{"pageNumber":"610","pageRowStart":"15225","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46883,"records":[{"id":70044410,"text":"70044410 - 2012 - Resolving hyporheic and groundwater components of streambed water flux","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-09T15:25:50","indexId":"70044410","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resolving hyporheic and groundwater components of streambed water flux","docAbstract":"Hyporheic and groundwater fluxes typically occur together in permeable sediments beneath flowing stream water. However, streambed water fluxes quantified using the thermal method are usually interpreted as representing either groundwater or hyporheic fluxes. Our purpose was to improve understanding of co-occurring groundwater and hyporheic fluxes using streambed temperature measurements and analysis of one-dimensional heat transport in shallow streambeds. First, we examined how changes in hyporheic and groundwater fluxes affect their relative magnitudes by reevaluating previously published simulations. These indicated that flux magnitudes are largely independent until a threshold is crossed, past which hyporheic fluxes are diminished by much larger (1000-fold) groundwater fluxes. We tested accurate quantification of co-occurring fluxes using one-dimensional approaches that are appropriate for analyzing streambed temperature data collected at field sites. The thermal analytical method, which uses an analytical solution to the one-dimensional heat transport equation, was used to analyze results from a numerical heat transport model, in which hyporheic flow was represented as increased thermal dispersion at shallow depths. We found that co-occurring groundwater and hyporheic fluxes can be quantified in streambeds, although not always accurately. For example, using a temperature time series collected in a sandy streambed, we found that hyporheic and groundwater flow could both be detected when thermal dispersion due to hyporheic flow was significant compared to thermal conduction. We provide guidance for when thermal data can be used to quantify both hyporheic and groundwater fluxes, and we show that neglecting thermal dispersion may affect accuracy and interpretation of estimated streambed water fluxes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"AGU","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2011WR011784","usgsCitation":"Bhaskar, A., Harvey, J.W., and Henry, E.J., 2012, Resolving hyporheic and groundwater components of streambed water flux: Water Resources Research, v. 48, no. 8, W08524, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011784.","productDescription":"W08524","ipdsId":"IP-039262","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474130,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011wr011784","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":270719,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011784"},{"id":270721,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-08-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51653872e4b077fa94dae017","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bhaskar, Aditi S.","contributorId":62488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bhaskar","given":"Aditi S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harvey, Judson W. 0000-0002-2654-9873 jwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":1796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Judson","email":"jwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Henry, Eric J.","contributorId":44810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70045116,"text":"70045116 - 2012 - Developing ShakeCast statistical fragility analysis framework for rapid post-earthquake assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-17T21:58:09","indexId":"70045116","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Developing ShakeCast statistical fragility analysis framework for rapid post-earthquake assessment","docAbstract":"When an earthquake occurs, the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) ShakeMap estimates the extent of potentially damaging shaking and provides overall information regarding the affected areas. The USGS ShakeCast system is a freely-available, post-earthquake situational awareness application that automatically retrieves earthquake shaking data from ShakeMap, compares intensity measures against users’ facilities, sends notifications of potential damage to responsible parties, and generates facility damage assessment maps and other web-based products for emergency managers and responders. We describe notable improvements of the ShakeMap and the ShakeCast applications. We present a design for comprehensive fragility implementation, integrating spatially-varying ground-motion uncertainties into fragility curves for ShakeCast operations. For each facility, an overall inspection priority (or damage assessment) is assigned on the basis of combined component-based fragility curves using pre-defined logic. While regular ShakeCast users receive overall inspection priority designations for each facility, engineers can access the full fragility analyses for further evaluation.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (15WCEE), Lisbon, Portugal, September 24-28","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"IAEE","publisherLocation":"Tokyo, Japan","usgsCitation":"Lin, K., and Wald, D., 2012, Developing ShakeCast statistical fragility analysis framework for rapid post-earthquake assessment, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (15WCEE), Lisbon, Portugal, September 24-28.","ipdsId":"IP-037875","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":273882,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":273881,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.sciencebase.gov/confluence/download/attachments/204832834/15WCEE_ShakeCast.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51c02fe9e4b0ee1529ed3cc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lin, K.-W.","contributorId":64775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"K.-W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wald, D.J. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":43809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70045107,"text":"70045107 - 2012 - Geomagnetic detection of the sectorial solar magnetic field and the historical peculiarity of minimum 23-24","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-17T20:28:09","indexId":"70045107","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geomagnetic detection of the sectorial solar magnetic field and the historical peculiarity of minimum 23-24","docAbstract":"[1] Analysis is made of the geomagnetic-activityaaindex covering solar cycle 11 to the beginning of 24, 1868–2011. Autocorrelation shows 27.0-d recurrent geomagnetic activity that is well-known to be prominent during solar-cycle minima; some minima also exhibit a smaller amount of 13.5-d recurrence. Previous work has shown that the recent solar minimum 23–24 exhibited 9.0 and 6.7-d recurrence in geomagnetic and heliospheric data, but those recurrence intervals were not prominently present during the preceding minima 21–22 and 22–23. Using annual-averages and solar-cycle averages of autocorrelations of the historicalaadata, we put these observations into a long-term perspective: none of the 12 minima preceding 23–24 exhibited prominent 9.0 and 6.7-d geomagnetic activity recurrence. We show that the detection of these recurrence intervals can be traced to an unusual combination of sectorial spherical-harmonic structure in the solar magnetic field and anomalously low sunspot number. We speculate that 9.0 and 6.7-d recurrence is related to transient large-scale, low-latitude organization of the solar dynamo, such as seen in some numerical simulations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2011GL050702","usgsCitation":"Love, J.J., and Rigler, J., 2012, Geomagnetic detection of the sectorial solar magnetic field and the historical peculiarity of minimum 23-24: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 39, L04102, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050702.","productDescription":"L04102","ipdsId":"IP-035584","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474293,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gl050702","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":271031,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":271029,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050702"},{"id":271030,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://geomag.usgs.gov/downloads/publications/2011GL050702.pdf"}],"country":"United States","volume":"39","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"516fc464e4b05024ef3cd3fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Love, Jeffrey J. 0000-0002-3324-0348 jlove@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3324-0348","contributorId":760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jlove@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rigler, J.","contributorId":28513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rigler","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70045127,"text":"70045127 - 2012 - Data quality of seismic records from the Tohoku, Japan earthquake as recorded across the Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory networks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-14T15:22:55.128523","indexId":"70045127","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Data quality of seismic records from the Tohoku, Japan earthquake as recorded across the Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory networks","docAbstract":"Great earthquakes recorded across modern digital seismographic networks, such as the recent Tohoku, Japan, earthquake on 11 March 2011 (M<sub>w</sub> = 9.0), provide unique datasets that ultimately lead to a better understanding of the Earth's structure (e.g., Pesicek et al. 2008) and earthquake sources (e.g., Ammon et al. 2011). For network operators, such events provide the opportunity to look at the performance across their entire network using a single event, as the ground motion records from the event will be well above every station's noise floor.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.83.3.575","usgsCitation":"Ringler, A., Gee, L., Marshall, B., Hutt, C., and Storm, T., 2012, Data quality of seismic records from the Tohoku, Japan earthquake as recorded across the Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory networks: Seismological Research Letters, v. 83, no. 3, p. 575-584, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.83.3.575.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"575","endPage":"584","ipdsId":"IP-037136","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270461,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"83","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-05-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"515bfde5e4b075500ee5ca35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ringler, A. T. 0000-0002-9839-4188","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9839-4188","contributorId":99282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ringler","given":"A. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gee, L.S.","contributorId":37980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"L.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marshall, B.","contributorId":107163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hutt, C. R. 0000-0001-9033-9195","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9033-9195","contributorId":61910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutt","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Storm, T.","contributorId":15454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storm","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70044357,"text":"70044357 - 2012 - Physical controls and predictability of stream hyporheic flow evaluated with a multiscale model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-09T14:54:58","indexId":"70044357","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physical controls and predictability of stream hyporheic flow evaluated with a multiscale model","docAbstract":"Improved predictions of hyporheic exchange based on easily measured physical variables are needed to improve assessment of solute transport and reaction processes in watersheds. Here we compare physically based model predictions for an Indiana stream with stream tracer results interpreted using the Transient Storage Model (TSM). We parameterized the physically based, Multiscale Model (MSM) of stream-groundwater interactions with measured stream planform and discharge, stream velocity, streambed hydraulic conductivity and porosity, and topography of the streambed at distinct spatial scales (i.e., ripple, bar, and reach scales). We predicted hyporheic exchange fluxes and hyporheic residence times using the MSM. A Continuous Time Random Walk (CTRW) model was used to convert the MSM output into predictions of in stream solute transport, which we compared with field observations and TSM parameters obtained by fitting solute transport data. MSM simulations indicated that surface-subsurface exchange through smaller topographic features such as ripples was much faster than exchange through larger topographic features such as bars. However, hyporheic exchange varies nonlinearly with groundwater discharge owing to interactions between flows induced at different topographic scales. MSM simulations showed that groundwater discharge significantly decreased both the volume of water entering the subsurface and the time it spent in the subsurface. The MSM also characterized longer timescales of exchange than were observed by the tracer-injection approach. The tracer data, and corresponding TSM fits, were limited by tracer measurement sensitivity and uncertainty in estimates of background tracer concentrations. Our results indicate that rates and patterns of hyporheic exchange are strongly influenced by a continuum of surface-subsurface hydrologic interactions over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales rather than discrete processes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1029/2011WR011582","usgsCitation":"Stonedahl, S.H., Harvey, J.W., Detty, J., Aubeneau, A., and Packman, A., 2012, Physical controls and predictability of stream