{"pageNumber":"6120","pageRowStart":"152975","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184938,"records":[{"id":70156585,"text":"70156585 - 1975 - Silica mineralogy and structure of the Monterey Shale, Temblor Range, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-12T15:25:38","indexId":"70156585","displayToPublicDate":"1975-10-28T17:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Silica mineralogy and structure of the Monterey Shale, Temblor Range, California","docAbstract":"<p>The <i>d</i>(101) spacing of diagenetic cristobalite decreases regularly with depth of burial in the siliceous Monterey Shale of the Temblor Range. This relation has been used to delineate the folded structure of the Monterey Shale at a locality near Taft.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Murata, K.J., and Randall, R., 1975, Silica mineralogy and structure of the Monterey Shale, Temblor Range, California: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 5, p. 567-572.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"567","endPage":"572","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307348,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307347,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20.87 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Taft","otherGeospatial":"Temblor Range, Chico Martinez Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.63262939453124,\n              34.93323032184192\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.88305664062499,\n              34.93323032184192\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.88305664062499,\n              36.30627216957992\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.63262939453124,\n              36.30627216957992\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.63262939453124,\n              34.93323032184192\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dc4031e4b0518e354d1122","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murata, K. J.","contributorId":18759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murata","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Randall, R.G.","contributorId":146957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randall","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1003479,"text":"1003479 - 1975 - Long-term effects of 4-aminopyridine exposure to birds and fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-26T22:20:30.546308","indexId":"1003479","displayToPublicDate":"1975-10-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term effects of 4-aminopyridine exposure to birds and fish","docAbstract":"<p>The avian frightening agent, 4-aminopyridine (4AP), was tested on five avian and two fish species to assess the effects of long-term 4AP exposure to nontarget vertebrates. Adult bobwhites (<i>Colinus virginianus</i>), mourning doves (<i>Zenaida macroura</i>), and ring-necked pheasants (<i>Phasianus colchicus</i>) were fed diets containing 3 percent 4AP-treated cracked corn diluted with various ratios of untreated corn for 7 to 35 days. Minimum dilution ratios that produced more than 50 percent mortality were 1:29 for bobwhites and 1:99 for doves. Mortality caused by 4AP could not be determined for pheasants because of their inability to subsist only on corn during the test periods. LCso's were determined for doves (316 ppm) and coturnix quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix</i>) (479 ppm) fed exclusively on uniformly treated laboratory rations for 28 to 40 days. Starlings (<i>Sturnus vulgaris</i>) treated by gavage daily for 25 days with 1.78 mg/kg 4AP showed no intoxication symptoms. Mortality in all avian species appeared to be the result of acute poisoning, and no evidence of cumulative toxicity was noted in species fed uniformly-treated rations. In 96-hour static tests, channel catfish (<i>Ictalurus punctatus</i>) and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) showed increasing sensitivity to 4AP with time in test waters ranging from very soft to very hard and from 12 to 22 C. The 96-hour LC<sub>50</sub>'s for both species ranged from 2.43 to 7.56 mg/liter (ppm). Toxicity appeared to decrease with increasing water temperatures but was generally unaffected by water hardness. On the basis of the data presented, and the currently registered application rate for 4AP in agricultural crops (0.34 g/ha), long-term hazards to nontarget wildlife were judged to be minimal.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3800246","usgsCitation":"Schafer, E., and Marking, L.L., 1975, Long-term effects of 4-aminopyridine exposure to birds and fish: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 39, no. 4, p. 807-811, https://doi.org/10.2307/3800246.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"807","endPage":"811","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487151,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3800246","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":198542,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Denver Wildlife Center","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.00791192324618,\n              39.960319366388546\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.00791192324618,\n              39.70676592662295\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.62158442807991,\n              39.70676592662295\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.62158442807991,\n              39.960319366388546\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.00791192324618,\n              39.960319366388546\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6de4b07f02db63edf0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schafer, E.W.","contributorId":35848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schafer","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marking, L. L.","contributorId":90661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marking","given":"L.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1001660,"text":"1001660 - 1975 - Habitat use and home range of mallards breeding in Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-26T22:27:24.539087","indexId":"1001660","displayToPublicDate":"1975-10-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat use and home range of mallards breeding in Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>Telemetry techniques were used to study habitat use and home range of 12 drake and 12 hen mallards (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>) in the forested region of north-central Minnesota during the 1968-72 breeding seasons. Circumneutral bogs and seasonal wetlands were the most frequently used communities; the lakeshore communities most used were sand-gravel, overhanging brush, and bog mat. Based on the availability of habitat, the highest preference shown was for the seasonal community and the least for the softwood swamp; however, all communities were used to some extent during the breeding season. Lakeshore was always among the habitats most frequently used by pairs. Twelve nest were found, nine in nonpermanent wetlands and three in upland forest sites. Mean home range was 210 ha for hens and 240 ha for drakes. The long axis of the home ranges of drakes and hens averaged 2.8 and 2.7 km, respectively. Hens had smaller home ranges during the laying period (<span>x̄</span> = 70 ha) than during prenesting (<span>x̄</span> = 135 ha).