A 5-year investigation of factors influencing the selection of foods consumed by blue-winged teals (Anas discors) during the breeding season in the glaciated prairie region of south-central North Dakota showed that birds first arriving on the breeding grounds consumed a diet consisting of 45 percent invertebrates. The proportion of animal foods in the diet increased to 95 percent at the onset of the nesting season. The quality and quantity of foods selected at any given time were influenced by the biological demands and morphological adaptations of the bird, the behavior and ecology of the invertebrates selected as foods, and the general nature of the aquatic ecosystems as determined by the hydrology and geology of the area and modified by land use and weather. Feeding activities changed significantly when food availability within the aquatic ecosystem changed. During the spring and early summer, temporary and seasonal wetlands, if not severely disturbed, were of paramount importance to breeding blue-winged teals since they provided abundant and readily available, high protein, animal foods. Later in the summer when seasonal wetlands began to dry up, insects began to emerge in the semipermanent ponds and lakes, and feeding intensity shifted to these more permanent waters. This trend, however, was often reversed temporarily during the early summer following heavy precipitation that refilled shallow water areas and again stimulated invertebrate development.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3800869","usgsCitation":"Swanson, G.A., Meyer, M.I., and Serie, J.R., 1974, Feeding Ecology of Breeding Blue-Winged Teals: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 38, no. 3, p. 396-407, https://doi.org/10.2307/3800869.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"396","endPage":"407","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374805,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","county":"Kidder County, Stutsman County","city":"Jamestown","otherGeospatial":"","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100.25299072265625,\n 46.638122462379656\n ],\n [\n -98.08868408203125,\n 46.638122462379656\n ],\n [\n -98.08868408203125,\n 47.46523622438362\n ],\n [\n -100.25299072265625,\n 47.46523622438362\n ],\n [\n -100.25299072265625,\n 46.638122462379656\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swanson, George A.","contributorId":49654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, Mavis I.","contributorId":224679,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meyer","given":"Mavis","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Serie, Jerome R.","contributorId":174564,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Serie","given":"Jerome","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70010238,"text":"70010238 - 1974 - Water and carbon in rusty lunar rock 66095","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-22T22:50:51.809451","indexId":"70010238","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water and carbon in rusty lunar rock 66095","docAbstract":"Lunar rock 66095 contains a hydrated iron oxide and has an unusual amount of water for a lunar rock (140 to 750 parts per million), 90 percent of which is released below 690°C. The δof water released at these low temperatures varies from -75 to -140 per mil relative to standard mean ocean water (SMOW). The small amount of water released between 690° and 1300°C has a δ of about -175 ±25 per mil SMOW. These δ values are not unusual for terrestrial water. The δ18O of water extracted from 110° to 400°C has a value of +5± I per mil SMOW, similar to the value for lunar silicates from rock 66095 and different from the value of -4 to -22 per mil found for samples of terrestrial rust including samples of rusted meteoritic iron. The amount of carbon varies from 11 to 59 parts per million with a δ13C from -20 to -30 per mil relative to Pee Dee belemnite. Only very small amounts of reduced species (such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane) were found, in contrast to the analyses of other lunar rocks. Although it is possible that most of the water in the iron oxide (goethite) may be terrestrial in origin or may have exchanged with terrestrial water during sample return and handling, evidence presented herein suggests that this did not happen and that some lunar water may have a δD that is indistinguishable from that of terrestrial water.
The surface morphology and optical properties of Mercury resemble those of the moon in remarkable detail and record a very similar sequence of events. Chemical and mineralogical similarity of the outer layers of Mercury and the moon is implied; Mercury is probably a differentiated planet with a large iron-rich core. Differentiation is inferred to have occurred very early. No evidence of atmospheric modification of landforms has been found. Large-scale scarps and ridges unlike lunar or Martian features may reflect a unique period of planetary compression near the end of heavy bombardment by small planetesimals.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.185.4146.169","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Murray, B.C., Belton, M.J., Danielson, G.E., Davies, M.E., Gault, D.E., Hapke, B., O'Leary, B., Strom, R., Suomi, V., and Trask, N., 1974, Mercury's surface: Preliminary description and interpretation from Mariner 10 pictures: Science, v. 185, no. 4146, p. 169-179, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.185.4146.169.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"179","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218780,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mercury","volume":"185","issue":"4146","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5433e4b0c8380cd6ceed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, B. C.","contributorId":49870,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murray","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belton, M. J. S.","contributorId":79223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belton","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Danielson, G. Edward","contributorId":58769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danielson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davies, M. E.","contributorId":26050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gault, D. E.","contributorId":38580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gault","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hapke, B.","contributorId":51447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hapke","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"O'Leary, B.","contributorId":80006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Leary","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Strom, R.G.","contributorId":45744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strom","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Suomi, V.","contributorId":7836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suomi","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Trask, N.","contributorId":20065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trask","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70211011,"text":"70211011 - 1974 - Composition and time relations of plutonic and associated volcanic rocks, Boulder Batholith Region, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-09T20:05:25.668547","indexId":"70211011","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-09T15:02:27","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Composition and time relations of plutonic and associated volcanic rocks, Boulder Batholith Region, Montana","docAbstract":"Comparison of areally weighted bulk compositions for the Boulder batholith and prebatholith volcanic rocks (Elkhorn Mountains Volcanics) shows a close match in terms of K2O-Na2O-CaO-SiO2 variations. Detailed examination of available chemical data suggests, however, that the constituent units of the volcanic rocks differ among themselves, as well as from many of the batholith units. Most sampled volcanic rocks are chemically and isotopically similar to the volumetrically minor mafic members of the putonic main series of Tilling (1973). The sodic-series plutonic rocks, which form about 15 percent of the exposed batholith, apparently have no compositionally similar counterparts in the Elkhorn Mountains Volcanics in terms of bulk composition.
