High-latitude fish typically exhibit a narrow thermal tolerance window, which may pose challenges when coping with temperatures that shift outside of a species’ range of tolerance. Due to its role in aerobic metabolism and energy balance, the mitochondrial genome is likely critical for the acclimation and adaptation to differing temperature regimes in marine ectotherms. As oceans continue to warm, there is growing need to understand the ability of organisms to respond to changing environmental conditions given evidence that some species, in particular cold-water species, may already be experiencing difficulties. To assess how Arctic gadids in Alaska have responded to differential thermal preferences in the past and how regions are interconnected, we sequenced complete mitochondrial genomes for four Arctic gadids to determine the distribution of mitochondrial diversity and population-level structure as well as to detect signatures of selection acting on the mitochondrial genome. We found little population-level structure within all four species with the clear exception of Gulf of Alaska saffron cod (Eleginus gracilis). Northern localities exhibited higher levels of genetic diversity and primarily northern lineages were observed within polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and saffron cod, likely reflecting asymmetrical dispersal and potentially admixture of distinct lineages via ocean currents. The main evolutionary force shaping the evolution of the mitogenome appears to be purifying selection, but we also identified potential positive selection of candidate amino acid replacements primarily in complex I (ND genes) in polar cod. The high levels of mitochondrial diversity observed in our study and large population size may provide this species with the ability to respond evolutionarily (i.e. long-term) to a changing environment.
A new map of global islands at a high spatial resolution (30 m) has been produced from a semi-automated interpretation of 2014 satellite imagery. The data are available in the public domain. The islands were classified by size into continental mainlands (5), big islands > 1 km2 (21,818), and small islands ≤ 1 km2 (318,868). The new high-resolution islands data are intended to support coastal ecosystem mapping efforts and assessments of threatened island biodiversity, among other applications. This chapter summarizes the global island mapping approach and results.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed Anaxyrus canorus, the Yosemite toad, as federally threatened in 2014 based upon reported population declines and vulnerability to global-change factors. A. canorus lives only in California’s central Sierra Nevada at medium to sub-alpine elevations. Lands throughout its range are protected from development, but climate and other global-change factors potentially can limit populations. A. canorus reproduces in ultra-shallow wetlands that typically hydrate seasonally via melting of the winter snowpack. Lesser snowpacks in drier years can render wetland water volumes and hydroperiods insufficient to allow for successful breeding and reproduction. Additionally, breeding and embryogenesis occur very soon after wetlands thaw when overnight temperatures can be below freezing. Diseases, such as chytridiomycosis, which recently decimated regional populations of ranid species, also might cause declines of A. canorus populations. However, reported studies focused on whether climate interacts with any pathogens to affect fitness in A. canorus have been scarce. We investigated effects of these factors on A. canorus near Tioga Pass from 1996 to 2001. We found breeding subpopulations were distributed widely but inconsistently among potentially suitable wetlands and frequently consisted of small numbers of adults. We occasionally observed small but not alarming numbers of dead adults at breeding sites. In contrast, embryo mortality often was notably high, with the majority of embryos dead in some egg masses while mortality among coincidental Pseudacris regilla (Pacific treefrog) embryos in deeper water was lower. After sampling and experimentation, we concluded that freezing killed A. canorus embryos, especially near the tops of egg masses, which enabled Saprolegnia diclina (a water mold [Oomycota]) to infect and then spread through egg masses and kill more embryos, often in conjunction with predatory flatworms (Turbellaria spp.). We also concluded exposure to ultraviolet-B radiation did not play a role. Based upon our assessments of daily minimum temperatures recorded around snow-off during years before and after our field study, the freezing potential we observed at field sites during embryogenesis might have been commonplace beyond the years of our field study. However, interactions among snow quantity, the timing of snow-off, and coincidental air temperatures that determine such freezing potential make projections of future conditions highly uncertain, despite overall warming trends. Our results describe important effects from ongoing threats to the fitness and abundance of A. canorus via reduced reproduction success and demonstrate how climate conditions can exacerbate effects from pathogens to threaten the persistence of amphibian populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01173","usgsCitation":"Sadinski, W., Gallant, A., and Cleaver, J.E., 2020, Climate’s cascading effects on disease, predation, and hatching success in Anaxyrus canorus, the threatened Yosemite toad: Global Ecology and Conservation, v. 23, e01173, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01173.","productDescription":"e01173, 26 p.","ipdsId":"IP-108337","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":456248,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01173","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436912,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BVZDOP","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Yosemite Toad (Anaxyrus canorus) project datasets; climate, disease, predation, and hatching success"},{"id":377725,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Tioga Pass, Yosemite National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.388427734375,\n 37.82931081282506\n ],\n [\n -119.11651611328124,\n 37.82931081282506\n ],\n [\n -119.11651611328124,\n 38.05025395161289\n ],\n [\n -119.388427734375,\n 38.05025395161289\n ],\n [\n -119.388427734375,\n 37.82931081282506\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sadinski, Walter 0000-0003-0839-8685 wsadinski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0839-8685","contributorId":203373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sadinski","given":"Walter","email":"wsadinski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":796892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gallant, Alisa L. 0000-0002-3029-6637","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3029-6637","contributorId":238922,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gallant","given":"Alisa L.","affiliations":[{"id":47820,"text":"Former USGS-EROS employee, retired","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":796893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cleaver, James E.","contributorId":238923,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cleaver","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":47822,"text":"University of California, San Francisco","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":796894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70210995,"text":"70210995 - 2020 - Critical evaluation of stable isotope mixing end-members for estimating groundwater recharge sources: Case study from the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-05T13:35:17.005891","indexId":"70210995","displayToPublicDate":"2020-06-26T08:37:55","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Critical evaluation of stable isotope mixing end-members for estimating groundwater recharge sources: Case study from the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA","docAbstract":"Springs and groundwater seeps along the South Rim of the Grand Canyon serve an important function for the region’s ecosystems, residents (both human and wild animal), and economy. However, these springs and seeps are potentially vulnerable to contamination, increased groundwater extraction, or reduced recharge due to climate change. Protection of South Rim groundwater resources requires improved understanding of the regional groundwater system. In this study, statistical methods are used to investigate δ2H and δ18O in precipitation, surface water, and groundwater. A mixing model for δ18O is developed using statistically distinct seasonal end-members represented by modeled winter (Nov-Apr.) precipitation and summer (May-Oct.) surface water run-off. The calculated fraction of winter recharge (Fwin) indicates that South Rim groundwater is primarily sourced from snow-melt and winter rains with an average Fwin of 0.97 ± 0.09. Groundwater sourced from the highest elevations of the study area are more depleted than the winter end-member suggesting values of Fwin are overestimated or a meaningful portion of recharge occurs at lower elevations. Lower elevation recharge from the Coconino Plateau is supported by consistent spatial trends in δ2H and δ18O with respect to longitude, Fwin values less than 0.9 for 9 of the 50 samples, and age tracer data indicating young groundwater discharging from springs which is distinct from old groundwater observed in the regional flow system. These results suggest a new conceptual model is needed to account for recharge sources from low elevation and summer precipitation. Results imply resource managers need to reconsider current land-use and water management practices on the South Rim to protect future water quantity and quality.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10040-020-02194-y","usgsCitation":"Solder, J.E., and Beisner, K.R., 2020, Critical evaluation of stable isotope mixing end-members for estimating groundwater recharge sources: Case study from the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 28, p. 1575-1591, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02194-y.