0046
http://geomag.usgs.gov/
This report, prepared for the National Earthquake Prediction Evaluation Council (NEPEC), is intended as a step toward improving communications about earthquake hazards between information providers and users who coordinate emergency-response activities in the Cascadia region of the Pacific Northwest. NEPEC charged a subcommittee of scientists with writing this report about forewarnings of increased probabilities of a damaging earthquake. We begin by clarifying some terminology; a “prediction” refers to a deterministic statement that a particular future earthquake will or will not occur. In contrast to the 0- or 100-percent likelihood of a deterministic prediction, a “forecast” describes the probability of an earthquake occurring, which may range from >0 to <100 percent. When the time window is short (days to months) and the forecast is formulated for operational utility, this term may be “operational earthquake forecasting.” The subcommittee considered short-term forecasts only, herein referred to as “forewarnings,” but not their formulation into messages or their applications, which will be addressed by NEPEC in subsequent activities.
The subcommittee considered “direct” and “indirect” forewarnings. Direct forewarnings originate with observed changes in geologic processes or conditions, which may include
Indirect forewarnings are based largely on model predictions of increased earthquake-occurrence probabilities. In this context, “models” refers to simulations of the processes believed to affect earthquake occurrence, as implemented in computer software, laboratory experiments, or some analog natural system. These indirect forewarnings likely will be more uncertain and difficult to interpret than direct forewarnings. This report also highlights the challenges of assessing the significance of forewarnings, which mostly will be extraordinary events with little or no historical precedent in the Cascadia region.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151151","usgsCitation":"Gomberg, J., Atwater, B., Beeler, N., Bodin, P., Davis, E., Frankel, A., Hayes, G., McConnell, V., Melbourne, T., Oppenheimer, D., Parrish, J., Roeloffs, E., Rogers, G., Sherrod, B., Vidale, J., Walsh, T., Weaver, C., and Whitmore, P., 2015, Earthquake forewarning in the Cascadia region: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1151, 8 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151151.","productDescription":"iii, 8 p.","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064402","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306462,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1151/coverthb.gif"},{"id":306463,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1151/ofr20151151.pdf","text":"Report","size":"230 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1151"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Cascadia region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.0576171875,\n 40.58058466412764\n ],\n [\n -122.4755859375,\n 41.1455697310095\n ],\n [\n -121.37695312499999,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -120.14648437499999,\n 42.553080288955826\n ],\n [\n -117.72949218749999,\n 42.16340342422401\n ],\n [\n -116.630859375,\n 41.83682786072714\n ],\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 41.672911819602085\n ],\n [\n -111.181640625,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -109.6875,\n 42.52069952914966\n ],\n [\n -109.9072265625,\n 43.51668853502909\n ],\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 44.59046718130883\n ],\n [\n -113.37890625,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -112.8076171875,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -113.4228515625,\n 46.800059446787316\n ],\n [\n -116.45507812500001,\n 49.724479188713005\n ],\n [\n -118.21289062499999,\n 52.64306343665892\n ],\n [\n -121.025390625,\n 54.41892996865827\n ],\n [\n -129.7265625,\n 58.63121664342478\n ],\n [\n -134.912109375,\n 59.977005492196\n ],\n [\n -137.373046875,\n 60.15244221438077\n ],\n [\n -139.21874999999997,\n 60.37042901631508\n ],\n [\n -141.064453125,\n 60.413852350464914\n ],\n [\n -141.591796875,\n 59.88893689676585\n ],\n [\n -140.09765625,\n 59.66774058164963\n ],\n [\n -138.25195312499997,\n 58.99531118795094\n ],\n [\n -135.17578125,\n 56.36525013685606\n ],\n [\n -132.451171875,\n 52.32191088594773\n ],\n [\n -129.0234375,\n 50.62507306341435\n ],\n [\n -125.94726562499999,\n 49.095452162534826\n ],\n [\n -124.365234375,\n 48.04870994288686\n ],\n [\n -124.27734374999999,\n 44.84029065139799\n ],\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 42.81152174509788\n ],\n [\n -124.0576171875,\n 40.58058466412764\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"
Earthquake Science Center—Seattle, Washington Field Office
\nU.S. Geological Survey
\nDept. Earth & Space Sciences
\nUniversity of Washington, Box 351310
\nSeattle, WA 98195-1310
\n","tableOfContents":"National parks in the United States face the difficult task of managing natural resources within park boundaries that are influenced to a large degree by historical land uses or by forces outside of the park’s protection and mandate. Among the many challenges faced by parks is management of wildlife populations that occupy larger landscapes than individual park units but that concentrate within park lands both seasonally and opportunistically. Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve in south-central Colorado is currently developing an Ungulate Management Plan to address management of elk and bison populations within the park. Execution of the Ungulate Management Plan will require monitoring and assessment of habitat conditions in areas that appear sensitive to ungulate use or heavily used by elk and bison. Several sources of information on the various habitats within the park and their use and response to foraging elk and bison exist from recent and on-going research in Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve as well as from studies in other regions of the Intermountain West. All of this data can be used to inform the planning process. This report provides background on vegetation types that make up the primary bison and elk ranges in Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve and on the potential effects of ungulate grazing and browsing in these specific vegetation communities (both locally and regionally). The report also provides a review of the elements necessary to develop a long-term monitoring program for Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve that addresses both the responses to ungulate herbivory seen in important habitats in the park and the amount and patterns of ungulate habitat use.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151136","usgsCitation":"Zeigenfuss, L.C., and Schoenecker, K.A., 2015, Development of a grazing monitoring program for Great Sand Dunes National Park: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 2015–1136, 44 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151136.","productDescription":"v, 44 p.","numberOfPages":"49","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060650","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306480,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1136/ofr20151136.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.32 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1136"},{"id":306479,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1136/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Great Sand Dunes National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.6005859375,\n 37.84395256743896\n ],\n [\n -105.59715270996092,\n 37.72945260537779\n ],\n [\n -105.545654296875,\n 37.72782336496339\n ],\n [\n -105.51612854003906,\n 37.73488314788311\n ],\n [\n -105.50239562988281,\n 37.79296501804014\n ],\n [\n -105.5181884765625,\n 37.81466615224322\n ],\n [\n -105.55801391601561,\n 37.82659905787503\n ],\n [\n -105.56968688964844,\n 37.83148014503288\n ],\n [\n -105.58135986328124,\n 37.84774810348539\n ],\n [\n -105.6005859375,\n 37.84395256743896\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Fort Collins Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2150 Centre Ave., Bldg. C
Fort Collins, CO 80526–8118
http://www.fort.usgs.gov/
In 2010, Utah Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) Division of Water Quality (UDWQ, 2010) determined that water quality in Pariette Draw was in violation of Federal and State water quality criteria for total dissolved solids (TDS), selenium (Se), and boron (B). The measure of total dissolved solids is the sum of all the major ion concentrations in solution and in this case, the dominant ions are sodium (Na) and sulfate (SO4), which can form salts like thenardite (Na2SO4) and mirabilite (Na2SO4⋅H2O). The Utah Department of Environmental Quality (2010) classified the contamination as natural background and from nonpoint sources related to regional lithology and irrigation practices. Although the daily loads of the constituents of concern and water chemistry have been characterized for parts of the watershed, little is known about the controls that bedrock and soil mineralogy have on salt, Se, and B storage and the water-rock interactions that influence the mobility of these components in ground and surface waters. Studies in the Uncompahgre River watershed in Colorado by Tuttle and others (2014a, 2014b) show that salt derived from weathering of shale in a semiarid climate is stored in a variety of minerals that contribute solutes to runoff and surface waters based on a complex set of conditions such as water availability, geomorphic position (for example, topography controls the depth of salt accumulation in soils), water-table fluctuations, redox conditions, mineral dissolution kinetics, ion-exchange reactions, and secondary mineral formation. Elements like Se and B commonly reside in soluble salt phases, so knowledge of the behavior of salt minerals also sheds light on the behavior of associated contaminants.