The Butte Quartz Monzonite, which makes up about three-quarters of the batholith in terms of individual samples and bulk composition, is chemically distinct from most volcanic rocks. This relation suggests that only small amounts of magma of Butte Quartz Monzonite composition erupted onto the surface. The voluminous silicic ash flows of the middle member of the volcanic rocks were probably derived from the same magma that mostly crystallized subsurface to form the Butte Quartz Monzonite. Field, chemical, K-Ar age, and paleomagnetic evidence, however, strongly suggest that a time gap separated the extrusion of the middle-member volcanic rocks from the intrusion of the Butte Quartz Monzonite and related younger silicic variants.
Compositional and time relations between the plutonic and genetically associated volcanic rocks are generally compatible with the concept that the volcanic rocks are eruptive equivalents of a shallow evolving batholith but seem incompatible with some specific aspects of the “extrusive complex” or “floored sheet” hypothesis as applied to the Boulder batholith by Hamilton and Myers (1967, 1974).
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85<1925:CATROP>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R.I., 1974, Composition and time relations of plutonic and associated volcanic rocks, Boulder Batholith Region, Montana: GSA Bulletin, v. 85, no. 12, p. 1925-1930, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85<1925:CATROP>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1925","endPage":"1930","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":376230,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Boulder Batholith Region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.87353515625,\n 45.874712248904764\n ],\n [\n -111.68701171875,\n 45.874712248904764\n ],\n [\n -111.68701171875,\n 46.73986059969267\n ],\n [\n -112.87353515625,\n 46.73986059969267\n ],\n [\n -112.87353515625,\n 45.874712248904764\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"85","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":792420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70211010,"text":"70211010 - 1974 - A deep research drill hole at the summit of an active volcano, Kilauea, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-09T19:44:09.440553","indexId":"70211010","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-09T14:32:17","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A deep research drill hole at the summit of an active volcano, Kilauea, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Drilling and geophysical logging data for a 1,262 m‐deep bore hole in the area inferred to overlie the magma reservoir of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, support earlier interpretations based on surface geophysical surveys that a zone of brackish or saline water lies above the reservoir. Temperatures encountered within the hole are not sufficiently high to warrant commercial interest; the maximum temperature, 137°C, is at the hole bottom. However, the temperature gradient toward the bottom of the hole (approximately 160 m below sea level) increases sharply to about 370°C/km, perhaps partly reflecting the effect of decreased water circulation as suggested by the geophysical logging data. If this gradient persists or increases with depth, magmatic temperatures would be attained within 3 km from the hole bottom (i.e., approximately 4 km from ground surface)—a depth in accord with data from ground‐deformation and seismic studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/GL001i007p00323","usgsCitation":"Zablocki, C.J., Tilling, R.I., Peterson, D.W., Christiansen, R.L., Keller, G., and Murray, J.C., 1974, A deep research drill hole at the summit of an active volcano, Kilauea, Hawaii: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 1, no. 7, p. 323-326, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL001i007p00323.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"323","endPage":"326","costCenters":[{"id":153,"text":"California Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376229,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.37139892578125,\n 19.272257982982804\n ],\n [\n -155.1228332519531,\n 19.272257982982804\n ],\n [\n -155.1228332519531,\n 19.663280219987662\n ],\n [\n -155.37139892578125,\n 19.663280219987662\n ],\n [\n -155.37139892578125,\n 19.272257982982804\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zablocki, Charles J.","contributorId":48961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zablocki","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":792415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peterson, D. W.","contributorId":84326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Christiansen, Robert L. 0000-0002-8017-3918 rchris@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8017-3918","contributorId":4412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"Robert","email":"rchris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Keller, George V.","contributorId":27530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"George V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Murray, John C.","contributorId":228872,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murray","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1001619,"text":"1001619 - 1974 - Foods of breeding pintails in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-24T17:14:22.481574","indexId":"1001619","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Foods of breeding pintails in North Dakota","docAbstract":"Food habits of breeding pintails (Anas acuta) were studied relative to sex, land use, and reproductive condition during the spring and summer of 1969, 1970, and 1971 in eastern North Dakota. Hens and drakes, respectively, consumed 79.2 percent and 30.0 percent animal matter on nontilled wetlands and consumed 16.6 percent and 1.1 percent animal matter on tilled wetlands. Aquatic dipterans (primarily larval forms), snails, fairy shrimp, and earthworms accounted for 71 percent of the diet of hens on nontilled wetlands, while barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli) seeds formed 71 percent of the diet of hens on tilled wetlands. Cereal grain seeds formed 84 percent of the diet of 10 hens feeding on cropland. The diet of hens was influenced by reproductive status. Animal foods were predominant during the laying period (77.1 percent) but were less important in the postlaying diet (28.9 percent). Invertebrates formed 83.9 percent of the diet of renesting hens, 61.0 percent were dipteran larvae and snails. High consumption of animal foods during egg formation presumably is related to invertebrates being superior to plants in providing certain nutrients required for production of viable eggs. Research findings suggest that food requirements of prairie-nesting pintails can be met most effectively by providing pairs access to shallow, nontilled wetland habitat subject to periodic drawdowns.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3800870","usgsCitation":"Krapu, G., 1974, Foods of breeding pintails in North Dakota: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 38, no. 3, p. 408-417, https://doi.org/10.2307/3800870.