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3800242","usgsCitation":"Gilmer, D., Ball, I., Cowardin, L., Riechmann, J., and Tester, J., 1975, Habitat use and home range of mallards breeding in Minnesota: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 39, no. 4, p. 781-789, https://doi.org/10.2307/3800242.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"781","endPage":"789","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133934,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Beltrami County","otherGeospatial":"Chippewa National Forest","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-95.3426,48.5423],[-95.2786,48.5418],[-95.2132,48.5417],[-95.2135,48.5269],[-95.212,48.3691],[-95.1434,48.3694],[-95.1224,48.3697],[-95.0355,48.3697],[-95.0138,48.37],[-94.4311,48.3704],[-94.427,48.37],[-94.4213,48.0173],[-94.4173,48.0169],[-94.4182,47.846],[-94.4171,47.7144],[-94.4202,47.6012],[-94.4174,47.5929],[-94.4166,47.5414],[-94.416,47.4453],[-94.4162,47.4104],[-94.5941,47.4104],[-94.6711,47.4103],[-94.6911,47.4106],[-95.1817,47.4124],[-95.1858,47.6763],[-95.1958,47.6721],[-95.1952,47.8033],[-95.1957,47.8732],[-95.251,47.8843],[-95.2705,47.9038],[-95.2784,47.9302],[-95.2719,47.9614],[-95.2558,47.9882],[-95.2554,47.99],[-95.2252,48.0217],[-95.5825,48.0219],[-95.5899,48.0218],[-95.5928,48.1729],[-95.5921,48.1941],[-95.5936,48.3671],[-95.6018,48.367],[-95.6027,48.5405],[-95.3426,48.5423]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Beltrami\",\"state\":\"MN\"}}]}","volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db64861b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilmer, D.S.","contributorId":22270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmer","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ball, I.J.","contributorId":104427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"I.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cowardin, L.M.","contributorId":106435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowardin","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Riechmann, John","contributorId":90689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riechmann","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tester, J.R.","contributorId":70510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tester","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":928777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":5222346,"text":"5222346 - 1975 - Optimal exploitation strategies for an animal population in a Markovian environment:  A theory and an example","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T17:48:47.180653","indexId":"5222346","displayToPublicDate":"1975-10-01T12:17:59","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optimal exploitation strategies for an animal population in a Markovian environment:  A theory and an example","docAbstract":"<p><span>Optimal exploitation strategies were studied for an animal population in a Markovian (stochastic, serially correlated) environment. This is a general case and encompasses a number of important special cases as simplifications. Extensive empirical data on the Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) were used as an example of general theory. The number of small ponds on the central breeding grounds was used as an index to the state of the environment. A general mathematical model was formulated to provide a synthesis of the existing literature, estimates of parameters developed from an analysis of data, and hypotheses regarding the specific effect of exploitation on total survival. The literature and analysis of data were inconclusive concerning the effect of exploitation on survival. Therefore, two hypotheses were explored: (1) exploitation mortality represents a largely additive form of mortality, and (2) exploitation mortality is compensatory with other forms of mortality, at least to some threshold level. Models incorporating these two hypotheses were formulated as stochastic dynamic programming models and optimal exploitation strategies were derived numerically on a digital computer. Optimal exploitation strategies were found to exist under the rather general conditions. Direct feedback control was an integral component in the optimal decision—making process. Optimal exploitation was found to be substantially different depending upon the hypothesis regarding the effect of exploitation on the population. If we assume that exploitation is largely an additive force of mortality in Mallards, then optimal exploitation decisions are a convex function of the size of the breeding population and a linear or slight concave function of the environmental conditions. Under the hypothesis of compensatory mortality forces, optimal exploitation decisions are approximately linearly related to the size of the Mallard breeding population. Dynamic programming is suggested as a very general formulation for realistic solutions to the general optimal exploitation problem. The concepts of state vectors and stage transformations are completely general. Populations can be modeled stochastically and the objective function can include extra—biological factors. The optimal level of exploitation in year t must be based on the observed size of the population and the state of the environment in year t unless the dynamics of the population, the state of the environment, and the result of the exploitation decisions are completely deterministic. Exploitation based on an average harvest, or harvest rate, or designed to maintain a constant breeding population size is inefficient.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1934697","usgsCitation":"Anderson, D.R., 1975, Optimal exploitation strategies for an animal population in a Markovian environment:  A theory and an example: Ecology, v. 56, no. 6, p. 1281-1297, https://doi.org/10.2307/1934697.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1281","endPage":"1297","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194314,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aefe4b07f02db6913dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, David R.","contributorId":92722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5221112,"text":"5221112 - 1975 - Disproportionate sex ratios of wolf pups","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-18T18:31:08.147401","indexId":"5221112","displayToPublicDate":"1975-10-01T12:17:51","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Disproportionate sex ratios of wolf pups","docAbstract":"<p>Males comprised 66 percent of wild wolf (<i>Canis lupus</i>) pups from a saturated, high-density wolf range in northeastern Minnesota, possibly reflecting disproportionate conception of males. Packs from areas of lower wolf density in other areas of Minnesota had equal sex ratios of pups or a disproportionate number of female pups. Captive wolves showed a slight preponderance of male pups.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3800235","usgsCitation":"Mech, L., 1975, Disproportionate sex ratios of wolf pups: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 39, no. 4, p. 737-740, https://doi.org/10.2307/3800235.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"737","endPage":"740","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194094,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70199714,"text":"70199714 - 1975 - New tritium data on movement of groundwater in western Fresno County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-07T13:48:21","indexId":"70199714","displayToPublicDate":"1975-10-01T10:19:59","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New tritium data on movement of groundwater in western Fresno County, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Well waters along two traverse lines were sampled in 1963 and tested for tritium concentration.