The Sevier Desert, as used in this report, comprises the main part of the Sevier Desert, the Tintic Valley, and the southeastern part of the Old River Bed. It covers an area of about 3,000 square miles and occupies a large basin in the eastern part of the Basin and Range physiographic province.
Large alluvial fans extend from the mountain fronts into the basin where they interfinger with eolian and lacustrine deposits and with fluvial deposits of the Sevier River. These unconsolidated deposits form a multiaquifer artesian system that is more than 1,000 feet thick and that extends from near the area of main recharge along the east side of the basin to Sevier Lake.
Most of the recharge to the ground-water reservoir results from water entering alluvial fans as percolation from streams, irrigation ditches, and irrigated fields. Another important source may be water in the limestone, quartzite, and other consolidated rocks in the mountains that border the basin. Leakage from the Central Utah Canal is a major source of recharge to the water-table aquifer.
Flowing wells are common in the central lowland part of the Sevier Desert, but as a result of below-normal precipitation and an increase in withdrawals from wells during 1950-64, the area of flowing wells has decreased. The quantity of ground water being wasted from flowing wells is not more than a few hundred acre-feet a year.
The amount of water discharged by withdrawal from wells has increased nearly 15 times since 1950 (from 2,000 acre-feet in 1950 to 30,000 acre-feet in 1964). As a result of this increasing withdrawal, the water levels in observation wells have declined 4 feet in areas of small withdrawals to more than 7 feet near centers of pumping for public supplies and irrigation.
An estimated 135,000-175,000 acre-feet of ground water is consumed by evapotranspiration each year in the 440,000 acres of desert that mainly support phreatophytes. This rate of discharge has changed little since 1950. The consumptive waste of ground water by undesirable phreatophytes, principally saltcedar and pickleweed, was not a serious problem in 1964 but could become a serious problem in the near future if saltcedar is permitted to spread.
Water levels in wells changed little during 1935-40. During 1941-50, however, water levels rose in response to the general above-normal precipitation during 1939-47. During 1950-64 water levels declined, partly in response to below-normal precipitation and partly in response to an increase in pumping from irrigation wells. Although the period 1961-63 was one of above-normal precipitation, water levels continued the overall decline that was started in 1950. The decline, therefore, probably is due to increased pumping.
The amount of water that could be obtained from storage if the piezometric surface in the artesian aquifer were lowered 20 feet is estimated to be 120,006 acre-feet. The specific capacities of wells used for irrigation and public supply range from 5 to 215 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown. Specific capacities generally decrease with increasing distances away from the edge of the basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1854","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Utah State Engineer","usgsCitation":"Mower, R.W., and Feltis, R., 1968, Ground-water hydrology of the Sevier Desert, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1854, Report: v, 75 p.; 7 Plates: 30.00 in. x 24.82 in. or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1854.","productDescription":"Report: v, 75 p.; 7 Plates: 30.00 in. x 24.82 in. or smaller","numberOfPages":"88","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":28244,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1854/plate-7.pdf","text":"Plate 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Map of the Sevier Desert, Utah, showing areas of phreatophyte growth in 1963"},{"id":138337,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1854/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28238,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1854/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Map of the Sevier Desert, Utah, showing location of selected wells and hydrogeochemical data"},{"id":28241,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1854/plate-4.pdf","text":"Plate 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Map of the Sevier Desert, Utah, showing average annual precipitation (1931-60) and recharge areas along the north and east edges"},{"id":28242,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1854/plate-5.pdf","text":"Plate 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Map of the Sevier Desert, Utah, showing areas of artesian flow during 1935 and March 1964 and water-level contours in the upper artesian and unconfined aquifers in March 1964"},{"id":28243,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1854/plate-6.pdf","text":"Plate 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Map of the Sevier Desert, Utah, showing total dissolved solids in water from wells finished in the artesian aquifers, springs, and streams"},{"id":28239,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1854/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Generalized geologic map of the Sevier Desert and adjacent mountains, Utah"},{"id":28240,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1854/plate-3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Geologic section across the Sevier Desert, Utah, showing generalized stratigraphy and lithology and selected parts from an electrical log from an oil test"},{"id":28245,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1854/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Sevier Desert","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db6682c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mower, R. W.","contributorId":34898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mower","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feltis, R.D.","contributorId":93467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feltis","given":"R.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2316,"text":"wsp1757I - 1968 - Ground-water hydrology of the Chad Basin in Bornu and Dikwa Emirates, northeastern Nigeria, with special emphasis on the flow life of the artesian system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:19","indexId":"wsp1757I","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1757","chapter":"I","title":"Ground-water hydrology of the Chad Basin in Bornu and Dikwa Emirates, northeastern Nigeria, with special emphasis on the flow life of the artesian system","docAbstract":"Bornu and Dikwa Emirates lie in the Nigerian sector of the Chad Basin, a vast region of interior drainage encompassing about 600,000 square miles of north-central Africa. The report area includes about 25,000 square miles of the basin that lie in Nigeria. Most of the area is a featureless plain that slopes gently northeast and east from the uplands of central Nigeria towards Lake Chad. On its eastern side the lake has one surface outlet which overflows only during exceptionally high stages of the lake. This outlet spills into the channel of Bahr al Ghazal, which in turn drains into the Bod616 depression. Because the lake is shallow, the shoreline fluctuates markedly with high and low stages corresponding to the wet and dry seasons. The semiarid climate of Bornu and Dikwa Emirates is characterized by a long dry season and a short wet season that correspond to seasonal winds. Annual rainfall ranges from 15 inches in the northern part of the area to 32 inches in the southern. \r\n\r\nThe Chad Basin in Dikwa and Bornu Emirates is underlain by interbedded sand and clay, collectively termed the Chad Formation. These alluvial and lactustrine sediments were deposited in or near Lake Chad whet it occupied a much greater area during Pliocene and Pleistocene time. The Chad Formation has a very slight primary dip in the direction of Lake Chad and conforms to the gentle slope of land surface. The known thickness of the formation ranges from a few feet where it overlies bedrock on the periphery of the basin to at least 1,800 feet at Maiduguri; however, its total thickness probably exceeds 2,000 feet in the central part of the basin. \r\n\r\nThree water-bearing units termed upper, middle, and lower zones occur within the Chad Formation. The upper zone yields water to numerous dug wells throughout the rural areas and also is .the major source