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"408","endPage":"417","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134349,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North 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Dakota\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"38","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de4ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krapu, Gary L.","contributorId":56994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krapu","given":"Gary L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70232461,"text":"70232461 - 1974 - Palynology and stratigraphy of Cretaceous strata in Long Island, New York, and Block Island, Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-01T22:32:20.380348","indexId":"70232461","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-01T17:23:34","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Palynology and stratigraphy of Cretaceous strata in Long Island, New York, and Block Island, Rhode Island","docAbstract":"Palynologic analysis of core samples from Fire Island well, S21,091T, in southern Long Island and of surface samples from Garvies Point in northern Long Island and from eastern Block Island indicates that the Cretaceous of this region includes Raritan, Magothy, Matawan, and Monmouth (as previously defined) strata, and ranges in age from Cenomanian to Maestrichtian, in agreement with recent studies in New Jersey. In this study, the oldest Cretaceous, which is equivalent to the Woodbridge day Member of the Raritan Formation of New Jersey, occurs just above sea level at Garvies Point, Glen Cove, and in the Port Washington sand pits in northwestern Long Island, whereas sediments from near the base of the Fire Island well arc correlated with the South Amboy Fire Clay Member. The Magothy and Matawan combined in Long Island are about 1,500 ft (457 m) thick, whereas in New Jersey both units rarely exceed a thickness of 500 ft (152 m). Outcropping Cretaceous sediments in Block Island are equivalent to the South Amboy Fire Clay Member rather than the Magothy, as indicated in prior studies. Palynologic zonation of the Late Cretaceous is tentatively extended to Magothy and younger strata on the basis of the appearance and proliferation of the more advanced, angiosperm pollen forms. This study also provides a basis for extending the zonation and hence the correlation to the sediments of the Continental Shelf.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Sirkin, L.A., 1974, Palynology and stratigraphy of Cretaceous strata in Long Island, New York, and Block Island, Rhode Island: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 4, p. 431-440.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"431","endPage":"440","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402910,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402909,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue4/report.pdf","size":"19104 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York, Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Block Island, Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.036865234375,\n 40.59727063442024\n ],\n [\n -73.948974609375,\n 40.53258931069554\n ],\n [\n -73.7677001953125,\n 40.57849862511043\n ],\n [\n -73.56994628906249,\n 40.56806745430726\n ],\n [\n -73.32275390625,\n 40.62437645591559\n ],\n [\n -73.2843017578125,\n 40.61186744303007\n ],\n [\n -73.10577392578125,\n 40.643135583312805\n ],\n [\n -72.7679443359375,\n 40.751418432997454\n ],\n [\n -72.3065185546875,\n 40.89482963261175\n ],\n [\n -71.87805175781249,\n 41.03793062246529\n ],\n [\n -71.83959960937499,\n 41.08349176750823\n ],\n [\n -71.91375732421875,\n 41.10005163093046\n ],\n [\n -72.11151123046875,\n 41.017210578228436\n ],\n [\n -72.1417236328125,\n 41.075210270566636\n ],\n [\n -72.2021484375,\n 41.04828819952275\n ],\n [\n -72.25433349609375,\n 41.075210270566636\n ],\n [\n -72.31201171875,\n 41.11660732012896\n ],\n [\n -72.2296142578125,\n 41.14143302653628\n ],\n [\n -72.2515869140625,\n 41.178653972331674\n ],\n [\n -72.34771728515625,\n 41.1455697310095\n ],\n [\n -72.5262451171875,\n 41.04621681452063\n ],\n [\n -72.6141357421875,\n 40.994410999439516\n ],\n [\n -72.6690673828125,\n 40.990264773996884\n ],\n [\n -72.98492431640625,\n 40.97989806962013\n ],\n [\n -73.135986328125,\n 40.992337919312305\n ],\n [\n -73.2183837890625,\n 40.91766362458114\n ],\n [\n -73.38043212890625,\n 40.967455873296714\n ],\n [\n -73.575439453125,\n 40.93011520598305\n ],\n [\n -73.73199462890625,\n 40.871987756697415\n ],\n [\n -73.7841796875,\n 40.80965166748853\n ],\n [\n -73.93798828125,\n 40.7909394098518\n ],\n [\n -74.05334472656249,\n 40.64938745451835\n ],\n [\n -74.036865234375,\n 40.59727063442024\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.6033935546875,\n 41.143501411390766\n ],\n [\n -71.53884887695312,\n 41.15384235711447\n ],\n [\n -71.55120849609375,\n 41.18072118284585\n ],\n [\n -71.55670166015625,\n 41.187955905820026\n ],\n [\n -71.54708862304688,\n 41.22205169039092\n ],\n [\n -71.5814208984375,\n 41.237543901082574\n ],\n [\n -71.6033935546875,\n 41.192089674364105\n ],\n [\n -71.62399291992188,\n 41.17762034260712\n ],\n [\n -71.62673950195312,\n 41.15384235711447\n ],\n [\n -71.6033935546875,\n 41.143501411390766\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sirkin, Leslie A.","contributorId":19207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sirkin","given":"Leslie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70232460,"text":"70232460 - 1974 - Shallow seismic compressional and shear wave refraction and electrical resistivity investigations at Rocky Flats, Jefferson County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-01T22:22:40.772641","indexId":"70232460","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-01T17:11:30","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shallow seismic compressional and shear wave refraction and electrical resistivity investigations at Rocky Flats, Jefferson County, Colorado","docAbstract":"Seismic refraction and electrical resistivity investigations at Rocky Flats, Colo., a gravel-capped pediment, indicated an irregular bedrock surface which ranges in depth from 3 to 27 m (10-90 ft). Layers within the gravel that were revealed by interpretation of seismic and electrical data do not correlate, but the combining of results reveals information about water saturation and elastic properties of the overburden. Velocity variations within bedrock affect depth calculations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Ackermann, H.D., 1974, Shallow seismic compressional and shear wave refraction and electrical resistivity investigations at Rocky Flats, Jefferson County, Colorado: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 4, p. 421-430.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"421","endPage":"430","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402908,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402907,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue4/report.pdf","size":"19104 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Jefferson County","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Flats","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.25657653808594,\n 39.82462208372805\n ],\n [\n -105.08182525634766,\n 39.82462208372805\n ],\n [\n -105.08182525634766,\n 39.95817509460007\n ],\n [\n -105.25657653808594,\n 39.95817509460007\n ],\n [\n -105.25657653808594,\n 39.82462208372805\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ackermann, Hans D.","contributorId":44539,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ackermann","given":"Hans","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70232459,"text":"70232459 - 1974 - Folds and overthrusts of late Jurassic or early Cretaceous age in northern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-01T22:07:57.657247","indexId":"70232459","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-01T16:59:52","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Folds and overthrusts of late Jurassic or early Cretaceous age in northern Nevada","docAbstract":"The partly isoclinal, partly overturned Adobe syncline extends for at least 75 mi northeastward across the northern Cortez Mountains, the northern Pinon Range, and along the entire length of the Adobe Range. The folded rocks range in age from Ordovician through Jurassic and may include some rocks of Cretaceous age. This syncline is flanked by anticlines in the central and southern parts of the Pinon Range and in the southern Independence Mountains. In places the Adobe syncline is discordantly overlain by nearly flat-lying thrust plates composed of Ordovician, Devonian, Mississippian, and Permian rocks. The geometric relations indicate that these thrust plates moved at least 6 mi, but postfold thrust movement was not great, because the Mississippian and Permian rocks of the thrust plates closely resemble correlative autochthonous rocks nearby. The Ordovician and Devonian rocks have been thrust to their present position in at least two stages; the earlier movement or movements took place long before folding of the Adobe syncline and the later movement immediately afterward. The folding and last stage of thrusting were in Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Ketner, K.B., and Smith, J.F., 1974, Folds and overthrusts of late Jurassic or early Cretaceous age in northern Nevada: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 4, p. 417-419.