hyporheic flow evaluated with a multiscale model: Water Resources Research, v. 48, no. 10, W10513, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011582.","productDescription":"W10513","ipdsId":"IP-040699","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474129,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011wr011582","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":270711,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011582"},{"id":270712,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-10-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51653871e4b077fa94dae00c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stonedahl, Susa H.","contributorId":66145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonedahl","given":"Susa","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harvey, Judson W. 0000-0002-2654-9873 jwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":1796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Judson","email":"jwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Detty, Joel","contributorId":12347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Detty","given":"Joel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aubeneau, Antoine","contributorId":44057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aubeneau","given":"Antoine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Packman, Aaron I.","contributorId":15092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Packman","given":"Aaron I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70043697,"text":"70043697 - 2012 - Annual accumulation over the Greenland ice sheet interpolated from historical and newly compiled observation data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-08T20:39:43","indexId":"70043697","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1768,"text":"Geografiska Annaler, Series A: Physical Geography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Annual accumulation over the Greenland ice sheet interpolated from historical and newly compiled observation data","docAbstract":"The estimation of ice/snow accumulation is of great significance in quantifying the mass balance of ice sheets and variation in water resources. Improving the accuracy and reducing uncertainty has been a challenge for the estimation of annual accumulation over the Greenland ice sheet. In this study, we kriged and analyzed the spatial pattern of accumulation based on an observation data series including 315 points used in a recent research, plus 101 ice cores and snow pits and newly compiled 23 coastal weather station data. The estimated annual accumulation over the Greenland ice sheet is 31.2 g cm<sup>−2</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>, with a standard error of 0.9 g cm<sup>−2</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>. The main differences between the improved map developed in this study and the recently published accumulation maps are in the coastal areas, especially southeast and southwest regions. The analysis of accumulations versus elevation reveals the distribution patterns of accumulation over the Greenland ice sheet.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geografiska Annaler, Series A: Physical Geography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/j.1468-0459.2012.00458.x","usgsCitation":"Shen, D., Liu, Y., and Huang, S., 2012, Annual accumulation over the Greenland ice sheet interpolated from historical and newly compiled observation data: Geografiska Annaler, Series A: Physical Geography, v. 94, no. 3, p. 377-393, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0459.2012.00458.x.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"377","endPage":"393","ipdsId":"IP-031311","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270676,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270675,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0459.2012.00458.x"}],"country":"Greenland","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.0,59.8 ], [ -73.0,83.6 ], [ -11.3,83.6 ], [ -11.3,59.8 ], [ -73.0,59.8 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"94","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-11-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5163e6e7e4b0b7010f820164","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shen, Dayong","contributorId":71079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shen","given":"Dayong","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, Yuling","contributorId":96171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Yuling","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huang, Shengli shuang@usgs.gov","contributorId":1926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huang","given":"Shengli","email":"shuang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":474116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70045123,"text":"70045123 - 2012 - Comparison of soil thickness in a zero-order basin in the Oregon Coast Range using a soil probe and electrical resistivity tomography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T15:55:19","indexId":"70045123","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2327,"text":"Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of soil thickness in a zero-order basin in the Oregon Coast Range using a soil probe and electrical resistivity tomography","docAbstract":"Accurate estimation of the soil thickness distribution in steepland drainage basins is essential for understanding ecosystem and subsurface response to infiltration. One important aspect of this characterization is assessing the heavy and antecedent rainfall conditions that lead to shallow landsliding. In this paper, we investigate the direct current (DC) resistivity method as a tool for quickly estimating soil thickness over a steep (33–40°) zero-order basin in the Oregon Coast Range, a landslide prone region. Point measurements throughout the basin showed bedrock depths between 0.55 and 3.2 m. Resistivity of soil and bedrock samples collected from the site was measured for degrees of saturation between 40 and 92%. Resistivity of the soil was typically higher than that of the bedrock for degrees of saturation lower than 70%. Results from the laboratory measurements and point-depth measurements were used in a numerical model to evaluate the resistivity contrast at the soil-bedrock interface. A decreasing-with-depth resistivity contrast was apparent at the interface in the modeling results. At the field site, three transects were surveyed where coincident ground truth measurements of bedrock depth were available, to test the accuracy of the method. The same decreasing-with-depth resistivity trend that was apparent in the model was also present in the survey data. The resistivity contour of between 1,000 and 2,000 Ωm that marked the top of the contrast was our interpreted bedrock depth in the survey data. Kriged depth-to-bedrock maps were created from both the field-measured ground truth obtained with a soil probe and interpreted depths from the resistivity tomography, and these were compared for accuracy graphically. Depths were interpolated as far as 16.5 m laterally from the resistivity survey lines with root mean squared error (RMSE) = 27 cm between the measured and interpreted depth at those locations. Using several transects and analysis of the subsurface material properties, the direct current (DC) resistivity method is shown to be able to delineate bedrock depth trends within the drainage basin.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000717","usgsCitation":"Morse, M.S., Lu, N., Godt, J.W., Revil, A., and Coe, J.A., 2012, Comparison of soil thickness in a zero-order basin in the Oregon Coast Range using a soil probe and electrical resistivity tomography: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, v. 138, no. 12, p. 1470-1482, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000717.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1470","endPage":"1482","ipdsId":"IP-036774","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":272205,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":272204,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000717"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.61,42.0 ], [ -124.61,46.29 ], [ -116.46,46.29 ], [ -116.46,42.0 ], [ -124.61,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"138","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5215e4b0b290850f4510","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morse, Michael S.","contributorId":66987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morse","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lu, Ning","contributorId":191360,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lu","given":"Ning","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12620,"text":"U.S. Army Corp. of Engineers","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":476872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Godt, Jonathan W. 0000-0002-8737-2493 jgodt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8737-2493","contributorId":1166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godt","given":"Jonathan","email":"jgodt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Revil, André","contributorId":38879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revil","given":"André","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Coe, Jeffrey A. 0000-0002-0842-9608 jcoe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0842-9608","contributorId":1333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coe","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jcoe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70045581,"text":"70045581 - 2012 - Developing spatially explicit footprints of plausible land-use scenarios in the Santa Cruz Watershed, Arizona and Sonora","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-24T17:07:53","indexId":"70045581","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2603,"text":"Landscape and Urban Planning","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Developing spatially explicit footprints of plausible land-use scenarios in the Santa Cruz Watershed, Arizona and Sonora","docAbstract":"The SLEUTH urban growth model is applied to a binational dryland watershed to envision and evaluate plausible future scenarios of land use change into the year 2050. Our objective was to create a suite of geospatial footprints portraying potential land use change that can be used to aid binational decision-makers in assessing the impacts relative to sustainability of natural resources and potential socio-ecological consequences of proposed land-use management. Three alternatives are designed to simulate different conditions: (i) a Current Trends Scenario of unmanaged exponential growth, (ii) a Conservation Scenario with managed growth to protect the environment, and (iii) a Megalopolis Scenario in which growth is accentuated around a defined international trade corridor. The model was calibrated with historical data extracted from a time series of satellite images. Model materials, methodology, and results are presented. Our Current Trends Scenario predicts the footprint of urban growth to approximately triple from 2009 to 2050, which is corroborated by local population estimates. The Conservation Scenario results in protecting 46% more of the Evergreen class (more than 150,000 acres) than the Current Trends Scenario and approximately 95,000 acres of Barren Land, Crops, Deciduous Forest (Mesquite Bosque), Grassland/Herbaceous, Urban/Recreational Grasses, and Wetlands classes combined. The Megalopolis Scenario results also depict the preservation of some of these land-use classes compared to the Current Trends Scenario, most notably in the environmentally important headwaters region. Connectivity and areal extent of land cover types that provide wildlife habitat were preserved under the alternative scenarios when compared to Current Trends.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Landscape and Urban Planning","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.06.015","usgsCitation":"Norman, L.M., Feller, M., and Villarreal, M., 2012, Developing spatially explicit footprints of plausible land-use scenarios in the Santa Cruz Watershed, Arizona and Sonora: Landscape and Urban Planning, v. 107, no. 3, p. 225-235, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.06.015.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"235","ipdsId":"IP-030525","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.06.015","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":271427,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":271426,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.06.015"}],"country":"United States;Mexico","state":"Arizona;Sonora","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.05,26.3 ], [ -115.05,37.0 ], [ -108.42,37.0 ], [ -108.42,26.3 ], [ -115.05,26.3 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"107","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5178fee5e4b0d842c705f6e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norman, Laura M. 0000-0002-3696-8406 lnorman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3696-8406","contributorId":967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norman","given":"Laura","email":"lnorman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":477869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feller, Mark","contributorId":79931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feller","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Villarreal, Miguel L.","contributorId":107012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villarreal","given":"Miguel L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70040456,"text":"70040456 - 2012 - A tale of two land uses in the American West: rural residential growth and energy development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-18T16:58:21","indexId":"70040456","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2375,"text":"Journal of Maps","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A tale of two land uses in the American West: rural residential growth and energy development","docAbstract":"This paper describes a spatiotemporal land use map for a rural county in the western United States. Sublette County, Wyoming has undergone recent land use change in the form of heightened rural residential development on private land and increased energy development on both public and private land. In this study we integrate energy production data, population census data, ownership parcel data, and a series of Landsat Thematic Mapper and Enhanced Thematic Mapper scenes (over a 25-year period) to create a map that illustrates the changing landscape. Spatial change on the landscape is mapped at 30 square meters, congruent with a Landsat pixel. Sublette County has a wealth of wildlife and associated habitat which is affected by both types of growth. While we do not attempt to quantify the effect of disturbance on wildlife species, we believe our results can provide important baseline data that can be incorporated into land use planning and ecological-wildlife research at the landscape scale.