\nThe goal of this study was to establish a process-based understanding of salt, Se, and B behavior to address whether these contaminants can be better managed, or if uncontrollable natural processes will overwhelm any attempts to bring Pariette Draw into compliance with respect to recently established total maximum daily limits (TMDLs). We collected data to refine our knowledge about the role of rock weathering and soil formation in the transport and storage of salt in the watershed and to show how salt is cycled under irrigated and natural conditions. Our approach was to sample rock, soils, and sediment on irrigated and natural terrain for mineralogical analysis to determine the residence of salt and associated Se and B, classify minerals as primary (related to rock formation) or secondary weathering products, and characterize mineral dissolution kinetics. Mineral and chemical analyses and selective extractions of rocks and soils provide useful information in understanding solute movement and mineral dissolution/ formation. The resulting data are critical in determining residence of salt, Se, and B in weathered rock and soil and understanding the mobility during water-rock-soil interactions. This report summarizes our methods for sample and data collection and tabulates the mineral, chemical, and isotopic data collected.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151132","collaboration":"U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Program, prepared in cooperation with Bureau of Reclamation, Bureau of Land Management, and Utah Department of Environmental Quality Division of Water Quality","usgsCitation":"Morrison, J.M., Tuttle, M.L.W., and Fahy, J.W., 2015, Results of mineral, chemical, and sulfate isotopic analyses\nof water, soil, rocks, and soil extracts from the Pariette Draw Watershed, Uinta Basin, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey\nOpen-File Report 2015–1132, 10 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151132.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 9 p.; 1 Appendix","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-060327","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306414,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1132/downloads","text":"Appendix Tables","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OFR 2015-1132 Appendix Tables"},{"id":306413,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1132/ofr20151132.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1132"},{"id":306412,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1132/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Uinta Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.18188476562499,\n 39.825413103424786\n ],\n [\n -110.18188476562499,\n 40.12429084831405\n ],\n [\n -109.434814453125,\n 40.12429084831405\n ],\n [\n -109.434814453125,\n 39.825413103424786\n ],\n [\n -110.18188476562499,\n 39.825413103424786\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS 964
Denver, CO 80225
http://crustal.usgs.gov/
In 2007, the California Ocean Protection Council initiated the California Seafloor Mapping Program (CSMP), designed to create a comprehensive seafloor map of high-resolution bathymetry, marine benthic habitats, and geology within the 3-nautical-mile limit of California’s State Waters. The CSMP approach is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar data, acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, and bottom-sediment sampling data. The map products display seafloor morphology and character, identify potential marine benthic habitats, and illustrate both the surficial seafloor geology and shallow subsurface geology.
\nThe Offshore of Bodega Head map area is located in northern California, about 70 km north of San Francisco and about 80 km south of Point Arena. The onshore part of the map area is largely undeveloped, used primarily for recreation, farms and ranches, and a few wineries. The small town of Bodega Bay, located on the east side of Bodega Harbor, is the largest cultural center. Bodega Harbor is an important commercial fishing base and, in season, an active sport fishing and recreation harbor. Much of the coastline from Bodega Head north to about 6 km north of the Russian River is part of Sonoma Coast State Park. The Offshore of Bodega Head map area includes two California Marine Protected Areas, the Bodega Head State Marine Reserve and the northern part of the Bodega Head State Marine Conservation Area. Additionally, the inland parts of two large estuaries in the map area, Estero Americano and Estero de San Antonio, have been designated as State Marine Recreational Management Areas.
\nThe map area is cut by the northwest-striking San Andreas Fault, the right-lateral transform boundary between the North American and Pacific plates. This fault juxtaposes rocks of the Jurassic and Cretaceous Franciscan Complex on the northeast with Cretaceous granitic rocks on the southwest, and it has an estimated slip rate of about 17 to 25 mm/yr in this area. The devastating great 1906 California earthquake (M7.8) is thought to have nucleated on the San Andreas Fault offshore of San Francisco, about 80 km south of Bodega Head, with the rupture extending northward through the Offshore of Bodega Head map area and an additional 220 km to the south flank of Cape Mendocino.
\nNorth of the mouth of Salmon Creek, the coast and shoreline are rugged and scenic, characterized by flights of uplifted marine terraces, rocky promontories, nearshore sea stacks, kelp-rich coves, and both pocket beaches and longer beach strands, the latter of which include Wrights Beach and Portuguese Beach. The coast has lower relief between the mouth of Salmon Creek and Mussel Point, where South Salmon Creek Beach is backed by a large (about 4 km2) complex of coastal sand dunes. The enormous volume of sand on the beach and in the dune field is derived by southward littoral drift from the Russian River, Salmon Creek, and smaller coastal watersheds. The sediment is trapped by protruding bedrock at Mussel Point, which represents the south end of the Russian River littoral cell.
\nBodega Head is underlain by Cretaceous granitic rocks, and its shoreline is variously characterized by relatively low-lying terraces, steep and high bluffs, and a few pocket beaches. East of Bodega Head, Doran Beach (part of Doran Regional Park) is a 1.7-km-long sand spit that forms the north boundary of Bodega Bay and the south boundary of Bodega Harbor. The coast south of Doran Beach on the east flank of Bodega Bay is composed of rocky bluffs, hummocky marine terraces, and a few small pocket beaches. The bluffs are underlain by sheared rocks of the Franciscan Complex and are highly susceptible to landslides. This section of coast includes two prominent watersheds, Estero Americano and Estero de San Antonio, which drain westward into Bodega Bay.
\nThe offshore part of the Offshore of Bodega Head map area is characterized by an extensive, rugged and rocky shelf underlain by Cretaceous granitic rocks. This rocky terrain, centered offshore of Bodega Head, extends northwestward for about 15 km, from the south edge of the map area (where it forms the west boundary of Bodega Bay) to the northern-central part of the map area offshore of the mouth of Salmon Creek. This rocky seafloor reaches water depths of 40 to 80 m and is overlain by young sediment.