of the Maiduguri municipal water .supply. The middle zone yields water from flowing artesian boreholes that have heads ranging from a few feet to 70 feet above land surface throughout a 13,000 square-mile area of the basin in Nigeria. The lower zone also yields water from flowing boreholes ; however, its areal extent has not been proved beyond the environs of Maiduguri. \r\n\r\nThe present investigation is concerned primarily with the middle zone, which is the source of water for some 190 flowing boreholes used as little-watering points in the Nigerian sector of the Chad Basin. The thickness of loads of waterbearing sand in the middle zone ranges from less than 1 foot to 200 feet, and the artesian head ranges from land surface at Maiduguri to 70 feet above land surface at Lake Chad. The depth to the top of the middle zone in the area of flowing boreholes ranges from 500 to 1,250 feet below land surface. The waterbearing properties of the middle zone differ greatly from place to place. Also, the yields of individual flowing boreholes generally range from 50 to 20,000 imperial gallons per hour (gph). On the basis of water availability, the middle zone can be divided as follows : Areas of high-, moderate-, and low-yield artesian aquifer ; areas of low- and moderate-yield subartesian aquifer ; and an area where the yields from boreholes are insignificant or the aquifer is missing. Recommended maximum rates of long-term withdrawal from individual boreholes for the three artesian areas range from 100 to 5,000 gph with boreholes spaced 5 to 10 miles apart. By limiting flows to the recommended maximum rates, the boreholes should continue to flow for at least 30 years. The present average use per borehole (265 gph in 1965) is considerably less than the recommended maximum rates. \r\n\r\nRecharge to the upper zone occurs in significant but as yet unmeasured quantities, mostly in the vicinity of the major streams. Apparently, however, no significant amount of recharge reaches the middle zone from the Upper zone. Although the middle zone is, in effect, being 'mined' by existing flowing wells, the present (1965) rate of withdrawal i","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1757I","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.E., Johnston, R., Olowu, J., and Uzoma, J., 1968, Ground-water hydrology of the Chad Basin in Bornu and Dikwa Emirates, northeastern Nigeria, with special emphasis on the flow life of the artesian system: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1757, iv, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1757I.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28147,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28148,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28149,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28150,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28151,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28152,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28153,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28154,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28155,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/plate-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28156,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668a99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Raymond E.","contributorId":67861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnston, R.H.","contributorId":19536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olowu, J.A.I.","contributorId":68709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olowu","given":"J.A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Uzoma, J.U.","contributorId":24327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uzoma","given":"J.U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":4713,"text":"twri04A1 - 1968 - Some statistical tools in hydrology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:32","indexId":"twri04A1","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"04-A1","title":"Some statistical tools in hydrology","docAbstract":"This chapter of 'Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations' provides background material needed for understanding the statistical procedures most useful in hydrology; it furnishes detailed procedures, with examples, of regression analyses; it describes analysis of variance and covariance and discusses the characteristics of hydrologic data.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/twri04A1","issn":"0565-596X","usgsCitation":"Riggs, H.C., 1968, Some statistical tools in hydrology: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 04-A1, vi, 39 p. :ill. ;26 cm. Reprinted in 1977., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri04A1.","productDescription":"vi, 39 p. :ill. ;26 cm. Reprinted in 1977.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139207,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":342,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri4a1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a361","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riggs, H. C.","contributorId":17210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riggs","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":149662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4710,"text":"twri04A2 - 1968 - Frequency curves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:31","indexId":"twri04A2","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"04-A2","title":"Frequency curves","docAbstract":"This manual describes graphical and mathematical procedures for preparing frequency curves from samples of hydrologic data. It also discusses the theory of frequency curves, compares advantages of graphical and mathematical fitting, suggests methods of describing graphically defined frequency curves analytically, and emphasizes the correct interpretations of a frequency curve.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/twri04A2","issn":"0565-596X","usgsCitation":"Riggs, H.C., 1968, Frequency curves: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 04-A2, v, 15 p. :ill. ;26 cm. Reprinted in 1978, 1989., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri04A2.","productDescription":"v, 15 p. :ill. ;26 cm. Reprinted in 1978, 1989.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":299,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri4a2/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":139156,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699dda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riggs, H. C.","contributorId":17210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riggs","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":149659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":14073,"text":"ofr68126 - 1968 - Application of ultraviolet reflectance and stimulated luminescence to the remote detection of natural materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-17T16:07:26.409085","indexId":"ofr68126","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"68-126","title":"Application of ultraviolet reflectance and stimulated luminescence to the remote detection of natural materials","docAbstract":"Carbonate rocks and evaporite deposits commonly exhibit relatively high reflectance in the ultraviolet (<3600A), and some outcrops of these materials are selectively shown on ultraviolet imagery. Other materials which are commonly strongly imaged on ultraviolet imagery and photography include water, snow, concrete, and metallic objects, particularly aluminum.
Outdoor tests of an active ultraviolet imaging system have demonstrated the feasibility of imaging ultraviolet stimulated luminescence of such minerals as talc, dolomite, and deweylite along quarry faces from distances of several hundred feet. The system features a cathode ray tube transmitter, an image dissector receiver, and a video monitor on which the distribution of luminescent material is imaged as the outcrop is scanned.
A pulsed ultraviolet laser emitting at 3371A has been used successfully in the laboratory to stimulate phosphorescence of selected rock and mineral specimens and to discriminate between them on the basis of decay time which ranges from less than three to more than 10 microseconds. Initial results suggest that sodic feldspars have longer decay periods than calcic feldspars. Some granites also appear to have decay periods significantly different from other types of granite in the same locality.