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1575","endPage":"1591","ipdsId":"IP-110272","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":456249,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02194-y","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436913,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9G7INFB","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Stable isotopic ratios of hydrogen and oxygen in groundwater and calculated fraction of recharge from winter precipitation, South Rim Grand Canyon, Arizona"},{"id":376253,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"South Rim of the Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.4835205078125,\n 35.7019167328534\n ],\n [\n -111.65679931640625,\n 35.7019167328534\n ],\n [\n -111.65679931640625,\n 36.18000806322456\n ],\n [\n -112.4835205078125,\n 36.18000806322456\n ],\n [\n -112.4835205078125,\n 35.7019167328534\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-06-26","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Solder, John E. 0000-0002-0660-3326","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0660-3326","contributorId":201953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solder","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beisner, Kimberly R. 0000-0002-2077-6899 kbeisner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2077-6899","contributorId":2733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beisner","given":"Kimberly","email":"kbeisner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210822,"text":"70210822 - 2020 - Migratory behavior and winter geography drive differential range shifts of eastern birds in response to recent climate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-29T12:45:16.577045","indexId":"70210822","displayToPublicDate":"2020-06-26T08:36:20","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3165,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Migratory behavior and winter geography drive differential range shifts of eastern birds in response to recent climate change","docAbstract":"Over the past half century, migratory birds in North America have shown divergent population trends relative to resident species, with the former declining rapidly and the latter increasing. The role that climate change has played in these observed trends is not well understood, despite significant warming over this period. We used 43 y of monitoring data to fit dynamic species distribution models and quantify the rate of latitudinal range shifts in 32 species of birds native to eastern North America. Since the early 1970s, species that remain in North America throughout the year, including both resident and migratory species, appear to have responded to climate change through both colonization of suitable area at the northern leading edge of their breeding distributions and adaption in place at the southern trailing edges. Neotropical migrants, in contrast, have shown the opposite pattern: contraction at their southern trailing edges and no measurable shifts in their northern leading edges. As a result, the latitudinal distributions of temperate-wintering species have increased while the latitudinal distributions of neotropical migrants have decreased. These results raise important questions about the mechanisms that determine range boundaries of neotropical migrants and suggest that these species may be particularly vulnerable to future climate change. Our results highlight the potential importance of climate change during the nonbreeding season in constraining the response of migratory species to temperature changes at both the trailing and leading edges of their breeding distributions. Future research on the interactions between breeding and nonbreeding climate change is urgently needed.","language":"English","publisher":"PNAS","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2000299117","usgsCitation":"Clark Rushing, Royle, A., Ziolkowski, D., and Pardieck, K.L., 2020, Migratory behavior and winter geography drive differential range shifts of eastern birds in response to recent climate change: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 117, no. 23, p. 12897-12903, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2000299117.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"12897","endPage":"12903","ipdsId":"IP-115090","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":456252,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2000299117","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":375949,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Eastern North America","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -69.9609375,\n 58.44773280389084\n ],\n [\n -80.33203125,\n 41.77131167976407\n ],\n [\n -85.25390625,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -81.9140625,\n 24.367113562651262\n ],\n [\n -74.00390625,\n 38.95940879245423\n ],\n [\n -60.1171875,\n 45.583289756006316\n ],\n [\n -53.26171875,\n 47.39834920035926\n ],\n [\n -64.16015624999999,\n 59.977005492196\n ],\n [\n -69.9609375,\n 58.44773280389084\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"117","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-05-26","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark Rushing","contributorId":225554,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clark Rushing","affiliations":[{"id":6682,"text":"Utah State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":791593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew 0000-0003-3135-2167 aroyle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167","contributorId":146229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","email":"aroyle@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":791594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ziolkowski, David 0000-0002-2500-4417 dziolkowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2500-4417","contributorId":195409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ziolkowski","given":"David","email":"dziolkowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":791595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pardieck, Keith L. 0000-0003-2779-4392 kpardieck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2779-4392","contributorId":4104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pardieck","given":"Keith","email":"kpardieck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":791596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70210820,"text":"70210820 - 2020 - Changes to Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity Program’s production procedures and data products","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-23T16:46:28.247778","indexId":"70210820","displayToPublicDate":"2020-06-26T08:29:24","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1636,"text":"Fire Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes to Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity Program’s production procedures and data products","docAbstract":"The Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (MTBS) program has been providing the fire science community with large fire perimeter and burn severity data for the past 14 years. As of October 2019, 22 969 fires have been mapped by the MTBS program and are available on the MTBS website (https://www.mtbs.gov). These data have been widely used by researchers to examine a variety of fire and climate science topics. However, MTBS has undergone significant changes to its fire mapping methodology, the remotely sensed imagery used to map fires, and the subsequent fire occurrence, burned boundary, and severity databases. To gather a better understanding of these changes and the potential impacts that they may have on the user community, we examined the changes to the MTBS burn mapping protocols and whether remapped burned area boundary and severity products differ significantly from the original MTBS products.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1186/s42408-020-00076-y","usgsCitation":"Picotte, J.J., Bhattarai, K.P., Howard, D., Lecker, J., Epting, J., Quayle, B., Benson, N., and Nelson, K., 2020, Changes to Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity Program’s production procedures and data products: Fire Ecology, v. 16, 16, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-020-00076-y.","productDescription":"16, 12 p.","ipdsId":"IP-112537","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":456256,"rank":4,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-020-00076-y","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436914,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P97UMU6K","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Burn Severity Portal, a clearing house of fire severity and extent information (ver. 8.0, August 2024)"},{"id":395379,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9IED7RZ","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity from 1984-2018"},{"id":375946,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-06-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Picotte, Joshua J. 0000-0002-4021-4623 jpicotte@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4021-4623","contributorId":4626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Picotte","given":"Joshua","email":"jpicotte@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":791579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bhattarai, Krishna P. kbhattarai@usgs.gov","contributorId":3487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bhattarai","given":"Krishna","email":"kbhattarai@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":791622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howard, Daniel 0000-0002-7563-7538","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7563-7538","contributorId":56946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":791581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lecker, Jennifer","contributorId":199101,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lecker","given":"Jennifer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":791582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Epting, Justin","contributorId":225552,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Epting","given":"Justin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36493,"text":"USDA Forest Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":791583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Quayle, Brad","contributorId":146381,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quayle","given":"Brad","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":791584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Benson, Nate","contributorId":225028,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Benson","given":"Nate","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":791585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Nelson, Kurtis 0000-0003-4911-4511 knelson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4911-4511","contributorId":3602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Kurtis","email":"knelson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":791586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70210819,"text":"70210819 - 2020 - Reduction in drinking water arsenic exposure and health risk through arsenic treatment among private well households in Maine and New Jersey, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-29T14:20:33.668359","indexId":"70210819","displayToPublicDate":"2020-06-26T08:24:03","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reduction in drinking water arsenic exposure and health risk through arsenic treatment among private well households in Maine and New Jersey, USA","docAbstract":"Over 2 million people in the United States (U.S.) drink water from private wells that contain arsenic (As) exceeding the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 10 micrograms per liter (μg/L). While there are a number of commercially available treatment technologies for removing As from drinking water, it is up to the private well households to decide whether to treat for As or not. However, how well existing treatment technologies perform in real world situations, and to what extent they reduce health risks, are not well understood. This study evaluates the effectiveness of household As treatment systems in southern-central Maine (ME, n=156) and northern New Jersey (NJ, n=94) and ascertains how untreated well water chemistry and other factors influence As removal. Untreated and treated water samples, as well as a treatment questionnaire, were collected. Most ME households in this study had point-of-use reverse-osmosis systems (POU RO), while in NJ, dual-tank point-of-entry (POE) whole house systems were popular. Arsenic treatment systems reduced well water arsenic concentrations ([As]) by up to two orders of magnitude, i.e. from a median of 71.7 to 0.8 μg/L and from a mean of 105 to 14.3 μg/L in ME, and from a median of 8.6 to 0.2 μg/L and a mean of 15.8 to 2.1 μg/L in NJ. More than half (53%) of the systems in ME reduced water [As] to below 1 µg/L, compared to 69% in NJ. The treatment system failure rates were 19% in ME (> USEPA MCL 10 µg/L) and 16% in NJ (> NJ standard 5 μg/L). In both states, the higher the untreated well water [As] and the As(III)/As ratio, the higher the rate of treatment failure. POE systems failed less than POU systems, as did the treatment systems installed and maintained by vendors than those by homeowners. The 7-fold reduction of [As] in the treated water reduced skin cancer risk alone from 3,765 to 514 in 1 million in ME, and from 568 to 75 in 1 million in NJ.