\nCirculation over the shelf and seafloor in the map area (and in the broader central California region) is dominated by the southward-flowing California Current, the eastern boundary current of the North Pacific Gyre. Associated upwelling brings cool, nutrient-rich waters to the surface, resulting in high biological productivity. Persistent northwest winds are sometimes weak or absent during the fall and winter, causing the California Current to move farther offshore so that the shelf is affected by the Davidson Current, a weaker northward-flowing countercurrent. As a result, net flow over the continental shelf is commonly southeastward during the spring and summer and northwestward during the fall and winter.
\nThroughout the year, this part of the northern California coast is exposed to four wave climate regimes: the north Pacific swell, the southern swell, northwest wind waves, and local wind waves. The north Pacific swell dominates in winter months (typically November through March). During summer months, the largest waves come from the southern swell, generated by storms in the south Pacific and offshore of Central America. Northwest wind waves affect the coast throughout the year, whereas local wind waves are most common from October to April.
\nPotential marine benthic habitats in the Offshore of Bodega Head map area include unconsolidated continental-shelf sediments, mixed continental-shelf substrate, and hard continental-shelf substrate. Rocky-shelf outcrops and rubble are considered to be promising potential habitats for rockfish and lingcod, both of which are recreationally and commercially important species.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151140","usgsCitation":"Johnson, S.Y., Dartnell, P., Golden, N.E., Hartwell, S.R., Erdey, M.D., Greene, H.G., Cochrane, G.R., Kvitek, R.G., Manson, M.W., Endris, C.A., Dieter, B.E., Watt, J.T., Krigsman, L.M., Sliter, R.W., Lowe, E.N., and Chin, J.L. (S.Y. Johnson and S.A. Cochran, eds.), 2015, California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Bodega Head, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1140, pamphlet 39 p., 10 sheets, scale 1:24,000, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151140.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 39 p.; 10 Plates: 46.0 x 36.0 inches or smaller; Metadata; Data Catalog","numberOfPages":"43","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-055943","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399007,"rank":20,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_102290.htm"},{"id":306403,"rank":19,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1140/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":306402,"rank":18,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1114/","text":"Open-File Report 2015–1114","description":"Open-File Report 2015–1114","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Point Reyes and Vicinity, California, by Janet T. Watt and others."},{"id":306401,"rank":17,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1098/","text":"Open-File Report 2015–1098","description":"Open-File Report 2015–1098","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Salt Point, California, by Samuel Y. Johnson and others."},{"id":306400,"rank":16,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1088/","text":"Open-File Report 2015–1088","description":"Open-File Report 2015–1088","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Tomales Point, California, by Samuel Y. Johnson and others."},{"id":306399,"rank":15,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1041/","text":"Open-File Report 2015–1041","description":"Open-File Report 2015–1041","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Drakes Bay and Vicinity, California, by Janet T. Watt and others."},{"id":306416,"rank":14,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/","text":"Data Series 781","description":"Data Series 781","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series Data Catalog"},{"id":306398,"rank":13,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1140/ofr20151140_metadata.html","text":"Metadata","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":306397,"rank":12,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/OffshoreBodegaHead/data_catalog_OffshoreBodegaHead.html","text":"Data Catalog","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"linkHelpText":"The GIS data layers for this map are accessible from “Data Catalog—Offshore of Bodega Head, California,” which is part of California State Waters Map Series Data Catalog (Data Series 781). Each GIS data file is listed with a brief description, a small image, and links to the metadata files and the downloadable data files."},{"id":306396,"rank":11,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1140/ofr20151140_sheet10.pdf","text":"Sheet 10","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 10","linkHelpText":"Offshore and Onshore Geology and Geomorphology, Offshore of Bodega Head Map Area, California By Samuel Y. Johnson, Stephen R. Hartwell, and Michael W. Manson"},{"id":306395,"rank":10,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1140/ofr20151140_sheet9.pdf","text":"Sheet 9","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 9","linkHelpText":"Local (Offshore of Bodega Head Map Area) and Regional (Offshore from Salt Point to Drakes Bay) Shallow-Subsurface Geology and Structure, California By Samuel Y. Johnson, Stephen R. Hartwell, Janet T. Watt, and Ray W. Sliter"},{"id":306394,"rank":9,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1140/ofr20151140_sheet8.pdf","text":"Sheet 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 8","linkHelpText":"Seismic-Reflection Profiles, Offshore of Bodega Head Map Area, California by Samuel Y. Johnson, Ray W. Sliter, Stephen R. Hartwell, and John L. Chin"},{"id":306389,"rank":4,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1140/ofr20151140_sheet3.pdf","text":"Sheet 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 3","linkHelpText":"Acoustic Backscatter, Offshore of Bodega Head Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell, Mercedes D. Erdey, and Rikk G. Kvitek"},{"id":306388,"rank":3,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1140/ofr20151140_sheet2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 2","linkHelpText":"Shaded-Relief Bathymetry, Offshore of Bodega Head Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell and Rikk G. Kvitek"},{"id":306387,"rank":2,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1140/ofr20151140_sheet1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 1","linkHelpText":"Colored Shaded-Relief Bathymetry, Offshore of Bodega Head Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell and Rikk G. Kvitek"},{"id":306386,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1140/ofr20151140_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1140 Pamphlet"},{"id":306393,"rank":8,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1140/ofr20151140_sheet7.pdf","text":"Sheet 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 7","linkHelpText":"Potential Marine Benthic Habitats, Offshore of Bodega Head Map Area, California By Bryan E. Dieter, H. Gary Greene, Charles A. Endris, and Erik N . Lowe"},{"id":306392,"rank":7,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1140/ofr20151140_sheet6.pdf","text":"Sheet 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 6","linkHelpText":"Ground-Truth Studies, Offshore of Bodega Head Map Area, California By Nadine E. Golden, Guy R. Cochrane, and Lisa M. Krigsman"},{"id":306391,"rank":6,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1140/ofr20151140_sheet5.pdf","text":"Sheet 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 5","linkHelpText":"Seafloor Character, Offshore of Bodega Head Map Area, California By Mercedes D. Erdey and Guy R. Cochrane"},{"id":306390,"rank":5,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1140/ofr20151140_sheet4.pdf","text":"Sheet 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 4","linkHelpText":"Data Integration and Visualization, Offshore of Bodega Head Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Bodega Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.1719,\n 38.2611\n ],\n [\n -123.1719,\n 38.4122\n ],\n [\n -122.9703,\n 38.4122\n ],\n [\n -122.9703,\n 38.2611\n ],\n [\n -123.1719,\n 38.2611\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Contact Information
Pacific Coastal & Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pacific Science Center
