National parks in the United States face the difficult task of managing natural resources within park boundaries that are influenced to a large degree by historical land uses or by forces outside of the park’s protection and mandate. Among the many challenges faced by parks is management of wildlife populations that occupy larger landscapes than individual park units but that concentrate within park lands both seasonally and opportunistically. Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve in south-central Colorado is currently developing an Ungulate Management Plan to address management of elk and bison populations within the park. Execution of the Ungulate Management Plan will require monitoring and assessment of habitat conditions in areas that appear sensitive to ungulate use or heavily used by elk and bison. Several sources of information on the various habitats within the park and their use and response to foraging elk and bison exist from recent and on-going research in Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve as well as from studies in other regions of the Intermountain West. All of this data can be used to inform the planning process. This report provides background on vegetation types that make up the primary bison and elk ranges in Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve and on the potential effects of ungulate grazing and browsing in these specific vegetation communities (both locally and regionally). The report also provides a review of the elements necessary to develop a long-term monitoring program for Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve that addresses both the responses to ungulate herbivory seen in important habitats in the park and the amount and patterns of ungulate habitat use.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151136","usgsCitation":"Zeigenfuss, L.C., and Schoenecker, K.A., 2015, Development of a grazing monitoring program for Great Sand Dunes National Park: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 2015–1136, 44 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151136.","productDescription":"v, 44 p.","numberOfPages":"49","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060650","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306480,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1136/ofr20151136.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.32 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1136"},{"id":306479,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1136/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Great Sand Dunes National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.6005859375,\n 37.84395256743896\n ],\n [\n -105.59715270996092,\n 37.72945260537779\n ],\n [\n -105.545654296875,\n 37.72782336496339\n ],\n [\n -105.51612854003906,\n 37.73488314788311\n ],\n [\n -105.50239562988281,\n 37.79296501804014\n ],\n [\n -105.5181884765625,\n 37.81466615224322\n ],\n [\n -105.55801391601561,\n 37.82659905787503\n ],\n [\n -105.56968688964844,\n 37.83148014503288\n ],\n [\n -105.58135986328124,\n 37.84774810348539\n ],\n [\n -105.6005859375,\n 37.84395256743896\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Fort Collins Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2150 Centre Ave., Bldg. C
Fort Collins, CO 80526–8118
http://www.fort.usgs.gov/
In 2010, Utah Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) Division of Water Quality (UDWQ, 2010) determined that water quality in Pariette Draw was in violation of Federal and State water quality criteria for total dissolved solids (TDS), selenium (Se), and boron (B). The measure of total dissolved solids is the sum of all the major ion concentrations in solution and in this case, the dominant ions are sodium (Na) and sulfate (SO4), which can form salts like thenardite (Na2SO4) and mirabilite (Na2SO4⋅H2O). The Utah Department of Environmental Quality (2010) classified the contamination as natural background and from nonpoint sources related to regional lithology and irrigation practices. Although the daily loads of the constituents of concern and water chemistry have been characterized for parts of the watershed, little is known about the controls that bedrock and soil mineralogy have on salt, Se, and B storage and the water-rock interactions that influence the mobility of these components in ground and surface waters. Studies in the Uncompahgre River watershed in Colorado by Tuttle and others (2014a, 2014b) show that salt derived from weathering of shale in a semiarid climate is stored in a variety of minerals that contribute solutes to runoff and surface waters based on a complex set of conditions such as water availability, geomorphic position (for example, topography controls the depth of salt accumulation in soils), water-table fluctuations, redox conditions, mineral dissolution kinetics, ion-exchange reactions, and secondary mineral formation. Elements like Se and B commonly reside in soluble salt phases, so knowledge of the behavior of salt minerals also sheds light on the behavior of associated contaminants.
\nThe goal of this study was to establish a process-based understanding of salt, Se, and B behavior to address whether these contaminants can be better managed, or if uncontrollable natural processes will overwhelm any attempts to bring Pariette Draw into compliance with respect to recently established total maximum daily limits (TMDLs). We collected data to refine our knowledge about the role of rock weathering and soil formation in the transport and storage of salt in the watershed and to show how salt is cycled under irrigated and natural conditions. Our approach was to sample rock, soils, and sediment on irrigated and natural terrain for mineralogical analysis to determine the residence of salt and associated Se and B, classify minerals as primary (related to rock formation) or secondary weathering products, and characterize mineral dissolution kinetics. Mineral and chemical analyses and selective extractions of rocks and soils provide useful information in understanding solute movement and mineral dissolution/ formation. The resulting data are critical in determining residence of salt, Se, and B in weathered rock and soil and understanding the mobility during water-rock-soil interactions. This report summarizes our methods for sample and data collection and tabulates the mineral, chemical, and isotopic data collected.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151132","collaboration":"U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Program, prepared in cooperation with Bureau of Reclamation, Bureau of Land Management, and Utah Department of Environmental Quality Division of Water Quality","usgsCitation":"Morrison, J.M., Tuttle, M.L.W., and Fahy, J.W., 2015, Results of mineral, chemical, and sulfate isotopic analyses\nof water, soil, rocks, and soil extracts from the Pariette Draw Watershed, Uinta Basin, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey\nOpen-File Report 2015–1132, 10 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151132.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 9 p.; 1 Appendix","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-060327","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306414,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1132/downloads","text":"Appendix Tables","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OFR 2015-1132 Appendix Tables"},{"id":306413,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1132/ofr20151132.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1132"},{"id":306412,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1132/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Uinta Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.18188476562499,\n 39.825413103424786\n ],\n [\n -110.18188476562499,\n 40.12429084831405\n ],\n [\n -109.434814453125,\n 40.12429084831405\n ],\n [\n -109.434814453125,\n 39.825413103424786\n ],\n [\n -110.18188476562499,\n 39.825413103424786\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS 964
Denver, CO 80225
http://crustal.usgs.gov/
In 2007, the California Ocean Protection Council initiated the California Seafloor Mapping Program (CSMP), designed to create a comprehensive seafloor map of high-resolution bathymetry, marine benthic habitats, and geology within the 3-nautical-mile limit of California’s State Waters. The CSMP approach is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar data, acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, and bottom-sediment sampling data. The map products display seafloor morphology and character, identify potential marine benthic habitats, and illustrate both the surficial seafloor geology and shallow subsurface geology.
\nThe Offshore of Bodega Head map area is located in northern California, about 70 km north of San Francisco and about 80 km south of Point Arena. The onshore part of the map area is largely undeveloped, used primarily for recreation, farms and ranches, and a few wineries. The small town of Bodega Bay, located on the east side of Bodega Harbor, is the largest cultural center. Bodega Harbor is an important commercial fishing base and, in season, an active sport fishing and recreation harbor. Much of the coastline from Bodega Head north to about 6 km north of the Russian River is part of Sonoma Coast State Park. The Offshore of Bodega Head map area includes two California Marine Protected Areas, the Bodega Head State Marine Reserve and the northern part of the Bodega Head State Marine Conservation Area. Additionally, the inland parts of two large estuaries in the map area, Estero Americano and Estero de San Antonio, have been designated as State Marine Recreational Management Areas.
\nThe map area is cut by the northwest-striking San Andreas Fault, the right-lateral transform boundary between the North American and Pacific plates. This fault juxtaposes rocks of the Jurassic and Cretaceous Franciscan Complex on the northeast with Cretaceous granitic rocks on the southwest, and it has an estimated slip rate of about 17 to 25 mm/yr in this area. The devastating great 1906 California earthquake (M7.8) is thought to have nucleated on the San Andreas Fault offshore of San Francisco, about 80 km south of Bodega Head, with the rupture extending northward through the Offshore of Bodega Head map area and an additional 220 km to the south flank of Cape Mendocino.
\nNorth of the mouth of Salmon Creek, the coast and shoreline are rugged and scenic, characterized by flights of uplifted marine terraces, rocky promontories, nearshore sea stacks, kelp-rich coves, and both pocket beaches and longer beach strands, the latter of which include Wrights Beach and Portuguese Beach. The coast has lower relief between the mouth of Salmon Creek and Mussel Point, where South Salmon Creek Beach is backed by a large (about 4 km2) complex of coastal sand dunes. The enormous volume of sand on the beach and in the dune field is derived by southward littoral drift from the Russian River, Salmon Creek, and smaller coastal watersheds. The sediment is trapped by protruding bedrock at Mussel Point, which represents the south end of the Russian River littoral cell.
\nBodega Head is underlain by Cretaceous granitic rocks, and its shoreline is variously characterized by relatively low-lying terraces, steep and high bluffs, and a few pocket beaches. East of Bodega Head, Doran Beach (part of Doran Regional Park) is a 1.7-km-long sand spit that forms the north boundary of Bodega Bay and the south boundary of Bodega Harbor. The coast south of Doran Beach on the east flank of Bodega Bay is composed of rocky bluffs, hummocky marine terraces, and a few small pocket beaches. The bluffs are underlain by sheared rocks of the Franciscan Complex and are highly susceptible to landslides. This section of coast includes two prominent watersheds, Estero Americano and Estero de San Antonio, which drain westward into Bodega Bay.
\nThe offshore part of the Offshore of Bodega Head map area is characterized by an extensive, rugged and rocky shelf underlain by Cretaceous granitic rocks. This rocky terrain, centered offshore of Bodega Head, extends northwestward for about 15 km, from the south edge of the map area (where it forms the west boundary of Bodega Bay) to the northern-central part of the map area offshore of the mouth of Salmon Creek. This rocky seafloor reaches water depths of 40 to 80 m and is overlain by young sediment.
\nCirculation over the shelf and seafloor in the map area (and in the broader central California region) is dominated by the southward-flowing California Current, the eastern boundary current of the North Pacific Gyre. Associated upwelling brings cool, nutrient-rich waters to the surface, resulting in high biological productivity. Persistent northwest winds are sometimes weak or absent during the fall and winter, causing the California Current to move farther offshore so that the shelf is affected by the Davidson Current, a weaker northward-flowing countercurrent. As a result, net flow over the continental shelf is commonly southeastward during the spring and summer and northwestward during the fall and winter.