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Maps","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1080/17445647.2012.745381","usgsCitation":"Assal, T.J., and Montag, J.M., 2012, A tale of two land uses in the American West: rural residential growth and energy development: Journal of Maps, v. 8, no. 4, p. 327-333, https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2012.745381.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"327","endPage":"333","ipdsId":"IP-041648","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269682,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269681,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2012.745381"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.5,18.9 ], [ 172.5,71.4 ], [ -66.9,71.4 ], [ -66.9,18.9 ], [ 172.5,18.9 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"8","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51483763e4b022dd171afdbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Assal, Timothy J. 0000-0001-6342-2954 assalt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6342-2954","contributorId":2203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Assal","given":"Timothy","email":"assalt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Montag, Jessica M.","contributorId":105007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montag","given":"Jessica","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70044071,"text":"70044071 - 2012 - Effects of supplemental feeding and aggregation on fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in elk","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-09T11:56:16","indexId":"70044071","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of supplemental feeding and aggregation on fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in elk","docAbstract":"Habitat modifications and supplemental feeding artificially aggregate some wildlife populations, with potential impacts upon contact and parasite transmission rates. Less well recognized, however, is how increased aggregation may affect wildlife physiology. Crowding has been shown to induce stress responses, and increased glucocorticoid (GC) concentrations can reduce immune function and increase disease susceptibility. We investigated the effects of supplemental feeding and the aggregation that it induces on behavior and fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations (fGCM) in elk (Cervus elaphus) using observational and experimental approaches. We first compared fGCM levels of elk on supplemental feedgrounds to neighboring elk populations wintering in native habitats using data from 2003 to 2008. We then experimentally manipulated the distribution of supplemental food on feedgrounds to investigate whether more widely distributed food would result in lower rates of aggression and stress hormone levels. Contrary to some expectations that fed elk may be less stressed than unfed elk during the winter, we found that elk on feedgrounds had fecal GC levels at least 31% higher than non-feedground populations. Within feedgrounds, fGCM levels were strongly correlated with local measures of elk density (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.81). Dispersing feed more broadly, however, did not have a detectable effect on fGCM levels or aggression rates. Our results suggest that increases in aggregation associated with winter feedgrounds affects elk physiology, and the resulting increases in fGCM levels are not likely to be mitigated by management efforts that distribute the feed more widely. Additional research is needed to assess whether these increases in fGCMs directly alter parasite transmission and disease dynamics.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.312","usgsCitation":"Forristal, V.E., Creel, S., Taper, M.L., Scurlock, B.M., and Cross, P.C., 2012, Effects of supplemental feeding and aggregation on fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in elk: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 76, no. 4, p. 76-4, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.312.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"76","endPage":"4","ipdsId":"IP-014086","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":272136,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":272135,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.312"}],"volume":"76","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"518cc567e4b05ebc8f7cc140","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Forristal, Victoria E.","contributorId":32062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forristal","given":"Victoria","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Creel, Scott","contributorId":15089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creel","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taper, Mark L.","contributorId":105192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taper","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scurlock, Brandon M.","contributorId":93788,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scurlock","given":"Brandon","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6917,"text":"Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Laramie, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":474775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cross, Paul C. 0000-0001-8045-5213 pcross@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8045-5213","contributorId":2709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cross","given":"Paul","email":"pcross@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":474772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70043478,"text":"70043478 - 2012 - Short-term impacts of a 4-lane highway on black bears in eastern North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-05T21:38:23","indexId":"70043478","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3773,"text":"Wildlife Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Short-term impacts of a 4-lane highway on black bears in eastern North Carolina","docAbstract":"Among numerous anthropogenic impacts on terrestrial landscapes, expanding transportation networks represent one of the primary challenges to wildlife conservation worldwide. Larger mammals may be particularly vulnerable because of typically low densities, low reproductive rates, and extensive movements. Although numerous studies have been conducted to document impacts of road networks on wildlife, inference has been limited because of experimental design limitations. During the last decade, the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) rerouted and upgraded sections of United States Highway 64 between Raleigh and the Outer Banks to a 4-lane, divided highway. A new route was selected for a 24.1-km section in Washington County. The new section of highway included 3 wildlife underpasses with adjacent wildlife fencing to mitigate the effects of the highway on wildlife, particularly American black bears (Ursus americanus). We assessed the short-term impacts of the new highway on spatial ecology, population size, survival, occupancy, and gene flow of black bears. We tested our research hypotheses using a before-after control-impact (BACI) study design. We collected data during 2000–2001 (preconstruction phase) and 2006–2007 (postconstruction phase) in the highway project area and a nearby control area (each approx. 11,000 ha), resulting in 4 groups of data (i.e., pre- or postconstruction study phase, treatment or control area). We captured and radiocollared 57 bears and collected 5,775 hourly locations and 4,998 daily locations. Using mixed-model analysis of variance and logistic regression, we detected no differences in home ranges, movement characteristics, proximity to the highway alignment, or habitat use between the 2 study phases, although minimum detectable effect sizes were large for several tests. However, after completion of the new highway, bears on the treatment area became less inactive in morning, when highway traffic was low, compared with bears on the control area (F<sub>1, 43</sub> = 6.05, P = 0.018). We used DNA from hair samples to determine if population size and site occupancy decreased following highway construction. For each study phase, we collected black bear hair from 70 hair snares on each study area during 7 weekly sampling periods and generated genotypes using 10 microsatellite loci. We used the multilocus genotypes to obtain capture histories for 226 different bears and used capture-mark-recapture models to estimate population size. Model-averaged estimates of population size decreased on the treatment area from 87.7 bears before construction to 31.6 bears after construction (64% reduction) and on the control area from 163.6 bears to 108.2 bears (34% reduction). Permutation procedures indicated this reduction was proportionally greater for the treatment area (P = 0.086). We also applied a spatially explicit capture-recapture technique to test our research hypothesis. The model with the most support indicated a greater change in density on the treatment area (69% reduction) compared with the control area (24% reduction). We did not observe a treatment effect based on survival of radiocollared bears. We used bear visits to hair snares as detections in multi-season occupancy models and found that occupancy decreased more on the treatment area (preconstruction: Ψ = 0.84; postconstruction: Ψ = 0.44; 48% decline) than the control area (preconstruction: Ψ = 0.91; postconstruction: Ψ = 0.81; 11% decline), primarily as a function of a greater probability of site extinctions (ε) on the treatment area (ε = 0.57) than the control area (ε = 0.17). Finally, individual- and population-based analyses of contemporary gene flow did not indicate the highway was a barrier to movements. Black bear use of the 3 wildlife underpasses was infrequent (17 verified crossings based on remote cameras, track surveys, and telemetry). Only 4 of 8 bears with home ranges near the highway were documented crossing the highway (n = 36 crossings), of which 2 were killed in vehicle collisions. Six additional bears were killed in vehicle collisions from May 2007 to November 2008, after we completed field work. Harvest data indicated that hunting mortality alone could explain the population decline on the control area. On the treatment area, however, hunting mortality only accounted for an approximately 40% population decline; the additional 30% decline we observed likely was caused by other mortality. We speculate vehicle collisions were primarily responsible. We conclude that impacts of the new highway on resident black bears occurred at the population level, rather than the individual or genetic level, but that the impact was smaller than harvest mortality. Increased activity by remaining bears when traffic volumes were low indicated behavioral plasticity. Bear use of the underpasses seemed sufficient to maintain gene flow between areas north and south of the new highway. Effectiveness of wildlife underpasses to reduce mortality of black bears may be enhanced if mitigation includes continuous fencing between crossing structures. For small, isolated populations of threatened or endangered large mammals, the potential demographic impacts of highways are an essential consideration in the transportation planning process. Control of mortality factors and maintaining demographic connectivity are particularly important.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Monographs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1002/wmon.7","usgsCitation":"van Manen, F., McCollister, M.F., Nicholson, J.M., Thompson, L.M., Kindall, J.L., and Jones, M., 2012, Short-term impacts of a 4-lane highway on black bears in eastern North Carolina: Wildlife Monographs, v. 181, no. 1, p. 1-35, https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.7.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"35","ipdsId":"IP-026614","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.7","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":268816,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268815,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wmon.7"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.4,32.5 ], [ -124.4,42.0 ], [ -114.1,42.0 ], [ -114.1,32.5 ], [ -124.4,32.