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139683","usgsCitation":"Yang, Q., Flanagan, S.V., Chillrud, S., Ross, J., Zeng, W., Culbertson, C., Spayd, S., Backer, L.C., Smith, A.E., and Zheng, Y., 2020, Reduction in drinking water arsenic exposure and health risk through arsenic treatment among private well households in Maine and New Jersey, USA: Science of the Total Environment, v. 738, no. 10, 139683, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139683.","productDescription":"139683, 9 p.","ipdsId":"IP-118136","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":456259,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7429269","text":"External 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(CDC)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":791576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Smith, Andrew E.","contributorId":224987,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":791577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Zheng, Yan","contributorId":99046,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zheng","given":"Yan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7255,"text":"City University of New York, Queens College","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":791578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70211026,"text":"70211026 - 2020 - Accurate bathymetric maps from underwater digital imagery without ground control","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-10T13:06:24.414755","indexId":"70211026","displayToPublicDate":"2020-06-26T08:03:24","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3912,"text":"Frontiers in Marine Science","onlineIssn":"2296-7745","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accurate bathymetric maps from underwater digital imagery without ground control","docAbstract":"Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry can be used with digital underwater photographs to generate high-resolution bathymetry and orthomosaics with millimeter-to-centimeter scale resolution at relatively low cost. Although these products are useful for assessing species diversity and health, they have additional utility for quantifying benthic community structure, such as coral growth and fine-scale elevation change over time, if accurate length scales and georeferencing are included. This georeferencing is commonly provided with “ground control,” such as pre-installed seafloor benchmarks or identifiable “static” features, which can be difficult and time consuming to install, survey, and maintain. To address these challenges, we developed the SfM Quantitative Underwater Imaging Device with Five Cameras (SQUID-5), a towed surface vehicle with an onboard survey-grade Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and five rigidly mounted downward-looking cameras with overlapping views of the seafloor. The cameras are tightly synchronized with both the GNSS and each other to collect quintet photo sets and record the precise location of every collection event. The system was field tested in July 2019 in the U.S. Florida Keys, in water depths ranging from 3 to 9 m over a variety of bottom types. Surveying accuracy was assessed using pre-installed stations with known coordinates, machined scale bars, and two independent surveys of a site to evaluate repeatability. Under a range of sea conditions, ambient lighting, and water clarity, we were able to map living and senile coral reef habitats and sand waves at mm-scale resolution. Data were processed using best practice SfM techniques without ground control and local measurement errors of horizontal and vertical scales were consistently sub-millimeter, equivalent to 0.013% RMSE relative to water depth. Survey-to-survey repeatability RMSE was on the order of 3 cm without georeferencing but could be improved to several millimeters with the incorporation of one or more non-surveyed marker points. We demonstrate that the SQUID-5 platform can map complex coral reef and other seafloor habitats and measure mm-to-cm scale changes in the morphology and location of seafloor features over time without pre-existing ground control.","language":"English","publisher":"Frontiers","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2020.00525","usgsCitation":"Hatcher, G.A., Warrick, J.A., Ritchie, A.C., Dailey, E.T., Zawada, D., Kranenburg, C.J., and Yates, K.K., 2020, Accurate bathymetric maps from underwater digital imagery without ground control: Frontiers in Marine Science, v. 7, 525, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00525.","productDescription":"525, 20 p.","ipdsId":"IP-117107","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":456262,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index 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24.657002173279082\n ],\n [\n -80.277099609375,\n 24.95119964792312\n ],\n [\n -80.18920898437499,\n 25.35891851754525\n ],\n [\n -80.343017578125,\n 25.37877231509496\n ],\n [\n -80.7550048828125,\n 25.085598897064752\n ],\n [\n -81.2713623046875,\n 24.84656534821976\n ],\n [\n -81.91955566406249,\n 24.696934226366672\n ],\n [\n -81.97998046875,\n 24.44714958973082\n ],\n [\n -81.771240234375,\n 24.43714786161562\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-06-26","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatcher, Gerry A. 0000-0001-7705-1509 ghatcher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7705-1509","contributorId":208239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Gerry","email":"ghatcher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warrick, Jonathan A. 0000-0002-0205-3814 jwarrick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0205-3814","contributorId":167736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warrick","given":"Jonathan","email":"jwarrick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ritchie, Andrew C. aritchie@usgs.gov","contributorId":4984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritchie","given":"Andrew","email":"aritchie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dailey, Evan T. 0000-0002-4382-3870 edailey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4382-3870","contributorId":195607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dailey","given":"Evan","email":"edailey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zawada, David G. 0000-0003-4547-4878 dzawada@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4547-4878","contributorId":1898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zawada","given":"David G.","email":"dzawada@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kranenburg, Christine J. 0000-0002-2955-0167 ckranenburg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2955-0167","contributorId":169234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kranenburg","given":"Christine","email":"ckranenburg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Yates, Kimberly K. 0000-0001-8764-0358","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8764-0358","contributorId":214349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yates","given":"Kimberly","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70238863,"text":"70238863 - 2020 - Carbon dioxide-induced mortality of four species of North American fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-14T13:21:47.751686","indexId":"70238863","displayToPublicDate":"2020-06-26T07:18:03","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2287,"text":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbon dioxide-induced mortality of four species of North American fishes","docAbstract":"Fisheries managers have a growing interest in the use of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a tool for controlling invasive fishes. However, limited published data exist on susceptibility of many commonly encountered species to elevated CO2 concentrations. Our objective was to estimate the 24-h 50% lethal concentration (LC50) and 95% lethal concentration (LC95) of CO2 for four fishes (Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, Common Carp Cyprinus carpio, Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus, and Westslope Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi). In the laboratory, we exposed juvenile fish to a range of CO2 concentrations for 24 h in unpressurized, flow-through tanks. We developed a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the dose-response relationship for each fish species with associated uncertainty, and estimated 24-h LC50 and LC95 values based on laboratory trials for each species. The minimum concentration inducing mortality differed among cold water–adapted species and warm water–adapted species groups: 150 mg CO2/L for Westslope Cutthroat Trout and Rainbow Trout and 225 mg CO2/L for Common Carp and Channel Catfish. We observed complete mortality at 275 mg CO2/L (38,672 microatmospheres [μatm]), 225 mg CO2/L (30,711 μatm), and 495 mg CO2/L (65,708 μatm [Common Carp]; 77,213 μatm [Channel Catfish]) for Westslope Cutthroat Trout, Rainbow Trout, and both Common Carp and Channel Catfish, respectively. There was evidence of a statistical difference between the 24-h LC95 values of Westslope Cutthroat Trout and Rainbow Trout (245.0 [222.2–272.2] and 190.6 [177.2–207.8] mg CO2/L, respectively). Additionally, these values were almost half the estimated 24-h LC95 values for Common Carp and Channel Catfish (422.5 [374.7–474.5] and 434.2 [377.2–492.2] mg CO2/L, respectively). Although the experimental findings show strong relationships between increased CO2 concentration and higher mortality, additional work is required to assess the efficacy and feasibility of a CO2 application in a field setting.
