Ability to establish and maintain self-sustaining breeding colonies of captive Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) would facilitate long-term studies designed to develop methods for alleviating blackbird depredations as well as provide basic life history data. To be most useful, the colonies should be established in pens near laboratory facilities; this frequently involves putting colonies in unnatural nesting habitat. This paper describes a 5-year effort at Gainesville, Florida, to induce captive Red-wings, most of them taken from the wild as nestlings and then hand-reared in our laboratory, to breed regularly under such conditions.
Except for an undocumented report of two young fully reared at the London Zoo in 1913 (Prestwick per. comm.), captive Red-wings have not been induced to breed successfully under avicultural conditions. In 1969, captive Red-wings, wild-trapped as adults, were induced to breed and to rear young successfully in large pens over normal marsh and hayfield nesting habitat in Ohio (Jackson pers. comm.). Earlier, a pair of Red-wings that had been caught as adults and kept together for a year hatched two young in a 40- X 20- X 6-foot cage in Massachusetts (Wetherbee 1960, Wilson Bull. 74: 90), but the nestlings died soon after hatching.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4084732","usgsCitation":"Know, C., and Stickley, A., 1974, Breeding red-winged blackbirds in captivity: The Auk, v. 91, no. 4, p. 808-816, https://doi.org/10.2307/4084732.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"808","endPage":"816","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480641,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4084732","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":199689,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb40f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Know, C.J.","contributorId":31871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Know","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stickley, A.R. Jr.","contributorId":14538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickley","given":"A.R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222376,"text":"5222376 - 1974 - The new town bird quadrille","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:37","indexId":"5222376","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:57","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2825,"text":"Natural History","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The new town bird quadrille","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Natural History","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Geis, A.D., 1974, The new town bird quadrille: Natural History, v. 83, no. 6, p. 54-60.","productDescription":"54-60","startPage":"54","endPage":"60","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199497,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"83","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b46dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geis, A. D.","contributorId":72885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geis","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221050,"text":"5221050 - 1974 - Record confirmed of Bahama woodstar in Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T14:51:11","indexId":"5221050","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:57","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Record confirmed of Bahama woodstar in Florida","docAbstract":"We reported a Bahama Woodstar (Calliphlox evelynae) at Lantana, Florida, 26 August through 13 October 1971 (1972, Amer. Birds 26: 52). At that time, there was reservation by some about the identification. Colored slides taken of the bird at roost were subsequently examined by James Bond and Frank B. Gill, who confirmed the initial identification. This is the first record of this species in the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4084757","usgsCitation":"Langridge, H., and Sykes, P., 1974, Record confirmed of Bahama woodstar in Florida: The Auk, v. 91, no. 4, p. 849-849, https://doi.org/10.2307/4084757.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"849","endPage":"849","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487079,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4084757","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":197434,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635d64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langridge, H.P.","contributorId":53057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langridge","given":"H.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sykes, P.W. Jr.","contributorId":107385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sykes","given":"P.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223472,"text":"5223472 - 1974 - The effects on systematics of proposed regulations on animal importations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:37","indexId":"5223472","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:57","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":619,"text":"ASC Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects on systematics of proposed regulations on animal importations","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"ASC Newsletter","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Banks, R., 1974, The effects on systematics of proposed regulations on animal importations: ASC Newsletter, v. 2, no. 3, p. 17-21.","productDescription":"17-21","startPage":"17","endPage":"21","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199672,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65ddd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, Richard C.","contributorId":20440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"Richard C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223471,"text":"5223471 - 1974 - Clapper rail in Tamaulipas, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:37","indexId":"5223471","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:57","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Clapper rail in Tamaulipas, Mexico","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Banks, R., 1974, Clapper rail in Tamaulipas, Mexico: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 86, no. 1, p. 76-77.","productDescription":"76-77","startPage":"76","endPage":"77","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":16211,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Wilson/v086n01/p0076-p0077.