2885 Mission St.
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/
Large research studies are often challenged to effectively expose and document the types of information being collected and the reasons for data collection across what are often a diverse cadre of investigators of differing disciplines. We applied concepts from the field of information or data modeling to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Changing Arctic Ecosystems (CAE) initiative to prototype an application of information modeling. The USGS CAE initiative is collecting information from marine and terrestrial environments in Alaska to identify and understand the links between rapid physical changes in the Arctic and response of wildlife populations to these ecosystem changes. An associated need is to understand how data collection strategies are informing the overall science initiative and facilitating communication of those strategies to a wide audience. We explored the use of conceptual data modeling to provide a method by which to document, describe, and visually communicate both enterprise and study level data; provide a simple means to analyze commonalities and differences in data acquisition strategies between studies; and provide a tool for discussing those strategies among researchers and managers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151148","collaboration":"Science to Support the USGS Changing Arctic Ecosystems Initiative","usgsCitation":"Walworth, Dennis, and Pearce, J.M., 2015, Conceptual data modeling of wildlife response indicators to\necosystem change in the Arctic: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1148, 28 p.,\nhttps://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151148.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-053898","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306449,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1148/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":306450,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1148/ofr20151148.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1148 Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -168.48632812499997,\n 62.3903694381427\n ],\n [\n -168.48632812499997,\n 71.46912418989677\n ],\n [\n -144.84375,\n 71.46912418989677\n ],\n [\n -144.84375,\n 62.3903694381427\n ],\n [\n -168.48632812499997,\n 62.3903694381427\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Alaska Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4210 University Dr
Anchorage, Alaska 99508-4560
http://alaska.usgs.gov
In 2007, the California Ocean Protection Council initiated the California Seafloor Mapping Program (CSMP), designed to create a comprehensive seafloor map of high-resolution bathymetry, marine benthic habitats, and geology within the 3-nautical-mile limit of California’s State Waters. The CSMP approach is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar data, acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, and bottom-sediment sampling data. The map products display seafloor morphology and character, identify potential marine benthic habitats, and illustrate both the surficial seafloor geology and shallow subsurface geology.
\nThe Offshore of Bolinas map area is located in northern California, on the Pacific Coast of Marin County about 10 kilometers north of the Golden Gate. The town of Bolinas, named after a local indigenous tribe, is the largest population center along this section of coast, with a population of approximately 1,600 people. Bolinas is situated at the end of a southeast-trending terrain on the west side of the San Andreas Fault that also protects a natural harbor. The harbor lies in Bolinas Lagoon, which is separated from Bolinas Bay by a spit. The coastal lands within the Offshore of Bolinas map area lie entirely within the Point Reyes National Seashore, which limits development and allows existing ranching and farming to continue.
\nThe Offshore of Bolinas map area lies offshore of the northwest-trending Coast Ranges, which lie east of, and are roughly parallel to, the San Andreas Fault Zone. The western margin of North America is the only continental margin in the world delineated largely by transform faults such as the San Andreas Fault. The coastal geomorphology is controlled by late Pleistocene to Holocene slip along the fault. Bolinas Bay and Lagoon have formed where a regional depression along the fault zone intersects the coast. A northward bend in the San Andreas Fault to the north, combined with right-lateral movement, has caused regional extension and the formation of a sediment basin on the continental shelf in, and southeast of, Bolinas Bay.
\nWith the exception of the area adjacent to Bolinas Bay, the coast in the map area consists of high coastal bluffs and vertical sea cliffs. The uplifted headland upon which the town of Bolinas is situated is part of a larger uplifted area that includes exposed bedrock offshore. Uplift in this map area has resulted in relatively shallow depths within California’s State Waters (0 to 40 m) and, thus, little accommodation space for sediment accumulation. Sediment is found in the extensional basin southeast of Bolinas, as well as on the shelf offshore of uplifted coastal areas, where, within California’s State Waters, depths can exceed 40 m. Wave energy keeps the uplifted bedrock areas clear of sediment, and rippled sediment in the outer shelf indicates some mobility.
\nCoastal sediment transport in the Offshore of Bolinas map area is characterized by north-to-south littoral transport of sediment that is derived mainly from ephemeral streams and local coastal erosion. Beyond California’s State Waters, canyons that incise the slope have been disconnected from coastal streams by rising sea level, which has risen about 125 m since the lowstand associated with the Last Glacial Maximum about 18,000 to 20,000 years ago. In the map area, no major submarine canyons extend up past the shelf break and into the nearshore to receive littoral drift. The coastline in the map area is characterized as high risk because of its steep cliffs and large-scale landsliding. The sand spit that separates Bolinas Lagoon from Bolinas Bay is highly developed, and its homes are at risk during storms, especially those from the south.
\nThe benthic species observed in the Offshore of Bolinas map area are natives of the cold-temperate biogeographic zone named either the “Oregonian province” or the “northern California ecoregion.” This biogeographic province is maintained by the long-term stability of the southward-flowing California Current, an eastern limb of the North Pacific subtropical gyre that flows from Oregon to Baja California. At its midpoint off central California, the California Current transports subarctic surface (0–500 m deep) waters southward, about 150 to 1,300 km from shore. Seasonal northwesterly winds that are, in part, responsible for the California Current, generate coastal upwelling. The south end of the Oregonian province is at Point Conception (about 425 km south of the map area), although its associated phylogeographic group of marine fauna may extend beyond to the area offshore of Los Angeles in southern California. The ocean off central California has seen a warming over the last 50 years that is driving an ecosystem shift from the productive subarctic regime towards a depopulated subtropical environment.