&nbsp;</span><i>Haskell et al</i><span>. [1966] estimated from the apparent thermonuclear tritium concentrations that groundwater had moved westward in the lower water‐bearing zone at a maximum velocity of 14–16.5 mi (23–27 km) in 9 yr. The maximum velocities and permeabilities estimated from the 1963 sampling were about an order of magnitude greater than the velocities and permeabilities suggested by prior hydrologic and geologic evidence. Consequently, in 1966–1970 the U.S. Geological Survey sampled and tested the tritium concentrations of well waters along the same two traverses but also extended the sampling eastward. On the basis of these analyses it is concluded that (1) thermonuclear tritium had not invaded the lower zone by 1970 within the extent of the 1963 sampling and (2) although the maximum westward movement of groundwater in the lower zone from 1955 to 1970 is indeterminate, it has been less than 4 mi (6.5 km) from the recharge area in 15 yr.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR011i005p00716","usgsCitation":"Poland, J.F., and Stewart, G.L., 1975, New tritium data on movement of groundwater in western Fresno County, California: Water Resources Research, v. 11, no. 5, p. 716-724, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR011i005p00716.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"716","endPage":"724","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357804,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Fresno County","volume":"11","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poland, Joseph Fairfield","contributorId":39423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"Fairfield","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stewart, Gordon L.","contributorId":208191,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stewart","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1014255,"text":"1014255 - 1975 - Whirling disease (Myxosoma cerebralis): Control with ultraviolet irradiation and effect on fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-07T16:21:45.424196","indexId":"1014255","displayToPublicDate":"1975-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Whirling disease (Myxosoma cerebralis): Control with ultraviolet irradiation and effect on fish","docAbstract":"<p><span>Water contaminated by&nbsp;</span><i>Myxosoma cerebralis</i><span>&nbsp;was disinfected with ultraviolet irradition to control whirling disease. Irradiation at 18,000 microwatt seconds/cm</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;(MWS/cm</span><sup>2</sup><span>) reduced infectivity of&nbsp;</span><i>M. cerebralis</i><span>&nbsp;by 31-86% and 27,650 MWS/cm</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;reduced infectivity by 86-100%, even in the presence of a small amount of silt.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-11.4.505","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, G.L., 1975, Whirling disease (Myxosoma cerebralis): Control with ultraviolet irradiation and effect on fish: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 11, no. 4, p. 505-507, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-11.4.505.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"505","endPage":"507","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":486853,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-11.4.505","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131865,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e48fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, G. L.","contributorId":70713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1014183,"text":"1014183 - 1975 - History and present status of fish diseases","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-07T16:26:20.480357","indexId":"1014183","displayToPublicDate":"1975-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"History and present status of fish diseases","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-11.4.446","usgsCitation":"Snieszko, S.F., 1975, History and present status of fish diseases: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 11, no. 4, p. 446-459, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-11.4.446.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"446","endPage":"459","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130090,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c06e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snieszko, S. F.","contributorId":13169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snieszko","given":"S.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70206932,"text":"70206932 - 1975 - The scientific referee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-27T17:18:00","indexId":"70206932","displayToPublicDate":"1975-09-30T17:14:08","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5894,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The scientific referee","docAbstract":"<p><span>In the May 1973 issue of EOS, I criticized tendencies in earth science periodicals to discourage referee anonymity. I stressed that exposing referees to unnecessary personal and subjective influences tended to degrade standards of quality and promoted cliques, fragmentation, superspecialization, and proliferation of scientific literature. Generally speaking, division of opinion on this question, based on letters and personal contacts since 1973, has tended (with notable exceptions) to divide along two lines: the “wise old heads” favor anonymity, whereas many young idealists favor openness. Referees can help keep literature standards high (there is no evidence that they can or do thwart new ideas, determinedly pushed). but they can do little to stop literature proliferation, If individuals do scientific work, they may as well publish of not do it at all. The only real solutions to literature proliferation are fewer scientists or a drastic paper shortage, as experienced in Bulgaria.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TPC.1975.6591187","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F.T., 1975, The scientific referee: IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, v. PC-18, p. 190-195, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPC.1975.6591187.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"190","endPage":"195","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369763,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"PC-18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, Frank T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":20770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":13267,"text":"ofr75403 - 1975 - Maximum stages and discharges of small streams in Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-03T18:09:04.053781","indexId":"ofr75403","displayToPublicDate":"1975-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-403","title":"Maximum stages and discharges of small streams in Indiana","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr75403","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Indiana State Highway Commission and U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Davis, L., and Horner, R., 1975, Maximum stages and discharges of small streams in Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 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,{"id":1007712,"text":"1007712 - 1975 - Depredation of sea otter pups by bald eagles at Amchitka Island, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-10T16:08:34.528918","indexId":"1007712","displayToPublicDate":"1975-08-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Depredation of sea otter pups by bald eagles at Amchitka Island, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1379491","usgsCitation":"Sherrod, S., Estes, J.A., and White, C., 1975, Depredation of sea otter pups by bald eagles at Amchitka Island, Alaska: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 56, no. 3, p. 701-703, https://doi.org/10.2307/1379491.