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":199671,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672bf9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, Richard C.","contributorId":20440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"Richard C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5224400,"text":"5224400 - 1974 - Optimal exploitation strategies for an animal population in a stochastic serially correlated environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:29","indexId":"5224400","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:57","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1397,"text":"Dissertation Abstracts International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optimal exploitation strategies for an animal population in a stochastic serially correlated environment","docAbstract":"Optimal exploitation strategies were studied for an animal population in a stochastic, serially correlated environment. This is a general case and encompasses a number of important cases as simplifications. Data on the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) were used to explore the exploitation strategies and test several hypotheses because relatively much is known concerning the life history and general ecology of this species and extensive empirical data are available for analysis. The number of small ponds on the central breeding grounds was used as an index to the state of the environment. Desirable properties of an optimal exploitation strategy were defined. A mathematical model was formulated to provide a synthesis of the existing literature, estimates of parameters developed from an analysis of data, and hypotheses regarding the specific effect of exploitation on total survival. Both the literature and the analysis of data were inconclusive concerning the effect of exploitation on survival. Therefore, alternative hypotheses were formulated: (1) exploitation mortality represents a largely additive form of mortality, or (2 ) exploitation mortality is compensatory with other forms of mortality, at least to some threshold level. Models incorporating these two hypotheses were formulated as stochastic dynamic programming models and optimal exploitation strategies were derived numerically on a digital computer. Optimal exploitation strategies were found to exist under rather general conditions. Direct feedback control was an integral component in the optimal decision-making process. Optimal exploitation was found to be substantially different depending upon the hypothesis regarding the effect of exploitation on the population. Assuming that exploitation is largely an additive force of mortality, optimal exploitation decisions are a convex function of the size of the breeding population and a linear or slightly concave function of the environmental conditions. Optimal exploitation under this hypothesis tends to reduce the variance of the size of the population. Under the hypothesis of compensatory mortality forces, optimal exploitation decisions are approximately linearly related to the size of the breeding population. Environmental variables may be somewhat more important than the size of the breeding population to the production of young mallards. In contrast, the size of the breeding population appears to be more important in the exploitation process than is the state of the environment. The form of the exploitation strategy appears to be relatively insensitive to small changes in the production rate. In general, the relative importance of the size of the breeding population may decrease as fecundity increases. The optimal level of exploitation in year t must be based on the observed size of the population and the state of the environment in year t unless the dynamics of the population, the state of the environment, and the result of the exploitation decisions are completely deterministic. Exploitation based on an average harvest, harvest rate, or designed to maintain a constant breeding population size is inefficient.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Dissertation Abstracts International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Order No. 74-29,047","usgsCitation":"Anderson, D., 1974, Optimal exploitation strategies for an animal population in a stochastic serially correlated environment: Dissertation Abstracts International, v. 35, no. 6.","productDescription":"3107 (abstract)","startPage":"3107","numberOfPages":"3107","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202326,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb92e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, David R.","contributorId":8413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"David R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223383,"text":"5223383 - 1974 - Retraction of a longevity record for a 36-year-old herring gull","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-17T09:56:16","indexId":"5223383","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:57","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Retraction of a longevity record for a 36-year-old herring gull","docAbstract":"The longevity record for a 36-year-old Herring Gull, Larus argentatus (Pettingill 1967, Auk 84: 123), is erroneous. Herring Gull with band number A-676871, the basis of the record, was found dead on 20 June 1966 on the shore of Little Traverse Bay near Petoskey, Michigan, and reported to the Bird Banding Laboratory. The laboratory then mistakenly advised Pettingill that this gull was banded by him on 29 June 1930 on coastal Maine. He actually banded Herring Gull number A-676871 as a young bird on one of the Beaver Islands in Lake Michigan on 8 July 1948. The gull was thus 18 instead of 36 years old.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Jonkel, G., and Pettingill, O., 1974, Retraction of a longevity record for a 36-year-old herring gull: The Auk, v. 91, no. 2, p. 432-432.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"432","endPage":"432","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198305,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341413,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4084533"}],"volume":"91","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4e58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jonkel, G.M.","contributorId":55104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jonkel","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pettingill, O.S. Jr.","contributorId":105016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pettingill","given":"O.S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223468,"text":"5223468 - 1974 - Proceedings of the ninety-first stated meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-17T09:53:56","indexId":"5223468","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:57","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Proceedings of the ninety-first stated meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union","docAbstract":"The Ninety-first Stated Meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union was held 8-12 October 1973 at Provincetown, on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, under the sponsorship of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, which was celebrating its centennial year. Business, technical, and social sessions were held in the Provincetown Inn. Field trips were taken to various localities on Cape Cod.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Banks, R., 1974, Proceedings of the ninety-first stated meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union: The Auk, v. 91, no. 2, p. 387-410.