Outdoor tests with a high-resolution grating spectrometer were successful in detecting luminescent materials by means of the so-called \"Fraunhofer line-depth method\". This method is advantageous because it uses the sun so an ultraviolet source and therefore ifs independent of low-powered artificial sources such as cathode ray tubes, lasers, and mercury vapor lamps„ A Fraunhofer line- discriminator suitable for aircraft operation has been constructed, and initial on-the- ground tests are being performed on Rhodamine WT, a luminescent dye used by hydrologists and oceanographers in studies of current dynamics in streams and estuaries.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr68126","usgsCitation":"Hemphill, W.R., 1968, Application of ultraviolet reflectance and stimulated luminescence to the remote detection of natural materials: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 68-126, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr68126.","productDescription":"36 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":490857,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0126/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":397882,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19690018949/downloads/19690018949.pdf","size":"6,304 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":146665,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0126/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a5af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hemphill, William R.","contributorId":21970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemphill","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":168885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2614,"text":"wsp1757J - 1968 - Ground-water geology of Kordofan Province, Sudan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:28","indexId":"wsp1757J","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1757","chapter":"J","title":"Ground-water geology of Kordofan Province, Sudan","docAbstract":"For much of Kordofan Province, surface-water supplies collected and stored in hafirs, fulas, and tebeldi trees are almost completely appropriated for present needs, and water from wells must serve as the base for future economic and cultural development. This report describes the results of a reconnaissance hydrogeologic investigation of the Province and the nature and distribution of the ground-water resources with respect to their availability for development. Kordofan Province, in central Sudan, lies within the White Nile-Nile River drainage basin. The land surface is largely a plain of low relief; jebels (hills) occur sporadically, and sandy soils are common in most areas except in the south where clayey soils predominate. Seasonal rainfall, ranging from less than 100 millimeters in the north to about 800 millimeters in the south, occurs almost entirely during the summer months, but little runoff ever reaches the Nile or White Nile Rivers. \r\n\r\nThe rocks beneath the surficial depsits (Pleistocene to Recent) in the Province comprise the basement complex (Precambrian), Nawa Series (upper Paleozoic), Nubian Series (Mesozoic), laterite (lower to middle Tertiary), and the Umm Ruwaba Series (Pliocene to Pleistocene). \r\n\r\nPerennial ground-water supplies in the Province are found chiefly in five hydrologic units, each having distinct geologic or hydrologic characteristics. These units occur in Nubian or Umm Ruwaba strata or both, and the sandstone and conglomerate beds form the :principal aquifers. The water is generally under slight artesian head, and the upper surface of the zone of saturation ranges from about 50 meters to 160 meters below land surface. The surficial deposits and basement rocks are generally poor sources of ground water in most of the Province. Supplies from such sources are commonly temporary and may dissipate entirely during the dry season. Locally, however, perennial supplies are obtained from the surficial deposits and from the basement rocks. \r\n\r\nGenerally, water from Nubian aquifers is satisfactory for most uses and is of better quality than that obtained from Umm Ruwaba aquifers. The relatively high mineralization of water from the Umm Ruwaba, especially in the eastern \r\npart of the Province, makes the water unsuitable for many municipal ad industrial uses. The water is generally usable, however, for domestic and livestock purposes. \r\n\r\nSome 175 drilled wells located at 75 water yards yield an average, of about 1,000 imperial gallons .per hour per well from Nubian or Umm Ruwaba. aquifers. Generally the water yards provide sufficient water for minimum domestic and livestock requirements throughout the year. Commonly, however, the water yards are widely separated and, hence, not always properly spaced for good range management or for serving the needs of the dispersed rural population. In 1962, withdrawals from Nubian and Umm Ruwaba aquifers in the Province were approximately 600 million gallons annually. This rate of draft: could probably be continued almost indefinitely without significant depletion of the water supply. Nubian and Umm Ruwaba aquifers in the southwestern part of Kordofan offer excellent potential for future development. Nubian aquifers in northern Kordofan need extensive exploration by test drilling before their economic potential can be properly evaluated.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1757J","usgsCitation":"Rodis, H.G., Hassan, A., and Wahadan, L., 1968, Ground-water geology of Kordofan Province, Sudan: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1757, iv, 48 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1757J.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757j/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28903,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757j/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28904,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757j/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668d8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodis, Harry G.","contributorId":25141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodis","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hassan, Abdulla","contributorId":102866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hassan","given":"Abdulla","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wahadan, Lutfi","contributorId":64231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahadan","given":"Lutfi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22416,"text":"ofr685 - 1968 - Some hydrologic effects of canal 111 near Homestead, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:07","indexId":"ofr685","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"68-5","title":"Some hydrologic effects of canal 111 near Homestead, Florida","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr685","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Barnes, H., Meyer, F., and Hartwell, J., 1968, Some hydrologic effects of canal 111 near Homestead, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 68-5, 28 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr685.","productDescription":"28 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156632,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e9e4b07f02db5e91ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, H.H. Jr.","contributorId":67916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"H.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, F.W.","contributorId":25150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"F.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hartwell, J.H.","contributorId":98356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartwell","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2620,"text":"wsp1775 - 1968 - Hydrologic characteristics and sustained yield of principal ground-water units, Potowomut-Wickford area, Rhode Island","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":52067,"text":"ofr603 - 1960 - Ground-water conditions in the Hunt River basin, Rhode Island-April 1960","indexId":"ofr603","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water conditions in the Hunt River basin, Rhode Island-April 1960"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2620,"text":"wsp1775 - 1968 - Hydrologic characteristics and sustained yield of principal ground-water units, Potowomut-Wickford area, Rhode Island","indexId":"wsp1775","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrologic characteristics and sustained yield of principal ground-water units, Potowomut-Wickford area, Rhode Island"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-14T19:57:42.874774","indexId":"wsp1775","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1775","title":"Hydrologic characteristics and sustained yield of principal ground-water units, Potowomut-Wickford area, Rhode Island","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"English","doi":"10.3133/wsp1775","usgsCitation":"Rsenshein, J.S., Gonthier, J.B., and Allen, W., 1968, Hydrologic characteristics and sustained yield of principal ground-water units, Potowomut-Wickford area, Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1775, Report: iv, 38 p.; 5 Plates: 50.00 x 36.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1775.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 38 p.; 5 Plates: 50.00 x 36.