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"701","endPage":"703","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131369,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Amchitka Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              178.60450312552024,\n              51.69337089902754\n            ],\n            [\n              178.60450312552024,\n              51.314813428535444\n            ],\n            [\n              179.4860070358685,\n              51.314813428535444\n            ],\n            [\n              179.4860070358685,\n              51.69337089902754\n            ],\n            [\n              178.60450312552024,\n              51.69337089902754\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"56","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab1e4b07f02db66e662","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherrod, Steve","contributorId":65807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"Steve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, C.M.","contributorId":97459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1001329,"text":"1001329 - 1975 - Home range defense in the red fox, Vulpes vulpes L.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-10T15:41:42.439559","indexId":"1001329","displayToPublicDate":"1975-08-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Home range defense in the red fox, Vulpes vulpes L.","docAbstract":"<p><span>This paper describes the home range defense behavior observed when nonresident male red foxes were introduced into established home ranges of resident male-female pairs. In 12 observation periods, four intruders were introduced to each of three mated pairs which had been given three weeks to acclimate to a 4.05-hectare, fenced enclosure. The residents centered their activities around a natural den and the frequency of intruder-resident encounters decreased rapidly with increasing distance from the den. The primary home range defense was continual harassment of the intruders by the resident males through agonistic displays and chases. Physical contact was rare. Even though the resident males were dominant in less than a majority of the interactions observed, they were usually successful in displacing the intruders within a few hours. The resident females seldom interacted with the intruders.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1379477","usgsCitation":"Preston, E., 1975, Home range defense in the red fox, Vulpes vulpes L.: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 56, no. 3, p. 645-652, https://doi.org/10.2307/1379477.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"645","endPage":"652","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133733,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a86eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Preston, E.M.","contributorId":104009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Preston","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010117,"text":"70010117 - 1975 - Earthquake shaking and damage to buildings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-22T16:09:59.323207","indexId":"70010117","displayToPublicDate":"1975-08-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake shaking and damage to buildings","docAbstract":"<p><span>Ground shaking close to the causative fault of an earthquake is more intense than it was previously believed to be. This raises the possibility that large numbers of buildings and other structures are not sufficiently resistant for the intense levels of shaking that can occur close to the fault. Many structures were built before earthquake codes were adopted; others were built according to codes formulated when less was known about the intensity of near-fault shaking. Although many building types are more resistant than conventional design analyses imply, the margin of safety is difficult to quantify. Many modern structures, such as freeways, have not been subjected to and tested by near-fault shaking in major earthquakes (magnitude 7 or greater). Damage patterns in recent moderate-sized earthquakes occurring in or adjacent to urbanized areas, however, indicate that many structures, including some modern ones designed to meet earthquake code requirements, cannot withstand the severe shaking that can occur close to a fault.</span></p><p><span>It is necessary to review the ground motion assumed and the methods utilized in the design of important existing structures and, if necessary, to strengthen or modify the use of structures that are found to be weak. New structures situated close to active faults should be designed on the basis of ground motion estimates greater than those used in the past.</span></p><p><span>The ultimate balance between risk of earthquake losses and cost for both remedial strengthening and improved earthquake-resistant construction must be decided by the public. Scientists and engineers must inform the public about earthquake shaking and its effect on structures.</span></p><p><span>The exposure to damage from seismic shaking is steadily increasing because of continuing urbanization and the increasing complexity of lifeline systems, such as power, water, transportation, and communication systems. In the near future we should expect additional painful examples of the damage potential of moderate-sized earthquakes in urban areas. Over a longer time span, however, we can significantly reduce the risk to life and property from seismic shaking through better land utilization, improved building codes and construction practices, and at least the gradual replacement of poor buildings by more resistant buildings.</span></p><p><span>Progress toward reducing risk from seismic shaking through better building design is slowed by deficiencies in our knowledge about the nature of damaging ground motion and the failure mechanisms in structures. For example, lacking observational data, seismologists must rely on simplified theoretical and numerical models of the earthquake process to estimate near-fault ground motion, especially for earthquakes as large as magnitude 7 and 8. Because such models have not been adequately tested against data, their reliability is unknown. Engineers lack detailed information about failure processes in structures during an earthquake. Although many structures have been instrumented to measure their response to an earthquake, few records have been obtained from buildings that actually sustained significant structural damage and few structures are properly instrumented to measure all the modes of deformation that are likely to contribute to failure. Moreover, the fact that many structures have withstood ground motion more intense than that assumed in their design indicates that conventional methods of design do not take into account important contributions to earthquake resistance by nonstructural elements and by the ability of structural elements to deform inelastically without necessarily causing failure of the structure. It is fortunate when such reserve resistance exists, but better understanding of the sources of reserve strength is needed to determine how large a margin of safety they confer and how they might be affected by changes in construction practices and materials with time.