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"181","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51372213e4b02ab8869c0036","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van Manen, Frank T.","contributorId":51172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Manen","given":"Frank T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCollister, Matthew F.","contributorId":107161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCollister","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nicholson, Jeremy M.","contributorId":6343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Jeremy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thompson, Laura M. 0000-0002-7884-6001 lthompson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7884-6001","contributorId":5366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Laura","email":"lthompson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kindall, Jason L.","contributorId":99441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kindall","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jones, Mark D.","contributorId":64119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Mark D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70043219,"text":"70043219 - 2012 - Complementarity of ResourceSat-1 AWiFS and Landsat TM/ETM+ sensors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-21T19:19:41","indexId":"70043219","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Complementarity of ResourceSat-1 AWiFS and Landsat TM/ETM+ sensors","docAbstract":"Considerable interest has been given to forming an international collaboration to develop a virtual moderate spatial resolution land observation constellation through aggregation of data sets from comparable national observatories such as the US Landsat, the Indian ResourceSat and related systems. This study explores the complementarity of India's ResourceSat-1 Advanced Wide Field Sensor (AWiFS) with the Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+). The analysis focuses on the comparative radiometry, geometry, and spectral properties of the two sensors. Two applied assessments of these data are also explored to examine the strengths and limitations of these alternate sources of moderate resolution land imagery with specific application domains. There are significant technical differences in these imaging systems including spectral band response, pixel dimensions, swath width, and radiometric resolution which produce differences in observation data sets. None of these differences was found to strongly limit comparable analyses in agricultural and forestry applications. Overall, we found that the AWiFS and Landsat TM/ETM+ imagery are comparable and in some ways complementary, particularly with respect to temporal repeat frequency. We have found that there are limits to our understanding of the AWiFS performance, for example, multi-camera design and stability of radiometric calibration over time, that leave some uncertainty that has been better addressed for Landsat through the Image Assessment System and related cross-sensor calibration studies. Such work still needs to be undertaken for AWiFS and similar observatories that may play roles in the Global Earth Observation System of Systems Land Surface Imaging Constellation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing of Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2012.03.002","usgsCitation":"Goward, S., Chander, G., Pagnutti, M., Marx, A., Ryan, R., Thomas, N., and Tetrault, R., 2012, Complementarity of ResourceSat-1 AWiFS and Landsat TM/ETM+ sensors: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 123, p. 41-56, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.03.002.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"56","ipdsId":"IP-036720","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271321,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":271320,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.03.002"}],"volume":"123","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51751746e4b074c2b05564a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goward, S.N.","contributorId":94514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goward","given":"S.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chander, G.","contributorId":51449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chander","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pagnutti, M.","contributorId":69874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pagnutti","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marx, A.","contributorId":104798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marx","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ryan, R.","contributorId":85765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thomas, N.","contributorId":72490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tetrault, R.","contributorId":103956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tetrault","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70042757,"text":"70042757 - 2012 - Why the 2002 Denali fault rupture propagated onto the Totschunda fault: implications for fault branching and seismic hazards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-26T16:17:42","indexId":"70042757","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Why the 2002 Denali fault rupture propagated onto the Totschunda fault: implications for fault branching and seismic hazards","docAbstract":"The propagation of the rupture of the M<sub>w</sub>7.9 Denali fault earthquake from the central Denali fault onto the Totschunda fault has provided a basis for dynamic models of fault branching in which the angle of the regional or local prestress relative to the orientation of the main fault and branch plays a principal role in determining which fault branch is taken. GeoEarthScope LiDAR and paleoseismic data allow us to map the structure of the Denali-Totschunda fault intersection and evaluate controls of fault branching from a geological perspective. LiDAR data reveal the Denali-Totschunda fault intersection is structurally simple with the two faults directly connected. At the branch point, 227.2 km east of the 2002 epicenter, the 2002 rupture diverges southeast to become the Totschunda fault. We use paleoseismic data to propose that differences in the accumulated strain on each fault segment, which express differences in the elapsed time since the most recent event, was one important control of the branching direction. We suggest that data on event history, slip rate, paleo offsets, fault geometry and structure, and connectivity, especially on high slip rate-short recurrence interval faults, can be used to assess the likelihood of branching and its direction. Analysis of the Denali-Totschunda fault intersection has implications for evaluating the potential for a rupture to propagate across other types of fault intersections and for characterizing sources of future large earthquakes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"AGU","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2011JB008918","usgsCitation":"Schwartz, D.P., Haeussler, P.J., Seitz, G., and Dawson, T.E., 2012, Why the 2002 Denali fault rupture propagated onto the Totschunda fault: implications for fault branching and seismic hazards: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 117, no. B11, B11304, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008918.","productDescription":"B11304","ipdsId":"IP-032223","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474132,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jb008918","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":270223,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270222,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008918"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.5,51.2 ], [ 172.5,71.4 ], [ -130.0,71.4 ], [ -130.0,51.2 ], [ 172.5,51.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"117","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5152c3bce4b01197b08e9d2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwartz, David P. 0000-0001-5193-9200 dschwartz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5193-9200","contributorId":1940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"David","email":"dschwartz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seitz, Gordon G.","contributorId":17303,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seitz","given":"Gordon G.","affiliations":[{"id":7099,"text":"Calif. Geol. Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":472174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dawson, Timothy E.","contributorId":24429,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dawson","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7099,"text":"Calif. Geol. Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":472175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70043162,"text":"70043162 - 2012 - Airborne LiDAR analysis and geochronology of faulted glacial moraines in the Tahoe-Sierra frontal fault zone reveal substantial seismic hazards in the Lake Tahoe region, California-Nevada USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-24T09:30:02","indexId":"70043162","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Airborne LiDAR analysis and geochronology of faulted glacial moraines in the Tahoe-Sierra frontal fault zone reveal substantial seismic hazards in the Lake Tahoe region, California-Nevada USA","docAbstract":"We integrated high-resolution bare-earth airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) imagery with field observations and modern geochronology to characterize the Tahoe-Sierra frontal fault zone, which forms the neotectonic boundary between the Sierra Nevada and the Basin and Range Province west of Lake Tahoe. The LiDAR imagery clearly delineates active normal faults that have displaced late Pleistocene glacial moraines and Holocene alluvium along 30 km of linear, right-stepping range front of the Tahoe-Sierra frontal fault zone. Herein, we illustrate and describe the tectonic geomorphology of faulted lateral moraines. We have developed new, three-dimensional modeling techniques that utilize the high-resolution LiDAR data to determine tectonic displacements of moraine crests and alluvium. The statistically robust displacement models combined with new ages of the displaced Tioga (20.8 ± 1.4 ka) and Tahoe (69.2 ± 4.8 ka; 73.2 ± 8.7 ka) moraines are used to estimate the minimum vertical separation rate at 17 sites along the Tahoe-Sierra frontal fault zone. Near the northern end of the study area, the minimum vertical separation rate is 1.5 ± 0.4 mm/yr, which represents a two- to threefold increase in estimates of seismic moment for the Lake Tahoe basin. From this study, we conclude that potential earthquake moment magnitudes (M<sup>w</sup>) range from 6.3 ± 0.25 to 6.9 ± 0.25. A close spatial association of landslides and active faults suggests that landslides have been seismically triggered. Our study underscores that the Tahoe-Sierra frontal fault zone poses substantial seismic and landslide hazards.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"GSA Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/B30598.1","usgsCitation":"Howle, J.F., Bawden, G.W., Schweickert, R.A., Finkel, R.C., Hunter, L.E., Rose, R.S., and von Twistern, B., 2012, Airborne LiDAR analysis and geochronology of faulted glacial moraines in the Tahoe-Sierra frontal fault zone reveal substantial seismic hazards in the Lake Tahoe region, California-Nevada USA: GSA Bulletin, v. 124, no. 7-8, p. 1087-1101, https://doi.org/10.1130/B30598.1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1087","endPage":"1101","ipdsId":"IP-035187","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274084,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274083,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B30598.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"California;Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Lake Tahoe","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.48,32.53 ], [ -124.48,42.01 ], [ -114.13,42.01 ], [ -114.13,32.53 ], [ -124.48,32.53 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"124","issue":"7-8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-05-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51c96a62e4b0a50a6e8f57c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howle, James F. 0000-0003-0491-6203 jfhowle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0491-6203","contributorId":2225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howle","given":"James","email":"jfhowle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bawden, Gerald W. gbawden@usgs.gov","contributorId":1071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bawden","given":"Gerald","email":"gbawden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schweickert, Richard A.","contributorId":60107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweickert","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Finkel, Robert C.","contributorId":83426,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Finkel","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13621,"text":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":473091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hunter, Lewis E.","contributorId":79568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunter","given":"Lewis","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rose, Ronn S.","contributorId":56960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"Ronn","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"von Twistern, Brent","contributorId":100274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Twistern","given":"Brent","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70043160,"text":"70043160 - 2012 - ASTER satellite observations for international disaster management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-11T10:34:32","indexId":"70043160","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3130,"text":"Proceedings of IEEE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"ASTER satellite observations for international disaster management","docAbstract":"When lives are threatened or lost due to catastrophic disasters, and when massive financial impacts are experienced, international emergency response teams rapidly mobilize to provide urgently required support. Satellite observations of affected areas often provide essential insight into the magnitude and details of the impacts. The large cost and high complexity of developing and operating satellite flight and ground systems encourages international collaboration in acquiring imagery for such significant global events in order to speed delivery of critical information to help those affected, and optimize spectral, spatial, and temporal coverage of the areas of interest. The International Charter-Space and Major Disasters was established to enable such collaboration in sensor tasking during times of crisis and is often activated in response to calls for assistance from authorized users. Insight is provided from a U.S. perspective into sensor support for Charter activations and other disaster events through a description of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), which has been used to support emergency situations for over a decade through its expedited tasking and near real-time data delivery capabilities. Examples of successes achieved and challenges encountered in international collaboration to develop related systems and fulfill tasking requests suggest operational considerations for new missions as well as areas for future enhancements.