The U.S. Geological Survey operated six distinct programs to provide external quality-assurance monitoring for the National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network (NTN) and Mercury Deposition Network (MDN) during 2009–2010. The field-audit program assessed the effects of onsite exposure, sample handling, and shipping on the chemistry of NTN samples; a system-blank program assessed the same effects for MDN. Two interlaboratory-comparison programs assessed the bias and variability of the chemical analysis data from the Central Analytical Laboratory (CAL) and Mercury (Hg) Analytical Laboratory (HAL). The blind-audit program was also implemented for the MDN to evaluate analytical bias in total Hg concentration data produced by the HAL. The co-located-sampler program was used to identify and quantify potential shifts in NADP data resulting from replacement of original network instrumentation with new electronic recording rain gages (E-gages) and precipitation collectors that use optical sensors.
\nThe results indicate that NADP data continue to be of sufficient quality for the analysis of spatial distributions and time trends of chemical constituents in wet deposition across the United States. Results also suggest that retrofit of the NADP networks with the new precipitation collectors could cause –8 to +14 percent shifts in NADP annual precipitation-weighted mean concentrations and total deposition values for ammonium, nitrate, sulfate, and hydrogen ion, and larger shifts (+13 to +74 percent) for calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride. The prototype N-CON Systems bucket collector is more efficient in the catch of precipitation in winter than Aerochem Metrics Model 301 collector, especially for light snowfall.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135147","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University of Illinois, Prairie Research Institute, Illinois State Water Survey, NADP Program Office","usgsCitation":"Wetherbee, G.A., Martin, R., Rhodes, M.F., and Chesney, T.A., 2014, External quality-assurance project report for the National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network and Mercury Deposition Network, 2009-2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5147, ix, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135147.","productDescription":"ix, 53 p.","numberOfPages":"66","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2009-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-041706","costCenters":[{"id":143,"text":"Branch of Quality Systems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281960,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135147.jpg"},{"id":281958,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5147/"},{"id":281959,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5147/pdf/sir2013-5147.pdf"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.8,24.5 ], [ -124.8,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,24.5 ], [ -124.8,24.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd58dde4b0b290850f85e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wetherbee, Gregory A. 0000-0002-6720-2294 wetherbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6720-2294","contributorId":1044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wetherbee","given":"Gregory","email":"wetherbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":143,"text":"Branch of Quality Systems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, RoseAnn ramartin@usgs.gov","contributorId":5367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"RoseAnn","email":"ramartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":143,"text":"Branch of Quality Systems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rhodes, Mark F.","contributorId":17360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhodes","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chesney, Tanya A.","contributorId":71091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chesney","given":"Tanya","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70059052,"text":"sir20135233 - 2014 - Estimation of potential scour at bridges on local government roads in South Dakota, 2009-12","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-12T20:13:49","indexId":"sir20135233","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-04T10:38:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5233","title":"Estimation of potential scour at bridges on local government roads in South Dakota, 2009-12","docAbstract":"In 2009, the U.S. Geological Survey and South Dakota Department of Transportation (SDDOT) began a study to estimate potential scour at selected bridges on local government (county, township, and municipal) roads in South Dakota. A rapid scour-estimation method (level-1.5) and a more detailed method (level-2) were used to develop estimates of contraction, abutment, and pier scour.
\nData from 41 level-2 analyses completed for this study were combined with data from level-2 analyses completed in previous studies to develop new South Dakota-specific regression equations: four regional equations for main-channel velocity at the bridge contraction to account for the widely varying stream conditions within South Dakota, and one equation for head change. Velocity data from streamgages also were used in the regression for average velocity through the bridge contraction.
\nUsing these new regression equations, scour analyses were completed using the level-1.5 method on 361 bridges on local government roads. Typically, level-1.5 analyses are completed at flows estimated to have annual exceedance probabilities of 1 percent (100-year flood) and 0.2 percent (500-year flood); however, at some sites the bridge would not pass these flows. A level-1.5 analysis was then completed at the flow expected to produce the maximum scour. Data presented for level-1.5 scour analyses at the 361 bridges include contraction, abutment, and pier scour. Estimates of potential contraction scour ranged from 0 to 32.5 feet for the various flows evaluated. Estimated potential abutment scour ranged from 0 to 40.9 feet for left abutments, and from 0 to 37.7 feet for right abutments. Pier scour values ranged from 2.7 to 31.6 feet. The scour depth estimates provided in this report can be used by the SDDOT to compare with foundation depths at each bridge to determine if abutments or piers are at risk of being undermined by scour at the flows evaluated.
\nReplicate analyses were completed at 24 of the 361 bridges to provide quality-assurance/quality-control measures for the level-1.5 scour estimates. An attempt was made to use the same flows among replicate analyses. Scour estimates do not necessarily have to be in numerical agreement to give the same results. For example, if contraction scour replicate analyses are 18.8 and 30.8 feet, both scour depths can indicate susceptibility to scour for which countermeasures may be needed, even though one number is much greater than the other number. Contraction scour has perhaps the greatest potential for being estimated differently in replicate visits. For contraction scour estimates at the various flows analyzed, differences between results ranged from -7.8 to 5.5 feet, with a median difference of 0.4 foot and an average difference of 0.2 foot. Abutment scour appeared to be nearly as reproducible as contraction scour. For abutment scour estimates at the varying flows analyzed, differences between results ranged from -17.4 to 11 feet, with a median difference of 1.4 feet and an average difference of 1.7 feet. Estimates of pier scour tended to be the most consistently reproduced in replicate visits, with differences between results ranging from -0.3 to 0.5 foot, with a median difference of 0.0 foot and an average difference of 0.0 foot.
\nThe U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Hydraulics Engineering Center River Analysis Systems (HEC-RAS) software package was used to model stream hydraulics at the 41 sites with level-2 analyses. Level-1.5 analyses also were completed at these sites, and the performance of the level-1.5 method was assessed by comparing results to those from the more rigorous level-2 method. The envelope curve approach used in the level-1.5 method is designed to overestimate scour relative to the estimate from the level-2 scour analysis. In cases where the level-1.5 method estimated less scour than the level-2 method, the amount of underestimation generally was less than 3 feet. The level-1.5 method generally overestimated contraction, abutment, and pier scour relative to the level-2 method, as intended. Although the level-1.5 method is designed to overestimate scour relative to more involved analysis methods, many assumptions, uncertainties, and estimations are involved. If the envelope curves are adjusted such that the level-1.5 method never underestimates scour relative to the level-2 method, an accompanying result may be excessive overestimation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135233","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the South Dakota Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Thompson, R.F., Wattier, C.M., Liggett, R.R., and Truax, R.A., 2014, Estimation of potential scour at bridges on local government roads in South Dakota, 2009-12: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5233, Report: vi, 24 p.; 4 Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135233.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 24 p.; 4 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-044841","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281954,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135233.jpg"},{"id":281953,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5233/downloads/Appendix_4.xls"},{"id":281950,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5233/"},{"id":281951,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5233/downloads/Appendix2"},{"id":281952,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5233/downloads/Appendix_3.xls"},{"id":281955,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5233/pdf/sir2013-5233.pdf"},{"id":281956,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5233/downloads/Appendix_1.xls"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.73,42.24 ], [ -104.73,46.19 ], [ -95.99,46.19 ], [ -95.99,42.24 ], [ -104.73,42.24 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5825e4b0b290850f7e91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, Ryan F. 0000-0002-4544-6108 rcthomps@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4544-6108","contributorId":2702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Ryan","email":"rcthomps@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wattier, Chelsea M.","contributorId":7993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wattier","given":"Chelsea","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liggett, Richard R.","contributorId":73105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liggett","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Truax, Ryan A.","contributorId":63305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Truax","given":"Ryan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70058731,"text":"sir20135221 - 2014 - Water-quality variability and constituent transport and processes in streams of Johnson County, Kansas, using continuous monitoring and regression models, 2003-11","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-04T10:08:49","indexId":"sir20135221","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-04T09:50:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5221","title":"Water-quality variability and constituent transport and processes in streams of Johnson County, Kansas, using continuous monitoring and regression models, 2003-11","docAbstract":"The population of Johnson County, Kansas increased by about 24 percent between 2000 and 2012, making it one of the most rapidly developing areas of Kansas. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Johnson County Stormwater Management Program, began a comprehensive study of Johnson County streams in 2002 to evaluate and monitor changes in stream quality. The purpose of this report is to describe water-quality variability and constituent transport for streams representing the five largest watersheds in Johnson County, Kansas during 2003 through 2011. The watersheds ranged in urban development from 98.3 percent urban (Indian Creek) to 16.7 percent urban (Kill Creek). Water-quality conditions are quantified among the watersheds of similar size (50.1 square miles to 65.7 square miles) using continuous, in-stream measurements, and using regression models developed from continuous and discrete data. These data are used to quantify variability in concentrations and loads during changing streamflow and seasonal conditions, describe differences among sites, and assess water quality relative to water-quality standards and stream management goals.