</span></p><p><span>In the next few years we look forward to significant advances in knowledge and to more effective application of what is already known, largely because of substantial funding of research related to seismic engineering by the National Science Foundation . The increasing number of strong-motion seismographs operating in seismically active regions will likely provide for the first time a number of records of damaging levels of ground motion. Significant effort is being directed toward obtaining near-fault records, although many probable sites of future large earthquakes remain inadequately instrumented, especially outside the conterminous United States. New and more complete information on building response and damage mechanisms will be obtained by improved instrumentation of structures and through laboratory investigations of failure in structures and structural elements. Further developments in computer technology and in computer modeling techniques will permit more realistic simulations of the seismic response of soils and structures that take into account their inelastic behavior and their strain-dependent properties. Earthquake design codes will continually be revised to better utilize existing knowledge concerning the nature of strong ground motion and the dynamic behavior of buildings during earthquakes and to incorporate new knowledge and also experiences gained from future earthquakes. We believe that application of new knowledge, improvements in earthquake-resistant design and construction, and remedial strengthening or replacement of weak existing structures can significantly reduce our current level of exposure to earthquake hazards.</span></p><p><span><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.189.4203.601","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Page, R., Joyner, W.B., and Blume, J., 1975, Earthquake shaking and damage to buildings: Science, v. 189, no. 4203, p. 601-608, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.189.4203.601.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"601","endPage":"608","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218844,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"189","issue":"4203","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0503e4b0c8380cd50bfa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Page, R.A.","contributorId":40197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Joyner, W. B.","contributorId":70746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joyner","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blume, J.A.","contributorId":27600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blume","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70207208,"text":"70207208 - 1975 - The hydrological cycle: Historical evolution of the concept","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-13T11:11:26.016962","indexId":"70207208","displayToPublicDate":"1975-07-31T09:40:42","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3713,"text":"Water International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The hydrological cycle: Historical evolution of the concept","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/02508067508685694","usgsCitation":"Nace, R.L., 1975, The hydrological cycle: Historical evolution of the concept: Water International, v. 1, no. 1, p. 15-21, https://doi.org/10.1080/02508067508685694.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370201,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nace, R. L.","contributorId":11332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nace","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70175789,"text":"70175789 - 1975 - Status of projects in Minnesota, fiscal years 1975-76","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T11:55:55","indexId":"70175789","displayToPublicDate":"1975-07-17T11:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Status of projects in Minnesota, fiscal years 1975-76","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/70175789","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1975, Status of projects in Minnesota, fiscal years 1975-76, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70175789.","productDescription":"55 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326914,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70171261,"text":"70171261 - 1975 - Injection-pipe system for artificial recharge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T11:05:32","indexId":"70171261","displayToPublicDate":"1975-07-16T09:45:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Injection-pipe system for artificial recharge","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Reeder, H., 1975, Injection-pipe system for artificial recharge: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 4, p. 501-503.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"501","endPage":"503","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321703,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57481e36e4b07e28b664dbce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reeder, H.O.","contributorId":108169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeder","given":"H.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70199429,"text":"70199429 - 1975 - Expectations, market structure, and sequential bid pricing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T14:36:48","indexId":"70199429","displayToPublicDate":"1975-07-05T16:09:35","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3446,"text":"Southern Economic Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Expectations, market structure, and sequential bid pricing","docAbstract":"<p><span>Public agencies are frequently constrained to procure goods and services in sealed tender&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span>markets. Pricing decisions of firms participating in such markets have been analyzed for both&nbsp;</span><span>static and dynamic situations.&nbsp; As might be anticipated, the decision rules obtained&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span>in these analyses depend in an integral way on the firm's perception of the behavior of other&nbsp;</span><span>market participants. It is this aspect of the pricing problem to which our paper is directed.&nbsp;</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Southern Economic Association","doi":"10.2307/1056559","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., and Johnson, S., 1975, Expectations, market structure, and sequential bid pricing: Southern Economic Journal, v. 42, no. 1, p. 18-32, https://doi.org/10.2307/1056559.