\nThroughout the year, this part of the northern California coast is exposed to four wave climate regimes: the north Pacific swell, the southern swell, northwest wind waves, and local wind waves. The north Pacific swell dominates in winter months (typically November through March). During summer months, the largest waves come from the southern swell, generated by storms in the south Pacific and offshore of Central America. Northwest wind waves affect the coast throughout the year, whereas local wind waves are most common from October to April.
\nPotential marine benthic habitats in the Offshore of Bodega Head map area include unconsolidated continental-shelf sediments, mixed continental-shelf substrate, and hard continental-shelf substrate. Rocky-shelf outcrops and rubble are considered to be promising potential habitats for rockfish and lingcod, both of which are recreationally and commercially important species.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151140","usgsCitation":"Johnson, S.Y., Dartnell, P., Golden, N.E., Hartwell, S.R., Erdey, M.D., Greene, H.G., Cochrane, G.R., Kvitek, R.G., Manson, M.W., Endris, C.A., Dieter, B.E., Watt, J.T., Krigsman, L.M., Sliter, R.W., Lowe, E.N., and Chin, J.L. (S.Y. Johnson and S.A. Cochran, eds.), 2015, California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Bodega Head, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1140, pamphlet 39 p., 10 sheets, scale 1:24,000, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151140.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 39 p.; 10 Plates: 46.0 x 36.0 inches or smaller; Metadata; Data Catalog","numberOfPages":"43","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-055943","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399007,"rank":20,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_102290.htm"},{"id":306403,"rank":19,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1140/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":306402,"rank":18,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1114/","text":"Open-File Report 2015–1114","description":"Open-File Report 2015–1114","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Point Reyes and Vicinity, California, by Janet T. Watt and others."},{"id":306401,"rank":17,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1098/","text":"Open-File Report 2015–1098","description":"Open-File Report 2015–1098","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Salt Point, California, by Samuel Y. Johnson and others."},{"id":306400,"rank":16,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1088/","text":"Open-File Report 2015–1088","description":"Open-File Report 2015–1088","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Tomales Point, California, by Samuel Y. Johnson and others."},{"id":306399,"rank":15,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1041/","text":"Open-File Report 2015–1041","description":"Open-File Report 2015–1041","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Drakes Bay and Vicinity, California, by Janet T. Watt and others."},{"id":306416,"rank":14,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/","text":"Data Series 781","description":"Data Series 781","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series Data Catalog"},{"id":306398,"rank":13,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1140/ofr20151140_metadata.html","text":"Metadata","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":306397,"rank":12,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/OffshoreBodegaHead/data_catalog_OffshoreBodegaHead.html","text":"Data Catalog","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"linkHelpText":"The GIS data layers for this map are accessible from “Data Catalog—Offshore of Bodega Head, California,” which is part of California State Waters Map Series Data Catalog (Data Series 781). Each GIS data file is listed with a brief description, a small image, and links to the metadata files and the downloadable data files."},{"id":306396,"rank":11,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1140/ofr20151140_sheet10.pdf","text":"Sheet 10","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 10","linkHelpText":"Offshore and Onshore Geology and Geomorphology, Offshore of Bodega Head Map Area, California By Samuel Y. Johnson, Stephen R. Hartwell, and Michael W. Manson"},{"id":306395,"rank":10,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1140/ofr20151140_sheet9.pdf","text":"Sheet 9","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 9","linkHelpText":"Local (Offshore of Bodega Head Map Area) and Regional (Offshore from Salt Point to Drakes Bay) Shallow-Subsurface Geology and Structure, California By Samuel Y. Johnson, Stephen R. Hartwell, Janet T. Watt, and Ray W. Sliter"},{"id":306394,"rank":9,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1140/ofr20151140_sheet8.pdf","text":"Sheet 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 8","linkHelpText":"Seismic-Reflection Profiles, Offshore of Bodega Head Map Area, California by Samuel Y. Johnson, Ray W. Sliter, Stephen R. Hartwell, and John L. Chin"},{"id":306389,"rank":4,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1140/ofr20151140_sheet3.pdf","text":"Sheet 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 3","linkHelpText":"Acoustic Backscatter, Offshore of Bodega Head Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell, Mercedes D. Erdey, and Rikk G. Kvitek"},{"id":306388,"rank":3,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1140/ofr20151140_sheet2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 2","linkHelpText":"Shaded-Relief Bathymetry, Offshore of Bodega Head Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell and Rikk G. Kvitek"},{"id":306387,"rank":2,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1140/ofr20151140_sheet1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 1","linkHelpText":"Colored Shaded-Relief Bathymetry, Offshore of Bodega Head Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell and Rikk G. Kvitek"},{"id":306386,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1140/ofr20151140_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1140 Pamphlet"},{"id":306393,"rank":8,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1140/ofr20151140_sheet7.pdf","text":"Sheet 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 7","linkHelpText":"Potential Marine Benthic Habitats, Offshore of Bodega Head Map Area, California By Bryan E. Dieter, H. Gary Greene, Charles A. Endris, and Erik N . Lowe"},{"id":306392,"rank":7,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1140/ofr20151140_sheet6.pdf","text":"Sheet 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 6","linkHelpText":"Ground-Truth Studies, Offshore of Bodega Head Map Area, California By Nadine E. Golden, Guy R. Cochrane, and Lisa M. Krigsman"},{"id":306391,"rank":6,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1140/ofr20151140_sheet5.pdf","text":"Sheet 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 5","linkHelpText":"Seafloor Character, Offshore of Bodega Head Map Area, California By Mercedes D. Erdey and Guy R. Cochrane"},{"id":306390,"rank":5,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1140/ofr20151140_sheet4.pdf","text":"Sheet 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 4","linkHelpText":"Data Integration and Visualization, Offshore of Bodega Head Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Bodega Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.1719,\n 38.2611\n ],\n [\n -123.1719,\n 38.4122\n ],\n [\n -122.9703,\n 38.4122\n ],\n [\n -122.9703,\n 38.2611\n ],\n [\n -123.1719,\n 38.2611\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Contact Information
Pacific Coastal & Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pacific Science Center
2885 Mission St.
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/
Large research studies are often challenged to effectively expose and document the types of information being collected and the reasons for data collection across what are often a diverse cadre of investigators of differing disciplines. We applied concepts from the field of information or data modeling to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Changing Arctic Ecosystems (CAE) initiative to prototype an application of information modeling. The USGS CAE initiative is collecting information from marine and terrestrial environments in Alaska to identify and understand the links between rapid physical changes in the Arctic and response of wildlife populations to these ecosystem changes. An associated need is to understand how data collection strategies are informing the overall science initiative and facilitating communication of those strategies to a wide audience. We explored the use of conceptual data modeling to provide a method by which to document, describe, and visually communicate both enterprise and study level data; provide a simple means to analyze commonalities and differences in data acquisition strategies between studies; and provide a tool for discussing those strategies among researchers and managers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151148","collaboration":"Science to Support the USGS Changing Arctic Ecosystems Initiative","usgsCitation":"Walworth, Dennis, and Pearce, J.M., 2015, Conceptual data modeling of wildlife response indicators to\necosystem change in the Arctic: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1148, 28 p.,\nhttps://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151148.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-053898","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306449,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1148/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":306450,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1148/ofr20151148.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1148 Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -168.48632812499997,\n 62.3903694381427\n ],\n [\n -168.48632812499997,\n 71.46912418989677\n ],\n [\n -144.84375,\n 71.46912418989677\n ],\n [\n -144.84375,\n 62.3903694381427\n ],\n [\n -168.48632812499997,\n 62.3903694381427\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Alaska Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4210 University Dr
Anchorage, Alaska 99508-4560
http://alaska.usgs.gov
In 2007, the California Ocean Protection Council initiated the California Seafloor Mapping Program (CSMP), designed to create a comprehensive seafloor map of high-resolution bathymetry, marine benthic habitats, and geology within the 3-nautical-mile limit of California’s State Waters. The CSMP approach is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar data, acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, and bottom-sediment sampling data. The map products display seafloor morphology and character, identify potential marine benthic habitats, and illustrate both the surficial seafloor geology and shallow subsurface geology.
\nThe Offshore of Bolinas map area is located in northern California, on the Pacific Coast of Marin County about 10 kilometers north of the Golden Gate. The town of Bolinas, named after a local indigenous tribe, is the largest population center along this section of coast, with a population of approximately 1,600 people. Bolinas is situated at the end of a southeast-trending terrain on the west side of the San Andreas Fault that also protects a natural harbor. The harbor lies in Bolinas Lagoon, which is separated from Bolinas Bay by a spit. The coastal lands within the Offshore of Bolinas map area lie entirely within the Point Reyes National Seashore, which limits development and allows existing ranching and farming to continue.
\nThe Offshore of Bolinas map area lies offshore of the northwest-trending Coast Ranges, which lie east of, and are roughly parallel to, the San Andreas Fault Zone. The western margin of North America is the only continental margin in the world delineated largely by transform faults such as the San Andreas Fault. The coastal geomorphology is controlled by late Pleistocene to Holocene slip along the fault. Bolinas Bay and Lagoon have formed where a regional depression along the fault zone intersects the coast. A northward bend in the San Andreas Fault to the north, combined with right-lateral movement, has caused regional extension and the formation of a sediment basin on the continental shelf in, and southeast of, Bolinas Bay.
\nWith the exception of the area adjacent to Bolinas Bay, the coast in the map area consists of high coastal bluffs and vertical sea cliffs. The uplifted headland upon which the town of Bolinas is situated is part of a larger uplifted area that includes exposed bedrock offshore. Uplift in this map area has resulted in relatively shallow depths within California’s State Waters (0 to 40 m) and, thus, little accommodation space for sediment accumulation. Sediment is found in the extensional basin southeast of Bolinas, as well as on the shelf offshore of uplifted coastal areas, where, within California’s State Waters, depths can exceed 40 m. Wave energy keeps the uplifted bedrock areas clear of sediment, and rippled sediment in the outer shelf indicates some mobility.
\nCoastal sediment transport in the Offshore of Bolinas map area is characterized by north-to-south littoral transport of sediment that is derived mainly from ephemeral streams and local coastal erosion. Beyond California’s State Waters, canyons that incise the slope have been disconnected from coastal streams by rising sea level, which has risen about 125 m since the lowstand associated with the Last Glacial Maximum about 18,000 to 20,000 years ago. In the map area, no major submarine canyons extend up past the shelf break and into the nearshore to receive littoral drift. The coastline in the map area is characterized as high risk because of its steep cliffs and large-scale landsliding. The sand spit that separates Bolinas Lagoon from Bolinas Bay is highly developed, and its homes are at risk during storms, especially those from the south.