\nWater quality varied relative to streamflow conditions, urbanization in the upstream watershed, and contributions from wastewater treatment facilities and storm runoff. Generally, as percent impervious surface (a measure of urbanization) increased, streamflow yield increased. Water temperature of Indian Creek, the most urban site which is also downstream from wastewater facility discharges, was higher than the other sites about 50 percent of the time, particularly during winter months. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were less than the Kansas Department of Health and Environment minimum criterion of 5 milligrams per liter about 15 percent of the time at the Indian Creek site. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were less than the criterion about 10 percent of the time at the rural Blue River and Kill Creek sites, and less than 5 percent of the time at the other sites. Low dissolved oxygen at all sites generally coincided with lowest streamflow and warmer water temperatures. Hourly dissolved oxygen concentrations less than 5 milligrams per liter were measured at all sites every year, indicating that even under normal climate conditions in non-urban watersheds such as Kill Creek, dissolved oxygen concentrations may not meet State aquatic-life criterion.
\nSpecific conductance was nearly always highest in Indian and Mill Creeks, which were the most urban streams with the largest upstream discharges from wastewater treatment facilities. The largest chloride concentrations and variability were recorded at urban sites and during winter. Each winter during the study period, chloride concentrations in the most urban site, Indian Creek, exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-recommended criterion of 230 milligrams per liter for at least 10 consecutive days.
\nThe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-recommended ecoregion criterion for turbidity was exceeded 30 (Indian Creek) to 50 (Blue River) percent of the time. The highest average annual streamflow-weighted suspendedsediment concentration during the study period was in Mill Creek, which has undergone rapid development that likely contributed to higher sediment concentrations. One of the largest suspended-sediment load events in Indian Creek was recorded in early May 2007 when about 25 percent of the total annual sediment load was transported during a period of about 2.25 days. A simultaneous load event was recorded in Kill Creek, when about 75 percent of the total annual sediment load was transported. Sediment yields generally increased as percent impervious surface increased.
\nComputed hourly total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations and yields and streamflow-weighted concentrations generally were largest in Indian and Mill Creeks. Annual percent contribution of total nitrogen in the Blue River from wastewater treatment facility discharges ranged from 19 percent in 2010 to 60 percent in 2006. Annual percent contribution of total nitrogen in Indian Creek from wastewater treatment facility discharges ranged from 35 percent in 2010 to 93 percent in 2006. The largest percent nutrient contributions from wastewater discharges coincided with the smallest annual precipitation and streamflow volume, resulting in less contribution originating from runoff.
\nFecal indicator bacteria Escherichia coli density at the urban Indian Creek site was usually the largest of the five monitoring sites, with an annual median density that consistently exceeded the State primary contact criterion value but was less than the secondary contact criterion. Less than 1 percent of the total annual bacteria load in the Blue River and Indian Creek originated from wastewater discharges, except during 2006 when about 6 percent of the Indian Creek load originated from wastewater.
\nContinuous water-quality monitoring provides a foundation for comprehensive evaluation and understanding of variability and loading characteristics in streams in Johnson County. Because several directly measured parameters are strongly correlated with particular constituents of interest, regression models provide a valuable tool for evaluating variability and loading on the basis of computed continuous data. Continuous data are particularly useful for characterizing nonpoint-source contributions from stormwater runoff. Transmission of continuous data in real-time makes it possible to rapidly detect and respond to potential environmental concerns. As monitoring technologies continue to improve, so does the ability to monitor additional constituents of interest, with smaller measurement error, and at lower operational cost. Continuous water-quality data including model information and computed concentrations and loads during the study period are available at http://nrtwq.usgs.gov/ks/.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135221","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Johnson County Stormwater Management Program","usgsCitation":"Rasmussen, T., and Gatotho, J., 2014, Water-quality variability and constituent transport and processes in streams of Johnson County, Kansas, using continuous monitoring and regression models, 2003-11: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5221, vi, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135221.","productDescription":"vi, 53 p.","numberOfPages":"64","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2011-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-049314","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281945,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135221.jpg"},{"id":281941,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5221/"},{"id":281944,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5221/pdf/sir2013-5221.pdf"}],"projection":"Albers Conic Equal-Area Projection","datum":"NAD 83","country":"United States","state":"Kansas","county":"Johnson County","otherGeospatial":"Blue River;Indian Creek;Kill Creek;Mill Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.1699,38.6994 ], [ -95.1699,39.1002 ], [ -94.4996,39.1002 ], [ -94.4996,38.6994 ], [ -95.1699,38.6994 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7d33e4b0b2908510f3bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rasmussen, Teresa","contributorId":101993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"Teresa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gatotho, Jackline","contributorId":103582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gatotho","given":"Jackline","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70057875,"text":"sir20135205 - 2014 - Suspended-sediment concentrations, loads, total suspended solids, turbidity, and particle-size fractions for selected rivers in Minnesota, 2007 through 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-03T11:49:59","indexId":"sir20135205","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-03T11:44:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5205","title":"Suspended-sediment concentrations, loads, total suspended solids, turbidity, and particle-size fractions for selected rivers in Minnesota, 2007 through 2011","docAbstract":"Sediment-laden rivers and streams pose substantial environmental and economic challenges. Excessive sediment transport in rivers causes problems for flood control, soil conservation, irrigation, aquatic health, and navigation, and transports harmful contaminants like organic chemicals and eutrophication-causing nutrients. In Minnesota, more than 5,800 miles of streams are identified as impaired by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) due to elevated levels of suspended sediment.\n\nThe U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the MPCA, established a sediment monitoring network in 2007 and began systematic sampling of suspended-sediment concentrations (SSC), total suspended solids (TSS), and turbidity in rivers across Minnesota to improve the understanding of fluvial sediment transport relations. Suspended-sediment samples collected from 14 sites from 2007 through 2011 indicated that the Zumbro River at Kellogg in the driftless region of southeast Minnesota had the highest mean SSC of 226 milligrams per liter (mg/L) followed by the Minnesota River at Mankato with a mean SSC of 193 mg/L. During the 2011 spring runoff, the single highest SSC of 1,250 mg/L was measured at the Zumbro River. The lowest mean SSC of 21 mg/L was measured at Rice Creek in the northern Minneapolis- St. Paul metropolitan area.\n\nTotal suspended solids (TSS) have been used as a measure of fluvial sediment by the MPCA since the early 1970s; however, TSS concentrations have been determined to underrepresent the amount of suspended sediment. Because of this, the MPCA was interested in quantifying the differences between SSC and TSS in different parts of the State. Comparisons between concurrently sampled SSC and TSS indicated significant differences at every site, with SSC on average two times larger than TSS concentrations. The largest percent difference between SSC and TSS was measured at the South Branch Buffalo River at Sabin, and the smallest difference was observed at the Des Moines River at Jackson.\n\nRegression analysis indicated that 7 out of 14 sites had poor or no relation between SSC and streamflow. Only two sites, the Knife River and the Wild Rice River at Twin Valley, had strong correlations between SSC and streamflow, with coefficient of determination (R2) values of 0.82 and 0.80, respectively. In contrast, turbidity had moderate to strong relations with SSC at 10 of 14 sites and was superior to streamflow for estimating SSC at all sites. These results indicate that turbidity may be beneficial as a surrogate for SSC in many of Minnesota’s rivers.\n\nSuspended-sediment loads and annual basin yields indicated that the Minnesota River had the largest average annual sediment load of 1.8 million tons per year and the largest mean annual sediment basin yield of 120 tons of sediment per year per square mile. Annual TSS loads were considerably lower than suspended-sediment loads. Overall, the largest suspended-sediment and TSS loads were transported during spring snowmelt runoff, although loads during the fall and summer seasons occasionally exceeded spring runoff at some sites.\n\nThis study provided data from which to characterize suspended sediment across Minnesota’s diverse geographical settings. The data analysis improves understanding of sediment transport relations, provides information for improving sediment budgets, and documents baseline data to aid in understanding the effects of future land use/land cover on water quality. Additionally, the data provides insight from which to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of best management practices at the watershed scale.