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"18","endPage":"32","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357412,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":198728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil D.","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, S.R.","contributorId":38691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70232620,"text":"70232620 - 1975 - Effects of sediment control on sediment transport in the northwest branch Anacostia River basin, Montgomery County, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-08T19:55:23.69039","indexId":"70232620","displayToPublicDate":"1975-07-01T14:42:45","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of sediment control on sediment transport in the northwest branch Anacostia River basin, Montgomery County, Maryland","docAbstract":"<p>Streamflow and sediment were monitored in an urbanizing drainage basin in southeastern Montgomery County, Md., from 1962 to 1972. During this period, urban construction areas averaged about 3 percent of the 21.1 mi<sup>2</sup> (54.6 km<sup>2</sup>) basin. Urban land increased from 3.5 percent in 1959 to 20 percent in 1971. Virtually all the suspended sediment was transported during storms; three-fourths of it, during large storms. High sediment yields were observed in February, March, June, and August; and low yields, generally from September through January. The decrease in sediment discharge in the latter half of the study period is attributed to a sediment-control program. Sediment discharge decreased 35 percent between 1967 and 1972, when effective control measures were installed on about half the construction sites.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","collaboration":"Work done in cooperation with the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission (Montgomery County and Prince Georges County Planning Boards), the Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission, the District of Columbia Department of Environmental Services, the Montgomery County Department of Environmental Protection, and the Maryland Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Yorke, T.H., 1975, Effects of sediment control on sediment transport in the northwest branch Anacostia River basin, Montgomery County, Maryland: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 4, p. 487-494.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"487","endPage":"494","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403310,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403308,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue4/report.pdf","size":"24671 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","county":"Montgomery County","otherGeospatial":"Anacostia River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.13226318359375,\n              39.061715844912854\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.9782829284668,\n              39.061715844912854\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.9782829284668,\n              39.15389191573742\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.13226318359375,\n              39.15389191573742\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.13226318359375,\n              39.061715844912854\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yorke, Thomas H.","contributorId":83109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yorke","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70232619,"text":"70232619 - 1975 - Determination of tungsten in geologic materials by neutron activation analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-08T19:40:34.379862","indexId":"70232619","displayToPublicDate":"1975-07-01T14:31:19","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of tungsten in geologic materials by neutron activation analysis","docAbstract":"<p>A method is described for the determination of tungsten in geologic materials. After fusion with sodium peroxide, tungsten is isolated by extraction into chloroform with a-benzoinoxime, back extraction into aqueous potassium hydroxide, and precipitation with a-benzoinoxime. The activities of the 0.13 and 0.48 MeV gamma rays are measured. The activity of the 0.155 MeV gamma ray of <sup>188</sup>Re (<sup>188</sup>W), added prior to the fusion, is measured to determine the yield; yields normally range from 40 to 90 percent. The coefficients of variation for less than part-per-million concentrations of tungsten are normally &lt;20 percent; the limit of detection is 0.005 ppm for a 100-mg sample. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Simon, F.O., and Rollinson, C.L., 1975, Determination of tungsten in geologic materials by neutron activation analysis: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 4, p. 475-478.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"475","endPage":"478","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403305,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403304,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue4/report.pdf","size":"24671 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simon, Frederick Otto","contributorId":30616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"Otto","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rollinson, Carl L.","contributorId":48309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rollinson","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70232618,"text":"70232618 - 1975 - Radiochemical determination of very low concentrations of nickel in rocks and minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-08T19:29:52.793712","indexId":"70232618","displayToPublicDate":"1975-07-01T14:11:33","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiochemical determination of very low concentrations of nickel in rocks and minerals","docAbstract":"<p> A radiochemical procedure has been developed for the determination of very low concentrations of nickel in rocks and minerals. Sensitivity is 0.01 <i><span>μ</span></i>g Ni. Accuracy and precision is estimated to be ±5 percent to levels as low as 0.1 <i><span>μ</span></i>g Ni a marked improvement over other analytical techniques. Samples are irradiated, combined with nickel carrier, and treated by a series of chemical procedures: (1) collection of nickel in a lead bead using a fire-assay technique, (2) refusion of the lead bead and precipitation of basic element hydroxides, (3) anion-exchange chromatography, and (4) precipitation of nickel dimethylglyoxime. The nickel precipitate is weighed to determine chemical yield and counted for <i><span>β</span></i> activity of Ni<span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><sup>65</sup></span> along with a precipitate from irradiated nickel standard solution.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Zielinski, R.A., 1975, Radiochemical determination of very low concentrations of nickel in rocks and minerals: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 4, p. 467-473.