Ferromanganese (FeMn) crusts provide a useful paleoenvironmental archive for studying the poorly understood climatic, oceanographic, and geologic evolution of the Arctic Ocean. This study is based on the identification and temporal reconstruction of sources and inferred transport pathways of terrigenous material in FeMn crusts collected from several sites across the Amerasia Basin. Samples from the Alpha Ridge (AR), Mendeleev Ridge (MR), and Chukchi Borderland (CB) have similar chemical compositions and high detrital contents. Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic compositions of the terrigenous detritus extracted from the FeMn crust layers show spatial and temporal variability due to the variable proportions of inputs from the North American and East Siberian margins and local submarine outcrops. The temporal resolution is restricted by macroscopic crust layers, which represent times of significant changes in the depositional environment and are used to study first-order environmental changes. During the period of ca. 4.4 to 3.8 Myr ago, detritus in the MR area was derived mostly from the Laptev Sea. Then, until about 1.3 Myr ago, FeMn crusts from MR received a higher volcanic component sourced from the East Siberian Sea, with mixing of detritus from the Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic belt (OCVB) area and possibly weathering of local MR outcrops, which is mostly High Arctic Large Igneous Province (HALIP) rocks. The period from about 1.3 Myr ago to the present reflects enhanced contributions of detritus from the Canadian Shield, approximately equal to the East Siberian contribution for the MR area. CB crusts show three main periods of distinct detrital input. During the period ca. 5.5–5.0 Myr ago, CB detritus was sourced from local submarine outcrops of the Jurassic-Cretaceous HALIP rocks and possibly from northeast Siberia, including OCVB rocks, while during the period from about 5.0 to 3.6 Myr ago, the CB FeMn crusts had a much greater input of detritus from the North American margin. After 3.6 Myr ago, the CB detritus shows a mixed composition predominantly sourced from North America with some material transported from the Bering Sea and smaller contributions from northeast Siberia. The AR crust was influenced mostly by detritus sourced from the Canadian Shield.
This study shows that FeMn crusts from the Arctic ocean are a useful tool and archive for climate reconstruction and depositional history of this polar region.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2020.106280","usgsCitation":"Konstantinova, N., Hein, J.R., Mizell, K., Cherkashov, G., Dreyer, B., and Hutchinson, D., 2020, Changes in sediment source areas to the Amerasia Basin, Arctic Ocean, over the past 5.5 million years based on radiogenic isotopes (Sr, Nd, Pb) of detritus from ferromanganese crusts: Marine Geology, v. 428, 106280, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2020.106280.","productDescription":"106280, 13 p.","ipdsId":"IP-098992","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":456265,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2020.106280","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":363812,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Amerasia Basin, Arctic Ocean","volume":"428","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konstantinova, Natalia","contributorId":215588,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Konstantinova","given":"Natalia","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":38016,"text":"Saint Petersburg State University and Institute for Geology and Mineral Resources of the Ocean, Saint Petersburg.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":762738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hein, James R. 0000-0002-5321-899X jhein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":140835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"James","email":"jhein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":762739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mizell, Kira 0000-0002-5066-787X kmizell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5066-787X","contributorId":4914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mizell","given":"Kira","email":"kmizell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":762740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cherkashov, Georgy","contributorId":215589,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cherkashov","given":"Georgy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":38016,"text":"Saint Petersburg State University and Institute for Geology and Mineral Resources of the Ocean, Saint Petersburg.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":762741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dreyer, Brian","contributorId":215590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dreyer","given":"Brian","affiliations":[{"id":39289,"text":"University of California at Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":762742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hutchinson, Deborah 0000-0002-2544-5466 dhutchinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2544-5466","contributorId":174836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Deborah","email":"dhutchinson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":762743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70210945,"text":"70210945 - 2020 - Primary sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to streambed sediment in Great Lakes tributaries using multiple lines of evidence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-07T17:50:09.099416","indexId":"70210945","displayToPublicDate":"2020-06-25T13:49:34","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Primary sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to streambed sediment in Great Lakes tributaries using multiple lines of evidence","docAbstract":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the most widespread and potentially toxic contaminants in Great Lakes (USA/Canada) tributaries. The sources of PAHs are numerous and diverse, and identifying the primary source(s) can be difficult. The present study used multiple lines of evidence to determine the likely sources of PAHs to surficial streambed sediments at 71 locations across 26 Great Lakes Basin watersheds. Profile correlations, principal component analysis, positive matrix factorization source‐receptor modeling, and mass fractions analysis were used to identify potential PAH sources, and land‐use analysis was used to relate streambed sediment PAH concentrations to different land uses. Based on the common conclusion of these analyses, coal‐tar–sealed pavement was the most likely source of PAHs to the majority of the locations sampled. The potential PAH‐related toxicity of streambed sediments to aquatic organisms was assessed by comparison of concentrations with sediment quality guidelines. The sum concentration of 16 US Environmental Protection Agency priority pollutant PAHs was 7.4–196 000 µg/kg, and the median was 2600 µg/kg. The threshold effect concentration was exceeded at 62% of sampling locations, and the probable effect concentration or the equilibrium partitioning sediment benchmark was exceeded at 41% of sampling locations. These results have important implications for watershed managers tasked with protecting and remediating aquatic habitats in the Great Lakes Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.4727","usgsCitation":"Baldwin, A.K., Corsi, S., Oliver, S.K., Lenaker, P.L., Nott, M.A., Mills, M.A., Norris, G.A., and Paatero, P., 2020, Primary sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to streambed sediment in Great Lakes tributaries using multiple lines of evidence: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 39, no. 7, p. 1392-1408, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4727.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1392","endPage":"1408","numberOfPages":"17","ipdsId":"IP-106377","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":456268,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4727","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":376159,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.74658203125,\n 40.48038142908172\n ],\n [\n -75.1025390625,\n 40.48038142908172\n ],\n [\n -75.1025390625,\n 47.989921667414194\n ],\n [\n -92.74658203125,\n 47.989921667414194\n ],\n [\n -92.74658203125,\n 40.48038142908172\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baldwin, Austin K. 0000-0002-6027-3823 akbaldwi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6027-3823","contributorId":4515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"Austin","email":"akbaldwi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Corsi, Steven R. 0000-0003-0583-5536 srcorsi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0583-5536","contributorId":172002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corsi","given":"Steven R.","email":"srcorsi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oliver, Samantha K. 0000-0001-5668-1165","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5668-1165","contributorId":211886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliver","given":"Samantha","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lenaker, Peter L. 0000-0002-9469-6285 plenaker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9469-6285","contributorId":5572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenaker","given":"Peter","email":"plenaker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nott, Michelle A. 0000-0003-3968-7586","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3968-7586","contributorId":221766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nott","given":"Michelle","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mills, Marc A.","contributorId":141085,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mills","given":"Marc","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12772,"text":"USEPA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":792261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Norris, Gary A.","contributorId":228850,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Norris","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6914,"text":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":792262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Paatero, Pentti","contributorId":228851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paatero","given":"Pentti","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18162,"text":"University of Helsinki","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":792263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70228372,"text":"70228372 - 2020 - Environmental and social factors influencing wolf (Canis lupus) howling behavior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T17:10:50.432312","indexId":"70228372","displayToPublicDate":"2020-06-25T11:06:23","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1589,"text":"Ethology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Environmental and social factors influencing wolf (Canis lupus) howling behavior","title":"Environmental and social factors influencing wolf (Canis lupus) howling behavior","docAbstract":"Animals communicate in a variety of ways and calls are used for a number of important behaviors. Temperature, wind, time of day, and human activities can affect animals’ use of calls, particularly over long distances. Effects of group size on the use of calls can be particularly influential in territorial social carnivores. Where gray wolves (Canis lupus) are hunted by humans, for example, howling may make it easier for hunters to locate individuals and ultimately increase mortality. We hypothesized that a suite of factors would affect wolves’ responses to simulated howling. Specifically, we predicted that howling behavior would increase with (a) group size, (b) pup age, and (c) during crepuscular time periods and howling behavior would decrease (a) where wolves were harvested and (b) when it was hot or windy. Contrary to our prediction, larger groups did not respond as quickly to simulated wolf howls as smaller groups did and minimum and maximum daily temperatures were not good predictors of wolf howling response rates. Individuals in small litters of pups may have responded more quickly to howls than those in large litters because they are eager to seek safety from and have socialization with adults returning from foraging bouts. Although harvest did not appear to affect vocal communication by wolves, group size, pup age, time of day, wind, and number of howls emitted greatly affected wolves’ behavior and responses during howling surveys. Howling responses did not change because of harvest; response rates from wolves were nearly identical with (2.2%) and without (2.3%) harvest. The year-round benefits of long-distance vocal communication may outweigh the costs of increased mortality arising from howling during harvest season.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/eth.13041","usgsCitation":"Ausband, D.E., Bassing, S., and Mitchell, M.S., 2020, Environmental and social factors influencing wolf (Canis lupus) howling behavior: Ethology, v. 126, no. 9, p. 890-899, https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.13041.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"890","endPage":"899","ipdsId":"IP-114742","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":395687,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"126","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-06-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ausband, David Edward 0000-0001-9204-9837","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9204-9837","contributorId":275329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ausband","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":834002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bassing, Sarah B.","contributorId":275330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bassing","given":"Sarah B.","affiliations":[{"id":342,"text":"Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":834004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mitchell, Michael S. 0000-0002-0773-6905 mmitchel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0773-6905","contributorId":3716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"Michael","email":"mmitchel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":834003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70210965,"text":"70210965 - 2020 - Evidence for rapid gut clearance of microplastic polyester fibers fed to Chinook Salmon: A tank study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-08T15:24:54.612535","indexId":"70210965","displayToPublicDate":"2020-06-25T10:23:11","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for rapid gut clearance of microplastic polyester fibers fed to Chinook Salmon: A tank study","docAbstract":"Marine and freshwater plastic pollution is a challenging issue receiving large amounts of research and media attention. Yet, few studies have documented the impact of microplastic ingestion to aquatic organisms. In the Pacific Northwest, Chinook salmon are a culturally and commercially significant fish species. The presence of marine and freshwater microplastic pollution is well documented in Chinook salmon habitat, yet no research has investigated the impacts to salmon from microplastic ingestion. The majority of the marine microplastics found in the Salish Sea are microfibers, synthetic extruded polymers that come from commonly worn clothing. To understand the potential impacts of microfiber ingestion to fish, we ran a feeding experiment with juvenile Chinook salmon to determine if ingested fibers are retained or digestion rates altered over a 10 day digestion period. The experiment was completed in two trials, each consisted of 20 control and 20 treatment fish. Treatment fish were each fed an amended ration of 12 food pellets spiked with 20 polyester microfibers and control fish were fed the same ration without added microfibers. Fish were sampled at day 0, 3, 5, 7, and 10 to assess if fibers were retained in their gastrointestinal tract and to determine the rate of digestion. Fibers for the experiment came from washing a red polyester fleece jacket in a microfiber retention bag. Fibers had a mean length of 4.98 mm. Results showed fish were able to clear up to 94% of fed fibers over 10 days. Differences in mean gastrointestinal mass were not statistically significant at any sampled time between treatment and controls, suggesting that the ingestion of microfibers did not alter digestion rates. Further work is needed to understand if repeated exposures, expected in the environment, alter digestion or food assimilation for growth.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115083","usgsCitation":"Spanjer, A.R., Liedtke, T.L., Conn, K., Weiland, L.K., Black, R.W., and Godfrey, N., 2020, Evidence for rapid gut clearance of microplastic polyester fibers fed to Chinook Salmon: A tank study: Environmental Pollution, v. 265, 115083, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115083.","productDescription":"115083, 8 p.","ipdsId":"IP-118266","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":456272,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115083","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":376203,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"265","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spanjer, Andrew R. 0000-0002-7288-2722 aspanjer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7288-2722","contributorId":150395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spanjer","given":"Andrew","email":"aspanjer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liedtke, Theresa L. 0000-0001-6063-9867 tliedtke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6063-9867","contributorId":2999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liedtke","given":"Theresa","email":"tliedtke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conn, Kathleen E. 0000-0002-2334-6536 kconn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2334-6536","contributorId":3923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conn","given":"Kathleen E.","email":"kconn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weiland, Lisa K. 0000-0002-9729-4062 lweiland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9729-4062","contributorId":3565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiland","given":"Lisa","email":"lweiland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Black, Robert W. 0000-0002-4748-8213 rwblack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4748-8213","contributorId":1820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Black","given":"Robert","email":"rwblack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Godfrey, Nathan","contributorId":228861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Godfrey","given":"Nathan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":41520,"text":"University of Washington-Tacoma","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":792306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70210856,"text":"70210856 - 2020 - Small gradients in salinity have large effects on stand water use in freshwater wetland forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-30T12:46:08.952686","indexId":"70210856","displayToPublicDate":"2020-06-25T07:42:12","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Small gradients in salinity have large effects on stand water use in freshwater wetland forests","docAbstract":"Salinity intrusion is responsible for changes to freshwater wetland watersheds globally, but little is known about how wetland water budgets might be influenced by small increments in salinity. We studied a forested wetland in South Carolina, USA, and installed sap flow probes on 72 trees/shrubs along a salinity gradient. Species investigated included the trees baldcypress (Taxodium distichum [L.] Rich.), water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica L.), swamp tupelo (Nyssa biflora Walt.), and the shrub waxmyrtle (Morella cerifera (L.) Small). This study improves upon past reliance on greenhouse seedling studies by adding measurements of trees/shrubs along a salinity gradient, and better describes the role of low salinity on water use in freshwater wetland forests. We measured patterns of water use related to salinity, atmospheric conditions and season, and hypothesized that salinity would influence wetland forest water use through two mechanisms: salinity disturbances would yield stands with species and size classes that transpire less and individual trees with less conductive xylem tissue (i.e., sapwood). Both hypotheses held. At salinity concentrations ranging from fresh to 3 psu, forest structural changes alone resulted in stand water use reductions from 494 mm year-1 in freshwater stands to 316 mm year-1 in stands of slightly higher salinity. Tree sapwood function (inferred from radial sap flux profiles) also changed along this gradient and reduced sap flow rates by an additional 13.3% per unit increase in salinity (psu). Thus, stand water use was further reduced to 190 mm year-1 on saline sites. We found that forest structure is not the only change that affects water use in salinized watersheds; individual tree eco-physiological responses to salinity, manifesting in different radial sap flow profiles, are important as well.