\nThe benthic species observed in the Offshore of Bolinas map area are natives of the cold-temperate biogeographic zone named either the “Oregonian province” or the “northern California ecoregion.” This biogeographic province is maintained by the long-term stability of the southward-flowing California Current, an eastern limb of the North Pacific subtropical gyre that flows from Oregon to Baja California. At its midpoint off central California, the California Current transports subarctic surface (0–500 m deep) waters southward, about 150 to 1,300 km from shore. Seasonal northwesterly winds that are, in part, responsible for the California Current, generate coastal upwelling. The south end of the Oregonian province is at Point Conception (about 425 km south of the map area), although its associated phylogeographic group of marine fauna may extend beyond to the area offshore of Los Angeles in southern California. The ocean off central California has seen a warming over the last 50 years that is driving an ecosystem shift from the productive subarctic regime towards a depopulated subtropical environment.
\nSeafloor habitats in the Offshore of Bolinas map area, which lies within the Shelf (continental shelf) megahabitat, range from, in the nearshore, sandy seafloor in the southeast and significant rocky outcrops that support kelp-forest communities in the northwest to, in deeper water, rocky-reef communities. Biological productivity resulting from coastal upwelling supports populations of Sooty Shearwater Western Gull, Common Murre, Cassin’s Auklet, and many other less populous bird species. In addition, an observable recovery of Humpback and Blue Whales has occurred in the area; both species are dependent on coastal upwelling to provide nutrients. The large extent of exposed inner shelf bedrock in the northeast supports large forests of “bull kelp,” which is well adapted for high wave-energy environments. Common fish species found in the kelp beds and rocky reefs include lingcod and various species of greenling and rockfish.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151135","usgsCitation":"Cochrane, G.R., Dartnell, P., Johnson, S.Y., Greene, H.G., Erdey, M.D., Golden, N.E., Hartwell, S.R., Manson, M.W., Sliter, R.W., Endris, C.A., Watt, J.T., Ross, S.L., Kvitek, R.G., Phillips, E.L., Bruns, T.R., and Chin, J.L. (G.R. Cochrane and S.A. Cochran, eds.), 2015, California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of Bolinas, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1135, pamphlet 36 p., 10 sheets, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151135.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 36 p.; 10 Sheets: 46 inches x 36 inches or smaller; Data Catalog; Metadata","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-052392","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399008,"rank":21,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_102261.htm"},{"id":306377,"rank":19,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1041/","text":"Open-File Report 2015–1041","description":"Open-File Report 2015–1041","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Drakes Bay and Vicinity, California, by Janet T. Watt and others."},{"id":306376,"rank":18,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1068/","text":"Open-File Report 2015–1068","description":"Open-File Report 2015–1068","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of San Francisco, California, by Guy R. Cochrane and others."},{"id":306375,"rank":17,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1260/","text":"Open-File Report 2014–1260","description":"Open-File Report 2014–1260","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Pacifica, California, by Brian D. Edwards and others."},{"id":306371,"rank":12,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/OffshoreBolinas/data_catalog_OffshoreBolinas.html","text":"Data Catalog","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"Data Catalog","linkHelpText":"The GIS data layers for this map are accessible from “Data Catalog—Offshore of Bolinas, California,” which is part of California State Waters Map Series Data Catalog. Each GIS data file is listed with a brief description, a small image, and links to the metadata files and the downloadable data files."},{"id":306366,"rank":7,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet6.pdf","text":"Sheet 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 6","linkHelpText":"Ground-Truth Studies, Offshore of Bolinas Map Area, California By Nadine E. Golden, Guy R. Cochrane, and Mercedes D. Erdey"},{"id":306364,"rank":5,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet4.pdf","text":"Sheet 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 4","linkHelpText":"Data Integration and Visualization, Offshore of Bolinas Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell"},{"id":306363,"rank":4,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet3.pdf","text":"Sheet 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 3","linkHelpText":"Acoustic Backscatter, Offshore of Bolinas Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell, Rikk G. Kvitek, Mercedes D. Erdey, and Carrie K. Bretz"},{"id":306362,"rank":3,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 2","linkHelpText":"Shaded-Relief Bathymetry, Offshore of Bolinas Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell, Rikk G. Kvitek, and Carrie K. Bretz"},{"id":306361,"rank":2,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 1","linkHelpText":"Colored Shaded-Relief Bathymetry, Offshore of Bolinas Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell, Rikk G. Kvitek, and Carrie K. Bretz"},{"id":306369,"rank":10,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet9.pdf","text":"Sheet 9","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 9","linkHelpText":"Local (Offshore of Bolinas Map Area) and Regional (Offshore from Bolinas to Pescadero) Shallow-Subsurface Geology and Structure, California By Samuel Y. Johnson, Stephen R. Hartwell, Ray W. Sliter, Janet T. Watt, Eleyne L. Phillips, Stephanie L. Ross, and John L. Chin"},{"id":306367,"rank":8,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet7.pdf","text":"Sheet 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 7","linkHelpText":"Potential Marine Benthic Habitats, Offshore of Bolinas Map Area, California By Bryan E. Dieter, H. Gary Greene, Charles A. Endris, and Mercedes D. Erdey"},{"id":306368,"rank":9,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet8.pdf","text":"Sheet 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 8","linkHelpText":"Seismic-Reflection Profiles, Offshore of Bolinas Map Area, California by Samuel Y. Johnson, Ray W. Sliter, Terry R. Bruns, and John L. Chin"},{"id":306365,"rank":6,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet5.pdf","text":"Sheet 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 5","linkHelpText":"Seafloor Character, Offshore of Bolinas Map Area, California By Mercedes D. Erdey and Guy R. Cochrane"},{"id":306378,"rank":20,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":306372,"rank":13,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_metadata.html","text":"Metadata","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"Metadata"},{"id":306370,"rank":11,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet10.pdf","text":"Sheet 10","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 10","linkHelpText":"Offshore and Onshore Geology and Geomorphology, Offshore of Bolinas Map Area, California By Samuel Y. Johnson, H. Gary Greene, Michael W. Manson, Stephen R. Hartwell, Charles A. Endris, and Janet T. Watt"},{"id":306374,"rank":16,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1214/","text":"Open-File Report 2014–1214","description":"Open-File Report 2014–1214","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Half Moon Bay, California, by Guy R. Cochrane and others."},{"id":306373,"rank":15,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3306/","text":"Scientific Investigations Map 3306","description":"Scientific Investigations Map 3306","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of San Gregorio, California, by Guy R. Cochrane and others."},{"id":306360,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1135 Pamphlet"},{"id":306415,"rank":14,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/","text":"Data Series 781","description":"Data Series 781","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series Data Catalog"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Bolinas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.7842,\n 37.8111\n ],\n [\n -122.7842,\n 37.9692\n ],\n [\n -122.6,\n 37.9692\n ],\n [\n -122.6,\n 37.8111\n ],\n [\n -122.7842,\n 37.8111\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Contact Information
Pacific Coastal & Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pacific Science Center
2885 Mission St.
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/
Depths to selected Cretaceous and lower Tertiary stratigraphic units in the Piceance Basin, northwestern Colorado are presented here for 1,563 wells. This file is updated from the Piceance Basin Oil Shale Database with data for additional new drill holes. Also included in this report are elevations for the base of the Long Point Bed of the Eocene Green River Formation for 347 surface locations obtained by determining locations and elevations from published 7 ½-minute quadrangle maps for the Piceance Basin listed in the “Geologic Maps Used to Generate Long Point Control Points” section.