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"467","endPage":"473","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403302,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403300,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue4/report.pdf","size":"24671 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zielinski, Robert A. 0000-0002-4047-5129 rzielinski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":1593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"Robert","email":"rzielinski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":846082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70232596,"text":"70232596 - 1975 - Whitlockite and apatite of surficial phosphate occurrences on Enderbury Island, Phoenix Islands, Pacific Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-07T19:06:29.81188","indexId":"70232596","displayToPublicDate":"1975-07-01T13:46:52","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Whitlockite and apatite of surficial phosphate occurrences on Enderbury Island, Phoenix Islands, Pacific Ocean","docAbstract":"<p>Whitlockite and apatite are the principal phosphate minerals in the surficial deposits of Enderbury Island; monetite and brushite are present in small amounts. All are derived from the guano of sea birds. The abundance of whitlockite discovered on Enderbury, and reported in samples from Remire Island in the Indian Ocean, indicates that the mineral is probably of common occurrence in young insular phosphate deposits. The composition of whitlockite from Enderbury Island is roughly (Ca, Mg, Sr, Na)<sub>3</sub> (PO<sub>4</sub>, CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, similar to the composition indicated for other insular occurrences by the sparse data available. The variety of apatite found on the island is carbonate fluor-hydroxylapatite, low in fluorine content. Whitlockite appears to have formed directly from guano components in surficial aqueous solutions, possibly accompanied by apatite, but changes with time to apatite.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Gulbrandsen, R.A., 1975, Whitlockite and apatite of surficial phosphate occurrences on Enderbury Island, Phoenix Islands, Pacific Ocean: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 4, p. 409-414.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"409","endPage":"414","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403211,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403207,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue4/report.pdf","size":"24671 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Kiribati","otherGeospatial":"Enderbury Island, Phoenix Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -171.08957290649414,\n              -3.1473722243542896\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.08699798583984,\n              -3.1476293279912375\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.0820198059082,\n              -3.146343809172143\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.07755661010742,\n              -3.1454867957452235\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.0768699645996,\n              -3.1454867957452235\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.0747241973877,\n              -3.144201274284055\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.07412338256836,\n              -3.1418873316617173\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.07755661010742,\n              -3.1336599385978676\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.07995986938477,\n              -3.1251753717594917\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.08064651489258,\n              -3.1214044311339335\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.0813331604004,\n              -3.118490513198012\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.0820198059082,\n              -3.1154908833598536\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.08176231384277,\n              -3.1109485704785547\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.08176231384277,\n              -3.109234485058147\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.08141899108887,\n              -3.1063205334516013\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.0820198059082,\n              -3.1045207357940066\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.08365058898926,\n              -3.1030637544918918\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.08665466308594,\n              -3.102806639935934\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.0889720916748,\n              -3.1038350977844456\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.091890335083,\n              -3.1067490562512696\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.0930061340332,\n              -3.109234485058147\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.09249114990234,\n              -3.1174620696454958\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.0922336578369,\n              -3.1207188041110774\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.09249114990234,\n              -3.1267180253834557\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.0926628112793,\n              -3.1328886171794132\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.09249114990234,\n              -3.1427443480460817\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.09163284301758,\n              -3.14497258735092\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.08957290649414,\n              -3.1473722243542896\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gulbrandsen, R. A.","contributorId":48543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gulbrandsen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70232617,"text":"70232617 - 1975 - Morphology and phylogeny of the coccolithophycean family Ceratolithaceae","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-08T19:04:04.452525","indexId":"70232617","displayToPublicDate":"1975-07-01T13:45:56","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphology and phylogeny of the coccolithophycean family Ceratolithaceae","docAbstract":"<p>The family Ceratolithaceae includes a group of horseshoe-shaped calcareous nannofossils and contains ten species which are assignable to two genera: <i>Amaurolithus</i> n. gen. and <i>Ceratolithus</i>. Species of <i>Amaurolithus</i> are characterized by showing faint or no birefringence in cross-polarized light when viewed in preferred orientation. Included in <i>Amaurolithus</i> are <i>A. amplificus</i> (Bukry and Percival), <i>A. Mzzarus</i> (Bukry), A. delicatus n. sp., <i>A. primus</i> (Bukry and Percival), and <i>A. tricorniculatus</i> (Gartner). Species of <i>Ceratolithus</i> are characterized by their strong birefringence in cross-polarized light when viewed in preferred orientation. <i>Ceratolithus</i> includes <i>C. acutus</i> Gartner and Bukry, <i>C. armatus</i> Miiller, <i>C. cristatus</i> Kamptner, <i>C. rugosus</i> Bukry and Bramlette, and <i>C. telesmus</i> Norris. The family first appears in the geologic record during the late Miocene, represented by the nonbirefringent-appearing species that constitute the genus <i>Amaurolithus</i>. A succession of these species persists into the early Pliocene. The distinctly birefringent forms assigned to the genus <i>Ceratolithus</i> first appear near the base of the Pliocene; the succession has persisted to modern time.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Gartner, S., and Bukry, D., 1975, Morphology and phylogeny of the coccolithophycean family Ceratolithaceae: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 4, p. 451-465.