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of IEEE","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1109/JPROC.2012.2191929","usgsCitation":"Duda, K.A., and Abrams, M., 2012, ASTER satellite observations for international disaster management: Proceedings of IEEE, v. 100, no. 10, p. 2798-2811, https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2012.2191929.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2798","endPage":"2811","ipdsId":"IP-031247","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270812,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270811,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2012.2191929"}],"volume":"100","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5167db62e4b0ec0efb666ef4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duda, K. A.","contributorId":88560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abrams, M.","contributorId":42423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abrams","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70187522,"text":"70187522 - 2012 - Interactive terrain visualization enables virtual field work during rapid scientific response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-09T16:19:52","indexId":"70187522","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1820,"text":"Geosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactive terrain visualization enables virtual field work during rapid scientific response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake","docAbstract":"<p><span>The moment magnitude (M</span><sub>w</sub><span>) 7.0 12 January 2010 Haiti earthquake is the first major earthquake for which a large-footprint LiDAR (light detection and ranging) survey was acquired within several weeks of the event. Here, we describe the use of virtual reality data visualization to analyze massive amounts (67 GB on disk) of multiresolution terrain data during the rapid scientific response to a major natural disaster. In particular, we describe a method for conducting virtual field work using both desktop computers and a 4-sided, 22 m</span><sup>3</sup><span> CAVE immersive virtual reality environment, along with KeckCAVES (Keck Center for Active Visualization in the Earth Sciences) software tools LiDAR Viewer, to analyze LiDAR point-cloud data, and Crusta, for 2.5 dimensional surficial geologic mapping on a bare-earth digital elevation model. This system enabled virtual field work that yielded remote observations of the topographic expression of active faulting within an ∼75-km-long section of the eastern Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault spanning the 2010 epicenter. Virtual field observations indicated that the geomorphic evidence of active faulting and ancient surface rupture varies along strike. Landform offsets of 6–50 m along the Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault east of the 2010 epicenter and closest to Port-au-Prince attest to repeated recent surface-rupturing earthquakes there. In the west, the fault trace is well defined by displaced landforms, but it is not as clear as in the east. The 2010 epicenter is within a transition zone between these sections that extends from Grand Goâve in the west to Fayette in the east. Within this transition, between L'Acul (lat 72°40′W) and the Rouillone River (lat 72°35′W), the Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault is undefined along an embayed low-relief range front, with little evidence of recent surface rupture. Based on the geometry of the eastern and western faults that show evidence of recent surface rupture, we propose that the 2010 event occurred within a stepover that appears to have served as a long-lived boundary between rupture segments, explaining the lack of 2010 surface rupture. This study demonstrates how virtual reality–based data visualization has the potential to transform rapid scientific response by enabling virtual field studies and real-time interactive analysis of massive terrain data sets.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/GES00687.1","usgsCitation":"Cowgill, E., Bernardin, T.S., Oskin, M.E., Bowles, C., Yikilmaz, M.B., Kreylos, O., Elliott, A., Bishop, S., Gold, R.D., Morelan, A., Bawden, G.W., Hamann, B., and Kellogg, L., 2012, Interactive terrain visualization enables virtual field work during rapid scientific response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake: Geosphere, v. 8, no. 4, p. 787-804, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES00687.1.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"787","endPage":"804","ipdsId":"IP-022203","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474178,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges00687.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":340908,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"591183b8e4b0e541a03c1a7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cowgill, Eric","contributorId":16290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowgill","given":"Eric","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bernardin, Tony S.","contributorId":191807,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bernardin","given":"Tony","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oskin, Michael E.","contributorId":191806,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oskin","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bowles, Christopher","contributorId":191803,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowles","given":"Christopher","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yikilmaz, M. Burak","contributorId":191805,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yikilmaz","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Burak","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kreylos, Oliver","contributorId":98189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kreylos","given":"Oliver","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Elliott, Austin J.","contributorId":191820,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elliott","given":"Austin J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bishop, Scott","contributorId":191821,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bishop","given":"Scott","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Gold, Ryan D. 0000-0002-4464-6394 rgold@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4464-6394","contributorId":3883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gold","given":"Ryan","email":"rgold@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":694392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Morelan, Alexander","contributorId":173909,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morelan","given":"Alexander","affiliations":[{"id":12711,"text":"UC Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":694393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Bawden, Gerald W. gbawden@usgs.gov","contributorId":1071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bawden","given":"Gerald","email":"gbawden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":694394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Hamann, Bernd","contributorId":191822,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamann","given":"Bernd","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Kellogg, Louise","contributorId":191823,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kellogg","given":"Louise","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}}
,{"id":70042472,"text":"70042472 - 2012 - Bathythermal habitat use by strains of Great Lakes- and Finger Lakes-origin lake trout in Lake Huron after a change in prey fish abundance and composition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-28T14:55:35","indexId":"70042472","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bathythermal habitat use by strains of Great Lakes- and Finger Lakes-origin lake trout in Lake Huron after a change in prey fish abundance and composition","docAbstract":"A study conducted in Lake Huron during October 1998–June 2001 found that strains of Great Lakes-origin (GLO) lake trout <i>Salvelinus namaycush</i> occupied significantly higher temperatures than did Finger Lakes-origin (FLO; New York) lake trout based on data from archival (or data storage) telemetry tags that recorded only temperature. During 2002 and 2003, we implanted archival tags that recorded depth as well as temperature in GLO and FLO lake trout in Lake Huron. Data subsequently recorded by those tags spanned 2002–2005. Based on those data, we examined whether temperatures and depths occupied by GLO and FLO lake trout differed during 2002–2005. Temperatures occupied during those years were also compared with occupied temperatures reported for 1998–2001, before a substantial decline in prey fish biomass. Temperatures occupied by GLO lake trout were again significantly higher than those occupied by FLO lake trout. This result supports the conclusion of the previous study. The GLO lake trout also occupied significantly shallower depths than FLO lake trout. In 2002–2005, both GLO and FLO lake trout occupied significantly lower temperatures than they did in 1998–2001. Aside from the sharp decline in prey fish biomass between study periods, the formerly abundant pelagic alewife Alosa pseudoharengus virtually disappeared and the demersal round goby Neogobius melanostomus invaded the lake and became locally abundant. The lower temperatures occupied by lake trout in Lake Huron during 2002–2005 may be attributable to changes in the composition of the prey fish community, food scarcity (i.e., a retreat to cooler water could increase conversion efficiency), or both.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis Online","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1080/00028487.2011.651069","usgsCitation":"Bergstedt, R.A., Argyle, R.L., Krueger, C., and Taylor, W., 2012, Bathythermal habitat use by strains of Great Lakes- and Finger Lakes-origin lake trout in Lake Huron after a change in prey fish abundance and composition: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 141, no. 2, p. 263-274, https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2011.651069.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"274","ipdsId":"IP-019052","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268586,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2011.651069"},{"id":268589,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Lake Huron","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84.71,42.92 ], [ -84.71,46.04 ], [ -81.63,46.04 ], [ -81.63,42.92 ], [ -84.71,42.92 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"141","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-02-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51308a7be4b04c194073adaf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bergstedt, Roger A. rbergstedt@usgs.gov","contributorId":4174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergstedt","given":"Roger","email":"rbergstedt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Argyle, Ray L.","contributorId":9993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Argyle","given":"Ray","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krueger, Charles C.","contributorId":67821,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krueger","given":"Charles C.","affiliations":[{"id":7019,"text":"Great Lakes Fishery Commission","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":471606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, William W.","contributorId":49735,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"William W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70038087,"text":"70038087 - 2012 - Estimating discharge measurement uncertainty using the interpolated variance estimator","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-20T20:19:00","indexId":"70038087","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating discharge measurement uncertainty using the interpolated variance estimator","docAbstract":"Methods for quantifying the uncertainty in discharge measurements typically identify various sources of uncertainty and then estimate the uncertainty from each of these sources by applying the results of empirical or laboratory studies. If actual measurement conditions are not consistent with those encountered in the empirical or laboratory studies, these methods may give poor estimates of discharge uncertainty. This paper presents an alternative method for estimating discharge measurement uncertainty that uses statistical techniques and at-site observations. This Interpolated Variance Estimator (IVE) estimates uncertainty based on the data collected during the streamflow measurement and therefore reflects the conditions encountered at the site. The IVE has the additional advantage of capturing all sources of random uncertainty in the velocity and depth measurements. It can be applied to velocity-area discharge measurements that use a velocity meter to measure point velocities at multiple vertical sections in a channel cross section.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000695","usgsCitation":"Cohn, T., Kiang, J., and Mason, R., 2012, Estimating discharge measurement uncertainty using the interpolated variance estimator: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 139, no. 5, p. 502-510, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000695.