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135205","issn":"2328-0328","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","usgsCitation":"Ellison, C.A., Savage, B.E., and Johnson, G.D., 2014, Suspended-sediment concentrations, loads, total suspended solids, turbidity, and particle-size fractions for selected rivers in Minnesota, 2007 through 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5205, vii, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135205.","productDescription":"vii, 56 p.","numberOfPages":"68","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2007-01-01","temporalEnd":"2011-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-044991","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281884,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135205.jpg"},{"id":281882,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5205/"},{"id":281883,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5205/pdf/sir2013-5205.pdf"}],"datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.24,43.5 ], [ -97.24,49.38 ], [ -89.49,49.38 ], [ -89.49,43.5 ], [ -97.24,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7626e4b0b2908510ab4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellison, Christopher A. 0000-0002-5886-6654 cellison@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5886-6654","contributorId":4891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellison","given":"Christopher","email":"cellison@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, Brett E. besavage@usgs.gov","contributorId":5188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"Brett","email":"besavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Gregory D.","contributorId":46349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70055725,"text":"sir20135194 - 2014 - Simulation and validation of larval sucker dispersal and retention through the restored Williamson River Delta and Upper Klamath Lake system, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-03T10:53:34","indexId":"sir20135194","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-03T10:52:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5194","title":"Simulation and validation of larval sucker dispersal and retention through the restored Williamson River Delta and Upper Klamath Lake system, Oregon","docAbstract":"A hydrodynamic model with particle tracking was used to create individual-based simulations to describe larval fish dispersal through the restored Williamson River Delta and into Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. The model was verified by converting particle ages to larval lengths and comparing these lengths to lengths of larvae in net catches. Correlations of simulated lengths with field data were moderate and suggested a species-specific difference in model performance. Particle trajectories through the delta were affected by wind speed and direction, lake elevation, and shoreline configuration. Once particles entered the lake, transport was a function of current speed and whether behavior enhanced transport (swimming aligned with currents) or countered transport through greater dispersal (faster random swimming). We tested sensitivity to swim speed (higher speeds led to greater dispersal and more retention), shoreline configuration (restoration increased retention relative to pre-restoration conditions), and lake elevation (retention was maximized at an intermediate elevation). The simulations also highlight additional biological questions, such as the extent to which spatially heterogeneous mortality or fish behavior and environmental cues could interact with wind-driven currents and contribute to patterns of dispersal.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135194","issn":"2328-0328","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Wood, T.M., Hendrixson, H.A., Markle, D.F., Erdman, C.S., Burdick, S.M., and Ellsworth, C.M., 2014, Simulation and validation of larval sucker dispersal and retention through the restored Williamson River Delta and Upper Klamath Lake system, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5194, Report: v, 33 p.; Appendix A, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135194.","productDescription":"Report: v, 33 p.; Appendix A","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-045337","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281864,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5194/section9.html"},{"id":281862,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5194/"},{"id":281863,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5194/pdf/sir2013-5194.pdf"},{"id":281865,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135194.PNG"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Lake;Williamson River Delta","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.166667,42.166667 ], [ -122.166667,42.583333 ], [ -121.666667,42.583333 ], [ -121.666667,42.166667 ], [ -122.166667,42.166667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd72d5e4b0b290851088ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, Tamara M. 0000-0001-6057-8080 tmwood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6057-8080","contributorId":1164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Tamara","email":"tmwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hendrixson, Heather A.","contributorId":43602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hendrixson","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Markle, Douglas F.","contributorId":14530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markle","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Erdman, Charles S.","contributorId":66102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erdman","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Burdick, Summer M. 0000-0002-3480-5793 sburdick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3480-5793","contributorId":3448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burdick","given":"Summer","email":"sburdick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ellsworth, Craig M.","contributorId":14913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70048917,"text":"ds69CC - 2014 - National Assessment of Oil and Gas Project: geologic assessment of undiscovered gas hydrate resources on the North Slope, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-23T17:45:51.242","indexId":"ds69CC","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-03T10:22:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"69","chapter":"CC","title":"National Assessment of Oil and Gas Project: geologic assessment of undiscovered gas hydrate resources on the North Slope, Alaska","docAbstract":"Scientists with the U.S. Geological Survey have completed the first assessment of the undiscovered, technically recoverable gas hydrate resources beneath the North Slope of Alaska. This assessment indicates the existence of technically recoverable gas hydrate resources—that is, resources that can be discovered, developed, and produced using current technology.\n\nThe approach used in this assessment followed standard geology-based USGS methodologies developed to assess conventional oil and gas resources. In order to use the USGS conventional assessment approach on gas hydrate resources, three-dimensional industry-acquired seismic data were analyzed. The analyses indicated that the gas hydrates on the North Slope occupy limited, discrete volumes of rock bounded by faults and downdip water contacts. This assessment approach also assumes that the resource can be produced by existing conventional technology, on the basis of limited field testing and numerical production models of gas hydrate-bearing reservoirs.\n\nThe area assessed in northern Alaska extends from the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska on the west through the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge on the east and from the Brooks Range northward to the State-Federal offshore boundary (located 3 miles north of the coastline). This area consists mostly of Federal, State, and Native lands covering 55,894 square miles. Using the standard geology-based assessment methodology, the USGS estimated that the total undiscovered technically recoverable natural-gas resources in gas hydrates in northern Alaska range between 25.2 and 157.8 trillion cubic feet, representing 95 percent and 5 percent probabilities of greater than these amounts, respectively, with a mean estimate of 85.4 trillion cubic feet.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds69CC","collaboration":"Available on CD-ROM contact Energy Team CD Distribution","usgsCitation":"USGS AK Gas Hydrate Assessment Team: Collett, T.S., Agena, W.F., Lee, M.W., Lewis, K.A., Zyrianova, M.V., Bird, K.J., Charpentier, R., Cook, T.A., Houseknecht, D.W., Klett, T., and Pollastro, R.M., 2014, National Assessment of Oil and Gas Project: geologic assessment of undiscovered gas hydrate resources on the North Slope, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 69, Report: vii, 101 p.; ReadMe; Executive 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projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"North Slope","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -168.0,68.0 ], [ -168.0,72.0 ], [ -140.0,72.0 ], [ -140.0,68.0 ], [ -168.0,68.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53517057e4b05569d805a33d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"USGS AK Gas Hydrate Assessment Team: Collett, Timothy S.","contributorId":25465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"USGS AK Gas Hydrate Assessment Team: Collett","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Agena, Warren F. 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Identification of optimal and marginal habitats would help conserve and manage this species. We developed neural networks to use broad-scale habitat variables to predict abundance classes of Silver Chub in western Lake Erie, where its largest remaining population exists. Model performance was good, particularly for predicting locations of habitat with the potential to support the highest and lowest abundances of this species. Highest abundances are expected in waters >5 m deep; water depth and distance to coastal habitats were important model features. These models provide initial tools to help conserve this species, but their resolution can be improved with additional data and consideration of other ecological factors.