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"417","endPage":"419","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402906,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402905,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue4/report.pdf","size":"19104 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Adobe Range, Cortez Mountains, Pinon Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.817626953125,\n 39.76632525654491\n ],\n [\n -114.71923828124999,\n 39.76632525654491\n ],\n [\n -114.71923828124999,\n 41.63186741069748\n ],\n [\n -116.817626953125,\n 41.63186741069748\n ],\n [\n -116.817626953125,\n 39.76632525654491\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ketner, Keith B.","contributorId":957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ketner","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":845587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, J. Fred Jr.","contributorId":106482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Fred","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70232458,"text":"70232458 - 1974 - Stratigraphic evidence on the age of the Roberts Mountains thrust, Eureka and White Pine Counties, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-01T21:59:10.52782","indexId":"70232458","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-01T16:51:26","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphic evidence on the age of the Roberts Mountains thrust, Eureka and White Pine Counties, Nevada","docAbstract":"Several stratigraphic discontinuities in Devonian and Mississippian sedimentary sequences in folded thrust plates east of the Roberts Mountains thrust of central Nevada indicate that the thrust was sporadically active during this interval. From estimates for displacement and time involved for the thrust, the average rate of movement was 1 cm/5 yr, which is comparable to current concepts of the rate of orogenic movements.
A further extrapolation of this rate to the longer period during which orogenies have been recognized in the Great Basin suggests total horizontal shortening of 400 to 500 mi (640-800 km).
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Nolan, T., 1974, Stratigraphic evidence on the age of the Roberts Mountains thrust, Eureka and White Pine Counties, Nevada: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 4.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"416","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402904,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402903,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue4/report.pdf","size":"19104 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Eureka County, White Pine County","otherGeospatial":"Roberts Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.10626220703124,\n 38.997841307500714\n ],\n [\n -115.65582275390624,\n 38.997841307500714\n ],\n [\n -115.65582275390624,\n 39.93501296038254\n ],\n [\n -116.10626220703124,\n 39.93501296038254\n ],\n [\n -116.10626220703124,\n 38.997841307500714\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"4","edition":"411","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nolan, T. B.","contributorId":118355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolan","given":"T. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70232457,"text":"70232457 - 1974 - Relation of mineralization to calderas in the San Juan volcanic field, southwestern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-01T21:46:33.514384","indexId":"70232457","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-01T16:32:30","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relation of mineralization to calderas in the San Juan volcanic field, southwestern Colorado","docAbstract":"A review of the calderas in the San Juan volcanic field, southwestern Colorado, indicates that lead, zinc, copper, gold, and silver mineralization took place in and near calderas which had complex histories of postsubsidence intrusive and extrusive igneous activity. Most known ore occurs in veins that follow fractures formed during the different caldera cycles, but some intrusive bodies were extensively mineralized and possibly may host disseminated, porphyry-type deposits. The mineral deposits seem to be related most commonly to the youngest and most highly differentiated late intrusives of a caldera cycle.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Steven, T., Luedke, R.G., and Lipman, P.W., 1974, Relation of mineralization to calderas in the San Juan volcanic field, southwestern Colorado: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 4, p. 405-409.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"405","endPage":"409","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402899,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402898,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue4/report.pdf","size":"19104 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"San Juan volcanic field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.424072265625,\n 37.01132594307015\n ],\n [\n -105.655517578125,\n 37.01132594307015\n ],\n [\n -105.655517578125,\n 39.232253141714885\n ],\n [\n -108.424072265625,\n 39.232253141714885\n ],\n [\n -108.424072265625,\n 37.01132594307015\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steven, Thomas A.","contributorId":57529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steven","given":"Thomas A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luedke, Robert G.","contributorId":18339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luedke","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lipman, Peter W. 0000-0001-9175-6118 plipman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9175-6118","contributorId":3486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"Peter","email":"plipman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":845585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70199431,"text":"70199431 - 1974 - Some interpretations of sequential bid pricing strategies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-17T16:26:40","indexId":"70199431","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-01T16:22:09","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5742,"text":"Management Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Some interpretations of sequential bid pricing strategies","docAbstract":"This note provides an alternative interpretation for sequential bid pricing strategies as initially formulated by Kortanek, Soden, and Sodaro [Kortanek, K. O., J. V. Soden, D. Sodabo. 1973. Profit analysis and sequential bid pricing models. Management Sci.20 (3, November) 396–417. In particular, bid prices obtained from the sequential model are shown to result from a condition which incorporates the failure rate function as a means of including probable actions of competing firms. A reformulation of the bidder's criterion function in the context of utility theory is also discussed and shown to result in bidding strategies which may also be interpreted in the proposed fashion.