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"502","endPage":"510","ipdsId":"IP-022663","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269975,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269974,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000695"}],"volume":"139","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5150207ee4b08df5cb131360","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cohn, T.","contributorId":95353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohn","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kiang, J.","contributorId":31280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kiang","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mason, R. Jr.","contributorId":80155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70042085,"text":"70042085 - 2012 - Radiometric calibration of the Landsat MSS sensor series","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-12T14:32:05","indexId":"70042085","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiometric calibration of the Landsat MSS sensor series","docAbstract":"Multispectral remote sensing of the Earth using Landsat sensors was ushered on July 23, 1972, with the launch of Landsat-1. Following that success, four more Landsat satellites were launched, and each of these carried the Multispectral Scanner System (MSS). These five sensors provided the only consistent multispectral space-based imagery of the Earth's surface from 1972 to 1982. This work focuses on developing both a consistent and absolute radiometric calibration of this sensor system. Cross-calibration of the MSS was performed through the use of pseudoinvariant calibration sites (PICSs). Since these sites have been shown to be stable for long periods of time, changes in MSS observations of these sites were attributed to changes in the sensors themselves. In addition, simultaneous data collections were available for some MSS sensor pairs, and these were also used for cross-calibration. Results indicated substantial differences existed between instruments, up to 16%, and these were reduced to 5% or less across all MSS sensors and bands. Lastly, this paper takes the calibration through the final step and places the MSS sensors on an absolute radiometric scale. The methodology used to achieve this was based on simultaneous data collections by the Landsat-5 MSS and Thematic Mapper (TM) instruments. Through analysis of image data from a PICS location and through compensating for the spectral differences between the two instruments, the Landsat-5 MSS sensor was placed on an absolute radiometric scale based on the Landsat-5 TM sensor. Uncertainties associated with this calibration are considered to be less than 5%.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2011.2171351","usgsCitation":"Helder, D.L., Karki, S., Bhatt, R., Micijevik, E., Aaron, D., and Jasinski, B., 2012, Radiometric calibration of the Landsat MSS sensor series: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 50, no. 6, p. 2380-2399, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2011.2171351.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"2380","endPage":"2399","ipdsId":"IP-030742","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269169,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269167,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2011.2171351"}],"volume":"50","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51404e8ee4b089809dbf44ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helder, Dennis L.","contributorId":105613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helder","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karki, Sadhana","contributorId":64966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karki","given":"Sadhana","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bhatt, Rajendra","contributorId":95768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bhatt","given":"Rajendra","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Micijevik, Esad 0000-0002-3828-9239","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3828-9239","contributorId":107995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Micijevik","given":"Esad","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Aaron, David","contributorId":83809,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aaron","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5089,"text":"South Dakota State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":470752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jasinski, Benjamin","contributorId":31274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jasinski","given":"Benjamin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70041875,"text":"70041875 - 2012 - Golden Gate Bridge response: a study with low-amplitude data from three earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-05T11:42:55","indexId":"70041875","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Golden Gate Bridge response: a study with low-amplitude data from three earthquakes","docAbstract":"The dynamic response of the Golden Gate Bridge, located north of San Francisco, CA, has been studied previously using ambient vibration data and finite element models. Since permanent seismic instrumentation was installed in 1993, only small earthquakes that originated at distances varying between ~11 to 122 km have been recorded. Nonetheless, these records prompted this study of the response of the bridge to low amplitude shaking caused by three earthquakes. Compared to previous ambient vibration studies, the earthquake response data reveal a slightly higher fundamental frequency (shorter-period) for vertical vibration of the bridge deck center span (~7.7–8.3 s versus 8.2–10.6 s), and a much higher fundamental frequency (shorter period) for the transverse direction of the deck (~11.24–16.3 s versus ~18.2 s). In this study, it is also shown that these two periods are dominant apparent periods representing interaction between tower, cable, and deck.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquake Spectra","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"EERI","publisherLocation":"Oakland, CA","doi":"10.1193/1.4000018","usgsCitation":"Çelebi, M., 2012, Golden Gate Bridge response: a study with low-amplitude data from three earthquakes: Earthquake Spectra, v. 28, no. 2, p. 487-510, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000018.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"487","endPage":"510","ipdsId":"IP-026135","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268760,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000018"},{"id":268761,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Golden Gate Bridge","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.4,32.5 ], [ -124.4,42.0 ], [ -114.1,42.0 ], [ -114.1,32.5 ], [ -124.4,32.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51372200e4b02ab8869bffd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Çelebi, Mehmet 0000-0002-4769-7357 celebi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4769-7357","contributorId":3205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Çelebi","given":"Mehmet","email":"celebi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":470271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70039418,"text":"70039418 - 2012 - Structural equation modeling and the analysis of long-term monitoring data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-26T15:58:02","indexId":"70039418","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-31T15:54:11","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"chapter":"15","title":"Structural equation modeling and the analysis of long-term monitoring data","docAbstract":"The analysis of long-term monitoring data is increasingly important; not only for the discovery and documentation of changes in environmental systems, but also as an enterprise whose fruits validate the allocation of effort and scarce funds to monitoring. In simple terms, we may distinguish between the detection of change in some ecosystem attribute versus the investigation of causes and consequences associated with that change. The statistical framework known as structural equation modeling (SEM) can contribute to both detection of changes and the search for causes. This chapter summarizes some of the capabilities of SEM and shows a few ways it can be used to model temporal change. Because of its ability to test hypotheses about whether rates of change are zero or nonzero, it can be used for change detection with repeated-measures data. As more of the capabilities of SEM are presented, its capacity for evaluating causal networks is highlighted. Here is where its potential for making a unique contribution to the analysis of long-term monitoring data is revealed. Thus, one?s primary motivation for using SEM with monitoring data will be to investigate hypotheses about what factors may be driving change. In this chapter, it will be necessary to first introduce notation to describe the elements of structural equation models (SE models) so as to permit an unambiguous presentation of their various forms. The first part of the chapter works through the fundamental features of models of increasing complexity, while the second part of the chapter illustrates several of these possibilities using a real example.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Design and analysis of long-term ecological monitoring studies","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","isbn":"9780521139298","usgsCitation":"Grace, J.B., Keeley, J.E., Johnson, D., and Bollen, A.K., 2012, Structural equation modeling and the analysis of long-term monitoring data, chap. 15 <i>of</i> Design and analysis of long-term ecological monitoring studies, p. 325-358.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"325","endPage":"358","numberOfPages":"34","ipdsId":"IP-026622","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366941,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grace, James B. 0000-0001-6374-4726 gracej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"James","email":"gracej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":769269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":769270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Darren 0000-0002-0502-6045 johnsond@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0502-6045","contributorId":3663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Darren","email":"johnsond@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":769271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bollen, A Kenneth Kenneth","contributorId":115504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bollen","given":"A","suffix":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":514176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70048356,"text":"70048356 - 2012 - Extended Kalman Filter framework for forecasting shoreline evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-23T11:29:52","indexId":"70048356","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-31T11:24:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extended Kalman Filter framework for forecasting shoreline evolution","docAbstract":"A shoreline change model incorporating both long- and short-term evolution is integrated into a data assimilation framework that uses sparse observations to generate an updated forecast of shoreline position and to estimate unobserved geophysical variables and model parameters. Application of the assimilation algorithm provides quantitative statistical estimates of combined model-data forecast uncertainty which is crucial for developing hazard vulnerability assessments, evaluation of prediction skill, and identifying future data collection needs. Significant attention is given to the estimation of four non-observable parameter values and separating two scales of shoreline evolution using only one observable morphological quantity (i.e. shoreline position).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2012GL052180","usgsCitation":"Long, J., and Plant, N.G., 2012, Extended Kalman Filter framework for forecasting shoreline evolution: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 39, no. 13, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052180.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","ipdsId":"IP-037643","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474179,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2012gl052180","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":278002,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278001,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052180"},{"id":277997,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2012GL052180/abstract"}],"volume":"39","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-07-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"524162e5e4b0ec672f073ae8","chorus":{"doi":"10.1029/2012gl052180","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012gl052180","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Long Joseph W., Plant Nathaniel G.","journalName":"Geophysical Research Letters","publicationDate":"7/2012"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, Joseph","contributorId":15106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Joseph","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plant, Nathaniel G. 0000-0002-5703-5672 nplant@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5703-5672","contributorId":3503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plant","given":"Nathaniel","email":"nplant@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":484405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70211072,"text":"70211072 - 2012 - Helicopter electromagnetic data map ice thickness at Mount Adams and Mount Baker, Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-13T16:31:59.34607","indexId":"70211072","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-31T11:18:58","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2328,"text":"Journal of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Helicopter electromagnetic data map ice thickness at Mount Adams and Mount Baker, Washington, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>Ice-thickness measurements critical for flood and mudflow hazard studies are very sparse on Cascade Range (North America) volcanoes. Helicopter electromagnetic (HEM) data collected to detect hydrothermal alteration are used to determine ice thickness over portions of Mount Baker and Mount Adams volcanoes. A laterally continuous inversion method provides good estimates of ice &lt;100 m thick over water-saturated and altered regions where the resistivity of the basement is &lt;200 Ωm. For areas with ice overlying fresh, resistive rocks with small resistivity contrasts between ice and rock, ice thickness is not well resolved. The ice thicknesses derived from HEM data are consistent with the previous drillhole data from Mount Adams and radar data from both volcanoes, with mean thicknesses of 57 m for Mount Adams and 68 m for Mount Baker. The thickest ice on Mount Baker rests on the gentle lower slopes whereas the thickest ice at Mount Adams lies on the flat summit. Ice volume calculations suggest that Mount Baker contains ∽710 × 10</span><span class=\"sup\">6</span><span>&nbsp;m</span><sup><span class=\"sup\">3</span></sup><span>&nbsp;of ice in the HEM survey area, with a crude estimate of ∽1800 × 10</span><span class=\"sup\">6</span><span>m</span><sup><span class=\"sup\">3</span></sup><span>&nbsp;for the entire volcano. Ice volume on Mount Adams is 65 × 10</span><span class=\"sup\">6</span><span>m</span><sup><span class=\"sup\">3</span></sup><span><sup>&nbsp;</sup>in parts of the HEM survey area and ∽200 × 10</span><span class=\"sup\">6</span><span>m</span><sup><span class=\"sup\">3</span></sup><span>&nbsp;overall.