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]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"171","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568902c4e4b0e7594ee75f88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKenna, James E. Jr. 0000-0002-1428-7597 jemckenna@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1428-7597","contributorId":627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenna","given":"James E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jemckenna@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":583576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Castiglione, Chris","contributorId":150899,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Castiglione","given":"Chris","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6678,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":583577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70108143,"text":"70108143 - 2014 - Snow conditions as an estimator of the breeding output in high-Arctic pink-footed geese Anser brachyrhynchus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-22T15:46:23","indexId":"70108143","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-01T15:40:29","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3093,"text":"Polar Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Snow conditions as an estimator of the breeding output in high-Arctic pink-footed geese Anser brachyrhynchus","docAbstract":"The Svalbard-breeding population of pink-footed geese Anser brachyrhynchus has increased during the last decades and is giving rise to agricultural conflicts along their migration route, as well as causing grazing impacts on tundra vegetation. An adaptive flyway management plan has been implemented, which will be based on predictive population models including environmental variables expected to affect goose population development, such as weather conditions on the breeding grounds. A local study in Svalbard showed that snow cover prior to egg laying is a crucial factor for the reproductive output of pink-footed geese, and MODIS satellite images provided a useful estimator of snow cover. In this study, we up-scaled the analysis to the population level by examining various measures of snow conditions and compared them with the overall breeding success of the population as indexed by the proportion of juveniles in the autumn population. As explanatory variables, we explored MODIS images, satellite-based radar measures of onset of snow melt, winter NAO index, and the May temperature sum and May thaw days. To test for the presence of density dependence, we included the number of adults in the population. For 2000–2011, MODIS-derived snow cover (available since 2000) was the strongest indicator of breeding conditions. For 1981–2011, winter NAO and May thaw days had equal weight. Interestingly, there appears to have been a phase shift from density-dependent to density-independent reproduction, which is consistent with a hypothesis of released breeding potential due to the recent advancement of spring in Svalbard.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Polar Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00300-013-1404-7","usgsCitation":"Jensen, G.H., Madsen, J., Johnson, F.A., and Tamstorf, M.P., 2014, Snow conditions as an estimator of the breeding output in high-Arctic pink-footed geese Anser brachyrhynchus: Polar Biology, v. 37, no. 1, p. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-013-1404-7.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"14","numberOfPages":"14","ipdsId":"IP-038881","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473178,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-013-1404-7","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":287543,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-013-1404-7"},{"id":287544,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Norway","otherGeospatial":"Svalbard","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 10.08,75.96 ], [ 10.08,80.89 ], [ 33.98,80.89 ], [ 33.98,75.96 ], [ 10.08,75.96 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"37","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-11-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"537f1c64e4b021317a86e301","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jensen, Gitte Hoj","contributorId":99472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jensen","given":"Gitte","email":"","middleInitial":"Hoj","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Madsen, Jesper","contributorId":9950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madsen","given":"Jesper","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Fred A. 0000-0002-5854-3695 fjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5854-3695","contributorId":2773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Fred","email":"fjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tamstorf, Mikkel P.","contributorId":43674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tamstorf","given":"Mikkel","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70099912,"text":"70099912 - 2014 - On the role of budget sufficiency, cost efficiency, and uncertainty in species management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-05T10:04:20","indexId":"70099912","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-01T14:24:42","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the role of budget sufficiency, cost efficiency, and uncertainty in species management","docAbstract":"Many conservation planning frameworks rely on the assumption that one should prioritize locations for management actions based on the highest predicted conservation value (i.e., abundance, occupancy). This strategy may underperform relative to the expected outcome if one is working with a limited budget or the predicted responses are uncertain. Yet, cost and tolerance to uncertainty rarely become part of species management plans. We used field data and predictive models to simulate a decision problem involving western burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia hypugaea) using prairie dog colonies (Cynomys ludovicianus) in western Nebraska. We considered 2 species management strategies: one maximized abundance and the other maximized abundance in a cost-efficient way. We then used heuristic decision algorithms to compare the 2 strategies in terms of how well they met a hypothetical conservation objective. Finally, we performed an info-gap decision analysis to determine how these strategies performed under different budget constraints and uncertainty about owl response. Our results suggested that when budgets were sufficient to manage all sites, the maximizing strategy was optimal and suggested investing more in expensive actions. This pattern persisted for restricted budgets up to approximately 50% of the sufficient budget. Below this budget, the cost-efficient strategy was optimal and suggested investing in cheaper actions. When uncertainty in the expected responses was introduced, the strategy that maximized abundance remained robust under a sufficient budget. Reducing the budget induced a slight trade-off between expected performance and robustness, which suggested that the most robust strategy depended both on one's budget and tolerance to uncertainty. Our results suggest that wildlife managers should explicitly account for budget limitations and be realistic about their expected levels of performance.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.638","usgsCitation":"van der Burg, M.P., Bly, B.B., Vercauteren, T., Grand, J.B., and Tyre, A.J., 2014, On the role of budget sufficiency, cost efficiency, and uncertainty in species management: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 78, no. 1, p. 153-163, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.638.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"163","ipdsId":"IP-041133","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":285063,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":285023,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.638"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.0535,39.9999 ], [ -104.0535,43.0017 ], [ -95.3083,43.0017 ], [ -95.3083,39.9999 ], [ -104.0535,39.9999 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"78","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-11-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53517059e4b05569d805a356","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van der Burg, Max Post","contributorId":92580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van der Burg","given":"Max","email":"","middleInitial":"Post","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bly, Bartholomew B.","contributorId":106011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bly","given":"Bartholomew","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vercauteren, Tammy","contributorId":23064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vercauteren","given":"Tammy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grand, J. Barry 0000-0002-3576-4567 barry_grand@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3576-4567","contributorId":579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grand","given":"J.","email":"barry_grand@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Barry","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tyre, Andrew J.","contributorId":10720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tyre","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70099125,"text":"70099125 - 2014 - Guidelines for monitoring and adaptively managing restoration of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (O. mykiss) on the Elwha River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-30T09:14:25","indexId":"70099125","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-01T14:17:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Guidelines for monitoring and adaptively managing restoration of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (O. mykiss) on the Elwha River","docAbstract":"As of January, 2014, the removal of the Elwha and Glines Canyon dams on the Elwha River, Washington, represents the largest dam decommissioning to date in the United States. Dam removal is the single largest step in meeting the goals of the Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Act of 1992 (The Elwha Act) — full restoration of the Elwha River ecosystem and its native anadromous fisheries (Section 3(a)). However, there is uncertainty about project outcomes with regards to salmon populations, as well as what the ‘best’ management strategy is to fully restore each salmon stock. This uncertainty is due to the magnitude of the action, the large volumes of sediment expected to be released during dam removal, and the duration of the sediment impact period following dam removal. Our task is further complicated by the depleted state of the native salmonid populations remaining in the Elwha, including four federally listed species. This situation lends itself to a monitoring and adaptive management approach to resource management, which allows for flexibility in decision-making processes in the face of uncertain outcomes.
\n\n
The Elwha Monitoring and Adaptive Management (EMAM) guidelines presented in this document provide a framework for developing goals that define project success and for monitoring project implementation and responses, focused upon two federally listed salmon species — Puget Sound Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Puget Sound steelhead (O. mykiss). The framework also should serve as a guide to help managers adaptively manage fish restoration actions during and following dam removal. The document is organized into seven sections, including an introduction (Section 1), a description of the adaptive management approach (Section 2), suggested modifications to the existing restoration strategy developed in previous Elwha River restoration documents (section 3), specific descriptions of an adaptive management framework, including establishment of goals, performance indicators, and potential adaptive management responses to monitoring information (section 4), monitoring tools and methods for use in evaluating performance and project outcomes (section 5), and brief sections on data record keeping and reporting (Section 6) and an estimated budget (section 7).
\n\n
The purpose of the EMAM guidelines is to propose (1) refinement of existing goals established in previous documents (e.g., Ward et al. (2008), U.S. Department of the Interior, Department of Commerce, and Lower Elwha S’Klallam Tribe (1994)); (2) an adaptive management framework, (3) specific trigger values for relevant performance indicators that guide the adaptive management approach, (4) a specific monitoring strategy for evaluating outcomes of restoration activities; (5) a data management strategy, (6) information needed for adjusting goals when observations indicate conditions are different from anticipated. When taken together, our proposed adaptive management guidelines rely upon setting goals and objectives for each species of interest, which are monitored by relevant performance indicators and measurable trigger values that define success within each phase of the project. The guidelines themselves are arranged in a hierarchy for each species of interest. The levels of this hierarchy are goals, objectives, performance indicators, decision rules, triggers, and decisions (i.e., management/policy response).
\n\n
The monitoring and adaptive management approach provided is based on monitoring several categories of performance indicators, each containing associated ‘trigger’ values which, when met, alters restoration activities (e.g., hatchery releases and/or strategies) through four successive restoration phases. Performance indicators proposed in these EMAM guidelines are based upon Viable Salmon Population (VSP) metrics, including abundance, productivity, distribution, and diversity (McElhany et al. 2000). Trigger values for each performance indicator are developed for four different restoration phases: Preservation, Recolonization, Local Adaptation, and Viable Natural Population. These biologically-based phases each have a set of objectives that are based on resource management scenarios, including the dam removal project itself, which change largely based on the level of active management required and the degree, if any, of resource utilization. Thus, details of prescribed management actions for each phase are based upon different needs specific to that phase.
\n\n
The creation of biologically-based phases is one of the major differences between our proposed EMAM guidelines and previously presented plans for Elwha River Restoration Project management. Changed largely in response to the recommendations of the most recent of three Hatchery Scientific Review Group project reviews (HSRG 2012), the goal-oriented phases replaced the previous system of temporal changes centered around the decommissioning of the dams (i.e., before, during, and after dam removal). By focusing on outcomes associated with rebuilding salmon populations instead of an engineering schedule, the guidelines are more amenable to an adaptive management framework and the ability for management actions to influence outcomes, particularly in the periods during and following dam removal.
\n\n
Trigger values for each performance indicator were generally developed using existing data from the Elwha River watershed, the Puget Sound region, or other Pacific Northwest rivers (i.e., elsewhere in Washington State, Oregon, British Columbia) modified to be relevant for Chinook salmon and steelhead recovery in the Elwha River. By meeting all of the trigger value levels for all performance indicators for a set amount of time within a management phase, the guidelines call for moving to the next phase. This next phase has a new set of trigger values for the same performance indicators. For example, upon moving from the Preservation phase to the Recolonization phase, the trigger value for intrinsic potential increases. Intrinsic potential is a pre-defined estimate of the total extent of available habitat within a watershed for adult and juvenile fish, specific to the target species and is therefore a performance indicator of spatial distribution. By the final Viable Natural Population phase, the entire intrinsic potential of the watershed is being occupied by the species of interest. For those cases when a performance indicator is not exceeding the target value for a particular phase after a certain time period, the trigger values provided in this document, as well as a series of exogenous variables, are explored that may help explain why the performance indicator is not being met. These exogenous variables include variables that are not part of the suite of performance indicators, such as hatchery production, harvest, habitat, and ecosystem indicators. In these cases where the program is stuck in a particular recovery phase, the situation could be caused by the selection of inappropriate trigger values or unforeseen environmental conditions. If the former, adaptive management would call for existing monitoring data to be used for modifying trigger values to an appropriate level. If one of the exogenous variables is found to be preventing the program moving to the next phase, then appropriate changes to management would be advised.