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"387","endPage":"410","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199743,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341412,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4084517"}],"volume":"91","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db660394","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, Richard C.","contributorId":20440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"Richard C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223473,"text":"5223473 - 1974 - Taxonomic status of certain clapper rails of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:41","indexId":"5223473","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:57","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Taxonomic status of certain clapper rails of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico","docAbstract":"Examination of 58 Clapper Rail specimens taken in the breeding season from the Colorado Valley and the west coast of mainland Mexico verifies the distinctness of the races Rallus longirostris yomanensis, R. 1. rhizophorae, and R. 1. nayaritensis. Rallus 1. yumanensis is a relatively pale brown, pointed-winged, summer resident of freshwater marshes along the valley and delta of the Colorado River. Late winter specimens of yumanensis have been taken in freshwater and saltwater habitats in the Mexican states of Sinaloa and Puebla. Both R. 1. rhizophorae, a pale grayish bird, and R. 1. nayaritensis, a darker grayish form, are presumed year-round residents of the western Mexican mangrove swamps. Both have more rounded wings than yumanensis. The range of rhizophorae extends south along the coast from central Sonora to central Sinaloa, and that of nayaritensis from central Sinaloa to the vicinity of San Blas, Nayarit. Features of the range and characters of birds where the range of these two races approach each other are unclear.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Banks, R., and Tomlinson, R.E., 1974, Taxonomic status of certain clapper rails of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 86, no. 4, p. 325-335.","productDescription":"325-335","startPage":"325","endPage":"335","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16213,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Wilson/v086n04/p0325-p0335.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"86","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adde4b07f02db686b57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, Richard C.","contributorId":20440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"Richard C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tomlinson, R. E.","contributorId":78830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomlinson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222436,"text":"5222436 - 1974 - Red-cockaded woodpecker near Bowie, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:35","indexId":"5222436","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:57","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2687,"text":"Maryland Birdlife","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Red-cockaded woodpecker near Bowie, Maryland","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Maryland Birdlife","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"same title in Atlantic Naturalist 29(3):133, 1974 ","usgsCitation":"Meanley, B., and Perry, M., 1974, Red-cockaded woodpecker near Bowie, Maryland: Maryland Birdlife, v. 30, no. 3.","productDescription":"104","startPage":"104","numberOfPages":"104","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201640,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db635344","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meanley, B.","contributorId":43867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meanley","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perry, Matthew C. 0000-0001-6452-9534","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6452-9534","contributorId":16372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Matthew C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222046,"text":"5222046 - 1974 - The winter bird survey of central Maryland, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:06","indexId":"5222046","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:56","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":641,"text":"Acta Ornithologica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The winter bird survey of central Maryland, U.S.A","docAbstract":"A method for monitoring changes in winter bird populations was tested in central Maryland in the winters of 1970, 1971 and 1972. A systematic sample of 41 transects was established to sample an area of 6150 sq. km. Each transect, located at the center of a standard 7 1/2-minute topographic map, was 8 km in length and approximately square in shape. Coverage began at local sunrise on any one day from 15 January to 15 February, and was completed in exactly 4 hours. Birds seen or heard within one-fourth mile (0.40) km were recorded separately for each hour, and those identified at a greater distance were entered in a separate column. The mean number of species per route was 29. Ten species showed a statistically significant change from 1970 to 1971 and 8 from 1971 to 1972. The Winter Bird Survey results were compared with the results from the Audubon Society's Christmas Bird Count in the same area. Close correlation was found between the two surveys, but in general the Winter Bird Survey totals are higher except for species that frequent feeding trays and those that are conspicuous along roadsides. The Winter Bird Survey method shows much promise as a means of world-wide monitoring of bird populations; it is urged that field tests be conducted on other continents.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Acta Ornithologica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Proceedings of the fourth meeting of the International Bird Census Committee and second meeting of the European Ornithological Atlas Committee / editors, J. Pinowski and K. Williamson, held 1972, Warsaw, Poland","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., and Bystrak, D., 1974, The winter bird survey of central Maryland, U.S.A: Acta Ornithologica, v. 14, no. 17, p. 254-271.","productDescription":"254-271","startPage":"254","endPage":"271","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198347,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a57e4b07f02db62e8f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bystrak, D.","contributorId":58220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bystrak","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5220946,"text":"5220946 - 1974 - The breeding bird atlas of Montgomery County, Maryland, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:00","indexId":"5220946","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:56","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":641,"text":"Acta Ornithologica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The breeding bird atlas of Montgomery