\nEach entry for the base of the Long Point Bed was obtained at a location where the mapped Long Point Bed intersects a contour line on the published maps. Precision of each elevation is therefore dependent on the precision of the maps and the placement of the mapped contact by the authors.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151036","usgsCitation":"Johnson, R.C., Dietrich, J.D., and Mercier, T.J., 2015: Updated tops file for Cretaceous and lower Tertiary units, Piceance Basin, northwest Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1036, 16 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151036.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 16 p.; Excel Files","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-051648","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306405,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1036/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":306406,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1036/ofr20151036.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.96 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1036"},{"id":306407,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1036/ofr20151036_supplemental1.xls","text":"Colorado Boreholes and Tops Fieldname Descriptions","size":"40.5 kB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Colorado Boreholes and Tops Fieldname Descriptions"},{"id":306408,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1036/ofr20151036_supplemental2.xlsx","text":"Latests Tops Piceance","size":"4.40 MB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Latests Tops Piceance"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Piceance Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.929443359375,\n 38.436379603\n ],\n [\n -108.929443359375,\n 40.455307212131494\n ],\n [\n -106.89697265625,\n 40.455307212131494\n ],\n [\n -106.89697265625,\n 38.436379603\n ],\n [\n -108.929443359375,\n 38.436379603\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Energy Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
P.O. Box 25046
Denver, CO 80225
http://energy.usgs.gov/
This report reviews the available literature on giant gartersnakes (Thamnophis gigas) to compile existing information on this species and identify knowledge gaps that, if addressed, would help to inform conservation efforts for giant gartersnakes. Giant gartersnakes comprise a species of semi-aquatic snake precinctive to wetlands in the Central Valley of California. The diversion of surface water and conversion of wetlands to agricultural and other land uses resulted in the loss of more than 90 percent of natural giant gartersnake habitats. Because of this habitat loss, giant gartersnakes are now listed by the United States and California Endangered Species Acts as Threatened. Most extant populations occur in the rice-growing regions of the Sacramento Valley, which comprises the northern portion of the giant gartersnake’s former range. The huge demand for water in California for agriculture, industry, recreation, and other human consumption, combined with periodic severe drought, places remaining giant gartersnake habitats at increased risk of degradation and loss. This literature review summarizes the available information on giant gartersnake distribution, habitat relations, behavior, demography, and other aspects of its biology relevant to conservation. This information is then compiled into a graphical conceptual model that indicates the importance of different aspects of giant gartersnake biology for maintaining positive population growth, and identifies those areas for which important information relevant for conservation is lacking. Directing research efforts toward these aspects of giant gartersnake ecology will likely result in improvements to conserving this unique species while meeting the high demands for water in California.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151150","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Halstead, B.J., Wylie, G.D., and Casazza, M.L., 2015, Literature review of giant gartersnake (Thamnophis gigas) biology and conservation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1150, 38 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151150.","productDescription":"vi, 38 p.","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066657","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306301,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1150/ofr20151150.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1150"},{"id":306300,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1150/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
http://www.werc.usgs.gov/
We report our findings from a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program-funded project to develop and test a wireless, portable, strong-motion network of up to 40 triaxial accelerometers for structural health monitoring. The overall goal of the project was to record ambient vibrations for several days from USGS-instrumented structures. Structural health monitoring has important applications in fields like civil engineering and the study of earthquakes. The emergence of wireless sensor networks provides a promising means to such applications. However, while most wireless sensor networks are still in the experimentation stage, very few take into consideration the realistic earthquake engineering application requirements. To collect comprehensive data for structural health monitoring for civil engineers, high-resolution vibration sensors and sufficient sampling rates should be adopted, which makes it challenging for current wireless sensor network technology in the following ways: processing capabilities, storage limit, and communication bandwidth. The wireless sensor network has to meet expectations set by wired sensor devices prevalent in the structural health monitoring community. For this project, we built and tested an application-realistic, commercially based, portable, wireless sensor network called ShakeNet for instrumentation of large civil structures, especially for buildings, bridges, or dams after earthquakes. Two to three people can deploy ShakeNet sensors within hours after an earthquake to measure the structural response of the building or bridge during aftershocks. ShakeNet involved the development of a new sensing platform (ShakeBox) running a software suite for networking, data collection, and monitoring. Deployments reported here on a tall building and a large dam were real-world tests of ShakeNet operation, and helped to refine both hardware and software.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151134","usgsCitation":"Kohler, M.D., Hao, S., Mishra, N., Govindan, R., and Nigbor, R., 2015, ShakeNet—A portable wireless sensor network for instrumenting large civil structures: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1134, 31 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151134.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p.","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064108","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306417,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1134/coverthb.gif"},{"id":305795,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1134/ofr20151134.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.3 MB"}],"contact":"Earthquake Science Center—Menlo Park, Calif. Office
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 977
Menlo Park, CA 94025
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/
This report presents geophysical interpretations of regional subsurface geology in the vicinity of the Tailing Facility of the Questa Mine near Guadalupe Mountain, Taos County, New Mexico, in cooperation with the New Mexico Environment Department. The interpretations were developed from aeromagnetic data, regional gravity data, data from four ground magnetic traverses, geologic mapping, a digital elevation model, and information from a few shallow wells. The resolution of the geophysical data is only appropriate for a broad assessment of the regional setting. Aeromagnetic data provided the most comprehensive information for interpretation. Qualitative and semiquantitative interpretations indicate the nature and extent of volcanic rocks, their relative depths, and inferred contacts between them, as well as conjectured locations of faults. In particular, the aeromagnetic data indicate places where volcanic rocks extend at shallow depths under sedimentary cover. Trachydacites of Guadalupe Mountain are magnetic, but their associated aeromagnetic anomalies are opposite in sign over the northern versus the southern parts of the mountain. The difference indicates that lavas erupted during different magnetic-polarity events in the north (reverse polarity) versus the south (normal polarity) and therefore have different ages. We postulate a buried volcano with reverse-polarity magnetization lies under the northeast side of Guadalupe Mountain, which likely predated the exposed trachydacites. Faults interpreted for the study area generally align with known fault zones. We interpret a northern extension to one of these faults that crosses northwesterly underneath the Tailing Facility. Gravity data indicate that Guadalupe Mountain straddles the western margin of a subbasin of the Rio Grande rift and that significant (>400 meters) thicknesses of both volcanic and sedimentary rocks underlie the mountain.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151129","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Mexico Environment Department","usgsCitation":"Grauch, V.J.S., Drenth, B.J., Thompson, R.A., and Bauer, P.W., 2015, Preliminary geophysical interpretations of regional subsurface geology near the Questa Mine Tailing Facility and Guadalupe Mountain, Taos County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1129, 35 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151129.","productDescription":"vi, 25 p.","numberOfPages":"35","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065303","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306279,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1129/ofr20151129.pdf","text":"Report","size":"11.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1129"},{"id":306278,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1129/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Taos County","otherGeospatial":"Guadalupe Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.68195343017578,\n 36.651618852404454\n ],\n [\n -105.68195343017578,\n 36.74383627787639\n ],\n [\n -105.59028625488281,\n 36.74383627787639\n ],\n [\n -105.59028625488281,\n 36.651618852404454\n ],\n [\n -105.68195343017578,\n 36.651618852404454\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS 964
Denver, CO 80225
http://crustal.usgs.gov/
A new mineral rush is underway in the upper Midwest of the United States, especially in Wisconsin and Minnesota, for deposits of high-quality frac sand that the mining industry calls “Northern White” sand or “Ottawa” sand. Frac sand is a specialized type of sand that is added to fracking fluids that are injected into unconventional oil and gas wells during hydraulic fracturing (fracking or hydrofracking), a process that enhances petroleum extraction from tight (low permeability) reservoirs. Frac sand consists of natural sand grains with strict mineralogical and textural specifications that act as a proppant (keeping induced fractures open), extending the time of release and the flow rate of hydrocarbons from fractured rock surfaces in contact with the wellbore.
\nThe current sand mining surge has been driven by the boom in unconventional oil and gas production that has been largely spurred by advancements in technology promoting the expansion of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling over the past decade. Because of its superior quality, the sand of the upper Midwest not only supports the majority of domestic oil and gas production, but it also supplies frac sand to some of Canada’s western shale basins.
\nThe principal sources of “Northern White” or “Ottawa” sand in the upper Midwest are the Middle and Upper Ordovician St. Peter Sandstone and the Lower Ordovician and Upper Cambrian Jordan Formation, with the Upper Cambrian Wonewoc and Mount Simon Formations gaining in importance. Additional frac sand sources to the south include the Upper Cambrian Hickory Sandstone Member of the Riley Formation in Texas, which is referred to informally as “Brown” or “Brady” sand, and the Middle Ordovician Oil Creek Formation in Oklahoma.
\nMore than 40 United States industry operators are involved in the mining, processing, transportation, and distribution of frac sand to a robust market that is fast-growing in the United States and throughout the world. In addition to the abrupt rise in frac sand mining and distribution, a new industry has emerged from the production of alternative proppants, such as coated sand and synthetic beads. Alternative proppants, developed through new technologies, are competing with supplies of natural frac sand. In the long term, the vitality of both industries will be tied to the future of hydraulic fracturing of tight oil and gas reservoirs, which will be driven by the anticipated increases in global energy consumption.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151107","usgsCitation":"Benson, M.E., Wilson, A.B., and Bleiwas, D.I., 2015, Frac sand in the United States: a geological and industry overview: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1107, Report: viii, 78 p.; 1 Plate: 42.0 x 36.0 inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151107.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 78 p.; 1 Plate: 42.0 x 36.0 inches; Downloads Directory","numberOfPages":"88","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-059888","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306275,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151107.jpg"},{"id":306272,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1107/pdf/ofr20151107.pdf","text":"Report","size":"34.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1107 Report"},{"id":306273,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1107/pdf/ofr20151107_Plate1.pdf","text":"Map","size":"15.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1107 Map"},{"id":306274,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1107/downloads/","text":"Downloads Directory","description":"OFR 2015-1107 Downloads Directory","linkHelpText":"Contains: geospatial database. Refer to the Metadata file for more information."},{"id":306260,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1107/"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7eee1e4b0bc0bec09ed6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, Mary Ellen 0000-0002-4424-0730 mbenson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4424-0730","contributorId":4724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"Mary","email":"mbenson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ellen","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Anna B. 0000-0002-9737-2614 awilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9737-2614","contributorId":1619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Anna","email":"awilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bleiwas, Donald I. bleiwas@usgs.gov","contributorId":1434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bleiwas","given":"Donald","email":"bleiwas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70147943,"text":"ofr20151091 - 2015 - U.S. Geological Survey science for the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative—2014 annual report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-21T11:28:11","indexId":"ofr20151091","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-31T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1091","title":"U.S. Geological Survey science for the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative—2014 annual report","docAbstract":"This is the seventh report produced by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative (WLCI) to detail annual activities conducted by the USGS for addressing specific management needs identified by WLCI partners. In FY2014, there were 26 projects, including a new one that was completed, two others that were also completed, and several that entered new phases or directions. The 26 projects fall into several categories: (1) synthesizing and analyzing existing data to identify current conditions on the landscape and using the data to develop models for projecting past and future landscape conditions; (2) monitoring indicators of ecosystem conditions and the effectiveness of on-the-ground habitat projects; (3) conducting research to elucidate the mechanisms underlying wildlife and habitat responses to changing land uses; (4) managing and making accessible the large number of databases, maps, and other products being developed; and (5) coordinating efforts among WLCI partners, helping them use USGS-developed decision-support tools, and integrating WLCI outcomes with future habitat enhancement and research projects.
\nThe new (completed) project was the development and publication of a public outreach piece for visitors of Fossil Butte National Monument. The final product was a USGS Fact Sheet that capitalized on previously collected elk-monitoring data to interpret the ecology of the Monument’s elk population and the importance of the Monument’s habitats to this highly visible wildlife species. One of the completed projects entailed developing and evaluating a synthetic approach to high-resolution satellite imagery for use in effectiveness monitoring, which culminated in a journal article. The other completed project was a coalescing of two similar tasks under data and information management that pertain to Web application development and the development of outreach and graphic products into a single integrated project that focuses on developing and maintaining/upgrading Web applications and other tools for visualizing, mapping, and using geospatial data.
\nMajor accomplishments for FY2014 included several publications, including Part B of an energy resources map that (with Part A) depicts coal, wind, oil, gas, oil shale, uranium, and solar energy production in the WLCI region. Two published works associated with sage-grouse included a Wildlife Monograph on prioritizing species’ habitats across large landscapes, multiple seasons, and novel areas (using sage-grouse in Wyoming as an example), and a USGS Data Series report that includes both the data used in the habitat-prioritization models and the habitat prioritization models developed for sage-grouse. Our Science Team also published a framework for conducting large, collaborative projects that rely on geospatial data, and a paper that describes the efficacy of fusing satellite data collected at various resolutions for measuring and monitoring vegetation changes. These products are all invaluable tools for maximizing the efficiency and effectiveness of managing species of concern, conducting future landscape-scale assessments, and monitoring status and trends of landscape conditions.