\n\n
For each performance indicator and many of the exogenous variables, a set of monitoring tools were proposed. Data standards were also proposed for data generated by each monitoring tool. Data management, record keeping, and reporting of monitoring and adaptive management activities and results are also outlined. Management of data from the focused monitoring program and documenting the outcomes of trigger value evaluations and associated decisions from the adaptive management approach are key components of the EMAM guidelines. Without a clear history of data generated and adaptive management decisions taken by managers, the ability to learn through adaptive management breaks down. In addition to the long time period involved, another complication is the fact that the data will likely be collected by different federal and state agencies, tribal staff, and others. Having a system of reporting developed should help alleviate potential problems.
\n\n
The restoration of the migration route to spawning and rearing habitats upstream of the former Glines Canyon Dam represents a great opportunity for salmon on the Olympic Peninsula. By removing two aging structures, it will be possible for all 5 species of salmon and steelhead to return to wild stretches of the Elwha River and major floodplain habitat characterized by multiple channels, as well as significant portions of numerous tributaries. Measuring the progress of restoration, from the perspective of both salmon populations and the ecosystem upon which they depend, is a great test for a collaborative team of scientists. The normally challenging conditions of working in a steep gradient, high velocity wilderness river are exacerbated by the release of millions of cubic yards of sediment that had accumulated in the reservoirs. After the first two years of the dam decommissioning process, this release has changed the ecology of the river, estuary, and nearshore habitats downstream of the dams. Our goal in developing the guidelines described is to provide a roadmap for tracking what hopefully will become a successful outcome. If successfully implemented, this information should prove useful as others begin planning for the removal, alteration, or reconstruction of dams throughout North America and elsewhere, an inevitable outcome of an aging dam infrastructure.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Joint Federal Interagency Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Joint Federal Interagency Conference","conferenceDate":"June 28-July, 2010","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, NV","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Peters, R., Duda, J., Pess, G., Zimmerman, M., Crain, P., Hughes, Z., Wilson, A., Liermann, M., Morley, S., McMillan, J., Denton, K., and Warheit, K., 2014, Guidelines for monitoring and adaptively managing restoration of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (O. mykiss) on the Elwha River, in Proceedings of the Joint Federal Interagency Conference, Las Vegas, NV, June 28-July, 2010, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-049368","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":286303,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Elwha River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.605912,47.730895 ], [ -123.605912,48.147649 ], [ -123.444184,48.147649 ], [ -123.444184,47.730895 ], [ -123.605912,47.730895 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53517044e4b05569d805a247","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, R.J.","contributorId":7619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duda, J.J. 0000-0001-7431-8634","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-8634","contributorId":105073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"J.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pess, G.R.","contributorId":33037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pess","given":"G.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zimmerman, M.","contributorId":72541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Crain, P.","contributorId":31308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crain","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hughes, Z.","contributorId":80185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wilson, A.","contributorId":8430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Liermann, M.C.","contributorId":42875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liermann","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Morley, S.A.","contributorId":49619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morley","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"McMillan, J.","contributorId":83835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMillan","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Denton, K.","contributorId":28165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denton","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Warheit, K.","contributorId":80186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warheit","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70111258,"text":"70111258 - 2014 - Transport of fine sediment over a coarse, immobile riverbed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-03T13:59:30","indexId":"70111258","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-01T13:56:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2318,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport of fine sediment over a coarse, immobile riverbed","docAbstract":"Sediment transport in cobble-boulder rivers consists mostly of fine sediment moving over a coarse, immobile bed. Transport rate depends on several interrelated factors: boundary shear stress, the grain size and volume of fine sediment, and the configuration of fine sediment into interstitial deposits and bed forms. Existing models do not incorporate all of these factors. Approaches that partition stress face a daunting challenge because most of the boundary shear is exerted on immobile grains. We present an alternative approach that divides the bed into sand patches and interstitial deposits and is well constrained by two clear end-member cases: full sand cover and absence of sand. Entrainment from sand patches is a function of their aerial coverage. Entrainment from interstices among immobile grains is a function of sand elevation relative to the size of the immobile grains. The bed-sand coverage function is used to predict the ratio of the rate of entrainment from a partially covered bed to the rate of entrainment from a completely sand-covered bed, which is determined using a standard sand transport model. We implement the bed-sand coverage function in a morphodynamic routing model and test it against observations of sand bed elevation and suspended sand concentration for conditions of nonuniform fine sediment transport in a large flume with steady uniform flow over immobile hemispheres. The results suggest that this approach may provide a simple and robust method for predicting the transport and migration of fine sediment through rivers with coarse, immobile beds.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/2013JF002925","usgsCitation":"Grams, P.E., and Wilcock, P.R., 2014, Transport of fine sediment over a coarse, immobile riverbed: Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface, v. 119, no. 2, p. 188-211, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JF002925.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"188","endPage":"211","numberOfPages":"24","ipdsId":"IP-049407","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473182,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jf002925","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":288035,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288034,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013JF002925"}],"volume":"119","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-02-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"538eeea0e4b0d497d4968554","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grams, Paul E. 0000-0002-0873-0708 pgrams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0873-0708","contributorId":1830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grams","given":"Paul","email":"pgrams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilcock, Peter R.","contributorId":52049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcock","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70101109,"text":"70101109 - 2014 - Earthquake intensity distributions: a new view","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-10T13:39:13","indexId":"70101109","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-01T13:36:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1101,"text":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake intensity distributions: a new view","docAbstract":"Pioneering work by Nicolas Ambraseys and many collaborators demonstrates\nboth the tremendous value of macroseismic data and the perils of its uncritical assessment. In\nnumerous publications he shows that neglect of original sources and/or failure to appreciate\nthe context of historical accounts, as well as use of unreliable indicators such as landslid-\ning to determine intensities, commonly leads to inflated magnitude estimates for historical\nearthquakes. The U.S. Geological Survey “Did You Feel It?” (DYFI) system, which now\ncollects and systematically interprets thousands of first-hand reports from felt earthquakes,\nprovides the opportunity to explore further the biases associated with traditional intensity\ndistributions determined from written (media or archival) accounts. I briefly summarize and\nfurther develop the results of Hough (2013), who shows that traditional intensity distrib-\nutions imply more dramatic damage patterns than are documented by more spatially rich\nDYFI data, even when intensities are assigned according to the conservative practices estab-\nlished by Ambraseys’ work. I further consider the separate intensity–attenuation relations\nthat have been developed to characterize intensities for historical and modern earthquakes\nin California, using traditionally assigned intensities and DYFI intensities, respectively. The\nresults support the conclusion that traditionally assigned intensity values tend to be inflated\nby a fundamental bias towards reporting of dramatic rather than representative effects. I\nintroduce an empirical correction-factor approach to correct for these biases. This allows the\ngrowing wealth of well-calibrated DYFI data to be used as calibration events in the analysis\nof historical earthquakes","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10518-013-9573-x","usgsCitation":"Hough, S.E., 2014, Earthquake intensity distributions: a new view: Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, v. 12, no. 1, p. 135-155, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-013-9573-x.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"155","ipdsId":"IP-049246","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":286205,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":286204,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-013-9573-x"}],"volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-01-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53517035e4b05569d805a1d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, Susan E. 0000-0002-5980-2986 hough@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"Susan","email":"hough@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70058636,"text":"sir20135228 - 2014 - Simulation of groundwater flow in the Edwards-Trinity and related aquifers in the Pecos County region, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-05T12:36:54","indexId":"sir20135228","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-01T13:28:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5228","title":"Simulation of groundwater flow in the Edwards-Trinity and related aquifers in the Pecos County region, Texas","docAbstract":"The Edwards-Trinity aquifer is a vital groundwater resource for agricultural, industrial, and public supply uses in the Pecos County region of western Texas. The U.S. Geological Survey completed a comprehensive, integrated analysis of available hydrogeologic data to develop a numerical groundwater-flow model of the Edwards-Trinity and related aquifers in the study area in parts of Brewster, Jeff Davis, Pecos, and Reeves Counties. The active model area covers about 3,400 square miles of the Pecos County region of Texas west of the Pecos River, and its boundaries were defined to include the saturated areas of the Edwards-Trinity aquifer. The model is a five-layer representation of the Pecos Valley, Edwards-Trinity, Dockum, and Rustler aquifers. The Pecos Valley aquifer is referred to as the alluvial layer, and the Edwards-Trinity aquifer is divided into layers representing the Edwards part of the Edwards-Trinity aquifer and the Trinity part of the Edwards-Trinity aquifer, respectively. The calibration period of the simulation extends from 1940 to 2010. Simulated hydraulic heads generally were in good agreement with observed values; 1,684 out of 2,860 (59 percent) of the simulated values were within 25 feet of the observed value. The average root mean square error value of hydraulic head for the Edwards-Trinity aquifer was 34.2 feet, which was approximately 4 percent of the average total observed change in groundwater-level altitude (groundwater level). Simulated spring flow representing Comanche Springs exhibits a pattern similar to observed spring flow. Independent geochemical modeling corroborates results of simulated groundwater flow that indicates groundwater in the Edwards-Trinity aquifer in the Leon-Belding and Fort Stockton areas is a mixture of recharge from the Barilla and Davis Mountains and groundwater that has upwelled from the Rustler aquifer.