","language":"English","publisher":"INFORMS","doi":"10.1287/mnsc.20.11.1424","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., 1974, Some interpretations of sequential bid pricing strategies: Management Science, v. 20, no. 11, p. 1413-1496, https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.20.11.1424.","productDescription":"84 p.","startPage":"1413","endPage":"1496","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357413,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":198728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil D.","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70232456,"text":"70232456 - 1974 - Yachats Basalt: An upper Eocene differentiated volcanic sequence in the Oregon Coast Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-01T21:29:21.335082","indexId":"70232456","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-01T16:16:31","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Yachats Basalt: An upper Eocene differentiated volcanic sequence in the Oregon Coast Range","docAbstract":"The name Yadials Basalt is proposed for a sequence of largely subacrial basalt flows and breccias and associated dikes of late Eocene age that arc exposed along the central Oregon coast. These volcanic rocks, which have a maximum thickness of 750 m, are underlain by marine siltstonc of late Eocene age and overlain by marine siltstone and basaltic sandstone, also of late Eocene age. The siltstone contains a foraminiferal fauna indicative of a moderately deepwatcr marine environment, indicating that local uplift preceded the extrusion of the flows and local subsidence followed. The Yachats Basalt varies widely in composition. Although the bulk of the extrusive rocks and dikes arc basalt, some grade in composition to basaltic andcsite and andcsite; a few dikes are rhyodacitic. Most of the rocks arc porphyritic with phcnocrysts of labradorite and less commonly augite and olivine. Typical flow rock contains 50 percent SiO2 and are characterized by high alumina, alkali, titania, and phosphate content. The wide range in composition and porphyritic character of the Yachats Basalt and the abundance of multiple dikes suggest that the magma that produced these rocks was differentiated in the upper crust before extrusion. The Yachats Basalt, and correlative upper Eocene volcanic rocks in western Oregon and Washington, lie along a generally north-trending belt. The predominance of normal faulting in western Oregon and Washington and on the adjacent continental shelf during post mid-late Eocene time suggests that the volcanics were extruded along a zone of tensional rifting. They do not appear to be related to conventional plate models for continental margins that arc characterized by deep trenches flanked by island arcs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Snavely, P., and MacLeod, N.S., 1974, Yachats Basalt: An upper Eocene differentiated volcanic sequence in the Oregon Coast Range: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 4, p. 395-403.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"395","endPage":"403","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402897,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402895,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue4/report.pdf","size":"19104 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Coast Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.15649414062499,\n 44.004669106432225\n ],\n [\n -123.78295898437501,\n 44.004669106432225\n ],\n [\n -123.78295898437501,\n 44.449467536006935\n ],\n [\n -124.15649414062499,\n 44.449467536006935\n ],\n [\n -124.15649414062499,\n 44.004669106432225\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snavely, Parke D. Jr.","contributorId":80328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snavely","given":"Parke D.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacLeod, Norman S.","contributorId":13643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacLeod","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70232455,"text":"70232455 - 1974 - The cartographic and scientific application of ERTS-1 imagery in polar regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-01T21:15:24.810212","indexId":"70232455","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-01T16:05:50","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The cartographic and scientific application of ERTS-1 imagery in polar regions","docAbstract":"The first Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS-1), launched by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in. July 1972, is providing valuable data for investigations of the most inaccessible and hostile regions of the Earth the Arctic and Antarctic. ERTS images and map products derived from them offer a whole new dimension in source material for multidiscipline investigations in the earth sciences. For the first time scientists can view synoptic, repetitive scenes of the polar regions in four spectral bands. Ongoing experiments funded by NASA and conducted in the U.S. Geological Survey have demonstrated the feasibility of revising coastlines on maps of Antarctica, detected gross changes in the northern limits of the three largest ice shelves in the world, and led to the discovery of uncharted mountain ranges.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Southard, R.B., and MacDonald, W.R., 1974, The cartographic and scientific application of ERTS-1 imagery in polar regions: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 4, p. 385-394.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"385","endPage":"394","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402893,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402891,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue4/report.pdf","size":"19104 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -165.234375,\n -78.49055166160312\n ],\n [\n -163.125,\n -84.73838712095338\n ],\n [\n 194.0625,\n -85.1114157806266\n ],\n [\n 192.65625,\n -77.91566898632583\n ],\n [\n 175.078125,\n -76.6797849031069\n ],\n [\n 165.234375,\n -76.84081641443098\n ],\n [\n 166.640625,\n -75.32002523220802\n ],\n [\n 170.859375,\n -73.42842364106816\n ],\n [\n 175.078125,\n -70.61261423801925\n ],\n [\n 138.515625,\n -65.07213008560696\n ],\n [\n 95.625,\n -64.16810689799152\n ],\n [\n 74.53125,\n -67.87554134672945\n ],\n [\n 52.734375,\n -64.47279382008165\n ],\n [\n 37.265625,\n -67.87554134672945\n ],\n [\n -4.21875,\n -68.65655498475735\n ],\n [\n -26.015625,\n -73.02259157147299\n ],\n [\n -35.859375,\n -77.61770905279674\n ],\n [\n -44.29687499999999,\n -77.46602847687328\n ],\n [\n -59.0625,\n -74.01954331150226\n ],\n [\n -57.65624999999999,\n -63.54855223203643\n ],\n [\n -61.17187499999999,\n -62.26792262941758\n ],\n [\n -73.125,\n -68.65655498475735\n ],\n [\n -81.5625,\n -72.60712040027553\n ],\n [\n -94.21875,\n -71.52490903732816\n ],\n [\n -106.171875,\n -71.74643171904148\n ],\n [\n -103.35937499999999,\n -74.59010800882324\n ],\n [\n -109.6875,\n -73.8248203461393\n ],\n [\n -127.96875,\n -72.81607371878991\n ],\n [\n -146.95312499999997,\n -75.14077784070427\n ],\n [\n -153.984375,\n -76.51681887717322\n ],\n [\n -161.015625,\n -76.84081641443098\n ],\n [\n -165.234375,\n -78.49055166160312\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Southard, Rupert B.","contributorId":17371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Southard","given":"Rupert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacDonald, William R.","contributorId":292714,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacDonald","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70247407,"text":"70247407 - 1974 - Proposed origin for Guianian diamonds: Comment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-02T16:53:14.787243","indexId":"70247407","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-01T11:50:57","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Proposed origin for Guianian diamonds: Comment","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1974)2<336:POFGDC>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Leo, G.W., and Coonrad, W.L., 1974, Proposed origin for Guianian diamonds: Comment: Geology, v. 2, no. 7, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1974)2<336:POFGDC>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"336","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":419513,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leo, Gerhard W.","contributorId":26307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leo","given":"Gerhard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":879475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coonrad, Warren L.","contributorId":47481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coonrad","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":879476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70247000,"text":"70247000 - 1974 - Structure of the continental margin of Liberia, West Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-21T17:01:37.824699","indexId":"70247000","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-01T11:45:50","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure of the continental margin of Liberia, West Africa","docAbstract":"Geophysical surveys made by R/V Unitedgeo I (USGS–IDOE Cruise Leg 5), combined with earlier surveys and available geologic information, provide the basis for interpreting the structure of the continental margin of Liberia. This area lies at the junction of the Americas and Africa in published reconstructions of Gondwanaland prior to the opening of the North and South Atlantic in Jurassic and Cretaceous time, respectively.