\nSeafloor habitats in the Offshore of Bolinas map area, which lies within the Shelf (continental shelf) megahabitat, range from, in the nearshore, sandy seafloor in the southeast and significant rocky outcrops that support kelp-forest communities in the northwest to, in deeper water, rocky-reef communities. Biological productivity resulting from coastal upwelling supports populations of Sooty Shearwater Western Gull, Common Murre, Cassin’s Auklet, and many other less populous bird species. In addition, an observable recovery of Humpback and Blue Whales has occurred in the area; both species are dependent on coastal upwelling to provide nutrients. The large extent of exposed inner shelf bedrock in the northeast supports large forests of “bull kelp,” which is well adapted for high wave-energy environments. Common fish species found in the kelp beds and rocky reefs include lingcod and various species of greenling and rockfish.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151135","usgsCitation":"Cochrane, G.R., Dartnell, P., Johnson, S.Y., Greene, H.G., Erdey, M.D., Golden, N.E., Hartwell, S.R., Manson, M.W., Sliter, R.W., Endris, C.A., Watt, J.T., Ross, S.L., Kvitek, R.G., Phillips, E.L., Bruns, T.R., and Chin, J.L. (G.R. Cochrane and S.A. Cochran, eds.), 2015, California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of Bolinas, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1135, pamphlet 36 p., 10 sheets, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151135.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 36 p.; 10 Sheets: 46 inches x 36 inches or smaller; Data Catalog; Metadata","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-052392","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399008,"rank":21,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_102261.htm"},{"id":306377,"rank":19,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1041/","text":"Open-File Report 2015–1041","description":"Open-File Report 2015–1041","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Drakes Bay and Vicinity, California, by Janet T. Watt and others."},{"id":306376,"rank":18,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1068/","text":"Open-File Report 2015–1068","description":"Open-File Report 2015–1068","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of San Francisco, California, by Guy R. Cochrane and others."},{"id":306375,"rank":17,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1260/","text":"Open-File Report 2014–1260","description":"Open-File Report 2014–1260","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Pacifica, California, by Brian D. Edwards and others."},{"id":306371,"rank":12,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/OffshoreBolinas/data_catalog_OffshoreBolinas.html","text":"Data Catalog","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"Data Catalog","linkHelpText":"The GIS data layers for this map are accessible from “Data Catalog—Offshore of Bolinas, California,” which is part of California State Waters Map Series Data Catalog. Each GIS data file is listed with a brief description, a small image, and links to the metadata files and the downloadable data files."},{"id":306366,"rank":7,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet6.pdf","text":"Sheet 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 6","linkHelpText":"Ground-Truth Studies, Offshore of Bolinas Map Area, California By Nadine E. Golden, Guy R. Cochrane, and Mercedes D. Erdey"},{"id":306364,"rank":5,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet4.pdf","text":"Sheet 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 4","linkHelpText":"Data Integration and Visualization, Offshore of Bolinas Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell"},{"id":306363,"rank":4,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet3.pdf","text":"Sheet 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 3","linkHelpText":"Acoustic Backscatter, Offshore of Bolinas Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell, Rikk G. Kvitek, Mercedes D. Erdey, and Carrie K. Bretz"},{"id":306362,"rank":3,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 2","linkHelpText":"Shaded-Relief Bathymetry, Offshore of Bolinas Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell, Rikk G. Kvitek, and Carrie K. Bretz"},{"id":306361,"rank":2,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 1","linkHelpText":"Colored Shaded-Relief Bathymetry, Offshore of Bolinas Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell, Rikk G. Kvitek, and Carrie K. Bretz"},{"id":306369,"rank":10,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet9.pdf","text":"Sheet 9","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 9","linkHelpText":"Local (Offshore of Bolinas Map Area) and Regional (Offshore from Bolinas to Pescadero) Shallow-Subsurface Geology and Structure, California By Samuel Y. Johnson, Stephen R. Hartwell, Ray W. Sliter, Janet T. Watt, Eleyne L. Phillips, Stephanie L. Ross, and John L. Chin"},{"id":306367,"rank":8,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet7.pdf","text":"Sheet 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 7","linkHelpText":"Potential Marine Benthic Habitats, Offshore of Bolinas Map Area, California By Bryan E. Dieter, H. Gary Greene, Charles A. Endris, and Mercedes D. Erdey"},{"id":306368,"rank":9,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet8.pdf","text":"Sheet 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 8","linkHelpText":"Seismic-Reflection Profiles, Offshore of Bolinas Map Area, California by Samuel Y. Johnson, Ray W. Sliter, Terry R. Bruns, and John L. Chin"},{"id":306365,"rank":6,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet5.pdf","text":"Sheet 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 5","linkHelpText":"Seafloor Character, Offshore of Bolinas Map Area, California By Mercedes D. Erdey and Guy R. Cochrane"},{"id":306378,"rank":20,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":306372,"rank":13,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_metadata.html","text":"Metadata","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"Metadata"},{"id":306370,"rank":11,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet10.pdf","text":"Sheet 10","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 10","linkHelpText":"Offshore and Onshore Geology and Geomorphology, Offshore of Bolinas Map Area, California By Samuel Y. Johnson, H. Gary Greene, Michael W. Manson, Stephen R. Hartwell, Charles A. Endris, and Janet T. Watt"},{"id":306374,"rank":16,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1214/","text":"Open-File Report 2014–1214","description":"Open-File Report 2014–1214","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Half Moon Bay, California, by Guy R. Cochrane and others."},{"id":306373,"rank":15,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3306/","text":"Scientific Investigations Map 3306","description":"Scientific Investigations Map 3306","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of San Gregorio, California, by Guy R. Cochrane and others."},{"id":306360,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1135 Pamphlet"},{"id":306415,"rank":14,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/","text":"Data Series 781","description":"Data Series 781","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series Data Catalog"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Bolinas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.7842,\n 37.8111\n ],\n [\n -122.7842,\n 37.9692\n ],\n [\n -122.6,\n 37.9692\n ],\n [\n -122.6,\n 37.8111\n ],\n [\n -122.7842,\n 37.8111\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Contact Information
Pacific Coastal & Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pacific Science Center
2885 Mission St.
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/
Depths to selected Cretaceous and lower Tertiary stratigraphic units in the Piceance Basin, northwestern Colorado are presented here for 1,563 wells. This file is updated from the Piceance Basin Oil Shale Database with data for additional new drill holes. Also included in this report are elevations for the base of the Long Point Bed of the Eocene Green River Formation for 347 surface locations obtained by determining locations and elevations from published 7 ½-minute quadrangle maps for the Piceance Basin listed in the “Geologic Maps Used to Generate Long Point Control Points” section.