\nThe model was used to simulate groundwater-level altitudes resulting from prolonged pumping to evaluate sustainability of current and projected water-use demands. Each of three scenarios utilized a continuation of the calibrated model. Scenario 1 extended recent (2008) irrigation and nonirrigation pumping values for a 30-year period from 2010 to 2040. Projected groundwater-level changes in and around the Fort Stockton area under scenario 1 change little from current conditions, indicating that the groundwater system is near equilibrium with respect to recent (2008) pumping stress. Projected groundwater-level declines in the eastern part of the model area ranging from 5.0 to 15.0 feet are likely the result of nonequilibrium conditions associated with recent increases in pumping after a prolonged water-level recovery period of little or no pumping. Projected groundwater-level declines (from 15.0 to 31.0 feet) occurred in localized areas by the end of scenario 1 in the Leon-Belding area. Scenario 2 evaluated the effects of extended recent (2008) pumping rates as assigned in scenario 1 with year-round maximum permitted pumping rates in the Belding area. Results of scenario 2 are similar in water-level decline and extent as those of scenario 1. The extent of the projected groundwater-level decline in the range from 5.0 to 15.0 feet in the Leon-Belding irrigation area expanded slightly (about a 2-percent increase) from that of scenario 1. Maximum projected groundwater-level declines in the Leon-Belding irrigation area were approximately 31.3 feet in small isolated areas. Scenario 3 evaluated the effects of periodic increases in pumping rates over the 30-year extended period. Results of scenario 3 are similar to those of scenario 2 in terms of the areas of groundwater-level decline; however, the maximum projected groundwater-level decline increased to approximately 34.5 feet in the Leon-Belding area, and the extent of the decline was larger in area (about a 17-percent increase) than that of scenario 2. Additionally, the area of projected groundwater-level declines in the eastern part of the model area increased from that of scenario 2—two individual areas of decline coalesced into one larger area. The localized nature of the projected groundwater-level declines is a reflection of the high degree of fractured control on storage and hydraulic conductivity in the Edwards-Trinity aquifer. Additionally, the finding that simulated spring flow is highly dependent on the transient nature of hydraulic heads in the underlying aquifer indicates the importance of adequately understanding and characterizing the entire groundwater system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135228","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Middle Pecos Groundwater Conservation District, Pecos County, City of Fort Stockton, Brewster County, and Pecos County Water Control and Improvement District No. 1","usgsCitation":"Clark, B.R., Bumgarner, J.R., Houston, N.A., and Foster, A.L., 2014, Simulation of groundwater flow in the Edwards-Trinity and related aquifers in the Pecos County region, Texas (First posted February 14, 2014; Revised and reposted August 5, 2014, version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5228, viii, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135228.","productDescription":"viii, 55 p.","numberOfPages":"67","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052736","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282423,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135228.jpg"},{"id":282420,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5228/pdf/sir2013-5228.pdf"},{"id":282422,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5228/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Pecos County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.5,30.5 ], [ -104.5,31.5 ], [ -101.5,31.5 ], [ -101.5,30.5 ], [ -104.5,30.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"First posted February 14, 2014; Revised and reposted August 5, 2014, version 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e3414ae4b0567f2770196a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Brian R. 0000-0001-6611-3807 brclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6611-3807","contributorId":1502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Brian","email":"brclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":38131,"text":"WMA - Office of Planning and Programming","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bumgarner, Johnathan R. jbumgarner@usgs.gov","contributorId":5378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bumgarner","given":"Johnathan","email":"jbumgarner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":487214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Houston, Natalie A. 0000-0002-6071-4545 nhouston@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6071-4545","contributorId":1682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houston","given":"Natalie","email":"nhouston@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foster, Adam L.","contributorId":28944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Adam","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70103842,"text":"70103842 - 2014 - Temporal and spatial distributions of cold-water corals in the Drake Passage: insights from the last 35,000 years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-08T13:22:47","indexId":"70103842","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-01T13:11:44","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1371,"text":"Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal and spatial distributions of cold-water corals in the Drake Passage: insights from the last 35,000 years","docAbstract":"Scleractinian corals have a global distribution ranging from shallow tropical seas to the depths of the Southern Ocean. Although this distribution is indicative of the corals having a tolerance to a wide spectrum of environmental conditions, individual species seem to be restricted to a much narrower range of ecosystem variables. One way to ascertain the tolerances of corals, with particular focus on the potential impacts of changing climate, is to reconstruct their growth history across a range of environmental regimes. This study examines the spatial and temporal distribution of the solitary scleractinian corals Desmophyllum dianthus, Gardineria antarctica, Balanophyllia malouinensis, Caryophyllia spp. and Flabellum spp. from five sites in the Drake Passage which cross the major frontal zones. A rapid reconnaissance radiocarbon method was used to date more than 850 individual corals. Coupled with U-Th dating, an age range of present day back to more than 100 thousand years was established for corals in the region. Within this age range there are distinct changes in the temporal and spatial distributions of these corals, both with depth and latitude, and on millennial timescales. Two major patterns that emerge are: (1) D. dianthus populations show clear variability in their occurrence through time depending on the latitudinal position within the Drake Passage. North of the Subantarctic Front, D. dianthus first appears in the late deglaciation (~17,000 years ago) and persists to today. South of the Polar Front, in contrast, early deglacial periods, with a few modern occurrences. A seamount site between the two fronts exhibits characteristics similar to both the northern and southern sites. This shift across the frontal zones within one species cannot yet be fully explained, but it is likely to be linked to changes in surface productivity, subsurface oxygen concentrations, and carbonate saturation state. (2) at locations where multiple genera were dated, differences in age and depth distribution of the populations provide clear evidence that each genus has unique environmental requirements to sustain its population.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.06.008","usgsCitation":"Margolin, A.R., Robinson, L., Burke, A., Waller, R., Scanlon, K.M., Roberts, M.L., Auro, M.E., and van de Flierdt, T., 2014, Temporal and spatial distributions of cold-water corals in the Drake Passage: insights from the last 35,000 years: Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, v. 99, p. 237-248, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.06.008.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"248","numberOfPages":"12","ipdsId":"IP-043740","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473185,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140403-091731138","text":"External Repository"},{"id":286996,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":286995,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.06.008"}],"otherGeospatial":"Drake Passage","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -85.0,-67.0 ], [ -85.0,-50.0 ], [ -45.0,-50.0 ], [ -45.0,-67.0 ], [ -85.0,-67.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"99","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"536ca77de4b060efff280de4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Margolin, Andrew R.","contributorId":61343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Margolin","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, Laura F.","contributorId":6179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Laura F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burke, Andrea","contributorId":12179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burke","given":"Andrea","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Waller, Rhian G.","contributorId":52081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waller","given":"Rhian G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scanlon, Kathryn M.","contributorId":6816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scanlon","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Roberts, Mark L.","contributorId":69890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Auro, Maureen E.","contributorId":40900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auro","given":"Maureen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"van de Flierdt, Tina","contributorId":34434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van de Flierdt","given":"Tina","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70148653,"text":"70148653 - 2014 - Nocturnal field use by fall migrating American woodcock in the Delta of Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-07-13T11:07:55","indexId":"70148653","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-01T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nocturnal field use by fall migrating American woodcock in the Delta of Arkansas","docAbstract":"The American woodcock (Scolopax minor) population has declined since the late 1960s across its range and is now considered a species of special concern. Research on woodcock habitat use during migration and migratory routes through the Central Flyway has been limited. We assessed woodcock phenology, estimated density, and nocturnal habitat use in fields on public lands in the lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley portion of Arkansas during November and December of 2010 and 2011. We used all-terrain vehicles to survey woodcock along transects in 67 fields of 8 field types. We analyzed data using hierarchical distance sampling. We detected woodcock from the first week in November through the third week in December but in low numbers. We did not detect woodcock in millet or rice fields, whereas woodcock had the highest estimated densities in unharvested soybeans. All other crop type-post-harvest management combinations had low woodcock densities. We did not detect woodcock in fields <8 ha or >40 ha. Woodcock in the lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley may benefit from management for unharvested soybean fields of moderate size (approx. 8-40ha).