Three fracture zones (St. Paul, Cape Palmas, and Grand Cess) are inferred in the area southeast of 9°30′ W. on the basis of magnetic and gravity data, which is supported by bathymetric and seismic reflection data. The three fracture zones appear to exist as separate lineaments near the African coast. Farther seaward, they may be part of the same transform fault crossing the Atlantic (St. Paul fracture zone). The magnetic anomalies associated with these fracture zones, which may have originated in Cretaceous time at the opening of the South Atlantic, are continuous with magnetic anomalies over crust of Eburnean age (∼2,000 m.y.) in southeast Liberia and its continental shelf. This suggests that Eburnean age structures may have been zones of weakness that were reactivated in Cretaceous time.
A positive gravity anomaly (∼50 mgal) along the coast and continental shelf of Liberia is attributed to deep crustal rocks that were uplifted and exposed in Pan-African time (∼550 m.y.). The land boundary of this anomaly coincides with a shear zone that marks the boundary between the Pan-African and the Liberian age province (∼2,700 m.y.); the shearing (in a thrust-fault sense) may be the result of compressive stress associated with the closing of a proto-Atlantic ocean. Liberian age magnetic anomalies in the area northwest of 9°30′ W. cross the Pan-African province (and the positive coastal gravity anomaly) and continue over the continental shelf and slope to about the 3,000-m bathymetric contour; the seaward limit of the anomalies is interpreted as representing the seaward limit of the old continental crust. This westward extension of the continental crust does not completely fill the gap in fit in various published reconstructions of Gondwanaland, and we suggest that the northern Florida block may have been located near the Liberian margin at one time.
Magnetic data indicate a thick section of sedimentary rock, possibly as great as 8 km, on the continental slope. Comparison of gravity data over magnetically inferred basins in the shelf, slope, and rise suggests that low-density sedimentary rocks constitute a greater proportion of the section in basins beneath the shelf and beneath the slope and rise northwest of 9°30' W. than beneath the slope and rise in the area of the fracture zones. The gravitational attraction that corresponds to a crust-mantle boundary dipping 45° to 60° can be computed to fit observed data – as might be expected at a rifted continental margin. A shallow high-density block beneath the coast and continental shelf is required to fit the coastal positive anomaly; this block is represented by exposures on land of granulite-grade metamorphic rock of the Pan-African province.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85%3C1143:SOTCMO%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Behrendt, J.C., Schlee, J., Robb, J.M., and Silverstein, M.K., 1974, Structure of the continental margin of Liberia, West Africa: GSA Bulletin, v. 85, no. 7, p. 1143-1158, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85%3C1143:SOTCMO%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1143","endPage":"1158","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":419214,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Liberia","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -7.507756358276964,\n 4.265398952157554\n ],\n [\n -9.504760130496521,\n 5.57324030553599\n ],\n [\n -11.531982049174047,\n 6.8961292989303615\n ],\n [\n -14.503668726755393,\n 4.160156590205247\n ],\n [\n -7.1278281931950005,\n 1.0872277989001162\n ],\n [\n -7.507756358276964,\n 4.265398952157554\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"85","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Behrendt, John C. jbehrendt@usgs.gov","contributorId":25945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrendt","given":"John","email":"jbehrendt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":878510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schlee, John","contributorId":16078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlee","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":878511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robb, James M.","contributorId":73272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robb","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":878512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Silverstein, M. Katherine","contributorId":316840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silverstein","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Katherine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":878513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70232494,"text":"70232494 - 1974 - Investigation of diffusion in open-channel flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-05T16:02:51.956372","indexId":"70232494","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-01T10:57:22","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigation of diffusion in open-channel flows","docAbstract":"This investigation examines the interrelation between turbulent diffusion, dispersion, and the statistical properties of turbulence in an open-channel flow. The results of the study substantiate Philip's concept relating the ratio of Eulerian to estimated Lagrangian time scales and the reciprocal of the longitudinal intensity of turbulence. The relation may be used to predict coefficients of longitudinal turbulent diffusion at the water surface and in the flow field, A similar concept using an integral scale based on the longitudinal intensity of turbulence may be used to predict coefficients of both surface and depth-averaged turbulent diffusion in three coordinate directions. Longitudinal space-time velocity correlation measurements can be used to predict the Lagrangian time scale only under limited conditions. Within the range of conditions studied, longitudinal diffusion accounted for 4 to 13 percent of the one-dimensional dispersion process.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Keefer, T.N., and McQuivey, R.S., 1974, Investigation of diffusion in open-channel flows: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 4, p. 501-509.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"501","endPage":"509","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402972,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402971,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue4/report.pdf","size":"19104 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keefer, Thomas N.","contributorId":43752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McQuivey, Raul S.","contributorId":48176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McQuivey","given":"Raul","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70232492,"text":"70232492 - 1974 - Generalization of stream travel rates and dispersion characteristics from time-of-travel measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-05T15:56:43.8218","indexId":"70232492","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-01T10:50:56","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Generalization of stream travel rates and dispersion characteristics from time-of-travel measurements","docAbstract":"Prediction of travel rates of water in streams is important for pollution control and for warning systems where contaminant spillage is possible. A method of estimating traveltime and dispersion of solutes in streams where such data are not available is provided in this report. Generalized relations for travel rates and dispersion indices as functions of stream-channel and discharge characteristics are developed using available time-of-travel data and the multiple-regression technique.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Boning, C.W., 1974, Generalization of stream travel rates and dispersion characteristics from time-of-travel measurements: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 4, p. 495-499.