\nEach entry for the base of the Long Point Bed was obtained at a location where the mapped Long Point Bed intersects a contour line on the published maps. Precision of each elevation is therefore dependent on the precision of the maps and the placement of the mapped contact by the authors.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151036","usgsCitation":"Johnson, R.C., Dietrich, J.D., and Mercier, T.J., 2015: Updated tops file for Cretaceous and lower Tertiary units, Piceance Basin, northwest Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1036, 16 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151036.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 16 p.; Excel Files","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-051648","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306405,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1036/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":306406,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1036/ofr20151036.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.96 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1036"},{"id":306407,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1036/ofr20151036_supplemental1.xls","text":"Colorado Boreholes and Tops Fieldname Descriptions","size":"40.5 kB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Colorado Boreholes and Tops Fieldname Descriptions"},{"id":306408,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1036/ofr20151036_supplemental2.xlsx","text":"Latests Tops Piceance","size":"4.40 MB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Latests Tops Piceance"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Piceance Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.929443359375,\n 38.436379603\n ],\n [\n -108.929443359375,\n 40.455307212131494\n ],\n [\n -106.89697265625,\n 40.455307212131494\n ],\n [\n -106.89697265625,\n 38.436379603\n ],\n [\n -108.929443359375,\n 38.436379603\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Energy Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
P.O. Box 25046
Denver, CO 80225
http://energy.usgs.gov/
This report reviews the available literature on giant gartersnakes (Thamnophis gigas) to compile existing information on this species and identify knowledge gaps that, if addressed, would help to inform conservation efforts for giant gartersnakes. Giant gartersnakes comprise a species of semi-aquatic snake precinctive to wetlands in the Central Valley of California. The diversion of surface water and conversion of wetlands to agricultural and other land uses resulted in the loss of more than 90 percent of natural giant gartersnake habitats. Because of this habitat loss, giant gartersnakes are now listed by the United States and California Endangered Species Acts as Threatened. Most extant populations occur in the rice-growing regions of the Sacramento Valley, which comprises the northern portion of the giant gartersnake’s former range. The huge demand for water in California for agriculture, industry, recreation, and other human consumption, combined with periodic severe drought, places remaining giant gartersnake habitats at increased risk of degradation and loss. This literature review summarizes the available information on giant gartersnake distribution, habitat relations, behavior, demography, and other aspects of its biology relevant to conservation. This information is then compiled into a graphical conceptual model that indicates the importance of different aspects of giant gartersnake biology for maintaining positive population growth, and identifies those areas for which important information relevant for conservation is lacking. Directing research efforts toward these aspects of giant gartersnake ecology will likely result in improvements to conserving this unique species while meeting the high demands for water in California.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151150","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Halstead, B.J., Wylie, G.D., and Casazza, M.L., 2015, Literature review of giant gartersnake (Thamnophis gigas) biology and conservation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1150, 38 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151150.","productDescription":"vi, 38 p.","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066657","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306301,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1150/ofr20151150.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1150"},{"id":306300,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1150/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
http://www.werc.usgs.gov/
We report our findings from a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program-funded project to develop and test a wireless, portable, strong-motion network of up to 40 triaxial accelerometers for structural health monitoring. The overall goal of the project was to record ambient vibrations for several days from USGS-instrumented structures. Structural health monitoring has important applications in fields like civil engineering and the study of earthquakes. The emergence of wireless sensor networks provides a promising means to such applications. However, while most wireless sensor networks are still in the experimentation stage, very few take into consideration the realistic earthquake engineering application requirements. To collect comprehensive data for structural health monitoring for civil engineers, high-resolution vibration sensors and sufficient sampling rates should be adopted, which makes it challenging for current wireless sensor network technology in the following ways: processing capabilities, storage limit, and communication bandwidth. The wireless sensor network has to meet expectations set by wired sensor devices prevalent in the structural health monitoring community. For this project, we built and tested an application-realistic, commercially based, portable, wireless sensor network called ShakeNet for instrumentation of large civil structures, especially for buildings, bridges, or dams after earthquakes. Two to three people can deploy ShakeNet sensors within hours after an earthquake to measure the structural response of the building or bridge during aftershocks. ShakeNet involved the development of a new sensing platform (ShakeBox) running a software suite for networking, data collection, and monitoring. Deployments reported here on a tall building and a large dam were real-world tests of ShakeNet operation, and helped to refine both hardware and software.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151134","usgsCitation":"Kohler, M.D., Hao, S., Mishra, N., Govindan, R., and Nigbor, R., 2015, ShakeNet—A portable wireless sensor network for instrumenting large civil structures: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1134, 31 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151134.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p.","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064108","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306417,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1134/coverthb.gif"},{"id":305795,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1134/ofr20151134.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.3 MB"}],"contact":"Earthquake Science Center—Menlo Park, Calif. Office
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 977
Menlo Park, CA 94025
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/
This report presents geophysical interpretations of regional subsurface geology in the vicinity of the Tailing Facility of the Questa Mine near Guadalupe Mountain, Taos County, New Mexico, in cooperation with the New Mexico Environment Department. The interpretations were developed from aeromagnetic data, regional gravity data, data from four ground magnetic traverses, geologic mapping, a digital elevation model, and information from a few shallow wells. The resolution of the geophysical data is only appropriate for a broad assessment of the regional setting. Aeromagnetic data provided the most comprehensive information for interpretation. Qualitative and semiquantitative interpretations indicate the nature and extent of volcanic rocks, their relative depths, and inferred contacts between them, as well as conjectured locations of faults. In particular, the aeromagnetic data indicate places where volcanic rocks extend at shallow depths under sedimentary cover. Trachydacites of Guadalupe Mountain are magnetic, but their associated aeromagnetic anomalies are opposite in sign over the northern versus the southern parts of the mountain. The difference indicates that lavas erupted during different magnetic-polarity events in the north (reverse polarity) versus the south (normal polarity) and therefore have different ages. We postulate a buried volcano with reverse-polarity magnetization lies under the northeast side of Guadalupe Mountain, which likely predated the exposed trachydacites. Faults interpreted for the study area generally align with known fault zones. We interpret a northern extension to one of these faults that crosses northwesterly underneath the Tailing Facility. Gravity data indicate that Guadalupe Mountain straddles the western margin of a subbasin of the Rio Grande rift and that significant (>400 meters) thicknesses of both volcanic and sedimentary rocks underlie the mountain.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151129","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Mexico Environment Department","usgsCitation":"Grauch, V.J.S., Drenth, B.J., Thompson, R.A., and Bauer, P.W., 2015, Preliminary geophysical interpretations of regional subsurface geology near the Questa Mine Tailing Facility and Guadalupe Mountain, Taos County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1129, 35 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151129.","productDescription":"vi, 25 p.","numberOfPages":"35","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065303","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306279,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1129/ofr20151129.pdf","text":"Report","size":"11.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1129"},{"id":306278,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1129/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Taos County","otherGeospatial":"Guadalupe Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.68195343017578,\n 36.651618852404454\n ],\n [\n -105.68195343017578,\n 36.74383627787639\n ],\n [\n -105.59028625488281,\n 36.74383627787639\n ],\n [\n -105.59028625488281,\n 36.651618852404454\n ],\n [\n -105.68195343017578,\n 36.651618852404454\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS 964
Denver, CO 80225
http://crustal.usgs.gov/
A new mineral rush is underway in the upper Midwest of the United States, especially in Wisconsin and Minnesota, for deposits of high-quality frac sand that the mining industry calls “Northern White” sand or “Ottawa” sand. Frac sand is a specialized type of sand that is added to fracking fluids that are injected into unconventional oil and gas wells during hydraulic fracturing (fracking or hydrofracking), a process that enhances petroleum extraction from tight (low permeability) reservoirs. Frac sand consists of natural sand grains with strict mineralogical and textural specifications that act as a proppant (keeping induced fractures open), extending the time of release and the flow rate of hydrocarbons from fractured rock surfaces in contact with the wellbore.
\nThe current sand mining surge has been driven by the boom in unconventional oil and gas production that has been largely spurred by advancements in technology promoting the expansion of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling over the past decade. Because of its superior quality, the sand of the upper Midwest not only supports the majority of domestic oil and gas production, but it also supplies frac sand to some of Canada’s western shale basins.