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"451","endPage":"465","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403291,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403289,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue4/report.pdf","size":"24671 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gartner, Stefan","contributorId":205466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gartner","given":"Stefan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bukry, David 0000-0003-4540-890X dbukry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4540-890X","contributorId":3550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bukry","given":"David","email":"dbukry@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":846081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70232595,"text":"70232595 - 1975 - Computer-generated shaded-relief images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-07T18:45:32.59653","indexId":"70232595","displayToPublicDate":"1975-07-01T13:38:06","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Computer-generated shaded-relief images","docAbstract":"<p> Digital image-processing techniques have been developed to make shaded-relief images from digitized topographic data. The resulting images have at least two advantages over aerial photographs: (1) The images are true map projections containing no relief-induced distortion, and (2) tonal variation is unambiguously identified with relief, rather than with snow, vegetation, or other albedo variations. Parallax can be introduced into these images in the computer, and stereoscopic pairs can thus be created.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Batson, R.M., Edwards, K., and Eliason, E.M., 1975, Computer-generated shaded-relief images: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 4, p. 401-408.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"401","endPage":"408","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403204,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403202,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue4/report.pdf","size":"24671 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Batson, R. M.","contributorId":76714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, Kathleen","contributorId":43833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Kathleen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eliason, E. M.","contributorId":93113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eliason","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70232594,"text":"70232594 - 1975 - Origin of lunar light plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-07T18:33:35.128753","indexId":"70232594","displayToPublicDate":"1975-07-01T13:16:31","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of lunar light plains","docAbstract":"<p>Most Cayley-type Imbrian-age plains deposits and adjacent mantled slopes, including those at the Apollo 16 site, may be composed at least near the surface of ejecta from the Orientale basin, the youngest multiringed impact basin on the Moon. The distribution and apparent age of the plains deposits and preliminary data on the highly feldspathic breccias collected by the Apollo 16 crew indicate that these surficial materials are neither locally derived nor part of the Imbrium ejecta. Stratigraphic relations, crater size-frequency distributions, and dating by erosional morphology of superposed craters have established Cayley light-plains deposits as younger than the Imbrium basin and older than mare material. All such crater-dated Cayley-type plains on both the near and far sides of the Moon are contemporaneous within the limits of the technique. Furthermore, comparisons of the crater size-frequency distributions of the Hevelius Formation (Orientale ejecta) and the plains show that the Cayley and Hevelius Formations are indistinguishable in age. The surface and near-surface materials of the Apollo 16 plains, therefore, are contemporaneous with Orientale basin ejecta not with Imbrium ejecta, in which both crater densities and crater degradation are greater than in the light plains. Imbrium ejecta may, however, be present on the surface at the Apollo 16 site where excavated by craters from depth. Limited age data now available on the Apollo 16 samples are consistent with this interpretation. We conclude that rocks of Orientale provenance may be predominant on and near the surface at the Apollo 16 site. This hypothesis implies that the catastrophic Orientale impact struck a highland area underlain by highly feldspathic material and spread it over much of the Moon. Thus, much of the lunar highlands crust need not consist of anorthositic materials to any significant depth. These conclusions apply to the plains at the Apollo 16 site and most of the other Cayley-type plains, but we do not exclude the possibility that, moonwide, the plains may be polygenetic.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Chao, E.C., Hodges, C.A., Boyce, J.M., and Soderblom, L., 1975, Origin of lunar light plains: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 4, p. 379-392.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"379","endPage":"392","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403200,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403198,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue4/report.pdf","size":"24671 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chao, E. C. T.","contributorId":96713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hodges, Carroll Ann","contributorId":99144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodges","given":"Carroll","email":"","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boyce, J. M.","contributorId":85952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyce","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70232616,"text":"70232616 - 1975 - Early Ordovician gastropod opercula and epicontinental seas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-08T18:43:19.705343","indexId":"70232616","displayToPublicDate":"1975-07-01T13:15:29","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Early Ordovician gastropod opercula and epicontinental seas","docAbstract":"<p>Collections made for some years from Lower Ordovician rocks by many geologists have established that the heavy calcareous operculum of the gastropod Ceratopea is almost never found associated with a shell and that commonly this operculum is secondarily silicified. Ceratopea may have lived in a stressed habitat and may have been essentially the only shelled invertebrate present. Presumably these animals grazed on algal mats and mounds growing in areas of water slightly more saline than open marine water and were killed by an influx of hypersaline water. Subsequent decay of soft parts would permit the operculum to rot off and would also lighten the shell so that it could float away. Pene-contemporaneous silicification of calcareous opercula on the Ordovician sea bottom is postulated.</p><p>Some Middle Ordovician opercula of the Middle to Late Ordovician genus Maclurites serve to test this speculation. These opercula also occur in geologic settings which may be interpreted in terms of kill of animal, wafting away of shell, and secondary silicification of operculum.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Yochelson, E.L., 1975, Early Ordovician gastropod opercula and epicontinental seas: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 4, p. 447-450.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"447","endPage":"450","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403287,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403285,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue4/report.pdf","size":"24671 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Greenland, Norway, United States","state":"Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Georgia, Maryland, Newfoundland and Labrador, New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Spitsbergen, Svalbard","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\",\n        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