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"495","endPage":"499","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402969,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402967,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue4/report.pdf","size":"19104 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boning, Charles W.","contributorId":86345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boning","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70199716,"text":"70199716 - 1974 - Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur isotope study of the Darwin lead-silver-zinc deposit, Southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-26T10:40:03","indexId":"70199716","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-01T10:38:17","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur isotope study of the Darwin lead-silver-zinc deposit, Southern California","docAbstract":"The ores at Darwin occur as massive replacement bodies in silicated limestones of Pennsylvanian and Permian age adjacent to a Jurassic quartz monzonite stock. Three types of ore have a definite spatial relationship to the quartz monzonite: (1) pyrite-sphalerite-galena ores, (2) pyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite-sphalerite-galena ores, and (3) galena-Ag-Bi-Se ores.The delta 34 S values of all sulfide minerals range from +4.4 to --5.7 permil. The delta 34 S values for individual minerals tend to decrease with respect to both space and paragenetic time. The delta (sub sl-gn) values range from 1.5 to 2.5 permil and correspond to a temperature range of 325 degrees + or - 55 degrees C. The sphalerite-galena sulfur isotope temperatures at a given locality are reproducible to + or -30 degrees C and are consistent with temperatures determined by other means.Analyses of water in three samples of fluid inclusions in sphalerite indicate that the ore fluids had delta D values of --66 + or - permil, a total salinity that reached at least 20 percent, and K/Na atomic ratios of 0.23 + or - 0.03. Isotopic and thermochemical data indicate that the ore fluids had average values of delta 34 S (sub Sigma S) = 3 permil, delta 13 C (sub Sigma O) = -- 3.5 permil, Sigma S = 0.01 mole/Kg H 2O, f (sub CO 2 ) = 12 + or - 8 bars, and Sigma C = 0.15 + or - 0.06 mole/Kg H 2 O.The delta 18 O values of postsulfide calcites have a range of 12.8 + or - 1.5 permil in the pyrite ores and 17 + or - 2 permil in the pyrrhotite ores. Similar values for relict limestone host rock in these areas indicate that oxygen isotopic equilibrium was established between the calcite precipitating fluids and the wall rock. The delta 13 C values of the calcites, however, range from --5.8 to --3.6 permil and are considerably more negative than the limestone in the host rock, indicating that carbon isotopic equilibrium was not established between the fluids and the wall rock.Thermochemical data indicate that the pH of the ore fluids was about 4.8 as they traveled through the quartz monzonite at T nearly equal 350 degrees C. When the fluids completely equilibrated with the relict limestone and calc-silicate host rock, the pH increased to 6.7. This increase in pH as the fluids traveled upward and away from the quartz monzonite was responsible for the spatial distribution of iron sulfide assemblages, for variations in delta 34 S values of sulfides, and probably caused precipitation of the ore.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.69.4.468","usgsCitation":"Rye, R.O., Hall, W.E., and Ohmoto, H., 1974, Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur isotope study of the Darwin lead-silver-zinc deposit, Southern California: Economic Geology, v. 69, no. 4, p. 468-481, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.69.4.468.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"468","endPage":"481","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357748,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Inyo County","volume":"69","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1974-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rye, Robert O. rrye@usgs.gov","contributorId":1486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"Robert","email":"rrye@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hall, Wayne E.","contributorId":89955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ohmoto, H.","contributorId":30759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohmoto","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70232491,"text":"70232491 - 1974 - A sensitive and rapid method for the determination of trace amounts of selenium in geologic materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-05T15:50:28.482323","indexId":"70232491","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-01T10:37:16","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A sensitive and rapid method for the determination of trace amounts of selenium in geologic materials","docAbstract":"A sensitive method for the determination of less than crustal abundance amounts of selenium has been developed that can be useful in the geochemical investigation of selenium. The sample is roasted with a flux of sodium carbonate, chloride, and chlorate and then digested in a mixture of nitric and phosphoric acids. The resulting solution is stabilised; the selenium is reacted with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene to form 4,5-benzopiazselenol, extracted with cyclohexane, and measured fluorometrically. The lower limit of selenium content of a sample that can be determined by this method is 0.04 p/m using a 0.5-g sample.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Crenshaw, G.L., and Lakin, H.W., 1974, A sensitive and rapid method for the determination of trace amounts of selenium in geologic materials: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 4, p. 483-487.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"483","endPage":"487","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402966,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402965,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue4/report.pdf","size":"19104 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crenshaw, George L.","contributorId":25953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crenshaw","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lakin, Hubert William","contributorId":54578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lakin","given":"Hubert","email":"","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70232488,"text":"70232488 - 1974 - Mineralogical studies of the nitrate deposits of Chile IV. Brüggenite, Ca(IO3)2-H2O, a new saline mineral","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-05T15:34:31.359942","indexId":"70232488","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-01T10:00:05","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Mineralogical studies of the nitrate deposits of Chile IV. Brüggenite, Ca(IO3)2-H2O, a new saline mineral","title":"Mineralogical studies of the nitrate deposits of Chile IV. Brüggenite, Ca(IO3)2-H2O, a new saline mineral","docAbstract":"Brüggenite, Ca(I0 3 )2 - H2 0, is found in veins of high-purity soda niter in rhyolite tuff at Pampa Pique III, Oficina Lautaro, Chile, as long columnar anhedral crystals, as prismatic crystals, and as irregular anhedral crystals or encrusting masses. The mineral is colorless to bright yellow, and transparent to translucent, has vitreous luster and a hardness of about 3 1/2, is brittle, and has conchoidal fracture. It is biaxial and has variable optic angle and refractive indices, which were determined by the spindle-stage method. Refractive indices are as follows: nα =1.772-1.779, nβ=1.795-1.802, and nγ=1.817-1.824 (all ± 0.003); optic angle shows a range of 2VZ = 86°-96°; Z = b and X∧c = -47°; dispersion (Z) is r<v, moderate. Brüggenite is monoclinic, space group P21/c, with a=8.509±0.001 A, b = 10.027±0.002 A, c = 7.512±0.001 A, β = 95°16.00'±0.55', volume 638.2 A3 , Z = 4, G(calc) = 4.244, G(meas)=4.24±0.01. The X-ray diffraction powder pattern of brüggenite has the following strong lines (hkl, dhkl1 ): 031, 3.051 A (100); 220, 3.238 A (90); 200, 4.235 A (80); 002, 3.739 A (60); 012, 3.503 A (60); 231, 2.522 A (60). The composition was confirmed by chemical analyses.