\nOther highlights of FY2014 included a renewed effort to gather and analyze wildlife and habitat status and trend data for the WLCI Interagency Monitoring Database (IAMD) to assess long-term trends and cumulative effects associated with land-use and climate changes. Water-monitoring efforts included drilling four new groundwater-monitoring wells in the Green and New Fork River basins near the proposed Normally Pressured Lance Formation energy development, and continued data collection at established water-monitoring sites. Three additional wells were sampled as part of the Wyoming Groundwater Monitoring Network, bringing the total to 19 Network wells sampled in the WLCI region since 2010. Combined, these water-monitoring efforts can help to identify potential changes in water quality or levels that may result from land-use changes. Major terrestrial monitoring accomplishments included processing satellite imagery from 1985−2010 to develop a historical perspective of long-term vegetation changes, which can serve as a basis for monitoring current and future trends in sagebrush steppe. Such data are crucial tools for agencies tasked with sage-grouse management and conservation.
\nThe USGS WLCI Science Team also continued monitoring and testing methods for evaluating WLCI habitat treatments designed to promote aspen regeneration and enhance sage-grouse habitat, and to assess how those treatments influence invasive species distributions and ungulate herbivory. Highlights included analyzing field data collected to elucidate the relationships between sage-grouse habitat use and the proximity of energy infrastructure, and using new instruments to measure productivity responses of aspen woodlands to various factors.
\nNumerous FY2014 accomplishments specifically addressed agency needs to manage and conserve Wyoming’s wildlife species of concern. A pygmy rabbit habitat model and Wyoming distribution map were completed to identify factors associated with rabbit habitat occupancy. Previous work on sage-grouse population dynamics was expanded to better understand the factors that drive long-term viability of sage-grouse populations and to develop a tool that helps to identify key factors limiting sage-grouse persistence in Wyoming. Field work and data analyses continued for elucidating the relationships between sagebrush songbird abundance and productivity, the intensity of energy development, and community dynamics of nest predators. For the mule deer study, mixed mountain shrublands important to migrating and wintering mule deer were mapped and delivered to WLCI partners. Additionally, the relationships between energy development and crucial winter habitat for mule deer were evaluated, and a new phase of work was implemented to better understand relationships between plant phenology and mule deer migration movements. Finally, initial analyses of data collected to evaluate fish-community composition in relation to habitat quality indicate that water quality, as measured by concentrations of hydrocarbons, water temperature, and others parameters, has been diminished in subwatersheds with higher levels of energy development. Overall, the outcomes and products of these wildlife studies contribute significantly to the information and tools needed for addressing effects of land-use changes on Wyoming’s species of concern.
\nFinally, capabilities of the WLCI Web site and the USGS ScienceBase infrastructure were maintained and upgraded to help ensure access to and efficient use of all the WLCI data, products, assessment tools, and outreach materials that have been developed. Of particular note is the completion of three Web applications developed for mapping (1) the 1900−2008 progression of oil and gas development;(2) the predicted distributions of Wyoming’s Species of Greatest Conservation Need; and (3) the locations of coal and wind energy production, sage-grouse distribution and core management areas, and alternative routes for transmission lines within the WLCI region. Collectively, these applications tools provide WLCI planners and managers with powerful tools for better understanding the distributions of wildlife species and potential alternatives for energy development.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151091","usgsCitation":"Bowen, Z.H., Aldridge, C.L., Anderson, P.J., Assal, T.J., Bartos, T.T., Biewick, L.R., Boughton, G.K., Chalfoun, A.D., Chong, G.W., Dematatis, M.K., Eddy-Miller, C., Garman, S.L., Germaine, S., Homer, C.G., Huber, C., Kauffman, M., Latysh, N., Manier, D.J., Melcher, C.P., Miller, A., Miller, K.A., Olexa, E.M., Schell, S., Walters, A.W., Wilson, A.B., and Wyckoff, T.B., 2015, U.S. Geological Survey science for the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative—2014 annual report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1091, x, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151091.","productDescription":"x, 61 p.","numberOfPages":"73","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064413","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37226,"text":"Core Science Analytics, Synthesis, and 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kilometers northwest of Anchorage, Alaska, the Susitna Basin is a complex sedimentary basin whose tectonic history has been poorly understood. Recent interpretation of two-dimensional seismic reflection data integrated with well, aeromagnetic, and gravity data provides new insights into the structural and stratigraphic nature of the basin.
\nThis report presents an interpretation of 41 two-dimensional seismic reflection lines, acquired by industry from the 1960s to the 1980s. Our interpretation of the seismic data focused mainly on picking two Eocene stratigraphic units and a presumed base of Tertiary horizon. Based on our interpretation of the seismic data, the structural features in the basin appear to be generally contractional, as evidenced by the presence of many reverse faults, thrust faults, and folds, with the contraction mainly oriented east-west. This result is contrary to prior inferences of most previous geologic studies that showed normal faults. Several regional reverse faults have been identified in the seismic data and appear to divide the basin into three regions or “sides”: east, west, and south.
\nThe eastern seismic lines show evidence of numerous short-wavelength antiforms that appear to correspond to a series of northeast-trending lineations observed in aeromagnetic data, which have been interpreted as being due to folding of Paleogene volcanic strata. The eastern side of the basin is also cut by a number of reverse faults and thrust faults, the majority of which strike north-south. The western side of the Susitna Basin is cut by a series of regional reverse faults and is characterized by synformal structures in two fault blocks between the Kahiltna River and Skwentna faults. These synforms are progressively deeper to the west in the footwalls of the east-vergent Skwentna and northeast-vergent Beluga Mountain reverse faults. Although the seismic data are limited to the south, we interpret a potential regional south-southeast-directed reverse fault striking east-northeast on the east side of the basin that may cross the entire southern portion of the basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151138","usgsCitation":"Lewis, K.A., Potter, C.J., Shah, A.K., Stanley, R.G., Haeussler, P.J., and Saltus, R.W., 2015, Preliminary interpretation of industry two-dimensional seismic data from Susitna Basin, south-central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1138, 51 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151138.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 51 p.; Figures","numberOfPages":"55","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-066228","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306210,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1138/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":306211,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1138/ofr20151138.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1138"},{"id":306217,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1138/downloads","text":"Full-size, high-resolution figures"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Susitna Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -151.6552734375,\n 61.12201916813026\n ],\n [\n -151.6552734375,\n 62.24746627771428\n ],\n [\n -149.0625,\n 62.24746627771428\n ],\n [\n -149.0625,\n 61.12201916813026\n ],\n [\n -151.6552734375,\n 61.12201916813026\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Energy Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
P.O. Box 25046
Denver, CO 80225
http://energy.usgs.gov/
The use of groundwater to supplement surface-water supplies for the Bureau of Reclamation Klamath Project in the upper Klamath Basin of Oregon and California markedly increased between 2000 and 2014. Pre-2001 groundwater pumping in the area where most of this increase occurred is estimated to have been about 28,600 acre-feet per year. Subsequent supplemental pumping rates have been as high as 128,740 acre-feet per year. During this period of increased pumping, groundwater levels in and around the Bureau of Reclamation Klamath Project have declined by about 20-25 feet. Water-level declines are largely due to the increased supplemental pumping, but other factors include increased pumping adjacent to the Klamath Project and drying climate conditions. This report summarizes the distribution and magnitude of supplemental groundwater pumping and groundwater-level declines, and characterizes the relation between the stress and response in subareas of the Klamath Project to aid decision makers in developing groundwater-management strategies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151145","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Klamath Water and Power Agency and the Oregon Water Resources Department","usgsCitation":"Gannett, M.W., and Breen, K.H., 2015, Groundwater levels, trends, and relations to pumping in the Bureau of Reclamation Klamath Project, Oregon and California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1145, 19 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151145.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","numberOfPages":"27","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2000-01-01","temporalEnd":"2014-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-064282","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306209,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1145/ofr20151145.pdf","text":"Report","size":"805 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1145"},{"id":306208,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1145/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Valley, Tule Lake subbasin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.20642089843749,\n 41.81431422987254\n ],\n [\n -121.4373779296875,\n 41.81431422987254\n ],\n [\n -121.4373779296875,\n 42.577354839557856\n ],\n [\n -122.20642089843749,\n 42.577354839557856\n ],\n [\n -122.20642089843749,\n 41.81431422987254\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
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Portland, Oregon 97201
http://or.water.usgs.gov
On April 25, 2015, a large (M7.8) earthquake shook much of central Nepal and was followed by a series of M>6 aftershocks, including a M7.3 event on May 12, 2015. This earthquake and aftershocks, referred to as the “Gorkha earthquake sequence,” caused thousands of fatalities, damaged and destroyed entire villages, and displaced millions of residents. The earthquakes also triggered thousands of landslides in the exceedingly steep topography of Nepal; these landslides were responsible for hundreds of fatalities, and blocked vital roads and trails to affected villages (fig. 1). Landslides caused by the Gorkha earthquake sequence continue to pose both immediate and long-term hazards to villages and infrastructure within the affected region. Some landslides blocked rivers and thus created another potential concern for villages located downstream.
\nWith the support of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA), and in collaboration with earthquake-hazard organizations from both the United States (for example, U.S. National Science Foundation Geoengineering Extreme Event Reconnaissance [GEER] Team) and Nepal (International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development [ICIMOD]), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) responded to this crisis by providing landslide-hazard expertise to Nepalese agencies and affected villages. In addition to collaborating with an international group of remote-sensing scientists to document the spatial distribution of landsliding in the first few weeks following the earthquake, the USGS conducted in-country landslide hazard assessments for 10 days beginning May 24, 2015. Much of the information obtained by the USGS during their time in Nepal was conveyed directly to affected villages and government agencies as opportunities arose. Upon return to the United States, data organization, interpretation, and synthesis began immediately to provide a rapid assessment of landslide hazards for use by Nepalese agencies during the 2015 summer monsoon (typically occurring from June through September).