County, Maryland, USA","docAbstract":"A two-year Breeding Bird Atlas program for Montgomery County was undertaken by the Maryland Ornithological Society in 1971-1972. The county was divided into 65 5 km blocks and each block was assigned to an observer. Preliminary results show 46 to 93 species (mean 66) recorded per 5 km block and from 10 to 52 species (mean 28) confirmed per block. When the data are combined into 10 km block, the number of species recorded ranges from 74 to 97 (mean 88) and the number of confirmed species ranges from 36 to 62 (mean 49). The organizers underestimated the amount of time that would be required for sufficient coverage, and they plan to extend coverage for a third year in order to provide a much firmer basis for future comparisons. Specific suggestions for improving coverage are listed. The advantages of using as small a grid as possible are stressed, and it is recommended that in future Atlas projects each assigned block be subdivided into quarters for more detailed mapping, and especially to enable future changes in bird distribution to be detected more readily.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Acta Ornithologica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Proceedings of the fourth meeting of the International Bird Census Committee and second meeting of the European Ornithological Atlas Committee / editors, J. Pinowski and K. 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Absorption after 18-24 hours exposure to 0.01 M solutions of salicylic acid, caffeine, urea, 2,4-D, dieldrin, diethylstilbesterol, and DDT was measured. Of these, only DDT and diethylstilbesterol were not absorbed to a measurable degree. The solvents ethanol, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and vegetable oil were compared with water in their effects on the absorption ofcaffeine, urea, and salicylic acid. Ethanol, DMSO,and oil each decreased percutaneous absorption of salicylic acid. DMSO increased absorption of caffeine, and ethanol had no effect on it. Neither DMSO nor ethanol affected penetration of urea. Partition coefficients (K) (epidermis/water) were determined for all seven penetrants. Compounds with higher values of K showed lower percutaneous absorption. These findings suggest that K may be useful to predict percutaneous absorption in vivo. It appears unlikely that percutaneous absorption contributes greatly to the body burden of 2,4-D and dieldrin in A. phoeniceus.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Physiology and Biochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"7119_Rogers.pdf","usgsCitation":"Rogers, J., Cagan, R., and Kare, M., 1974, Percutaneous absorption of several chemicals, some pesticides included, in the red-winged blackbird: Environmental Physiology and Biochemistry, v. 4, no. 3, p. 104-111.","productDescription":"104-111","startPage":"104","endPage":"111","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202126,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b31e4b07f02db6b41d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rogers, J.G. 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1974 - The Literature of the California Least Tern","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:26","indexId":"5230125","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T11:33:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":83,"text":"Special Scientific Report - Wildlife","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"175","title":"The Literature of the California Least Tern","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Wilbur, S., 1974, The Literature of the California Least Tern: Special Scientific Report - Wildlife 175, ii, 18.","productDescription":"ii, 18","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":112166,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015001470163?urlappend=%3Bseq=375"},{"id":202815,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bc05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilbur, S.R.","contributorId":53908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilbur","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5230255,"text":"5230255 - 1974 - Mammals imported into the United States in 1972","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:23","indexId":"5230255","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T11:33:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":83,"text":"Special Scientific Report - Wildlife","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"181","title":"Mammals imported into the United States in 1972","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Clapp, R.B., 1974, Mammals imported into the United States in 1972: Special Scientific Report - Wildlife 181, ii, 46.","productDescription":"ii, 46","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202576,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":112160,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015001470163?urlappend=%3Bseq=669"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a097","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clapp, R. 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These chemicals are indexed and classified according to the functional groups present and to the degree of substitution within their molecular structures. The results of reduction in food consumption for each compound appraised are calculated and their K values listed in Table 1. The repellent activities of the functional groups represented, alone or in combinations, are expressed in Table II by a Functional Group Repellency Index.. A ranking of these indices suggests that acyclic and heteroyclic compounds containing tri- or pentavalent nitrogen would be a parent compound of choice for synthesizing novel repellents. Other molecular arrangements, spatial configurations and combinations of functional groups are compared. There were 123 active, interesting or promising compounds included in the 699 having K values of 85 or greater, which were selected for the barrier appraisal study. These chemicals were formulated in selective solvents at several concentrations and applied to burlap. Small food bags were fashioned using the fabric impregnated with the candidate formulation, and exposed to rodent attack following storage periods of varying intervals. The results of these tests are listed in Table III. Again, those compounds containing nitrogen in the functional groupings indicated a high order of effectiveness. Several commercial patents covering rodent repellents were issued using the data from the food acceptance and barrier studies. Organizations and cooperators which supplied samples for the program are listed in Appendix I. The Wiswesser cipher for compounds in Table I is used in Appendix II to facilitate location of chemicals by sample code number as they appear under the index headings, and for computer storage and analysis.","language":"English","publisher":" Food Engineering Laboratory, US Army Natick Laboratories","publisherLocation":"Natick, MA","collaboration":"OCLC: 2748732. 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