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.655","collaboration":"Unites States Fish and Wildlife Service Region IV","usgsCitation":"Krementz, D.G., Crossett, R., and Lehnen, S.E., 2014, Nocturnal field use by fall migrating American woodcock in the Delta of Arkansas: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 78, no. 2, p. 264-272, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.655.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"264","endPage":"272","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-045160","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473186,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.655","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":305678,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-02-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55a4e143e4b0183d66e4539e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krementz, David G. 0000-0002-5661-4541 dkrementz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5661-4541","contributorId":2827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krementz","given":"David","email":"dkrementz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crossett, Richard II","contributorId":145587,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Crossett","given":"Richard","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lehnen, Sarah E.","contributorId":145588,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lehnen","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159439,"text":"70159439 - 2014 - Mineral resource of the month: Iron and steel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-04T11:16:31","indexId":"70159439","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-01T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1419,"text":"Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral resource of the month: Iron and steel","docAbstract":"Iron is one of the most abundant elements on Earth, but it does not occur in nature in a useful metallic form. Although ancient people may have recovered some iron from meteorites, it wasn’t until smelting was invented that iron metal could be derived from iron oxides. After the beginning of the Iron Age in about 1200 B.C., knowledge of iron- and steelmaking spread from the ancient Middle East through Greece to the Roman Empire, then to Europe and, in the early 17th century, to North America. The first successful furnace in North America began operating in 1646 in what is now Saugus, Mass. Introduction of the Bessemer converter in the mid-19th century made the modern steel age possible.
\nPig iron is a high-carbon alloy made by smelting iron ore in a blast furnace with carbonaceous material, typically coke, as a reducing agent. Limestone is added to the iron ore-coke charge as a fluxing agent to remove impurities. Steel is produced from pig iron by removing some of the carbon in a basic oxygen converter and adding several alloying elements, such as manganese, chromium, copper, nickel, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten and vanadium. Steel is also made by recycling ferrous scrap in an electric arc furnace.
\nThere are many grades of steel, but the three major types of steel are carbon, alloy and stainless. About 93 percent of the steel made in the United States is carbon steel, which contains a maximum 2 percent carbon. Applications are found in appliances, construction, shipbuilding, containers and packaging, as well as in the automotive, machinery and equipment industries. Alloy steel, about 5 percent of annual production, contains as much as 4 percent alloying elements. Special applications for alloy steel include use in machined parts and tool fabrication. Stainless steel, which accounts for about 2 percent of annual steel production, is formed by adding chromium and usually nickel to steel to make it highly corrosion-resistant.
\nSince 2008, steelmaking capacity has greatly exceeded apparent steel consumption, primarily as a result of China’s rapid economic expansion and rapidly increasing capacity. This has resulted in an influx of steel products into the United States and other steelmaking countries that already have excess capacity. Demand by China’s steelmakers has also driven unprecedented increases in the prices of iron ore and metallurgical coal. In the short term, steelmaking capacity, globally and especially in China, is expected to continue to exceed steel consumption, with steel prices and production costs remaining stable.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geological Institute","publisherLocation":"Alexandria, VA","usgsCitation":"Fenton, M.D., 2014, Mineral resource of the month: Iron and steel: Earth, HTML Document.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069755","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311008,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311007,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.earthmagazine.org/article/mineral-resource-month-iron-and-steel"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"563b3a45e4b0d6133fe75c6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fenton, Michael D. mfenton@usgs.gov","contributorId":2897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fenton","given":"Michael","email":"mfenton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70134286,"text":"70134286 - 2014 - Reconstruction of historic sea ice conditions in a sub-Arctic lagoon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-23T15:06:17.380411","indexId":"70134286","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-01T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1264,"text":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reconstruction of historic sea ice conditions in a sub-Arctic lagoon","docAbstract":"Historical sea ice conditions were reconstructed for Izembek Lagoon, Bering Sea, Alaska. This lagoon is a crucial staging area during migration for numerous species of avian migrants and a major eelgrass (Zostera marina) area important to a variety of marine and terrestrial organisms, especially Pacific Flyway black brant geese (Branta bernicla nigricans). Ice cover is a common feature of the lagoon in winter, but appears to be declining, which has implications for eelgrass distribution and abundance, and its use by wildlife. We evaluated ice conditions from a model based on degree days, calibrated to satellite observations, to estimate distribution and long-term trends in ice conditions in Izembek Lagoon. Model results compared favorably with ground observations and 26 years of satellite data, allowing ice conditions to be reconstructed back to 1943. Specifically, periods of significant (limited access to eelgrass areas) and severe (almost complete ice coverage of the lagoon) ice conditions could be identified. The number of days of severe ice within a single season ranged from 0 (e.g., 2001) to ≥ 67 (e.g., 2000). We detected a slight long-term negative trend in ice conditions, superimposed on high inter-annual variability in seasonal aggregate ice conditions. Based on reconstructed ice conditions, the seasonally cumulative number of significant or severe ice days correlated linearly with mean air temperature from January until March. Further, air temperature at Izembek Lagoon was correlated with wind direction, suggesting that ice conditions in Izembek Lagoon were associated with synoptic-scale weather patterns. Methods employed in this analysis may be transferable to other coastal locations in the Arctic.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Pub. Co.","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2013.10.011","usgsCitation":"Petrich, C., Tivy, A.C., and Ward, D.H., 2014, Reconstruction of historic sea ice conditions in a sub-Arctic lagoon: Cold Regions Science and Technology, v. 98, p. 55-62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2013.10.011.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"55","endPage":"62","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051278","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473187,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2640237","text":"External Repository"},{"id":296375,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Izembek Lagoon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -162.95196533203125,\n 55.149057997600714\n ],\n [\n -162.8009033203125,\n 55.20395325785898\n ],\n [\n -162.6361083984375,\n 55.34788906283772\n ],\n [\n -162.542724609375,\n 55.346327347039605\n ],\n [\n -162.48229980468747,\n 55.455498798971156\n ],\n [\n -162.49053955078125,\n 55.471070112315985\n ],\n [\n -162.6031494140625,\n 55.45082620586557\n ],\n [\n -162.74322509765625,\n 55.4040698270061\n ],\n [\n -162.91900634765622,\n 55.33695575893227\n ],\n [\n -163.09204101562497,\n 55.189844554768065\n ],\n [\n -163.08929443359375,\n 55.16161215198786\n ],\n [\n -162.95196533203125,\n 55.149057997600714\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"98","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"547ee2cfe4b09357f05f8a6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petrich, Chris","contributorId":127646,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petrich","given":"Chris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tivy, Adrienne C.","contributorId":127647,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tivy","given":"Adrienne","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ward, David H. 0000-0002-5242-2526 dward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2526","contributorId":3247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"David","email":"dward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70111900,"text":"70111900 - 2014 - Status of forest birds on Rota, Mariana Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-07T11:00:13","indexId":"70111900","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-01T10:52:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesNumber":"TR HCSU-048","title":"Status of forest birds on Rota, Mariana Islands","docAbstract":"The western Pacific island of Rota is the third largest human inhabited island in the Mariana archipelago, and is designated an Endemic Bird Area. Between 1982 and 2012, 12 point-transect distance sampling surveys were conducted to assess population status. Surveys did not consistently sample the entire island; thus, we used a ratio estimator to estimate bird abundances in strata not sampled during every survey. Occupancy models of the 2012 survey revealed general patterns of habitat use and detectability among 11 species that could be reliably modeled. The endangered Mariana crow (Corvus kubaryi) was dispersed around the periphery of the island in steep forested habitats. In contrast, the endangered Rota white-eye (Zosterops rotensis) was restricted to the high-elevation mesa. Precision of detection probabilities and occupancy estimates and effects of habitat types, sampling conditions, and specific observers varied considerably among species, indicating that more narrowly defined classifications and additional observer training may improve the accuracy of predictive modeling. Population estimates of five out of ten native bird species, including collared kingfisher (Todiramphus chloris orii), Mariana crow, Mariana fruit-dove (Ptilinopus roseicapilla), Micronesian myzomela (Myzomela rubrata), and white-throated ground-dove (Gallicolumba xanthonura) declined over the 30-year time series. The crow declined sharply to fewer than 200 individuals (upper 95% confidence interval). Trends increased for Micronesian starling (Aplonis opaca), rufous fantail (Rhipidura rufifrons mariae), and white tern (Gygis alba). Rota white-eye numbers declined from 1982 to the late 1990s, but returned to 1980s levels by 2012. The trend for the yellow bittern (Ixobrychus sinensis) was inconclusive. The alien Eurasian tree sparrow (Passer montanus) apparently increased in number despite an unreliable trend assessment. Declines were noted in the other two alien birds, black drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) and island collared-dove (Streptopelia bitorquata). Total bird densities on Rota were similar to those on Saipan and Tinian, which were lower than densities on Aguiguan. Overall, bird trends on Rota declined, whereas trends observed for the same period on Saipan and Tinian were mixed, and trends on Aguiguan were stable to increasing. We identified several sampling design and protocol procedures that may improve the precision of occupancy, status, and trend assessments. Continued monitoring and demographic sampling are needed to understand why most bird species on Rota are declining, to identify the causative agents, and to assess effectiveness of conservation actions for rare species, especially the Mariana crow.