\nThis report provides a detailed account of assessments performed in May and June 2015 and focuses on valley-blocking landslides because they have the potential to pose considerable hazard to many villages in Nepal. First, we provide a seismological background of Nepal and then detail the methods used for both external and in-country data collection and interpretation. Our results consist of an overview of landsliding extent, a characterization of all valley-blocking landslides identified during our work, and a description of video resources that provide high resolution coverage of approximately 1,000 kilometers (km) of river valleys and surrounding terrain affected by the Gorkha earthquake sequence. This is followed by a description of site-specific landslide-hazard assessments conducted while in Nepal and includes detailed descriptions of five noteworthy case studies. Finally, we assess the expectation for additional landslide hazards during the 2015 summer monsoon season.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151142","usgsCitation":"Collins, B.D., and Jibson, R.W., 2015, Assessment of existing and potential landslide hazards resulting\nfrom the April 25, 2015 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake sequence (ver. 1.1, August 2015): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1142, 50 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151142.","productDescription":"Report: 50 p.; Dataset; Version History","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2015-05-27","temporalEnd":"2015-06-01","ipdsId":"IP-066801","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307369,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1142/coverthb.gif"},{"id":306185,"rank":3,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7X928BN","text":"Video data files"},{"id":307326,"rank":4,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1142/versionhist.txt","size":"2 kB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":306184,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1142/ofr20151142_v1.1.pdf","text":"Report Version 1.1","size":"20 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1142 V 1.1 Report"}],"country":"Nepal","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 83.60595703125,\n 29.152161283318915\n ],\n [\n 83.16650390625,\n 28.459033019728043\n ],\n [\n 84.04541015625,\n 27.449790329784214\n ],\n [\n 84.72656249999999,\n 27.176469131898898\n ],\n [\n 86.17675781249999,\n 27.15692045688088\n ],\n [\n 86.7041015625,\n 28.130127737874005\n ],\n [\n 83.935546875,\n 29.420460341013133\n ],\n [\n 83.60595703125,\n 29.152161283318915\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0: Originally posted July 28, 2015; Version 1.1: August 24, 2015","contact":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 901
Menlo Park, CA 94025-3591
http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/
As part of a larger study, the U.S. Geological Survey undertook a study to identify the potential for phosphate deposits in Afghanistan. As part of this study, a geographic information system was constructed containing a database of phosphate occurrences in Afghanistan and adjacent countries, and a database of potential host lithologies compiled from 1:1,000,000 scale maps. Within Afghanistan, a handful of known occurrences and reports indicate the presence of phosphate in Permian, Cretaceous, and Paleogene sediments and in carbonatite. With the exception of the Khanneshin carbonatite, very little is known about these occurrences. In the countries surrounding Afghanistan, economic phosphate is known to occur in Cambrian, Devonian, and Paleogene sediments and in Kiruna-type Fe-apatite deposits. Many of the host units may extend into Afghanistan or equivalent units may be present. Although the possibility of economic phosphate deposits exist for Afghanistan, the need for detailed exploration for phosphate, the remoteness of some locations, and the probability that a deposit would not be exposed at the surface mean that one or more deposits are not likely to be identified in the near future. Even if a phosphate-bearing deposit is identified in Afghanistan, it is not clear if the probable size, thickness, and grade ranges would allow economic development of the hypothesized resource.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151121","usgsCitation":"Orris, G.J., Dunlap, P., Wallis, J., and Wynn, J., 2015, Phosphate occurrence and potential in the region of Afghanistan, including parts of China, Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1121, vi, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151121.","productDescription":"vi, 70 p.","numberOfPages":"76","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-051109","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305804,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151121.gif"},{"id":305803,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1121/downloads/ofr20151121_gis.zip","text":"GIS package","size":"19.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"OFR 2015-1121 GIS database","linkHelpText":"Contains: geospatial database. Refer to the Readme and Metadata files for more information."},{"id":305796,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1121/"},{"id":305802,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1121/pdf/ofr20151121_report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1121 Report"}],"country":"China, Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 43.857421875,\n 24.766784522874453\n ],\n [\n 43.857421875,\n 40.04443758460859\n ],\n [\n 67.236328125,\n 40.04443758460859\n ],\n [\n 67.236328125,\n 24.766784522874453\n ],\n [\n 43.857421875,\n 24.766784522874453\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7eee2e4b0bc0bec09ed92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orris, Greta J. 0000-0002-2340-9955 greta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2340-9955","contributorId":3472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orris","given":"Greta","email":"greta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunlap, Pamela pdunlap@usgs.gov","contributorId":5329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunlap","given":"Pamela","email":"pdunlap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wallis, John jwallis@usgs.gov","contributorId":143684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallis","given":"John","email":"jwallis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wynn, Jeff 0000-0002-8102-3882 jwynn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8102-3882","contributorId":2803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wynn","given":"Jeff","email":"jwynn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70148009,"text":"ofr20151095 - 2015 - Design and methods of the Southeast Stream Quality Assessment (SESQA), 2014","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-11T15:33:59","indexId":"ofr20151095","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-15T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1095","title":"Design and methods of the Southeast Stream Quality Assessment (SESQA), 2014","docAbstract":"During 2014, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA) assessed stream quality across the Piedmont and southern Appalachian Mountain regions of the southeastern United States. This Southeast Stream Quality Assessment (SESQA) simultaneously characterized watershed and stream-reach water-quality stressors along with instream biological conditions, in order to better understand regional stressor-effects relations. The goal of SESQA is to provide communities and policymakers with information about those human and environmental factors that have the greatest impact on stream quality across the region. The SESQA design focused on hydrologic alteration and urbanization because of their importance as ecological stressors of particular concern to Southeast region resource managers.
\nStreamflow and land-use data were used to identify and select sites representing gradients in urbanization and streamflow alteration across the region. One hundred fifteen sites were selected and sampled for as many as 10 weeks during April, May, and June 2014 for contaminants, nutrients, and sediment. This water-quality “index” period culminated with an ecological survey of habitat, periphyton, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish at all sites. Sediment was collected during the ecological survey for analysis of sediment chemistry and toxicity testing. Of the 115 sites, 59 were on streams in watersheds with varying degrees of urban land use, 5 were on streams with multiple confined animal feeding operations, and 13 were reference sites with little or no development in their watersheds. The remaining 38 “hydro” sites were on streams in watersheds with relatively little agricultural or urban development but with hydrologic alteration, such as a dam or reservoir.
\nThis report provides a detailed description of the SESQA study components, including surveys of ecological conditions, routine water sampling, deployment of passive polar organic compound integrative samplers for pesticides and contaminants of emerging concern, and synoptic sediment sampling and toxicity testing at all urban, confined animal feeding operation, and reference sites. Continuous water-quality monitoring and daily pesticide sampling efforts conducted at a subset of urban sites are also described.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151095","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Journey, C.A., Van Metre, P.C., Bell, A.H., Garrett, J.D., Button, D.T., Nakagaki, N., Qi, S.L., and Bradley, P.M., 2015, Design and methods of the Southeast Stream Quality Assessment (SESQA), 2014: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1095, 46 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151095.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 46 p.; 3 Appendices","numberOfPages":"58","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-063365","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305724,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1095/ofr20151095_appendix2.xlsx","text":"Appendix 2","size":"89 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Description of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory Schedules Used for Water, Sediment, and Periphyton"},{"id":305722,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1095/ofr20151095.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1095"},{"id":305723,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1095/ofr20151095_appendix1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1","size":"560 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Description of the Sampling Timelines, Matrix, Collection, and Processing for Water, Sediment, and Ecological Samples"},{"id":305725,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1095/ofr20151095_appendix3.xlsx","text":"Appendix 3","size":"50 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Counts of Environmental (Environ), Field Blank, Replicate (Rep), and Spike Samples of Streamwater by Site and Laboratory Analysis From the 115 Stream Sites Sampled in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Southeastern Stream Quality Assessment (SESQA) Study in 2014"},{"id":305721,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1095/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.51953125,\n 39.13006024213511\n ],\n [\n -77.89306640625,\n 38.788345355085625\n ],\n [\n -77.1240234375,\n 38.976492485539424\n ],\n [\n -76.79443359375,\n 38.788345355085625\n ],\n [\n -77.431640625,\n 38.22091976683121\n ],\n [\n -77.27783203125,\n 37.85750715625203\n ],\n [\n -77.05810546875,\n 37.23032838760387\n ],\n [\n -77.34374999999999,\n 36.54494944148322\n ],\n [\n -77.58544921874999,\n 36.049098959065645\n ],\n [\n -78.64013671875,\n 35.35321610123821\n ],\n [\n -79.40917968749999,\n 35.22767235493586\n ],\n [\n -79.89257812499999,\n 34.77771580360469\n ],\n [\n -80.2001953125,\n 34.43409789359469\n ],\n [\n -80.7275390625,\n 34.08906131584996\n ],\n [\n -81.27685546875,\n 33.50475906922606\n ],\n [\n -81.80419921875,\n 33.211116472416855\n ],\n [\n -83.1884765625,\n 32.80574473290688\n ],\n [\n -84.66064453125,\n 32.379961464357315\n ],\n [\n -85.078125,\n 32.287132632616355\n ],\n [\n -86.572265625,\n 32.24997445586331\n ],\n [\n -87.3193359375,\n 32.602361666817515\n ],\n [\n -86.90185546874999,\n 33.358061612778876\n ],\n [\n -86.2646484375,\n 34.14363482031264\n ],\n [\n -85.58349609375,\n 34.92197103616377\n ],\n [\n -83.82568359375,\n 36.58024660149866\n ],\n [\n -81.4306640625,\n 37.35269280367274\n ],\n [\n -80.39794921875,\n 37.77071473849609\n ],\n [\n -79.7607421875,\n 38.65119833229951\n ],\n [\n -79.38720703125,\n 38.685509760012\n ],\n [\n -78.7060546875,\n 39.21523130910493\n ],\n [\n -78.3544921875,\n 39.53793974517628\n ],\n [\n -77.51953125,\n 39.13006024213511\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, South Atlantic Water Science Center