\nThe principal sources of “Northern White” or “Ottawa” sand in the upper Midwest are the Middle and Upper Ordovician St. Peter Sandstone and the Lower Ordovician and Upper Cambrian Jordan Formation, with the Upper Cambrian Wonewoc and Mount Simon Formations gaining in importance. Additional frac sand sources to the south include the Upper Cambrian Hickory Sandstone Member of the Riley Formation in Texas, which is referred to informally as “Brown” or “Brady” sand, and the Middle Ordovician Oil Creek Formation in Oklahoma.
\nMore than 40 United States industry operators are involved in the mining, processing, transportation, and distribution of frac sand to a robust market that is fast-growing in the United States and throughout the world. In addition to the abrupt rise in frac sand mining and distribution, a new industry has emerged from the production of alternative proppants, such as coated sand and synthetic beads. Alternative proppants, developed through new technologies, are competing with supplies of natural frac sand. In the long term, the vitality of both industries will be tied to the future of hydraulic fracturing of tight oil and gas reservoirs, which will be driven by the anticipated increases in global energy consumption.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151107","usgsCitation":"Benson, M.E., Wilson, A.B., and Bleiwas, D.I., 2015, Frac sand in the United States: a geological and industry overview: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1107, Report: viii, 78 p.; 1 Plate: 42.0 x 36.0 inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151107.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 78 p.; 1 Plate: 42.0 x 36.0 inches; Downloads Directory","numberOfPages":"88","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-059888","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306275,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151107.jpg"},{"id":306272,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1107/pdf/ofr20151107.pdf","text":"Report","size":"34.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1107 Report"},{"id":306273,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1107/pdf/ofr20151107_Plate1.pdf","text":"Map","size":"15.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1107 Map"},{"id":306274,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1107/downloads/","text":"Downloads Directory","description":"OFR 2015-1107 Downloads Directory","linkHelpText":"Contains: geospatial database. Refer to the Metadata file for more information."},{"id":306260,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1107/"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7eee1e4b0bc0bec09ed6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, Mary Ellen 0000-0002-4424-0730 mbenson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4424-0730","contributorId":4724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"Mary","email":"mbenson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ellen","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Anna B. 0000-0002-9737-2614 awilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9737-2614","contributorId":1619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Anna","email":"awilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bleiwas, Donald I. bleiwas@usgs.gov","contributorId":1434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bleiwas","given":"Donald","email":"bleiwas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70147943,"text":"ofr20151091 - 2015 - U.S. Geological Survey science for the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative—2014 annual report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-21T11:28:11","indexId":"ofr20151091","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-31T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1091","title":"U.S. Geological Survey science for the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative—2014 annual report","docAbstract":"This is the seventh report produced by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative (WLCI) to detail annual activities conducted by the USGS for addressing specific management needs identified by WLCI partners. In FY2014, there were 26 projects, including a new one that was completed, two others that were also completed, and several that entered new phases or directions. The 26 projects fall into several categories: (1) synthesizing and analyzing existing data to identify current conditions on the landscape and using the data to develop models for projecting past and future landscape conditions; (2) monitoring indicators of ecosystem conditions and the effectiveness of on-the-ground habitat projects; (3) conducting research to elucidate the mechanisms underlying wildlife and habitat responses to changing land uses; (4) managing and making accessible the large number of databases, maps, and other products being developed; and (5) coordinating efforts among WLCI partners, helping them use USGS-developed decision-support tools, and integrating WLCI outcomes with future habitat enhancement and research projects.
\nThe new (completed) project was the development and publication of a public outreach piece for visitors of Fossil Butte National Monument. The final product was a USGS Fact Sheet that capitalized on previously collected elk-monitoring data to interpret the ecology of the Monument’s elk population and the importance of the Monument’s habitats to this highly visible wildlife species. One of the completed projects entailed developing and evaluating a synthetic approach to high-resolution satellite imagery for use in effectiveness monitoring, which culminated in a journal article. The other completed project was a coalescing of two similar tasks under data and information management that pertain to Web application development and the development of outreach and graphic products into a single integrated project that focuses on developing and maintaining/upgrading Web applications and other tools for visualizing, mapping, and using geospatial data.
\nMajor accomplishments for FY2014 included several publications, including Part B of an energy resources map that (with Part A) depicts coal, wind, oil, gas, oil shale, uranium, and solar energy production in the WLCI region. Two published works associated with sage-grouse included a Wildlife Monograph on prioritizing species’ habitats across large landscapes, multiple seasons, and novel areas (using sage-grouse in Wyoming as an example), and a USGS Data Series report that includes both the data used in the habitat-prioritization models and the habitat prioritization models developed for sage-grouse. Our Science Team also published a framework for conducting large, collaborative projects that rely on geospatial data, and a paper that describes the efficacy of fusing satellite data collected at various resolutions for measuring and monitoring vegetation changes. These products are all invaluable tools for maximizing the efficiency and effectiveness of managing species of concern, conducting future landscape-scale assessments, and monitoring status and trends of landscape conditions.
\nOther highlights of FY2014 included a renewed effort to gather and analyze wildlife and habitat status and trend data for the WLCI Interagency Monitoring Database (IAMD) to assess long-term trends and cumulative effects associated with land-use and climate changes. Water-monitoring efforts included drilling four new groundwater-monitoring wells in the Green and New Fork River basins near the proposed Normally Pressured Lance Formation energy development, and continued data collection at established water-monitoring sites. Three additional wells were sampled as part of the Wyoming Groundwater Monitoring Network, bringing the total to 19 Network wells sampled in the WLCI region since 2010. Combined, these water-monitoring efforts can help to identify potential changes in water quality or levels that may result from land-use changes. Major terrestrial monitoring accomplishments included processing satellite imagery from 1985−2010 to develop a historical perspective of long-term vegetation changes, which can serve as a basis for monitoring current and future trends in sagebrush steppe. Such data are crucial tools for agencies tasked with sage-grouse management and conservation.
\nThe USGS WLCI Science Team also continued monitoring and testing methods for evaluating WLCI habitat treatments designed to promote aspen regeneration and enhance sage-grouse habitat, and to assess how those treatments influence invasive species distributions and ungulate herbivory. Highlights included analyzing field data collected to elucidate the relationships between sage-grouse habitat use and the proximity of energy infrastructure, and using new instruments to measure productivity responses of aspen woodlands to various factors.
\nNumerous FY2014 accomplishments specifically addressed agency needs to manage and conserve Wyoming’s wildlife species of concern. A pygmy rabbit habitat model and Wyoming distribution map were completed to identify factors associated with rabbit habitat occupancy. Previous work on sage-grouse population dynamics was expanded to better understand the factors that drive long-term viability of sage-grouse populations and to develop a tool that helps to identify key factors limiting sage-grouse persistence in Wyoming. Field work and data analyses continued for elucidating the relationships between sagebrush songbird abundance and productivity, the intensity of energy development, and community dynamics of nest predators. For the mule deer study, mixed mountain shrublands important to migrating and wintering mule deer were mapped and delivered to WLCI partners. Additionally, the relationships between energy development and crucial winter habitat for mule deer were evaluated, and a new phase of work was implemented to better understand relationships between plant phenology and mule deer migration movements. Finally, initial analyses of data collected to evaluate fish-community composition in relation to habitat quality indicate that water quality, as measured by concentrations of hydrocarbons, water temperature, and others parameters, has been diminished in subwatersheds with higher levels of energy development. Overall, the outcomes and products of these wildlife studies contribute significantly to the information and tools needed for addressing effects of land-use changes on Wyoming’s species of concern.