The age of an animal, determined by time (chronological age) as well as genetic and environmental factors (biological age), influences the likelihood of mortality and reproduction and thus the animal’s contribution to population growth. For many long-lived species, such as bats, a lack of external and morphological indicators has made determining age a challenge, leading researchers to examine genetic markers of age for application to demographic studies. One widely studied biomarker of age is telomere length, which has been related both to chronological and biological age across taxa, but only recently has begun to be studied in bats. We assessed telomere length from the DNA of known-age and minimum known-age individuals of two bat species using a quantitative PCR assay. We determined that telomere length was quadratically related to chronological age in big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus), although it had little predictive power for accurate age determination of unknown-age individuals. The relationship was different in little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus), where telomere length instead was correlated with biological age, apparently due to infection and wing damage associated with white-nose syndrome. Furthermore, we showed that wing biopsies currently are a better tissue source for studying telomere length in bats than guano and buccal swabs; the results from the latter group were more variable and potentially influenced by storage time. Refinement of collection and assessment methods for different non-lethally collected tissues will be important for longitudinal sampling to better understand telomere dynamics in these long-lived species. Although further work is needed to develop a biomarker capable of determining chronological age in bats, our results suggest that biological age, as reflected in telomere length, may be influenced by extrinsic stressors such as disease.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/jmammal/gyaa064","usgsCitation":"Ineson, K.M., O’Shea, T.J., Kilpatrick, C.W., Parise, K.L., and Foster, J.T., 2020, Ambiguities in using telomere length for age determination in two North American bat species: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 101, no. 4, p. 958-969, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyaa064.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"958","endPage":"969","ipdsId":"IP-116044","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":456276,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyaa064","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":421248,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-06-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ineson, Katherine M 0000-0002-8630-4691","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8630-4691","contributorId":330187,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ineson","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"M","affiliations":[{"id":12667,"text":"University of New Hampshire","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":884275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Shea, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0758-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-9730","contributorId":207270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Shea","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":884276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kilpatrick, Charles W","contributorId":330188,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kilpatrick","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"W","affiliations":[{"id":13253,"text":"University of Vermont","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":884277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Parise, Katy L.","contributorId":201310,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parise","given":"Katy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":884278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Foster, Jeffrey T.","contributorId":177905,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foster","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":884279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70247373,"text":"70247373 - 2020 - Direct evidence for fluid pressure, dilatancy, and compaction affecting slip in isolated faults","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-31T11:12:52.169757","indexId":"70247373","displayToPublicDate":"2020-06-24T15:18:19","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Direct evidence for fluid pressure, dilatancy, and compaction affecting slip in isolated faults","docAbstract":"Earthquake instability occurs as a result of strength loss during sliding on a fault. It has been known for over 50 years that fault compaction or dilatancy may cause significant weakening or strengthening by dramatically changing the fluid pressure trapped in faults. Despite this fundamental importance, we have no real understanding of the exact conditions that lead to compaction or dilation during nucleation or rupture. To date, no direct measurements of pore pressure changes during slip in hydraulically isolated faults have been reported. We show direct examples of fluid pressure variations during nucleation and rupture using a miniature pressure transducer embedded in an experimental fault. We demonstrate that fluids are not only significant in controlling fault behavior, but can provide the dominant mechanism controlling fault stability. The effect of fluid pressure changes can exceed frictional variations predicted by rate- and state-dependent friction laws, exerting fundamental controls on earthquake rupture initiation.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2019GL086767","usgsCitation":"Proctor, B.P., Lockner, D., Kilgore, B.D., Mitchell, T.M., and Beeler, N.M., 2020, Direct evidence for fluid pressure, dilatancy, and compaction affecting slip in isolated faults: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 47, no. 16, e2019GL086767, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086767.","productDescription":"e2019GL086767, 9 p.","ipdsId":"IP-111173","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":456279,"rank":3,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl086767","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436918,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P98U3DZX","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data from the manuscript: Direct evidence for fluid pressure, dilatancy, and compaction affecting slip in isolated faults"},{"id":419435,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-08-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Proctor, Brooks P. 0000-0002-4878-8728 bproctor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4878-8728","contributorId":219209,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Proctor","given":"Brooks","email":"bproctor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":879358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lockner, David A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":261920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"David A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":879359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kilgore, Brian D. 0000-0003-0530-7979 bkilgore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-7979","contributorId":3887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilgore","given":"Brian","email":"bkilgore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":879360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mitchell, Thomas M.","contributorId":102774,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mitchell","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":879361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Beeler, Nicholas M. 0000-0002-3397-8481 nbeeler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3397-8481","contributorId":2682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeler","given":"Nicholas","email":"nbeeler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":879362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70211636,"text":"70211636 - 2020 - Comment on 'Kidron (2018): Biocrust research: A critical view on eight common hydrological‐related paradigms and dubious theses. Ecohydrology, e2061'","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-10T20:20:42.025811","indexId":"70211636","displayToPublicDate":"2020-06-24T14:59:50","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1447,"text":"Ecohydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comment on 'Kidron (2018): Biocrust research: A critical view on eight common hydrological‐related paradigms and dubious theses. Ecohydrology, e2061'","docAbstract":"Kidron (2018) uses a straw man argument in an attempt to debunk eight putative hydrological‐related paradigms he believes to be “common among hydrologists, ecologists, or microbiologists that investigate biocrusts.” These paradigms relate to the roles of physical crusts and vascular plants in biocrust development, the major drivers (climate, porosity, hydrophobicity, and exopolysaccharides) of hydrology (infiltration and runoff), and the effect of mosses on hydrology and therefore vascular plants. We see two major problems with his arguments. First, they assume that the paradigms in question are generally accepted by biocrust researchers. Second, they are based on Kidron's (2018) world view of biocrusts, which has largely been informed by his own studies from a single, distinctly unique area of sand dunes at the Nizzana Research Site in the Negev Desert, Israel. This narrow focus and the selective use of published material disqualify his arguments. Our collective experience, based on more than 250 person years of biocrust research, and more than 700 scientific publications on biocrusts from all continents including Antarctica, indicates that, far from the straw man arguments proposed by Kidron (2018), there is no evidence to support the existence of a unifying theory that captures the global effects of biocrusts on hydrology. Our collective works demonstrate that, contrary to claims by Kidron (2018), the hydrological effects of biocrusts are strongly nuanced, varying with, but not limited to, differences in ecological context, landscape position, site condition, crust type and composition, climatic zone, soil texture and porosity, surface morphology, and spatial scale (reviewed in Weber, Büdel, & Belnap, 2016). Below, we critically analyse each of Kidron's (2018) paradigms, providing rigorous empirical evidence to show that none represent commonly held views among the biocrust research community.