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414123,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24952.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":28932,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1775/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28931,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1775/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28930,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1775/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28929,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1775/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28934,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1775/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28933,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1775/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138145,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1775/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Potowomut-Wickford area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.397,\n 41.69\n ],\n [\n -71.562,\n 41.69\n ],\n [\n -71.562,\n 41.509\n ],\n [\n -71.397,\n 41.509\n ],\n [\n -71.397,\n 41.69\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683706","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rsenshein, J. S.","contributorId":49338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rsenshein","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gonthier, Joseph B.","contributorId":74350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonthier","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":145511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, William B.","contributorId":22321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"William B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":987,"text":"wsp1859D - 1968 - Water-mineral relations of Quaternary deposits in the Lower Platte River drainage area in eastern Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:09","indexId":"wsp1859D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1859","chapter":"D","title":"Water-mineral relations of Quaternary deposits in the Lower Platte River drainage area in eastern Nebraska","docAbstract":"The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), the degree of saturation with respect to calcite (IAP/K calcite), the pH, and the concentrations of selected constituents in solution were determined for water from 52 wells and the Platte River. Compared to the PCO2 in the atmosphere, the average PCO2 in the ground water was many times greater and that in .the river water was about twice as great. The high PCO2 in the ground water probably results from the absorption, by infiltrating precipitation, of carbon dioxide produced in the soil by respiration of plant roots ,and microorganisms. The values for IAP/K calcite for the ground water ranged from 0.141 to 1.29 and for the river water the average was 9.6. Water from each of the 10 sampled wells on the terrace plain in southeastern Saunders County was unsaturated with respect to calcite, whereas water from seven of the 42 wells on the Platte River flood plain was nearly saturated or supersaturated. Of the ,seven, two were in the Lincoln city well field where hydrologic relations indicate that a large fraction of the water yielded by the wells is induced seepage from the .river. That more of the city wells did not yield supersaturated water is surprising in view of the high IAP/K calcite values for the river water. Supersaturation of water from five of nine sampled wells downvalley from the well field probably is due to the presence of numerous limestone fragments in the Quaternary deposits in that part of the area. also surprising was the finding that the average pH of the water from the city wells was 1 unit lower than that of the river water. The presence of both dissolved iron and dissolved oxygen in the water from several of the city wells probably reflects derivation of the water from two distinct sources : ground water naturally in the aquifer and induced seepage from the river.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1859D","usgsCitation":"Barnes, I., and Bentall, R., 1968, Water-mineral relations of Quaternary deposits in the Lower Platte River drainage area in eastern Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1859, 39 p. :ill. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1859D.","productDescription":"39 p. :ill. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136118,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1859d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25557,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1859d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cbe4b07f02db543b30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, Ivan","contributorId":56619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Ivan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bentall, Ray","contributorId":78711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bentall","given":"Ray","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1006,"text":"wsp1859C - 1968 - Analysis of water quality of the Mahoning River in Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:16","indexId":"wsp1859C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1859","chapter":"C","title":"Analysis of water quality of the Mahoning River in Ohio","docAbstract":"The Mahoning River drains the densely populated and industrialized Warren-Youngstown area in northeastern Ohio. Significant chemical constituents and physical properties generally regarded as important in establishing water-quality standards for the Mahoning River are evaluated on the basis of hydrologic conditions and water use. Most of the interpretations and the appraisal of water-quality conditions are based on data collected from January 1963 to December 1965. Generally, streamflow during this period was lower than during a selected long-term reference period ; however, extremely low flows that occurred in the reference period did not occur in the 3-year study period. \r\n\r\nWater temperatures of the Mahoning River at Pricetown and Leavittsburg were not affected by thermal loading. Water temperatures at those stations ranged from the freezing point to 78?F during the 1963-65 period. Downstream from Leavittsburg, the use of large quantities of water for industrial cooling caused critical thermal loading during periods of low streamflow. Maximum water temperatures were 108?F and 104?F at Struthers and Lowellville, respectively. Water temperatures of the Mahoning River were lower during high water discharges and increased with higher steel-production indices. Flow augmentation and modifications in industrial processes have improved the water-temperature conditions in recent years. \r\n\r\nA combination of oxygen-consuming materials and warmed water from industrial and municipal wastes discharged into the lower reaches of the Mahoning River frequently depleted the dissolved-oxygen content. At Lowellville, the river water had a dissolved-oxygen content of 5 ppm (parts per million) or less for 67 percent of the time and 3 ppm or less for 16 percent of the time during the study period. The percentage of saturation of dissolved oxygen followed a similar trend. Both the dissolved-oxygen concentration and the percentage of saturation were noticeably lower downstream from Leavittsburg during the warm months when water temperatures were high and streamflow was low. The dissolved-oxygen content in the Mahoning River at Leavittsburg and Pricetown was almost always at acceptable levels. \r\n\r\nThe calculated dissolved-solids concentration of the Mahoning River ranged from 150 to 450 ppm at Leavittsburg and from 200 ppm to 650 ppm at Lowellville. Industrial use of the water caused an increase in the dissolved-solids concentration at Lowellville. During one steel-mill shutdown the average dissolved-solids concentration decreased from about 360 to about 280 ppm. \r\n\r\nChloride concentrations in the Mahoning River ranged from 42 ppm at Pricetown to 108 ppm at Struthers. The chloride load at 50-percent flow duration was 9 and 69 tons per day at Pricetown and Lowellville, respectively. The chloride content of the Mahoning River was well within acceptable levels. \r\n\r\nSulfate from wastes disposal and acid mine drainage made up the largest quantity of dissolved-solids load in the Mahoning River. The sulfate load at 50-percent flow duration increased from 38 tons per day at Pricetown to 300 tons per day at Lowellville. At Pricetown the sulfate load ranged from about 2 to 588 tons per day, while at Lowellville, downstream from the industrialized area, the range was from 106 to 2,420 tons per day. Comparison of sulfate loads during periods of steel production with periods of steel-mill shutdown indicated that during low flow about half the sulfate load at Lowellville was derived from steel-mill wastes when the production index was 100. \r\n\r\nThe alkalinity load of the Mahoning River at 50-percent flow duration increased from Pricetown (23 tons per day) to Lowellville (41 tons per day). During steel production the alkalinity of the water showed a marked decrease from Leavittsburg downstream to Lowellville. However, during steel-mill shutdowns the chemical composition of the river at Youngstown and Lowellville was similar to that at Leavittsburg. Acid mine drainag","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1859C","usgsCitation":"Bednar, G.A., Collier, C.R., and Cross, W.P., 1968, Analysis of water quality of the Mahoning River in Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1859, iv, 32 p. :ill. (some col.) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1859C.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p. :ill. (some col.) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137950,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1859c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25585,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1859c/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25586,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1859c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ec8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bednar, Gene A.","contributorId":81881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bednar","given":"Gene","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collier, Charles R.","contributorId":57821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collier","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cross, William Perry","contributorId":21137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cross","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Perry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":949,"text":"wsp1860 - 1968 - Electrical analog analysis of ground-water depletion in central Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-15T20:58:25.416238","indexId":"wsp1860","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1860","title":"Electrical analog analysis of ground-water depletion in central Arizona","docAbstract":"The Salt River Valley and the lower Santa Cruz River basin are the two largest agricultural areas in Arizona. The extensive use of ground water for irrigation has resulted in the need for a thorough appraisal of the present and future ground-water resources. The ground-water reservoir provides 80 percent (3.2 million acre-feet) of the total annual water supply. The amount of water pumped greatly exceeds the rate at which the ground-water supply is being replenished and has resulted in water-level declines of as much as 20 feet per year in some places. The depletion problem is of economic importance because ground water will become more expensive as pumping lifts increase and well yields decrease. The use of electrical-analog modeling techniques has made it possible to predict future ground-water levels under conditions of continued withdrawal in excess of the rate of replenishment. The electrical system is a representation of the hydrologic system: resistors and capacitors represent transmissibility and storage coefficients. The analogy between the two systems is accepted when the data obtained from the model closely match the field data in this instance, measured water-level change since 1923. The prediction of future water-table conditions is accomplished by a simple extension of the pumping trends to determine the resultant effect on the regional water levels. \r\n\r\nThe results of this study indicate the probable depths to water in central Arizona in 1974 and 1984 if the aquifer characteristics are accurately modeled and if withdrawal of ground water continues at the same rate and under the tame areal distribution as existed between 1958 and 1964. The greatest depths to water in 1984 will be more than 700 feet near Stanfield and more than 650 feet in Deer Valley and northeast of Gilbert. South of Eloy and northwest of Litchfield Park, a static water level of more than 550 feet is predicted. The total water-level decline in the 20-year period 1964-84 at the deepest points of the major cones of depression will range from 150 to 300 feet, and the average decline in the entire central Arizona area will be about 100 feet.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1860","usgsCitation":"Anderson, T.W., 1968, Electrical analog analysis of ground-water depletion in central Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1860, Report: iii, 21 p.; 4 Plates: 44.69 × 26.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1860.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 21 p.; 4 Plates: 44.69 × 26.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":396005,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25084.htm"},{"id":25451,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1860/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25450,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1860/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25454,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1860/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25453,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1860/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25452,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1860/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138057,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1860/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.4835205078125,\n 32.59773394005744\n ],\n [\n -111.3299560546875,\n 32.59773394005744\n ],\n [\n -111.3299560546875,\n 33.660353121928814\n ],\n [\n -112.4835205078125,\n 33.660353121928814\n ],\n [\n -112.4835205078125,\n 32.59773394005744\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672556","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, T. W.","contributorId":105686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1050,"text":"wsp1858 - 1968 - Use of water by riparian vegetation, Cottonwood Wash, Arizona","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":52443,"text":"ofr6519 - 1965 - Use of water by reparian vegetation, Cottonwood Wash, Arizona - A summary","indexId":"ofr6519","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Use of water by reparian vegetation, Cottonwood Wash, Arizona - A summary"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1050,"text":"wsp1858 - 1968 - Use of water by riparian vegetation, Cottonwood Wash, Arizona","indexId":"wsp1858","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"title":"Use of water by riparian vegetation, Cottonwood Wash, Arizona"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-21T16:44:19.164517","indexId":"wsp1858","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1858","title":"Use of water by riparian vegetation, Cottonwood Wash, Arizona","docAbstract":"The change in water use as a result of the modification of riparian vegetation was measured in Cottonwood Wash, Mohave County, Ariz. A 4.1-mile length of the stream channel was selected and divided into a 2.6-mile upper reach and a 1.5-mile lower reach. Measurements of streamflow, ground-water levels, vegetation, and meteorological phenomena in the area defined the use of water by riparian vegetation under natural hydrologic conditions. Subsequent defoliation and eradication of the vegetation in the lower reach permitted the determination of the change in water use as a result of the modification. The computed average loss of water from the lower reach before modification was 80 acre-feet per growing season, a quantity which represented about 18 percent of the average flow entering the reach in the same period. The average loss after modification of the vegetation was 42 acre-feet per growing season, a quantity which represented about 12 percent of the average flow entering the reach in the same period.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1858","usgsCitation":"Bowie, J.E., and Kam, W., 1968, Use of water by riparian vegetation, Cottonwood Wash, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1858, Report: iv, 62 p.; 1 Plate: 26.50 x 22.0 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1858.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 62 p.; 1 Plate: 26.50 x 22.0 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390744,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25078.htm"},{"id":25716,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1858/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25715,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1858/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137941,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1858/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"12000","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Mohave County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.53333333,\n 35.15\n ],\n [\n -113.45,\n 35.15\n ],\n [\n -113.45,\n 35.2\n ],\n [\n -113.53333333,\n 35.2\n ],\n [\n -113.53333333,\n 35.15\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604255","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowie, James E.","contributorId":29393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowie","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kam, William","contributorId":85159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kam","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2663,"text":"wsp1871 - 1968 - Water data for metropolitan areas: A summary of data from 222 areas in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-04T17:17:27","indexId":"wsp1871","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1871","title":"Water data for metropolitan areas: A summary of data from 222 areas in the United States","docAbstract":"Expansion of metropolitan areas poses persistent problems in management of the hydrologic environment. Adequate hydrologic data are prerequisite to proper planning and engineering design of urban environments. Some such data are available and are tabulated for each Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area in the United States. Information for each area consists of (1) data on size and population, (2) a short statement of the hydrology of the area, (3) a summary of current data-collection activities in the area, (4) a listing of current U.S. Geological Survey investigational projects in the area, and (5) a short listing of reports relating to the hydrology of the area.