\nFinally, capabilities of the WLCI Web site and the USGS ScienceBase infrastructure were maintained and upgraded to help ensure access to and efficient use of all the WLCI data, products, assessment tools, and outreach materials that have been developed. Of particular note is the completion of three Web applications developed for mapping (1) the 1900−2008 progression of oil and gas development;(2) the predicted distributions of Wyoming’s Species of Greatest Conservation Need; and (3) the locations of coal and wind energy production, sage-grouse distribution and core management areas, and alternative routes for transmission lines within the WLCI region. Collectively, these applications tools provide WLCI planners and managers with powerful tools for better understanding the distributions of wildlife species and potential alternatives for energy development.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151091","usgsCitation":"Bowen, Z.H., Aldridge, C.L., Anderson, P.J., Assal, T.J., Bartos, T.T., Biewick, L.R., Boughton, G.K., Chalfoun, A.D., Chong, G.W., Dematatis, M.K., Eddy-Miller, C., Garman, S.L., Germaine, S., Homer, C.G., Huber, C., Kauffman, M., Latysh, N., Manier, D.J., Melcher, C.P., Miller, A., Miller, K.A., Olexa, E.M., Schell, S., Walters, A.W., Wilson, A.B., and Wyckoff, T.B., 2015, U.S. Geological Survey science for the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative—2014 annual report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1091, x, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151091.","productDescription":"x, 61 p.","numberOfPages":"73","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064413","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37226,"text":"Core Science Analytics, Synthesis, and 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B.","contributorId":62902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wyckoff","given":"Teal","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":566768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26}]}} ,{"id":70155243,"text":"ofr20151138 - 2015 - Preliminary interpretation of industry two-dimensional seismic data from Susitna Basin, south-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-07-31T09:28:01","indexId":"ofr20151138","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-30T16:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1138","title":"Preliminary interpretation of industry two-dimensional seismic data from Susitna Basin, south-central Alaska","docAbstract":"Located approximately 80 kilometers northwest of Anchorage, Alaska, the Susitna Basin is a complex sedimentary basin whose tectonic history has been poorly understood. Recent interpretation of two-dimensional seismic reflection data integrated with well, aeromagnetic, and gravity data provides new insights into the structural and stratigraphic nature of the basin.
\nThis report presents an interpretation of 41 two-dimensional seismic reflection lines, acquired by industry from the 1960s to the 1980s. Our interpretation of the seismic data focused mainly on picking two Eocene stratigraphic units and a presumed base of Tertiary horizon. Based on our interpretation of the seismic data, the structural features in the basin appear to be generally contractional, as evidenced by the presence of many reverse faults, thrust faults, and folds, with the contraction mainly oriented east-west. This result is contrary to prior inferences of most previous geologic studies that showed normal faults. Several regional reverse faults have been identified in the seismic data and appear to divide the basin into three regions or “sides”: east, west, and south.
\nThe eastern seismic lines show evidence of numerous short-wavelength antiforms that appear to correspond to a series of northeast-trending lineations observed in aeromagnetic data, which have been interpreted as being due to folding of Paleogene volcanic strata. The eastern side of the basin is also cut by a number of reverse faults and thrust faults, the majority of which strike north-south. The western side of the Susitna Basin is cut by a series of regional reverse faults and is characterized by synformal structures in two fault blocks between the Kahiltna River and Skwentna faults. These synforms are progressively deeper to the west in the footwalls of the east-vergent Skwentna and northeast-vergent Beluga Mountain reverse faults. Although the seismic data are limited to the south, we interpret a potential regional south-southeast-directed reverse fault striking east-northeast on the east side of the basin that may cross the entire southern portion of the basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151138","usgsCitation":"Lewis, K.A., Potter, C.J., Shah, A.K., Stanley, R.G., Haeussler, P.J., and Saltus, R.W., 2015, Preliminary interpretation of industry two-dimensional seismic data from Susitna Basin, south-central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1138, 51 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151138.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 51 p.; Figures","numberOfPages":"55","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-066228","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306210,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1138/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":306211,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1138/ofr20151138.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1138"},{"id":306217,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1138/downloads","text":"Full-size, high-resolution figures"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Susitna Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -151.6552734375,\n 61.12201916813026\n ],\n [\n -151.6552734375,\n 62.24746627771428\n ],\n [\n -149.0625,\n 62.24746627771428\n ],\n [\n -149.0625,\n 61.12201916813026\n ],\n [\n -151.6552734375,\n 61.12201916813026\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Energy Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
P.O. Box 25046
Denver, CO 80225
http://energy.usgs.gov/
The use of groundwater to supplement surface-water supplies for the Bureau of Reclamation Klamath Project in the upper Klamath Basin of Oregon and California markedly increased between 2000 and 2014. Pre-2001 groundwater pumping in the area where most of this increase occurred is estimated to have been about 28,600 acre-feet per year. Subsequent supplemental pumping rates have been as high as 128,740 acre-feet per year. During this period of increased pumping, groundwater levels in and around the Bureau of Reclamation Klamath Project have declined by about 20-25 feet. Water-level declines are largely due to the increased supplemental pumping, but other factors include increased pumping adjacent to the Klamath Project and drying climate conditions. This report summarizes the distribution and magnitude of supplemental groundwater pumping and groundwater-level declines, and characterizes the relation between the stress and response in subareas of the Klamath Project to aid decision makers in developing groundwater-management strategies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151145","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Klamath Water and Power Agency and the Oregon Water Resources Department","usgsCitation":"Gannett, M.W., and Breen, K.H., 2015, Groundwater levels, trends, and relations to pumping in the Bureau of Reclamation Klamath Project, Oregon and California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1145, 19 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151145.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","numberOfPages":"27","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2000-01-01","temporalEnd":"2014-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-064282","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306209,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1145/ofr20151145.pdf","text":"Report","size":"805 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1145"},{"id":306208,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1145/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Valley, Tule Lake subbasin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.20642089843749,\n 41.81431422987254\n ],\n [\n -121.4373779296875,\n 41.81431422987254\n ],\n [\n -121.4373779296875,\n 42.577354839557856\n ],\n [\n -122.20642089843749,\n 42.577354839557856\n ],\n [\n -122.20642089843749,\n 41.81431422987254\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2130 SW 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97201
http://or.water.usgs.gov