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/eco.2215","usgsCitation":"Felde, V.J., Rodriguez-Caballero, E., Chamizo, S., Rossi, F., Uteau, D., Peth, S., Keck, H., de Philippis, R., Belnap, J., and Eldridge, D.J., 2020, Comment on 'Kidron (2018): Biocrust research: A critical view on eight common hydrological‐related paradigms and dubious theses. Ecohydrology, e2061': Ecohydrology, v. 13, no. 6, e2215, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2215.","productDescription":"e2215, 6 p.","ipdsId":"IP-118462","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":456283,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2215","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":377108,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-06-24","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Felde, Vincent J. M. N. L. 0000-0002-1018-2376","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1018-2376","contributorId":237005,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Felde","given":"Vincent","email":"","middleInitial":"J. M. N. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":794882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rodriguez-Caballero, Emilio 0000-0002-5934-3214","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5934-3214","contributorId":205639,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodriguez-Caballero","given":"Emilio","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37132,"text":"Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":794883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chamizo, Sonia 0000-0002-2980-1683","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2980-1683","contributorId":174264,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chamizo","given":"Sonia","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27406,"text":"Department of Agronomy, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":794884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rossi, Federico 0000-0001-8367-6847","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8367-6847","contributorId":237006,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rossi","given":"Federico","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":794885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Uteau, Daniel 0000-0003-1499-4344","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1499-4344","contributorId":237007,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Uteau","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":794886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Peth, Stephen 0000-0001-9799-212X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9799-212X","contributorId":237008,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peth","given":"Stephen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":794887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Keck, Hannes 0000-0001-7592-2833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7592-2833","contributorId":237009,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keck","given":"Hannes","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":794888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"de Philippis, Roberto 0000-0001-7398-3536","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7398-3536","contributorId":237010,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de Philippis","given":"Roberto","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":794889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":794890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Eldridge, David J. 0000-0002-2191-486X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2191-486X","contributorId":207298,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eldridge","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":37514,"text":"Center for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":794891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70210901,"text":"70210901 - 2020 - Highly competent native snake hosts extend the range of an introduced parasite beyond its invasive Burmese python host","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-03T02:35:27.576543","indexId":"70210901","displayToPublicDate":"2020-06-24T12:18:23","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1475,"text":"Ecosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Highly competent native snake hosts extend the range of an introduced parasite beyond its invasive Burmese python host","docAbstract":"Invasive Burmese pythons (Python bivittatus ) have introduced a nonnative pentastomid parasite (Raillietiella orientalis ) to southern Florida that has spilled over to infect native snakes. However, the extent of spillover, regarding prevalence and intensity, is unknown. We examined native snakes (n = 523) and invasive pythons (n = 1003) collected from Florida to determine the degree to which parasite spillover is occurring. We found R. orientalis has infected 13 species of native snakes collected from areas of sympatry with pythons. Prevalence and infection intensity of R. orientalis were significantly higher among native snakes compared with pythons. Moreover, adult female pentastomes achieved larger sizes and represented a greater proportion of the overall parasite population in native snakes vs. pythons, indicating native snakes are more competent hosts of R. orientalis than pythons. We also examined native snakes from regions of allopatry with pythons to determine how far R. orientalis has spread. We found an infected native snake 348 km north of the northernmost infected python. Our data show that native snakes are highly competent hosts of R. orientalis and have facilitated the rapid spread of this nonnative pentastome beyond the range of its invasive host.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.3153","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.A., Kinsella, J.M., Snow, R.W., Falk, B., Reed, R., Goetz, S.M., Mazzotti, F., Guyer, C., and Romagosa, C.M., 2020, Highly competent native snake hosts extend the range of an introduced parasite beyond its invasive Burmese python host: Ecosphere, v. 11, no. 6, e03153 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3153.","productDescription":"e03153 10 p.","ipdsId":"IP-119380","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":456285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3153","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":376100,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Southeastern United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n 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M.","contributorId":190343,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kinsella","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snow, Ray W.","contributorId":76449,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Snow","given":"Ray","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13415,"text":"Everglades National Park","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":792028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Falk, Bryan G.","contributorId":228787,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Falk","given":"Bryan G.","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":792029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reed, Robert 0000-0001-8349-6168 reedr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8349-6168","contributorId":152301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Robert","email":"reedr@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Goetz, Scott M.","contributorId":228788,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goetz","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":41507,"text":"Auburn U.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":792031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mazzotti, Frank J.","contributorId":12358,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mazzotti","given":"Frank J.","affiliations":[{"id":12604,"text":"Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, 3205 College Avenue, University of Florida, Davie, FL 33314, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":792032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Guyer, Craig","contributorId":104800,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Guyer","given":"Craig","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Romagosa, Christina M.","contributorId":200925,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Romagosa","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70210733,"text":"ofr20201065 - 2020 - Graphical Dispersion Plot Editor (DPE) for seismic-site characterization by using multiple surface-wave methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-25T14:10:51.820144","indexId":"ofr20201065","displayToPublicDate":"2020-06-24T11:36:43","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-1065","displayTitle":"Graphical Dispersion Plot Editor (DPE) for Seismic-Site Characterization by Using Multiple Surface-Wave Methods","title":"Graphical Dispersion Plot Editor (DPE) for seismic-site characterization by using multiple surface-wave methods","docAbstract":"To understand the behavior of potentially damaging ground motions during earthquakes, seismic-site effects are routinely characterized by using the dispersion of surface waves. Many methods exist to measure dispersion; these methods have various advantages and disadvantages, but they all yield dispersion data that must be inverted for shear-wave velocity. This report presents a graphical tool for efficiently removing spurious data as well as combining data from multiple methods prior to inversion.