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1871","usgsCitation":"1968, Water data for metropolitan areas: A summary of data from 222 areas in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1871, v, 397 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1871.","productDescription":"v, 397 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138229,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1871/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29000,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1871/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa1cf","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Schneider, William Joseph","contributorId":104466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Joseph","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":709488,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2778,"text":"wsp1608I - 1968 - Fresh and saline ground-water zones in the Punjab region, West Pakistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:29","indexId":"wsp1608I","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1608","chapter":"I","title":"Fresh and saline ground-water zones in the Punjab region, West Pakistan","docAbstract":"An extensive program of test drilling and water sampling, undertaken by the Water and Soils Investigation Division (WASID) of the West Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) to evaluate hydrologic problems related to waterlogging and soil salinity, has furnished data for the delineation of fresh and saline ground-water zones in the Punjab region of West Pakistan. Fresh ground water containing generally less than 500 ppm (parts per million) of total dissolved solids is found in wide belts paralleling the major rivers and in other areas of ground-water recharge. The fresh groundwater zone of upper (northeastern) Rechna Doab, where annual precipitation in places exceeds 30 inches, is the most extensive of the Punjab region and attains a depth of 1,700 feet or more below land surface near Gujranwala. Fresh ground water adjacent to the Indus River extends locally to depths of about \r\nl,500 feet. \r\n\r\nSaline ground water occurs downgradient from sources of recharge, particularly in the central parts of the interfluvial areas. Also, available data indicate a gradual increase in mineralization with depth and distance from sources of fresh-water recharge. Thus, even extensive fresh-water zones appear to be underlain, at variable depths, by saline ground water in most of the Punjab region. The saline ground waters of the Punjab region do not constitute, however, a distinct salt-water body that can be defined in terms of stratigraphic position, sea-level datum, particular lithology, or by chemical character. \r\n\r\nThe ground waters of the Punjab region are characterized by a gradation from calcium magnesium bicarbonate types, near the sources of recharge, to waters containing a dominant proportion of sodium. Water containing from 500 to 1,000 ppm is commonly of the sodium bicarbonate type, or it may be of the mixed type, having about equal proportions of the common anions (bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate). With increasing mineralization from about 1,000 to 3,000 ppm, ,the relative proportion of chloride and sulfate increases, and these waters are generally of the sodium chloride or sodium sulfate type. The highly mineralized waters of the Punjab region are generally of the sodium chloride type, whereas in Dera Ismail (D.I.) Khan District sodium sulfate waters predominate. The ground waters from more than 900 sampling sites have been classified into eight types, according to dominant cations and anions. These types have been further subdivided into groups containing different amounts of total dissolved solids. \r\n\r\nThe pattern of distribution of saline ground-water zones in the Punjab region and the observed gradual increase in mineral content, downgradient from sources of fresh-water recharge, can be explained best by the processes of evaporation from the water table and solution of minerals within the alluvial aquifer.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1608I","usgsCitation":"Swarzenski, W., 1968, Fresh and saline ground-water zones in the Punjab region, West Pakistan: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1608, iii, 24 p. :ill. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1608I.","productDescription":"iii, 24 p. :ill. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138679,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608i/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29226,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608i/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29227,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608i/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29228,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608i/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29229,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608i/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a83a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swarzenski, W.V.","contributorId":80243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"W.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6376,"text":"pp422M - 1968 - Flood surge on the Rubicon River, California -- Hydrology, hydraulics, and boulder transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:42","indexId":"pp422M","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"422","chapter":"M","title":"Flood surge on the Rubicon River, California -- Hydrology, hydraulics, and boulder transport","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/pp422M","usgsCitation":"Scott, K.M., and Gravlee, G.C., 1968, Flood surge on the Rubicon River, California -- Hydrology, hydraulics, and boulder transport: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 422, p. M1-M40, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp422M.","productDescription":"p. M1-M40","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117542,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0422m/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":33749,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0422m/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5ee984","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, Kevin M.","contributorId":88331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":152607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gravlee, George C. Jr.","contributorId":60624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gravlee","given":"George","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6351,"text":"pp598 - 1968 - River adjustment to altered hydrologic regimen - Murrumbidgee River and paleochannels, Australia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:45","indexId":"pp598","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"598","title":"River adjustment to altered hydrologic regimen - Murrumbidgee River and paleochannels, Australia","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/pp598","usgsCitation":"Schumm, S.A., 1968, River adjustment to altered hydrologic regimen - Murrumbidgee River and paleochannels, Australia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 598, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp598.","productDescription":"65 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117607,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0598/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":33701,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0598/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":33702,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0598/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":33703,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0598/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a11e4b07f02db6004be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schumm, Stanley Alfred","contributorId":101652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumm","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"Alfred","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3981,"text":"cir558 - 1968 - Generalized hydrology of prairie potholes on the Coteau du Missouri, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-16T16:18:03","indexId":"cir558","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"558","title":"Generalized hydrology of prairie potholes on the Coteau du Missouri, North Dakota","docAbstract":"This report presents all the information, obtained during the investigation, that lends itself to generalization. It describes conditions on that part of the Coteau du Missouri where there is little