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"International Glaciology Society","doi":"10.3189/2012JoG11J098","usgsCitation":"Finn, C.A., Deszcz-Pan, M., and Bedrosian, P.A., 2012, Helicopter electromagnetic data map ice thickness at Mount Adams and Mount Baker, Washington, USA: Journal of Glaciology, v. 58, no. 212, p. 1133-1143, https://doi.org/10.3189/2012JoG11J098.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1133","endPage":"1143","ipdsId":"IP-018539","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474180,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/2012jog11j098","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":376337,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount Adams, Mount Baker","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.66122436523436,\n              46.059891147620725\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.38381958007812,\n              46.059891147620725\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.38381958007812,\n              46.31848113932307\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.66122436523436,\n              46.31848113932307\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.66122436523436,\n              46.059891147620725\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.91734313964844,\n              48.70410346344752\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.7401885986328,\n              48.70410346344752\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.7401885986328,\n              48.849806364881616\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.91734313964844,\n              48.849806364881616\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.91734313964844,\n              48.70410346344752\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"212","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-09-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deszcz-Pan, Maria 0000-0002-6298-5314 maryla@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6298-5314","contributorId":1263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deszcz-Pan","given":"Maria","email":"maryla@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bedrosian, Paul A. 0000-0002-6786-1038 pbedrosian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6786-1038","contributorId":839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedrosian","given":"Paul","email":"pbedrosian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70157463,"text":"70157463 - 2012 - Genetic variation reveals influence of landscape connectivity on population dynamics and resiliency of western trout in disturbance-prone habitats","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-10T09:33:18","indexId":"70157463","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":295,"text":"Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":" RMRS-GTR-290","title":"Genetic variation reveals influence of landscape connectivity on population dynamics and resiliency of western trout in disturbance-prone habitats","docAbstract":"Salmonid fishes have evolved and persisted in dynamic ecosystems where disturbance events vary in frequency, magnitude, timing, and duration, as well as the specific nature of associated effects (e.g., changes in thermal or flow regimes, geomorphology, or water chemistry). In the western United States, one of the major drivers of disturbance in stream ecosystems is fire. Although there is a growing consensus that fish populations can ultimately benefit from the productive and heterogeneous habitats created by fire, to persist they obviously have to withstand the immediate and shorter-term effects of fire, which can reduce or even extirpate local populations. Movement among interconnected stream habitats is thought to be an important strategy enabling persistence during and following fire, and there is mounting concern that the extensive isolation of salmonid populations in fragmented habitats is reducing their resiliency to fire. In spite of this concern, there are few direct observations of salmonid responses to fire. In fact, guidance is based largely on a broader understanding of the influences of landscape structure and disturbance in general on salmonid fishes, and there is considerable uncertainty about how best to manage for salmonid resilience to wildfire. Studies are limited by the difficult logistics of following fish responses in the face of unpredictable events such as wildfires. Therefore, BACI (Before-After-Control-Impact) study designs are nearly impossible, and replication is similarly challenging because fires are often low-frequency events. Furthermore, conventional ecological study approaches (e.g., studies of fish distribution, abundance, life histories, and movement) are logistically difficult to implement. Overall, a major challenge to understanding resilience of salmonid populations in fire-prone environments is related to moving beyond localized case studies to those with broader applicability in wildfire management . Genetic data can be useful for overcoming many of the limitations inherent in ecological studies. Here we review several case studies of western trout where population genetic data have provided insight about fish responses to fragmentation and disturbance more generally, and specifically in relation to fire. Results of these studies confirm the importance of movement and landscape connectivity for ensuring fish persistence in fire-prone landscapes, and highlight the usefulness of genetic approaches for broad-scale evaluation and monitoring of population responses to fire and related management actions.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"US Forest Service","usgsCitation":"Helen M. Neville, Gresswell, R.E., and Dunham, J.B., 2012, Genetic variation reveals influence of landscape connectivity on population dynamics and resiliency of western trout in disturbance-prone habitats: Technical Report  RMRS-GTR-290, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"186","ipdsId":"IP-013149","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341048,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341046,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/41932"}],"country":"United States","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":3,"text":"Helena PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"591426c0e4b0e541a03e961c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helen M. Neville","contributorId":147922,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Helen M. Neville","affiliations":[{"id":6579,"text":"Trout Unlimited, Boise, ID, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gresswell, Robert E. 0000-0003-0063-855X bgresswell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0063-855X","contributorId":147914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gresswell","given":"Robert","email":"bgresswell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":573238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dunham, Jason B. 0000-0002-6268-0633 jdunham@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6268-0633","contributorId":147808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunham","given":"Jason","email":"jdunham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70160584,"text":"70160584 - 2012 - Status and trends of prey fish populations in Lake Michigan, 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-15T11:09:51","indexId":"70160584","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5651,"text":"Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Committee Meeting Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"title":"Status and trends of prey fish populations in Lake Michigan, 2012","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey Great Lakes Science Center has conducted lake-wide surveys of the fish community in Lake Michigan each fall since 1973 using standard 12-m bottom trawls towed along contour at depths of 9 to 110 m at each of seven index transects. The resulting data on relative abundance, size and age structure, and condition of individual fishes are used to estimate various population parameters that are in turn used by state and tribal agencies in managing Lake Michigan fish stocks. All seven established index transects of the survey were completed in 2012. The survey provides relative abundance and biomass estimates between the 5-m and 114-m depth contours of the lake (herein, lake-wide) for prey fish populations, as well as burbot, yellow perch, and the introduced dreissenid mussels. Lake-wide biomass of alewives in 2012 was estimated at 9 kilotonnes (kt, 1 kt = 1000 metric tonnes), which continues the trend of unusually low alewife biomass since 2004 but represented a 20% increase from the 2011 estimate. The age distribution of alewives larger than 100 mm was dominated (i.e., 84%) by age-2. Record low biomass was observed for several species, including bloater (0.4 kt), rainbow smelt (0.1 kt), deepwater sculpin (1.5 kt), and ninespine stickleback (0.01 kt). Slimy sculpin lake-wide biomass was 0.73 kt in 2012, which was the third consecutive year revealing a decline. Estimated biomass of round goby increased by 79% to 3 kt. Burbot lake-wide biomass (0.5 kt in 2012) has remained below 3 kt since 2001. Numeric density of age-0 yellow perch (i.e., < 100 mm) was only 2 fish per ha, which is indicative of a relatively poor year-class. Lake-wide biomass estimates of dreissenid mussels have continued to increase from 2010, from 12 to 95 kt in 2012. Overall, the total lake-wide prey fish biomass estimate (sum of alewife, bloater, rainbow smelt, deepwater sculpin, slimy sculpin, round goby, and ninespine stickleback) in 2012 was 15 kt, which represented the lowest total biomass of the time series.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Bunnell, D., Madenjian, C.P., Desorcie, T.J., Kostich, M.J., Smith, K., and Adams, J.V., 2012, Status and trends of prey fish populations in Lake Michigan, 2012: Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Committee Meeting Report, 15 p.","productDescription":"15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-044376","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340466,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-88.0327606201172,44.569925985528315],[-87.9998016357422,44.52294742992484],[-87.93388366699222,44.569925985528315],[-87.88993835449222,44.60904581939573],[-87.8020477294922,44.616866626576495],[-87.73681640625,44.67255939212045],[-87.7031707763672,44.76526184976037],[-87.60429382324224,44.81983792793673],[-87.48344421386723,44.843211876563345],[-87.38456726074219,44.95216496198613],[-87.35160827636722,45.05315083032946],[-87.28569030761723,45.11520750294169],[-87.23075866699224,45.19268354749924],[-87.16484069824222,45.2004253589021],[-87.05497741699223,45.270054264401466],[-87.0110321044922,45.27778554315248],[-87.02201843261722,45.20816611702964],[-87.0879364013672,45.09969965456332],[-87.1977996826172,44.944389445164354],[-87.20878601074222,44.882147391884565],[-87.28569030761723,44.78086028131493],[-87.41752624511724,44.601223959012046],[-87.4944305419922,44.397485929414074],[-87.5445556640625,44.31205742666618],[-87.4951171875,44.174324837518895],[-87.60429382324224,44.12998516884592],[-87.63725280761723,44.06686692869627],[-87.72514343261723,43.88502670346999],[-87.72514343261723,43.766135280960874],[-87.7581024169922,43.63905678866048],[-87.8020477294922,43.5117089559637],[-87.8569793701172,43.384091842455646],[-87.9228973388672,43.256205513185485],[-87.890625,43.12103377575541],[-87.87895202636723,43.04781622541022],[-87.86865234374999,42.99259451971113],[-87.835693359375,42.9524020856897],[-87.83500671386722,42.87898318850082],[-87.78007507324223,42.77423534479344],[-87.82402038574222,42.7016136416648],[-87.83500671386722,42.53183230918085],[-87.83500671386722,42.402164470921264],[-87.83500671386722,42.288484824627524],[-87.7910614013672,42.1583135730229],[-87.6763916015625,42.07783959017503],[-87.63725280761723,41.929868314485766],[-87.58232116699222,41.79076878785126],[-87.53837585449223,41.70880422215804],[-87.4944305419922,41.6841944469136],[-87.41752624511724,41.6841944469136],[-87.4127197265625,41.644183479397455],[-87.220458984375,41.6154423246811],[-86.9780731201172,41.67598909594527],[-86.86820983886722,41.74979958661997],[-86.69242858886724,41.85626507974837],[-86.5496063232422,41.95438387658198],[-86.4946746826172,42.09312731992271],[-86.3518524169922,42.27222809598565],[-86.27494812011719,42.40419259634448],[-86.24198913574222,42.58038849423688],[-86.20903015136719,42.693539313660004],[-86.20628356933595,42.80849936032273],[-86.22825622558594,43.0056514050858],[-86.2859344482422,43.120031386787694],[-86.3628387451172,43.264206294638335],[-86.45072937011724,43.42400111325468],[-86.5276336669922,43.58337524996208],[-86.54685974121095,43.643032068770346],[-86.43699645996097,43.8018275707514],[-86.46171569824223,43.90086100143821],[-86.46446228027344,43.954270674161876],[-86.4946746826172,43.99972997512578],[-86.52214050292972,44.062919801560184],[-86.44523620605472,44.10829587357286],[-86.41227722167969,44.155607707387276],[-86.35459899902345,44.21666272899815],[-86.28044128417972,44.33268950205706],[-86.26396179199219,44.38767289599186],[-86.23649597167972,44.55231347023833],[-86.2557220458985,44.64618527335056],[-86.25022888183597,44.69696917557666],[-86.1266326904297,44.73600343509071],[-86.07719421386723,44.749659205143274],[-86.07719421386723,44.79840348086499],[-86.06895446777344,44.91327684489319],[-86.02500915527345,44.91327684489319],[-85.98655700683594,44.90160527494202],[-85.95634460449222,44.944389445164354],[-85.92613220214845,44.97451370563986],[-85.90278625488283,44.97354220216912],[-85.88973999023438,44.9579959083747],[-85.86158752441406,44.94050129176625],[-85.83137512207033,44.93855711632049],[-85.80390930175781,44.94730538740602],[-85.77919006347658,44.97354220216912],[-85.77919006347658,44.99394031891059],[-85.74211120605473,45.05218065994234],[-85.69953918457033,45.07352060670968],[-85.6816864013672,45.09969965456332],[-85.61714172363286,45.18784438050529],[-85.59654235839844,45.1762287010566],[-85.57319641113281,45.188812246819055],[-85.56495666503908,45.20139301126901],[-85.54573059082