The Dispersion Plot Editor (DPE) program presented here (version 1.5) is coded in Python 3, which is open source and platform independent. DPE accepts input dispersion data as one or more delimited text files. The program plots the data in useful forms, including both scattered points and an interpolated heat map. The user selects points to delete by drawing arbitrary shapes with the mouse cursor. After the spurious data are removed, the user may represent the acceptable data with a dispersion curve. The acceptable data and the representative dispersion curve are output as separate comma-delimited text files. Images of the plotted data and the representative dispersion curve may also be saved.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201065","usgsCitation":"McPhillips, D., Yong, A.K., Martin, A., and Stephenson, W.J., 2020, Graphical Dispersion Plot Editor (DPE) for seismic-site characterization by using multiple surface-wave methods: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1065, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201065.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 8 p.; Appendix","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-113656","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375790,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1065/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":375791,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1065/ofr20201065.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":375792,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1065/ofr20201065_appendix.zip","size":"110 KB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}}],"contact":"Earthquake Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
350 N. Akron Road
Moffett Field, CA 94035
With the expansion of hydropower, in‐stream converters, flood‐protection infrastructures, and growing concerns on deltas fragile ecosystems, there is a pressing need to evaluate and monitor bedform sediment mass flux. It is critical to estimate real‐time bedform size and migration velocity and provide a theoretical framework to convert easily accessible time histories of bed elevations into spatially evolving patterns. We collected spatiotemporally resolved bathymetries from laboratory flumes and the Colorado River in statistically steady, homogeneous, subcritical flow conditions. Wave number and frequency spectra of bed elevations show compelling evidence of scale‐dependent velocity for the hierarchy of migrating bedforms observed in the laboratory and field. New scaling laws were applied to describe the full range of migration velocities as function of two dimensionless groups based on the bed shear velocity, sediment diameter, and water depth. Further simplification resulted in a mixed length scale model estimating scale‐dependent migration velocities, without requiring bedform classification or identification.
On 14–15 April 2015, an intense intermountain cyclone in the western USA caused high winds and a dust storm that degraded air quality in the eastern Great Basin, and deposited dust-on-snow (DOS) in the Wasatch Range near Salt Lake City, Utah. We analyzed the storm and documented its “source-to-sink” development to relate the frontal passage with dust mobilization, air quality changes, and dust deposition on montane snowpack near Alta, Utah. This case study is first to track a dust storm and measure the elemental composition and radiative properties of the resulting DOS as a single specific event layer in Wasatch montane snowpack; prior studies have assessed seasonally aggregated DOS deposits. Dust plumes on MODIS imagery indicate mobilization from known regional “hotspots” for aeolian activity, including clay- and silt-rich alluvium, modern playas, and disturbed areas within the Pleistocene Paleolake Bonneville Basin. This 2015 single event dust layer was 1–3 cm thick with a median dust size of 10.81–12.55 µm; its measured radiative properties are similar to aggregated dusts previously assessed in Wasatch snowpack. Dust from the 2015 DOS event is enriched in the elements As, Cd, Cu, and Mo by a 10× factor relative to average elemental concentrations in the upper continental crust; its heavy metals (Cu, Pb, As, Cd, Mo, Zn) are probably derived from regional mine operations. Tracking elemental fluxes from source-to-sink is important for resolving environmental impacts, and informing future analysis of single storm dust loading, ecosystem impacts, and quantity and quality of meltwater-fed drinking water.
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can induce abnormalities in organisms via alteration of molecular pathways and subsequent disruption of endocrine functions. Bisphenol A (BPA) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) are ubiquitous EDCs in the environment. Many aquatic organisms, including fish, are often exposed to varying concentrations of BPA and EE2 throughout their lifespan. Both BPA and EE2 can activate estrogenic signaling pathways and cause adverse effects on reproduction via alteration of pathways associated with steroidogenesis. However, transcriptional pathways that are affected by chronic exposure to these two ubiquitous environmental estrogens during embryonic, larval, and juvenile stages are not clearly understood. In the present study, we examined transcriptional alterations in the testis of medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) chronically exposed to a low concentration of BPA or EE2. Medaka were exposed to BPA (10 μg/L) or EE2 (0.01 μg/L) from 8 h post-fertilization (as embryos) to adulthood 50 days post fertilization (dpf), and transcriptional alterations in the testis were examined by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Transcriptomic profiling revealed 651 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between BPA-exposed and control testes, while 1475 DEGs were found between EE2-exposed and control testes. Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed a significant enrichment of “intracellular receptor signaling pathway”, “response to steroid hormone” and “hormone-mediated signaling pathway” in the BPA-induced DEGs, and of “cilium organization”, “microtubule-based process” and “organelle assembly” in the EE2-induced DEGs. Pathway analysis showed significant enrichment of “integrin signaling pathway” in both treatment groups, and of “cadherin signaling pathway”, “Alzheimer disease-presenilin pathway” in EE2-induced DEGs. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and insertion-deletion (Indel) analysis found no significant differences in mutation rates with either BPA or EE2 treatments. Taken together, global gene expression differences in testes of medaka during early stages of gametogenesis were responsive to chronic BPA and EE2 exposure.
Anaerobic microorganisms play a key role in the biological mercury (Hg) cycle due to their ability to produce bioaccumulative neurotoxic methylmercury (MeHg). However, despite recent advances, how bacteria accumulate inorganic Hg [Hg(II)] prior to methylation is largely unknown. In this study, we applied Hg stable isotopes to measure changes in cellular compartments of Geobacter sulfurreducens and a nonmethylating mutant strain to investigate intracellular transport of Hg(II). Both strains accumulated intracellular Hg(II) that was lower in δ202Hg relative to dissolved extracellular Hg(II), demonstrating mass-dependent fractionation during uptake. Hg reduction by the mutant strain (50% Hg concentration loss in 24 h) resulted in higher δ202Hg values of cellular Hg than in wild-type cells. Further observations showed increasing δ202Hg values in dissolved extracellular MeHg and Hg(II) but decreasing δ202Hg values of intracellular Hg(II) in wild-type G. sulfurreducens suggesting that external Hg pools may be the proximate source of Hg for methylation in this bacterium. This investigation demonstrates that cellular uptake is comprised of multiple processes and transformations that influence Hg(II) prior to methylation, which can impart distinct isotopic signatures to Hg(II) and MeHg pools in the environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00409","usgsCitation":"Wang, Y., Janssen, S., Schaefer, J.K., Yee, N., and Reinfelder, J.R., 2020, Tracing the uptake of Hg(II) in an iron-reducing bacterium using mercury stable isotopes: Environmental Science and Technology Letters, v. 7, no. 8, p. 573-578, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00409.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"573","endPage":"578","ipdsId":"IP-120202","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381754,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-06-24","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Yuwei","contributorId":149674,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Yuwei","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":807374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Janssen, Sarah E. 0000-0003-4432-3154","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4432-3154","contributorId":210991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janssen","given":"Sarah E.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schaefer, Jeffra K 0000-0002-9916-8078","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9916-8078","contributorId":245950,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schaefer","given":"Jeffra","email":"","middleInitial":"K","affiliations":[{"id":12727,"text":"Rutgers University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":807376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yee, Nathan 0000-0002-1023-5271","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1023-5271","contributorId":245952,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yee","given":"Nathan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12727,"text":"Rutgers University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":807377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reinfelder, John R 0000-0002-3737-604X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3737-604X","contributorId":215897,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reinfelder","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R","affiliations":[{"id":12727,"text":"Rutgers University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":807378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}