integration of drainage systems. The surface of the glacial drift in this region is dotted with shallow depressions known as prairie potholes that hold water for varying lengths of time. Precipitation directly on a pothole is the basic source of its water supply, but it is only about half the potential evaporation; therefore, potholes tend to go dry. Basin inflow from melting snow or rain occurs only when the soil is frozen or saturated, a condition so erratic in occurrence that seasonal or annual precipitation is of little value as an indication of basin inflow. Net seepage outflow occurs from potholes on the higher parts of the Coteau at very low rates, but it can amount to 20 to 30 percent of the total water loss from a pothole. Net seepage inflow occurs at the potholes on the lower parts of the Coteau. \r\n\r\nThe phreatic surface (water table) tends to be a subdued image of the topography and is generally very near the land surface. The water surfaces of the potholes are part of the phreatic surface, and therefore they can be used to prepare a contour map of the phreatic surface; wells usually act as piezometers and thus are useless for such a purpose. \r\n\r\nGenerally, potholes with water relatively low in dissolved solids have net seepage outflow, and those with water containing high concentration of dissolved solids have net seepage inflow. The direction of ground-water movement can therefore be inferred from the quality of water in potholes. The total salinity of water in a pothole is largely a function of the rate of ground-water flow and the relationship of seepage inflow to outflow. \r\n\r\nThe species of emergent aquatic vegetation that grow in a pothole are directly related to the permanence and salinity of the water at the particular site of each species. The report contains a table of the common species that can be used as indicators of these conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir558","usgsCitation":"Eisenlohr, W.S., and Sloan, C.E., 1968, Generalized hydrology of prairie potholes on the Coteau du Missouri, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 558, v, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir558.","productDescription":"v, 12 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":31066,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1968/0558/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124470,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1968/0558/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aed63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eisenlohr, William Stewart","contributorId":36533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eisenlohr","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Stewart","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sloan, Charles E.","contributorId":74364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloan","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":13737,"text":"ofr69104 - 1968 - Infrared survey of the Pisgah Crater area, San Bernardino County, California - a geologic interpretation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:51","indexId":"ofr69104","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"69-104","title":"Infrared survey of the Pisgah Crater area, San Bernardino County, California - a geologic interpretation","docAbstract":"The infrared survey of the Pisgah Crater Area, San Bernardino County, California was primarily undertaken to establish parameters by which rock types, structures, and textures peculiar to this locale could be recognized or differentiated. A secondary purpose was to provide an adequate evaluation and calibration of airborne and ground-based instruments used in the survey.\r\n \r\nPisgah Crater and its vicinity was chosen as one of the fundamental test sites for the NASA remote sensing program because of its relatively fresh basaltic flows and pyroclastics. Its typical exposure of basalt also made it a possible lunar analogue. A fundamental test site for the purpose of the program is defined as a readily accessible area for which the topography, geology, hydrology, soils, vegetation and other features are relatively well known. All remote sensor instrument teams, i.e. infrared, radar, microwave, and photography, were obligated to use the fundamental test sites for instrument evaluation and to establish terrain identification procedures. \r\n\r\nPisgah Crater, nearby Sunshine Cone, and their associated lava flows are in the southern Mojave Desert about 40 miles east-southeast of Barstow, California. (See fig. 1.) U. S. Highway 66 skirts .the northern part of the area and provides access via asphalt-paved and dirt roads to the Crater and to the perimeters of the flows. Pisgah Crater, which is a pumiceous cone, is owned and occasionally quarried by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad. The remaining part of the area to the south is within the boundary of the Marine Corps Base, Twentynine Palms, California and is currently being used as a gunnery, and bombing range. The proximate area to east, west, and north of Pisgah Crater is public domain. \r\n\r\nOriginally, an area totaling 10 square miles was outlined for detailed study. (See plate 1.) This included an 8 mile long strip extending south- east from and including Pisgah Crater to Lavic Dry Lake, and a 2 mile strip aligned to include a portion of the Sunshine lava flow and the dry lake. Additional aerial infrared imagery of the Sunshine and Pisgah flows along the Pisgah fault proved so interesting and informative that this area is included in the discussion. \r\n\r\nInfrared surveys were flown February ii through 13, 1965 and August 5 and 9, 1966. The initial survey was flown by the NASA personnel aboard the NASA 926 Convair 240 aircraft. Because of technical problems with the infrared scanners (4.5-5.5 and 8-14 micron bands) and with certain ground instruments, most of the imagery and ground temperature data obtained during the initial survey period was of little value. However, excellent infrared imagery in the 8-14 micron (?) region of the spectrum was acquired by the Geological Survey during the August 1966 survey. The scanner was mounted in a Beech D-18 aircraft provided by the Survey's Water Resources Division. Likewise, more reliable ground data was obtained at this time owing to improved instrumentation and technique. Ground data were taken by Geological Survey personnel including W. A. Fischer, J. D. Friedman, W. R. Hemphill, D. L. Daniels, G. R. Boynton, Po W. Philbin and the author. C. R. Fross operated the infrared scanner during the August, 1966 survey and R. M. Turner was-responsible for photo processing of the infrared imagery. Their assistance is gratefully acknowledged.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr69104","usgsCitation":"Gawarecki, S.J., 1968, Infrared survey of the Pisgah Crater area, San Bernardino County, California - a geologic interpretation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 69-104, 49 p. :maps ;29 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr69104.","productDescription":"49 p. :maps ;29 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0104/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":42312,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0104/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":42313,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0104/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":42314,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0104/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66daf1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gawarecki, Stephen J.","contributorId":52189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gawarecki","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1303,"text":"wsp1757G - 1968 - Regional geology and ground-water hydrology of the Sahil Susah area, Tunisia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:13","indexId":"wsp1757G","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1757","chapter":"G","title":"Regional geology and ground-water hydrology of the Sahil Susah area, Tunisia","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1757G","usgsCitation":"Dutcher, L., and Thomas, H.E., 1968, Regional geology and ground-water hydrology of the Sahil Susah area, Tunisia: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1757, iv, 53 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1757G.","productDescription":"iv, 53 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757g/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26331,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757g/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26332,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757g/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26333,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757g/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26334,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757g/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26335,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757g/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ce4b07f02db613d54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dutcher, L.C.","contributorId":42191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dutcher","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, H. E.","contributorId":12829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2494,"text":"wsp1859E - 1968 - Hydrology of Crater, East and Davis Lakes, Oregon; with section on Chemistry of the Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T13:43:14","indexId":"wsp1859E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1859","chapter":"E","title":"Hydrology of Crater, East and Davis Lakes, Oregon; with section on Chemistry of the Lakes","docAbstract":"Crater, East, and Davis Lakes are small bodies of fresh water that occupy topographically closed basins in Holocene volcanic terrane. Because the annual water supply exceeds annual evaporation, water must be lost by seepage from each lake. The seepage rates vary widely both in volume and in percentage of the total water supply. Crater Lake loses about 89 cfs (cubic feet per second), equivalent to about 72 percent of its average annual supply. East Lake loses about 2.3 cfs, or about 44 percent of its estimated supply. Davis Lake seepage varies greatly with lake level, but the average loss is about 150 cfs, more than 90 percent of its total supply. The destination of the seepage loss is not definitely known for any of the lakes. \r\n\r\nAn approximate water budget was computed for stationary level for each lake, by using estimates 'by the writer to supplement the hydrologic data available. The three lake waters are dilute. Crater Lake contains about 80 ppm, (parts per million) of dissolved solids---mostly silica, sodium, and bicarbonate, and lesser amounts of calcium, sulfate, and chloride. Much of the dissolved-solids content of Crater Lake---especially the sulfate and chloride---may be related to fumarole and thermal-spring activity that presumably followed the collapse of Mount Mazama. Although Grater Lake loses an estimated 7,000 tons of its 1.5million-ton salt content each year by leakage, the chemical character of the lake did not change appreciably between 1912 and 1964. East Lake contains 200 ppm of dissolved solids, which includes major proportions of calcium, sodium, bicarbonate, and sulfate, but almost no chloride. The lake apparently receives much of its dissolved solids from subsurface thermal springs. Annual solute loss from East Lake by leakage is about 450 tons, or 3 percent of the lake's 15,000-ton estimated solute content. Davis Lake contains only 48 ppm of dissolved solids, much of which is silica and bicarbonate; chloride is almost completely absent. Approximate physical and hydrologic data for the lakes are summarized in the following table.\r\n\r\n[Table]","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1859E","usgsCitation":"Phillips, K.N., and Van Denburgh, A.S., 1968, Hydrology of Crater, East and Davis Lakes, Oregon; with section on Chemistry of the Lakes: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1859, iv, 60 p. :ill. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1859E.","productDescription":"iv, 60 p. :ill. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138755,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1859e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28614,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1859e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604971","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phillips, Kenneth N.","contributorId":34105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Denburgh, A. S.","contributorId":23928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Denburgh","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":68061,"text":"ha326 - 1968 - Floods on Johns and Craig Creeks in Craig County, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:26","indexId":"ha326","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"326","title":"Floods on Johns and Craig Creeks in Craig County, Virginia","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha326","usgsCitation":"Rapp, D.H., 1968, Floods on Johns and Craig Creeks in Craig County, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 326, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha326.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186112,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":89325,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/326/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"2000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80.16666666666667,37.450833333333335 ], [ -80.16666666666667,37.534166666666664 ], [ -80.03416666666666,37.534166666666664 ], [ -80.03416666666666,37.450833333333335 ], [ -80.16666666666667,37.450833333333335 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df8a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rapp, Donald H.","contributorId":69562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68124,"text":"ha281 - 1968 - Hydrology and water resources of the Housatonic River Basin, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:38","indexId":"ha281","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"281","title":"Hydrology and water resources of the Housatonic River Basin, Massachusetts","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha281","usgsCitation":"Norvitch, R.F., Farrell, D., Pauszek, F.H., and Petersen, R., 1968, Hydrology and water resources of the Housatonic River Basin, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 281, 4 col. maps ;73-95 x 86-119 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha281.","productDescription":"4 col. maps ;73-95 x 86-119 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186192,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":89400,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/281/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89401,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/281/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89402,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/281/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89403,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/281/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89404,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/281/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89405,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/281/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"25000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db604d26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norvitch, Ralph F.","contributorId":65456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norvitch","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farrell, D.F.","contributorId":91163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrell","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pauszek, F. 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1968 - Floods in McHenry Quadrangle, Northeastern Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:29","indexId":"ha255","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"255","title":"Floods in McHenry Quadrangle, Northeastern Illinois","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha255","usgsCitation":"Mycyk, R.T., and Walter, G.L., 1968, Floods in McHenry Quadrangle, Northeastern Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 255, 1 col. map ;58 x 43 cm., on sheet 80 x 122 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha255.","productDescription":"1 col. map ;58 x 43 cm., on sheet 80 x 122 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186678,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":89436,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/255/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.36749999999999,42.25 ], [ -88.36749999999999,42.3675 ], [ -88.25,42.3675 ], [ -88.25,42.25 ], [ -88.36749999999999,42.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e7010","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mycyk, Roman T.","contributorId":58331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mycyk","given":"Roman","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walter, Gerald L.","contributorId":59880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":68305,"text":"ha297 - 1968 - Floods on Chenango River and Canasawacta Creek at Norwich, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:30","indexId":"ha297","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"297","title":"Floods on Chenango River and Canasawacta Creek at Norwich, New York","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha297","usgsCitation":"Hladio, S., 1968, Floods on Chenango River and Canasawacta Creek at Norwich, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 297, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha297.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186690,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":89745,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/297/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"2000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.56666666666666,42.50083333333333 ], [ -75.56666666666666,42.583333333333336 ], [ -75.5,42.583333333333336 ], [ -75.5,42.50083333333333 ], [ -75.56666666666666,42.50083333333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df8e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hladio, Stephen","contributorId":67952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hladio","given":"Stephen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}