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit Technical Report","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of Hawaii","publisherLocation":"Hilo, HI","usgsCitation":"Camp, R., Brinck, K., Gorresen, P.M., Amidon, F.A., Radley, P.M., Berkowitz, S., and Banko, P.C., 2014, Status of forest birds on Rota, Mariana Islands, vi, 97 p.","productDescription":"vi, 97 p.","numberOfPages":"105","ipdsId":"IP-054916","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289461,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288193,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://hilo.hawaii.edu/hcsu/publications.php"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Marianas Islands","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 145.120659,14.109592 ], [ 145.120659,14.201673 ], [ 145.2921,14.201673 ], [ 145.2921,14.109592 ], [ 145.120659,14.109592 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53bbc185e4b084059e8bff00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Camp, Richard J.","contributorId":27392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Camp","given":"Richard J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brinck, Kevin W.","contributorId":78215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brinck","given":"Kevin W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gorresen, P. Marcos mgorresen@usgs.gov","contributorId":37020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorresen","given":"P.","email":"mgorresen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Marcos","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Amidon, Fred A.","contributorId":107200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amidon","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Radley, Paul M.","contributorId":7626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Radley","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Berkowitz, S. Paul","contributorId":44836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berkowitz","given":"S. Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Banko, Paul C. 0000-0002-6035-9803 pbanko@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6035-9803","contributorId":3179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banko","given":"Paul","email":"pbanko@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70148665,"text":"70148665 - 2014 - Modelling riverine habitat for robust redhorse: assessment for reintroduction of an imperilled species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-19T09:49:59","indexId":"70148665","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-01T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1659,"text":"Fisheries Management and Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modelling riverine habitat for robust redhorse: assessment for reintroduction of an imperilled species","docAbstract":"A critical component of a species reintroduction is assessment of contemporary habitat suitability. The robust redhorse, Moxostoma robustum (Cope), is an imperilled catostomid that occupies a restricted range in the south-eastern USA. A remnant population persists downstream of Blewett Falls Dam, the terminal dam in the Pee Dee River, North Carolina. Reintroduction upstream of Blewett Falls Dam may promote long-term survival of this population. Tillery Dam is the next hydroelectric facility upstream, which includes a 30 rkm lotic reach. Habitat suitability indices developed in the Pee Dee River were applied to model suitable habitat for proposed minimum flows downstream of Tillery Dam. Modelling results indicate that the Tillery reach provides suitable robust redhorse habitat, with spawning habitat more abundant than non-spawning habitat. Sensitivity analyses suggested that suitable water depth and substrate were limiting physical habitat variables. These results can inform decisions on flow regulation and guide planning for reintroduction of the robust redhorse and other species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Science","publisherLocation":"Oxford, England","doi":"10.1111/fme.12050","collaboration":"North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission; North Carolina State University; North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission; US Fish and Wildlife Service; Wildlife Management Institute","usgsCitation":"Fisk, J.M., Kwak, T.J., and Heise, R.J., 2014, Modelling riverine habitat for robust redhorse: assessment for reintroduction of an imperilled species: Fisheries Management and Ecology, v. 21, no. 1, p. 57-67, https://doi.org/10.1111/fme.12050.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"67","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-041530","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473190,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fme.12050","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":301336,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-08-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55853d44e4b023124e8f5b18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisk, J. M. III","contributorId":141230,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fisk","given":"J.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kwak, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0616-137X tkwak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0616-137X","contributorId":834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwak","given":"Thomas","email":"tkwak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heise, R. J.","contributorId":141231,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heise","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70132335,"text":"70132335 - 2014 - Blocking and guiding adult sea lamprey with pulsed direct current from vertical electrodes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-28T17:30:26.264336","indexId":"70132335","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-01T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1661,"text":"Fisheries Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Blocking and guiding adult sea lamprey with pulsed direct current from vertical electrodes","docAbstract":"Controlling the invasion front of aquatic nuisance species is of high importance to resource managers. We tested the hypothesis that adult sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), a destructive invasive species in the Laurentian Great Lakes, would exhibit behavioral avoidance to dual-frequency pulsed direct current generated by vertical electrodes and that the electric field would not injure or kill sea lamprey or non-target fish. Laboratory and in-stream experiments demonstrated that the electric field blocked sea lamprey migration and directed sea lamprey into traps. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), species that migrate sympatrically with sea lamprey, avoided the electric field and had minimal injuries when subjected to it. Vertical electrodes are advantageous for fish guidance because (1) the electric field produced varies minimally with depth, (2) the electric field is not grounded, reducing power consumption to where portable and remote deployments powered by solar, wind, hydro, or a small generator are feasible, and (3) vertical electrodes can be quickly deployed without significant stream modification allowing rapid responses to new invasions. Similar dual-frequency pulsed direct current fields produced from vertical electrodes may be advantageous for blocking or trapping other invasive fish or for guiding valued fish around dams.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.fishres.2013.10.006","usgsCitation":"Johnson, N.S., Thompson, H.T., Holbrook, C., and Tix, J., 2014, Blocking and guiding adult sea lamprey with pulsed direct current from vertical electrodes: Fisheries Research, v. 150, p. 38-48, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2013.10.006.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"38","endPage":"48","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-049331","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296048,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Ocqueoc River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.18960571289062,\n 45.314494733802576\n ],\n [\n -84.0179443359375,\n 45.314494733802576\n ],\n [\n -84.0179443359375,\n 45.53617475484822\n ],\n [\n -84.18960571289062,\n 45.53617475484822\n ],\n [\n -84.18960571289062,\n 45.314494733802576\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"150","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5465d62fe4b04d4b7dbd6564","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Nicholas S. 0000-0002-7419-6013 njohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7419-6013","contributorId":597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Nicholas","email":"njohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":522805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, Henry T. 0000-0002-3730-9322 hthompson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3730-9322","contributorId":5028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Henry","email":"hthompson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":522806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holbrook, Christopher M. 0000-0001-8203-6856 cholbrook@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8203-6856","contributorId":4198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holbrook","given":"Christopher M.","email":"cholbrook@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":522807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tix, John A.","contributorId":126766,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tix","given":"John A.","affiliations":[{"id":6602,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center, Hammond Bay Biological Station","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":522808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70147100,"text":"70147100 - 2014 - Forecasting landscape effects of Mississippi River diversions on elevation and accretion in Louisiana deltaic wetlands under future environmental uncertainty scenarios","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-28T08:57:31","indexId":"70147100","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-01T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Forecasting landscape effects of Mississippi River diversions on elevation and accretion in Louisiana deltaic wetlands under future environmental uncertainty scenarios","docAbstract":"Large sediment diversions are proposed and expected to build new wetlands to alleviate the extensive wetland loss (5,000 km2) affecting coastal Louisiana during the last 78 years. Current assessment and prediction of the impacts of sediment diversions have focused on the capture and dispersal of both water and sediment on the adjacent river side and the immediate outfall marsh area. However, little is known about the effects of sediment diversions on existing wetland surface elevation and vertical accretion dynamics in the receiving basin at the landscape scale. In this study, we used a spatial wetland surface elevation model developed in support of Louisiana's 2012 Coastal Master Plan to examine such landscape-scale effects of sediment diversions. Multiple sediment diversion projects were incorporated in the model to simulate surface elevation and vertical accretion for the next 50 years (2010-2060) under two environmental (moderate and less optimistic) scenarios. Specifically, we examined landscape-scale surface elevation and vertical accretion trends under diversions with different geographical locations, diverted discharge rates, and geomorphic characteristics of the receiving basin. Model results indicate that small diversions (< 283 m3 s-1) tend to have limited effects of reducing landscape-scale elevation loss (< 3%) compared to a future without action (FWOA) condition. Large sediment diversions (> 1,500 m3 s-1) are required to achieve landscape-level benefits to promote surface elevation via vertical accretion to keep pace with rising sea level.
","language":"English","publisher":"Estuarine and Brackish-water Sciences Association","publisherLocation":"London, England","doi":"10.1016/j.ecss.2013.12.020","usgsCitation":"Wang, H., Steyer, G.D., Couvillion, B.R., John M. Rybczyk, Beck, H.J., Sleavin, W.J., Ehab A. Meselhe, Allison, M.A., Boustany, R.G., Craig J. 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