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720 Gracern Road, Suite 129
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http://www.usgs.gov/water/southatlantic/
","tableOfContents":"
This Open-File Report is a compilation of the work published in the Colorado Plateau Biennial Conference book series over the span of the past nearly quarter century (conferences held between 1991–2011). The primary focus of the conferences has been to work toward integrating new science findings into management of the region’s natural and cultural resources. This conference and book series has begun a tradition of cooperation and community, bridging cultural, social, and biophysical research interests and addressing the needs of scientists and land managers working in a complex geographic area. We include here the abstracts for each of the 11 books in the series, as well as links to files with comprehensive literature citations and author listings. The goal of this compilation is to encourage further cooperation and communication on research and management issues of the Colorado Plateau among researchers, land managers, Native American tribes, and the public.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151115","usgsCitation":"van Riper, C., Drost, C.A., and Selleck, S.S., 2015, A quarter century of research on the Colorado Plateau: A compilation of the Colorado Plateau Biennial Conference Proceedings for 1993-2015: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1115, vii, 186 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151115.","productDescription":"vii, 186 p.","numberOfPages":"194","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-058940","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305747,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151115.gif"},{"id":305746,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://sbsc.wr.usgs.gov/cprs/news_info/meetings/biennial/proceedings/proceedings.asp","text":"Conference proceedings","description":"Conference proceedings","linkHelpText":"Full text of the 11 Colorado Plateau Biennial Conference proceedings volumes (if available), list of all references cited in the combined volumes, and list of authors that have contributed chapters to one or more of the volumes."},{"id":305744,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1115/"},{"id":305745,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1115/pdf/ofr20151115.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7eee2e4b0bc0bec09ed9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van Riper, Charles III 0000-0003-1084-5843 charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1084-5843","contributorId":169488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Riper","given":"Charles","suffix":"III","email":"charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":564832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drost, Charles A. 0000-0002-4792-7095 charles_drost@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4792-7095","contributorId":3151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drost","given":"Charles","email":"charles_drost@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Selleck, S. Shane sselleck@usgs.gov","contributorId":123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selleck","given":"S.","email":"sselleck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Shane","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":564833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70155001,"text":"ofr20151127 - 2015 - Hydrologic conditions in Rhode Island during water year 2014","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-07-15T15:18:33","indexId":"ofr20151127","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-15T01:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1127","title":"Hydrologic conditions in Rhode Island during water year 2014","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data and conditions throughout Rhode Island during water year 2014 are presented in this report. Stream discharge and groundwater level conditions varied geographically across the State. Ten streamgages reached record-low minimum monthly mean discharges during the year, and a record-high maximum groundwater level was observed at one groundwater well.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151127","usgsCitation":"Verdi, R.J., and Socolow, R.S., 2015, Hydrologic conditions in Rhode Island during water year 2014: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1127, 8 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151127.","productDescription":"iv, 8 p.","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065518","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305738,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1127/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":305739,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1127/ofr20151127.pdf","text":"Report","size":"875 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1127"}],"country":"United States","state":"Rhode 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Island\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Bearfoot Road
Northborough, MA 01532
http://ma.water.usgs.gov
http://ri.water.usgs.gov
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in partnership with the California Waterfowl Association (CWA) and other organizations, have compiled large datasets on the nesting ecology and management of dabbling ducks and associated upland nesting birds (Northern Harriers [Circus cyaneus], Short-eared Owls [Asio flammeus], Ring-necked Pheasants [Phasianus colchicus], and American Bitterns [Botaurus lentiginosus]) throughout California on Federal Refuges, State Wildlife Areas, and private lands, some participating in State and Federal habitat programs. These datasets encompass several long-term monitoring programs at multiple sites throughout California, and include data from more than 26,000 nests and span nearly 30 years.
\nThese historical datasets represent some of the longest term datasets on nesting ducks in North America, if not the world. They are extremely valuable for ongoing waterfowl management and habitat conservation efforts in California, as well as throughout the world. However, without organization and electronic access, these data are an untapped resource and are not being used to the full extent possible. Prior to this project, these datasets were scattered among various agencies and organizations, and original paper nest cards were being stored in cardboard boxes in attics and storage containers that were not suitable for long-term archival storage. In addition, most of these data had not been entered into a computerized database and thus were at high risk for permanent data loss.
\nTo protect this irreplaceable dataset, we submitted a series of proposals to obtain funds to complete this data archival project over the past 5 years. The Central Valley Joint Venture, USGS Data Rescue Program, and USGS Ecosystems Mission Area funded this data archival project. In addition, we leveraged other USGS projects on nesting shorebirds, songbirds, and seabirds to use further resources to more fully develop the nest database structure for use on nesting waterfowl. Specifically, this large dataset on ducks was archived by USGS, but the dataset is owned and managed by a consortium of organizations. Therefore, any access and use of this data must occur through the principal investigators, who contributed data and resources to this archival project, as detailed in section, “Data Availability.”
\nWith the conclusion of this project, most duck nest data have been entered, but all nest-captured hen data and other breeding waterfowl data that were outside the scope of this project have still not been entered and electronically archived. Maintaining an up-to-date archive will require additional resources to archive and enter the new duck nest data each year in an iterative process. Further, data proofing should be conducted whenever possible, and also should be considered an iterative process as there was sometimes missing data that could not be filled in without more direct knowledge of specific projects. Despite these disclaimers, this duck data archive represents a massive and useful dataset to inform future research and management questions.
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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
http://werc.usgs.gov/
The primary goal of this research project was to evaluate the response of Moapa dace (Moapa coriacea) to the potential effects of changes in the amount of available habitat due to human influences such as ground water pumping, barriers to movement, and extirpation of Moapa dace from the mainstem Muddy River. To understand how these factors affect Moapa dace populations and to provide a tool to guide recovery actions, we developed a stochastic model to simulate Moapa dace population dynamics. Specifically, we developed an individual based model (IBM) to incorporate the critical components that drive Moapa dace population dynamics. Our model is composed of several interlinked submodels that describe changes in Moapa dace habitat as translated into carrying capacity, the influence of carrying capacity on demographic rates of dace, and the consequent effect on equilibrium population sizes. The model is spatially explicit and represents the stream network as eight discrete stream segments. The model operates at a monthly time step to incorporate seasonally varying reproduction. Growth rates of individuals vary among stream segments, with growth rates increasing along a headwater to mainstem gradient. Movement and survival of individuals are driven by density-dependent relationships that are influenced by the carrying capacity of each stream segment.
\nFirst, we calibrated the model to a historical time series of Moapa dace abundance estimates. The goal of the calibration was to estimate unknown parameters such as larval survival, carrying capacity of the tributary streams harboring the population of Moapa dace upstream of the gabion barrier, and carrying capacity of the mainstem Muddy River and tributaries. Based on historical abundance estimates, we found that the carrying capacity of the mainstem Muddy River was nearly twice the capacity of the tributary streams where Moapa dace have resided for the past 20 years.
\nGiven the calibrated model, we then conducted simulations to assess (1) the effect of altering migration barriers that restrict upstream and downstream movement of dace, and (2) the effect of changes in carrying capacity on equilibrium population sizes. We found that barriers to upstream movement led to extinction of subpopulations upstream of the barriers when initial population sizes were small. The probability of one or more subpopulations going extinct over a 50-year time horizon was >0.80 at initial population sizes of 10 non-larval and 70 larval dace, and was >0.40 at initial population sizes of 50 non-larval and 350 larval dace. The probability of a subpopulation going extinct decreased to zero when the initial population size exceeded 100 non-larval dace. Removal of upstream migration barriers eliminated extinctions of subpopulations, even at low initial population sizes. Compensatory mechanisms such as density-dependent survival and movement acted to buffer against local extinctions because stream segments could be quickly repopulated by dispersal when fish could access all stream segments.
\nProviding access to the mainstem Muddy River through removal of a gabion barrier that restricted upstream and downstream movement increased total population size from about 875 to 3,000 individuals. Additionally, because of higher growth rates of individuals in the mainstem Muddy River, the size structure of the population shifted towards larger individuals with higher fecundity, thereby increasing reproductive capacity of the population.