033,45.213003555993964],[-85.51963806152345,45.19365133152565],[-85.52375793457036,45.168483598156435],[-85.54710388183598,45.15395869129108],[-85.55397033691412,45.1307111381502],[-85.57182312011722,45.11520750294169],[-85.59379577636723,45.06867131826392],[-85.59379577636723,45.02209721486685],[-85.62675476074222,44.991026746594514],[-85.64048767089844,44.9715991458543],[-85.62263488769531,44.970627593010136],[-85.59791564941409,44.99491147676693],[-85.59242248535158,44.92300134283307],[-85.61714172363286,44.915221876143214],[-85.64048767089844,44.8753355775619],[-85.64598083496094,44.82373424434252],[-85.62950134277345,44.79645449978884],[-85.62812805175784,44.76916185262443],[-85.59242248535158,44.767211884106985],[-85.58143615722659,44.80814739879976],[-85.55122375488284,44.861709529639676],[-85.53611755371095,44.873389196779215],[-85.52513122558597,44.89187715629884],[-85.53474426269534,44.89868701215514],[-85.55259704589844,44.88312044238562],[-85.56495666503908,44.888958399780414],[-85.53611755371095,44.92883525162427],[-85.5223846435547,44.96285457777543],[-85.50178527832034,44.98519915760114],[-85.47981262207031,44.99588261816551],[-85.46058654785156,44.98811302615805],[-85.45783996582033,44.95508050924061],[-85.47569274902345,44.95702412512118],[-85.47981262207031,44.944389445164354],[-85.48393249511719,44.91619436708162],[-85.4770660400391,44.89965978287517],[-85.49491882324224,44.87436239539939],[-85.49354553222659,44.84808025602076],[-85.52375793457036,44.83736927811438],[-85.54573059082033,44.81496716213565],[-85.56221008300781,44.758436211143476],[-85.53199768066409,44.74770857833612],[-85.49629211425784,44.77696106840196],[-85.50865173339847,44.78963254761405],[-85.49629211425784,44.81009598489744],[-85.47569274902345,44.8149671621356],[-85.46058654785156,44.82763029742812],[-85.42488098144533,44.88798544802555],[-85.39466857910159,44.93077975622578],[-85.38093566894531,44.97354220216912],[-85.38505554199222,45.04053733158769],[-85.36033630371097,45.10357701164308],[-85.38093566894531,45.13846137581876],[-85.37956237792972,45.17235628126677],[-85.39054870605469,45.20139301126901],[-85.38505554199222,45.22364447346731],[-85.38093566894531,45.26522168032667],[-85.34248352050783,45.29324494090277],[-85.2916717529297,45.32801318215748],[-85.25596618652345,45.32415109747755],[-85.24360656738286,45.3473196559455],[-85.20240783691408,45.358900380544185],[-85.1323699951172,45.37626702418102],[-85.10078430175783,45.36854917415681],[-85.06645202636723,45.37047873540153],[-85.03074645996095,45.36372498305678],[-84.98680114746097,45.37337295384527],[-84.92362976074223,45.38591285563493],[-84.90852355957036,45.417732423704656],[-84.95796203613284,45.42833496400944],[-84.97993469238283,45.415804475175044],[-85.0115203857422,45.43218993953094],[-85.03486633300783,45.42929873257377],[-85.09117126464847,45.47554027158593],[-85.11726379394537,45.53425085438266],[-85.12275695800783,45.57656146038471],[-85.0829315185547,45.60827350940107],[-85.05134582519534,45.64956838427831],[-85.0115203857422,45.65436813946476],[-84.98542785644531,45.68891423419542],[-84.96757507324219,45.68795490838441],[-84.94010925292972,45.72248027224107],[-84.96345520019534,45.740693395533064],[-84.9936676025391,45.75123512069337],[-85.02799987792972,45.754109791149894],[-85.04447937011722,45.75890057953495],[-85.0829315185547,45.76081677972453],[-85.07469177246097,45.769438866203885],[-85.0472259521485,45.77422833843112],[-84.98954772949222,45.766564985445],[-84.93186950683598,45.76273291410591],[-84.90440368652345,45.75506798173104],[-84.89753723144531,45.75219336063101],[-84.87693786621098,45.761774855141226],[-84.85084533691406,45.75219336063101],[-84.82955932617188,45.74740199642105],[-84.82887268066406,45.754109791149894],[-84.82406616210939,45.75842151920504],[-84.79728698730469,45.7493185914616],[-84.78355407714847,45.7579424547621],[-84.77737426757814,45.76129581948941],[-84.77943420410159,45.77039679355304],[-84.79454040527345,45.781890638500876],[-84.77668762207034,45.79146703293604],[-84.76226806640626,45.79194580947232],[-84.74853515625001,45.78572139369448],[-84.72450256347659,45.79003067864976],[-84.72793579101562,45.81540082150529],[-84.72038269042969,45.84410779560199],[-84.74784851074222,45.8374108259422],[-84.77600097656253,45.85319525081901],[-84.79454040527345,45.86084669314832],[-84.79454040527345,45.867062714815475],[-84.79934692382815,45.86897519703914],[-84.81445312500001,45.86969236090876],[-84.82681274414064,45.8699314134757],[-84.83299255371097,45.87662446792522],[-84.83711242675781,45.89622091909874],[-84.85633850097659,45.899565963770286],[-84.8625183105469,45.90673323808816],[-84.87899780273439,45.91963200013655],[-84.88311767578126,45.92631906688105],[-84.88861083984378,45.9248861918605],[-84.89891052246094,45.92369210107122],[-84.91401672363281,45.92822950933618],[-84.91985321044923,45.9394520299786],[-84.93049621582031,45.95640089292076],[-84.97032165527345,45.98646639778119],[-84.99710083007815,46.00650100065252],[-85.05477905273438,46.02319096222853],[-85.0877380371094,46.025098065683686],[-85.1049041748047,46.02462129598762],[-85.1103973388672,46.0384459477818],[-85.13786315917972,46.051790606264625],[-85.16464233398438,46.04750160330395],[-85.1653289794922,46.05512626720186],[-85.17494201660158,46.0565557744999],[-85.17768859863283,46.06227343364343],[-85.18180847167972,46.0565557744999],[-85.18524169921876,46.0498844238435],[-85.19554138183594,46.04559527286162],[-85.19485473632812,46.052267141590676],[-85.21820068359375,46.05941467808127],[-85.22506713867188,46.05703226870927],[-85.23399353027344,46.05893820443016],[-85.25115966796876,46.06465561687544],[-85.28686523437501,46.07394514932087],[-85.31158447265625,46.08609064043356],[-85.33218383789065,46.093709975718674],[-85.35072326660156,46.09228143052647],[-85.35621643066409,46.08799557293046],[-85.37132263183597,46.075136001950504],[-85.39123535156251,46.09751924866047],[-85.41046142578126,46.10037603068639],[-85.4228210449219,46.10037603068639],[-85.43655395507812,46.090852848331124],[-85.45989990234375,46.093709975718674],[-85.49285888671878,46.10132825847026],[-85.51620483398439,46.08894801450992],[-85.53955078125001,46.07561233580715],[-85.59585571289064,46.0298655364943],[-85.61233520507814,46.0022084820917],[-85.64392089843753,45.98408084285212],[-85.64872741699223,45.96546998626081],[-85.66589355468751,45.964992702567976],[-85.67825317382812,45.96594726584162],[-85.67962646484376,45.959264977507054],[-85.70571899414064,45.96308352667517],[-85.74142456054688,45.96308352667517],[-85.77713012695315,45.97262874820093],[-85.79360961914064,45.979309424591385],[-85.81695556640626,45.98121804124021],[-85.8251953125,45.97262874820093],[-85.83892822265625,45.964992702567976],[-85.85678100585938,45.96976535445165],[-85.8794403076172,45.969288107767724],[-85.90003967285158,45.96308352667517],[-85.9130859375,45.950672279633835],[-85.92063903808594,45.93873576672614],[-85.90896606445312,45.9258414459865],[-85.91171264648438,45.921065010863714],[-85.95291137695315,45.93730321246346],[-86.04354858398438,45.96212891405598],[-86.07856750488283,45.96785634304349],[-86.09573364257812,45.96737907991119],[-86.10740661621094,45.9683336020637],[-86.12251281738281,45.966901812666784],[-86.1273193359375,45.96356082681656],[-86.12800598144534,45.95878764035645],[-86.14311218261719,45.9587876403564],[-86.15203857421876,45.95496879511337],[-86.18843078613283,45.96356082681656],[-86.20422363281251,45.965469986260835],[-86.2145233154297,45.95974231054558],[-86.23306274414062,45.94685287513411],[-86.25091552734376,45.950672279633835],[-86.275634765625,45.942078249410386],[-86.2701416015625,45.92775190489084],[-86.29692077636722,45.923453279829104],[-86.31889343261723,45.90052165380744],[-86.35734558105473,45.84315113500278],[-86.35734558105473,45.79721207992181],[-86.36009216308594,45.78620021958554],[-86.37039184570312,45.78572139369446],[-86.38069152832031,45.78811548202085],[-86.39167785644531,45.79529713006591],[-86.396484375,45.787636672581385],[-86.4019775390625,45.7938608744888],[-86.4129638671875,45.79529713006591],[-86.42257690429688,45.79050946752472],[-86.42601013183592,45.784763729573555],[-86.42601013183592,45.78093290857323],[-86.42051696777344,45.778059620080064],[-86.42807006835938,45.77327047688937],[-86.43013000488281,45.764648982679404],[-86.43974304199219,45.757463386206155],[-86.44523620605469,45.76273291410594],[-86.45622253417969,45.75458888849698],[-86.47613525390625,45.75985868785574],[-86.48712158203125,45.74596450695352],[-86.49673461914061,45.74836030216746],[-86.50497436523436,45.754109791149894],[-86.51596069335938,45.74836030216746],[-86.52763366699219,45.74788115135079],[-86.53656005859375,45.74548533557156],[-86.53312683105469,45.73973495816843],[-86.52076721191405,45.73829727127337],[-86.51802062988283,45.73422362404316],[-86.5228271484375,45.73062898264198],[-86.53381347656251,45.72823242650626],[-86.53106689453125,45.723918366334736],[-86.52008056640624,45.7200833664886],[-86.53244018554688,45.71720694385141],[-86.53518676757812,45.70857678749417],[-86.54891967773438,45.71193311776845],[-86.56883239746094,45.71480981187499],[-86.57844543457031,45.7157686770051],[-86.58256530761717,45.70857678749417],[-86.583251953125,45.70042486059141],[-86.58187866210938,45.68795490838444],[-86.58874511718751,45.67884049258085],[-86.58599853515625,45.665406015367004],[-86.59835815429686,45.665406015367004],[-86.61140441894533,45.6682851033925],[-86.61758422851562,45.6673254238374],[-86.62582397460938,45.661567000985436],[-86.61758422851562,45.62172169252443],[-86.60179138183594,45.6082735094011],[-86.60865783691406,45.59962654582253],[-86.61689758300781,45.599146119878355],[-86.62445068359375,45.61163585752509],[-86.63475036621095,45.61787968356972],[-86.65122985839845,45.61451770977555],[-86.66908264160156,45.62124145580232],[-86.68899536132812,45.63372627369771],[-86.6986083984375,45.65484809235974],[-86.70547485351562,45.65436813946473],[-86.70890808105469,45.646208310900626],[-86.72264099121092,45.67596194751415],[-86.71714782714844,45.6841174406096],[-86.70684814453125,45.69275137290871],[-86.69517517089844,45.69131247674068],[-86.67869567871094,45.691792112909965],[-86.66496276855469,45.70665879398993],[-86.67251586914062,45.71193311776845],[-86.66633605957033,45.72535642341018],[-86.66221618652344,45.73350471427194],[-86.65534973144531,45.729670372527046],[-86.649169921875,45.73206686696598],[-86.64710998535156,45.73685954736049],[-86.63681030273436,45.74788115135079],[-86.63543701171875,45.75602615586017],[-86.62513732910156,45.75267247443033],[-86.62376403808594,45.757463386206155],[-86.61758422851562,45.76129581948936],[-86.6217041015625,45.763690956618674],[-86.63200378417969,45.76225388668008],[-86.63887023925781,45.765606992288156],[-86.6326904296875,45.77135470445038],[-86.62582397460938,45.77183365372955],[-86.63200378417969,45.78380604900099],[-86.61689758300781,45.784763729573555],[-86.61209106445312,45.77997516219392],[-86.60385131835939,45.77853851177794],[-86.60110473632812,45.77279153994905],[-86.59355163574219,45.77901739936287],[-86.58119201660156,45.77901739936287],[-86.56402587890625,45.77135470445036],[-86.56471252441408,45.77901739936287],[-86.57157897949219,45.784763729573555],[-86.58256530761719,45.79338211440398],[-86.572265625,45.806307193078936],[-86.56265258789062,45.806307193078936],[-86.55441284179688,45.814443667378114],[-86.56196594238281,45.82257895307966],[-86.53312683105472,45.85845573051725],[-86.5825653076172,45.88905228767688],[-86.6429901123047,45.862281221375696],[-86.6484832763672,45.84315113500278],[-86.7308807373047,45.835497257982425],[-86.78031921386722,45.85845573051725],[-86.7913055419922,45.835497257982425],[-86.78581237792974,45.80870039713955],[-86.81877136230472,45.781890638500826],[-86.84074401855473,45.735901044186406],[-86.9176483154297,45.68219860800343],[-86.9780731201172,45.655328041141374],[-86.98905944824224,45.75506798173104],[-87.0330047607422,45.80104178221635],[-86.9780731201172,45.85080395917834],[-86.96159362792972,45.8928756729174],[-87.01652526855472,45.87758055276019],[-87.02751159667974,45.827842328108936],[-87.07145690917972,45.79721207992181],[-87.07145690917972,45.75506798173104],[-87.0769500732422,45.72056275586542],[-87.1044158935547,45.68219860800343],[-87.17582702636724,45.670684230296956],[-87.2142791748047,45.613076802161146],[-87.4614715576172,45.2661882300558],[-87.60429382324224,45.15783236185506],[-87.63175964355473,45.08806600338162],[-87.63175964355473,45.002680147135955],[-87.63175964355473,44.96771283573075],[-87.8130340576172,44.94050129176625],[-87.8295135498047,44.9171668415623],[-87.84049987792972,44.87436239539939],[-87.88993835449222,44.81983792793673],[-87.9448699951172,44.7379544568698],[-88.01078796386723,44.679395168267874],[-87.99430847167974,44.648139323193966],[-88.0327606201172,44.569925985528315]]]}}]}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5901b1c0e4b0c2e071a99bb8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bunnell, David B. dbunnell@usgs.gov","contributorId":141167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunnell","given":"David B.","email":"dbunnell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":583199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":583198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Desorcie, Timothy J. 0000-0002-9965-1668 tdesorcie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9965-1668","contributorId":3672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desorcie","given":"Timothy","email":"tdesorcie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":583202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kostich, Melissa Jean mkostich@usgs.gov","contributorId":4832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kostich","given":"Melissa","email":"mkostich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Jean","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":583201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, Kelley krsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":4928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kelley","email":"krsmith@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":583203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Adams, Jean V. 0000-0002-9101-068X jvadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9101-068X","contributorId":3140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Jean","email":"jvadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":583200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
]}