\nIncreasing or decreasing the total carrying capacity of all stream segments resulted in changes in equilibrium population size that were directly proportional to the change in capacity. However, changes in carrying capacity to some stream segments but not others could result in disproportionate changes in equilibrium population sizes by altering density-dependent movement and survival in the stream network. These simulations show how our IBM can provide a useful management tool for understanding the effect of restoration actions or reintroductions on carrying capacity, and, in turn, how these changes affect Moapa dace abundance. Such tools are critical for devising management strategies to achieve recovery goals.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151126","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Perry, R.W., Jones, E.C., and Scoppettone, G.G., 2015, A stochastic population model to evaluate Moapa dace (Moapa coriacea) population growth under alternative management scenarios: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1126, 46 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151126.","productDescription":"iv, 46 p.","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-062968","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305694,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1126/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":305695,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1126/ofr20151126.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1126 Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Muddy River System","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.52423095703124,\n 36.44448503928196\n ],\n [\n -114.52423095703124,\n 36.65850456897558\n ],\n [\n -114.31686401367188,\n 36.65850456897558\n ],\n [\n -114.31686401367188,\n 36.44448503928196\n ],\n [\n -114.52423095703124,\n 36.44448503928196\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115
http://wfrc.usgs.gov/
The North Pacific Pelagic Seabird Database (NPPSD) was created in 2005 to consolidate data on the oceanic distribution of marine bird species in the North Pacific. Most of these data were collected on surveys by counting species within defined areas and at known locations (that is, on strip transects). The NPPSD also contains observations of other bird species and marine mammals. The original NPPSD combined data from 465 surveys conducted between 1973 and 2002, primarily in waters adjacent to Alaska. These surveys included 61,195 sample transects with location, environment, and metadata information, and the data were organized in a flat-file format. In developing NPPSD 2.0, our goals were to add new datasets, to make significant improvements to database functionality and to provide the database online. NPPSD 2.0 includes data from a broader geographic range within the North Pacific, including new observations made offshore of the Russian Federation, Japan, Korea, British Columbia (Canada), Oregon, and California. These data were imported into a relational database, proofed, and structured in a common format. NPPSD 2.0 contains 351,674 samples (transects) collected between 1973 and 2012, representing a total sampled area of 270,259 square kilometers, and extends the time series of samples in some areas—notably the Bering Sea—to four decades. It contains observations of 16,988,138 birds and 235,545 marine mammals and is available on the NPPSD Web site. Supplementary materials include an updated set of standardized taxonomic codes, reference maps that show the spatial and temporal distribution of the survey efforts and a downloadable query tool.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151123","usgsCitation":"Drew, G.S., Piatt, J.F., and Renner, M., 2015, User’s guide to the North Pacific Pelagic Seabird Database 2.0:\nU.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1123, 52 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151123.","productDescription":"iv, 52 p.","numberOfPages":"60","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-057923","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438690,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7WQ01T3","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"North Pacific Pelagic Seabird Database (NPPSD)"},{"id":305444,"rank":2,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7WQ01T3","text":"North Pacific Pelagic Seabird Database (NPPSD)","size":"67.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"Database"},{"id":305552,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1123/cover.jpg"},{"id":305443,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1123/ofr20151123.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1123"}],"contact":"Director, Alaska Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4210 University Dr
Anchorage, Alaska 99508-4560
http://alaska.usgs.gov
The quantities of water and hydraulic fracturing proppant required for producing petroleum (oil, gas, and natural gas liquids) from continuous accumulations, and the quantities of water extracted during petroleum production, can be quantitatively assessed using a probabilistic approach. The water and proppant assessment methodology builds on the U.S. Geological Survey methodology for quantitative assessment of undiscovered technically recoverable petroleum resources in continuous accumulations. The U.S. Geological Survey assessment methodology for continuous petroleum accumulations includes fundamental concepts such as geologically defined assessment units, and probabilistic input values including well-drainage area, sweet- and non-sweet-spot areas, and success ratio within the untested area of each assessment unit. In addition to petroleum-related information, required inputs for the water and proppant assessment methodology include probabilistic estimates of per-well water usage for drilling, cementing, and hydraulic-fracture stimulation; the ratio of proppant to water for hydraulic fracturing; the percentage of hydraulic fracturing water that returns to the surface as flowback; and the ratio of produced water to petroleum over the productive life of each well. Water and proppant assessments combine information from recent or current petroleum assessments with water- and proppant-related input values for the assessment unit being studied, using Monte Carlo simulation, to yield probabilistic estimates of the volume of water for drilling, cementing, and hydraulic fracture stimulation; the quantity of proppant for hydraulic fracture stimulation; and the volumes of water produced as flowback shortly after well completion, and produced over the life of the well.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151117","usgsCitation":"Haines, S.S., 2015, Methodology for assessing quantities of water and proppant injection, and water production associated with development of continuous petroleum accumulations: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1117, 18 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151117.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 18 p.; 3 Appendices","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-063289","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305632,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1117/ofr20151117.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.25","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OF 2015-1117"},{"id":305633,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1117/App_1_Water_Proppant_Assmt_Input_Form_6.8.15.pdf","text":"Appendix 1","size":"77.4 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OF 2015-1117 Appendix 1"},{"id":305634,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1117/App_2_Continuous_water_proppant_6.8.2015.xlsm","text":"Appendix 2","size":"55.7 kB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OF 2015-1117 Appendix 2"},{"id":305631,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1117/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":305635,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1117/App_4_CORE cover letter.pdf","text":"Appendix 4","size":"119 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OF 2015-1117 Appendix 4"}],"contact":"Director, Central Energy Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
P.O. Box 25046
Denver, CO 80225
http://energy.usgs.gov/
This report describes the initial year of a 2-year study to determine the feasibility of using acoustic cameras to monitor fish movements to help inform decisions about fish passage at Cougar Dam near Springfield, Oregon. Specifically, we used acoustic cameras to measure fish presence, travel speed, and direction adjacent to the water temperature control tower in the forebay of Cougar Dam during the spring (May, June, and July) and fall (September, October, and November) of 2013. Cougar Dam is a high-head flood-control dam, and the water temperature control tower enables depth-specific water withdrawals to facilitate adjustment of water temperatures released downstream of the dam. The acoustic cameras were positioned at the upstream entrance of the tower to monitor free-ranging subyearling and yearling-size juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Because of the large size discrepancy, we could distinguish juvenile Chinook salmon from their predators, which enabled us to measure predators and prey in areas adjacent to the entrance of the tower. We used linear models to quantify and assess operational and environmental factors—such as time of day, discharge, and water temperature—that may influence juvenile Chinook salmon movements within the beam of the acoustic cameras. Although extensive milling behavior of fish near the structure may have masked directed movement of fish and added unpredictability to fish movement models, the acoustic-camera technology enabled us to ascertain the general behavior of discrete size classes of fish. Fish travel speed, direction of travel, and counts of fish moving toward the water temperature control tower primarily were influenced by the amount of water being discharged through the dam.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151124","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Adams, N.S., Smith, C.D., Plumb, J.M., Hansen, G.S., and Beeman, J.W., 2015, An evaluation of fish behavior upstream of the water temperature control tower at Cougar Dam, Oregon, using acoustic cameras, 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1124, 62 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151124.","productDescription":"x, 62 p.","numberOfPages":"76","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063666","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305440,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1124/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":305441,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1124/ofr20151124.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Cougar Dam","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.25345611572266,\n 44.122345529999656\n ],\n [\n -122.25345611572266,\n 44.132942183139654\n ],\n [\n -122.23114013671875,\n 44.132942183139654\n ],\n [\n -122.23114013671875,\n 44.122345529999656\n ],\n [\n -122.25345611572266,\n 44.122345529999656\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115
http://wfrc.usgs.gov
Contours and derivative raster files of depth-to-basement, sediment-thickness, and bathymetry data for the area offshore of Washington, Oregon, and California are provided here as GIS-ready shapefiles and GeoTIFF files. The data were used to generate paper maps in 1992 and 1993 from 1984 surveys of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone by the U.S. Geological Survey for depth to basement and sediment thickness, and from older data for the bathymetry.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151118","usgsCitation":"Wong, F.L., and Grim, M.S., 2015, Depth-to-basement, sediment-thickness, and bathymetry data for the deep-sea basins offshore of Washington, Oregon, and California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1118, Report: iv, 13 p.; Data Catalog, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151118.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 13 p.; Data Catalog","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-057812","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305574,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151118.gif"},{"id":305572,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1118/ofr20151118.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":305573,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1118/data_catalog.html","text":"Data Catalog","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"Data Catalog"},{"id":305561,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1118/"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125.8154296875,\n 47.96050238891509\n ],\n [\n -125.068359375,\n 46.437856895024225\n ],\n [\n -124.892578125,\n 44.96479793033104\n ],\n [\n -125.068359375,\n 43.45291889355465\n ],\n [\n -125.20019531249999,\n 41.80407814427237\n ],\n [\n -125.0244140625,\n 40.51379915504413\n ],\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 39.36827914916014\n ],\n [\n -124.3212890625,\n 38.20365531807149\n ],\n [\n -123.79394531249999,\n 36.949891786813296\n ],\n [\n -122.607421875,\n 35.38904996691167\n ],\n [\n -120.80566406250001,\n 33.7243396617476\n ],\n [\n -119.83886718750001,\n 32.694865977875075\n ],\n [\n -120.9814453125,\n 32.02670629333614\n ],\n [\n -122.34374999999999,\n 31.653381399664\n ],\n [\n -123.92578125,\n 32.287132632616355\n ],\n [\n -126.0791015625,\n 34.88593094075317\n ],\n [\n -127.529296875,\n 37.055177106660814\n ],\n [\n -128.32031249999997,\n 39.30029918615029\n ],\n [\n -128.7158203125,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n -128.32031249999997,\n 43.67581809328344\n ],\n [\n -127.96875,\n 45.521743896993634\n ],\n [\n -129.6826171875,\n 45.67548217560647\n ],\n [\n -130.078125,\n 47.27922900257082\n ],\n [\n -126.65039062499999,\n 47.60616304386874\n ],\n [\n -125.8154296875,\n 47.96050238891509\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7eef3e4b0bc0bec09ee10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wong, Florence L. 0000-0002-3918-5896 fwong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3918-5896","contributorId":1990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"Florence","email":"fwong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grim, Muriel S.","contributorId":85591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grim","given":"Muriel","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70149255,"text":"ofr20151119 - 2015 - Monitoring population status of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Alaska: options and considerations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-17T12:52:24","indexId":"ofr20151119","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1119","title":"Monitoring population status of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Alaska: options and considerations","docAbstract":"After many decades of absence from southeast Alaska, sea otters (Enhydra lutris) are recolonizing parts of their former range, including Glacier Bay, Alaska. Sea otters are well known for structuring nearshore ecosystems and causing community-level changes such as increases in kelp abundance and changes in the size and number of other consumers. Monitoring population status of sea otters in Glacier Bay will help park researchers and managers understand and interpret sea otter-induced ecosystem changes relative to other sources of variation, including potential human-induced impacts such as ocean acidification, vessel disturbance, and oil spills. This report was prepared for the National Park Service (NPS), Southeast Alaska Inventory and Monitoring Network following a request for evaluation of options for monitoring sea otter population status in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve. To meet this request, we provide a detailed consideration of the primary method of assessment of abundance and distribution, aerial surveys, including analyses of power to detect interannual trends and designs to reduce variation around annual abundance estimates. We also describe two alternate techniques for evaluating sea otter population status—(1) quantifying sea otter diets and energy intake rates, and (2) detecting change in ages at death. In addition, we provide a brief section on directed research to identify studies that would further our understanding of sea otter population dynamics and effects on the Glacier Bay ecosystem, and provide context for interpreting results of monitoring activities.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151119","collaboration":"National Park Service, Southeast Alaska Inventory and Monitoring Network","usgsCitation":"Esslinger, G.G., Esler, D., Howlin, S., and Starcevich, L.A., 2015, Monitoring population status of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Alaska—Options and considerations: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1119, 42 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151119.","productDescription":"iv, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066127","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305530,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151119.jpg"},{"id":305529,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1119/"},{"id":302337,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1119/pdf/ofr20151119.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1119"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -136.67404174804688,\n 58.84146431191663\n ],\n [\n -135.90911865234375,\n 58.84643781578906\n ],\n [\n -135.80474853515622,\n 58.39091676201985\n ],\n [\n -136.05880737304688,\n 58.37507825384993\n ],\n [\n -136.37741088867188,\n 58.58686725348443\n ],\n [\n -136.56005859375,\n 58.58400407034718\n ],\n [\n -136.67404174804688,\n 58.84146431191663\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Alaska Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4210 University Dr
Anchorage, Alaska 99508-4560
http://alaska.usgs.gov