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Ericksen, G., Mrose, M.E., and Marinenko, J., 1974, Mineralogical studies of the nitrate deposits of Chile IV. Brüggenite, Ca(IO3)2-H2O, a new saline mineral: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 4, p. 471-478.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"471","endPage":"478","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402961,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402960,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue4/report.pdf","size":"19104 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Chile","state":"Antofagasta Province","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.08154296875,\n -26.2145910237943\n ],\n [\n -66.9287109375,\n -26.2145910237943\n ],\n [\n -66.9287109375,\n -22.836945920943844\n ],\n [\n -71.08154296875,\n -22.836945920943844\n ],\n [\n -71.08154296875,\n -26.2145910237943\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ericksen, George E.","contributorId":54651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ericksen","given":"George E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mrose, Mary E.","contributorId":84750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mrose","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marinenko, John","contributorId":102861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marinenko","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70232482,"text":"70232482 - 1974 - Birnessite (delta MnO2-3H2O) in a large spherulite in obsidian near Silver Cliff, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-05T14:52:34.047392","indexId":"70232482","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-01T09:39:32","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Birnessite (delta MnO2-3H2O) in a large spherulite in obsidian near Silver Cliff, Colorado","title":"Birnessite (delta MnO2-3H2O) in a large spherulite in obsidian near Silver Cliff, Colorado","docAbstract":"Birnessite and cryptomelane were identified in the montmorillonitic border zone of a large spherulite in obsidian north of Silver Cliff, Colo. The manganese minerals contain no silver and probably formed more recently than argentian cryptomelane which is abundant in the manganiferous silver ores of the surrounding volcanic rocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Hildebrand, F., 1974, Birnessite (delta MnO2-3H2O) in a large spherulite in obsidian near Silver Cliff, Colorado: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 4, p. 467-469.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"467","endPage":"469","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402952,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402949,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue4/report.pdf","size":"19104 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Custer County","city":"Silver Cliff","otherGeospatial":"Silver Cliff Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.47801971435547,\n 38.14009228717221\n ],\n [\n -105.41999816894531,\n 38.14009228717221\n ],\n [\n -105.41999816894531,\n 38.173297728425034\n ],\n [\n -105.47801971435547,\n 38.173297728425034\n ],\n [\n -105.47801971435547,\n 38.14009228717221\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildebrand, Fred A.","contributorId":75012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildebrand","given":"Fred A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70232480,"text":"70232480 - 1974 - Equilibria of cinnabar, stibnite, and saturated solutions in the system HgS-Sb2S3-Na2S-H2O from 150° to 250°C at 100 bars, with implications concerning ore genesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-05T14:38:57.130051","indexId":"70232480","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-01T09:12:29","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Equilibria of cinnabar, stibnite, and saturated solutions in the system HgS-Sb2S3-Na2S-H2O from 150° to 250°C at 100 bars, with implications concerning ore genesis","title":"Equilibria of cinnabar, stibnite, and saturated solutions in the system HgS-Sb2S3-Na2S-H2O from 150° to 250°C at 100 bars, with implications concerning ore genesis","docAbstract":"The common occurrence of cinnabar and stibnite in well-defined districts in the same epithermal environments suggests that similar physiochemical processes are responsible for the genesis of the two minerals; however, cinnabar and stibnite tend to be segregated within these districts and also within individual deposits that contain both minerals. Where cinnabar and stibnite occur in contact, textural evidence indicates that cinnabar is generally younger, although some textures suggest overlap of deposition. To better understand the physicochemical processes involved in the formation of cinnabar and stibnite deposits, we investigated the solubilities of cinnabar and stibnite in aqueous Na2S solutions that were simultaneously saturated with both cinnabar and stibnite at concentrations from 0.384 percent (0.0492 mol/kg) to 1.772 percent(0.227 mol/kg)Na2S at temperatures from 150° to 250°C, at 100 bars pressure. The ratio of dissolved Sb2 S3 to HgS under most conditions is larger than 25:1 moles per mole. We conclude that alkaline sulfide solutions could not transport geologically appreciable amounts of HgS while they are saturated with stibnite; major amounts of HgS could only be transported in solutions that are undersaturated with stibnite. Solubility behavior of HgS and Sb2 S3 is thus a possible mechanism for the segregation of cinnabar and stibnite, especially when the conduit system is modified during the episode of mineralization. The deposition of stibnite before that of cinnabar in most places but with minor overlapping deposition in some places is in accord with deductions made from the solubility studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Learned, R.E., Tunell, G., and Dickson, F.W., 1974, Equilibria of cinnabar, stibnite, and saturated solutions in the system HgS-Sb2S3-Na2S-H2O from 150° to 250°C at 100 bars, with implications concerning ore genesis: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 4, p. 457-466.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"457","endPage":"466","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402944,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402943,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue4/report.pdf","size":"19104 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Learned, R. E.","contributorId":9638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Learned","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tunell, G.","contributorId":49908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tunell","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dickson, F. W.","contributorId":292713,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dickson","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70232478,"text":"70232478 - 1974 - Activity-product constants of aragonite at 90° and 51°C","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-05T14:11:35.186074","indexId":"70232478","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-01T08:56:06","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Activity-product constants of aragonite at 90° and 51°C","docAbstract":"The activity-product constants of aragonite, KA=[Ca2+][CO32-] (where the brackets denote activities), were determined experimentally at 90°C and at 51°C. Results at 90°C were obtained from four separate dolomite dissolution runs, in which aragonite precipitated and came to equilibrium with the aqueous phase (from the direction of. supersaturation), and from two runs starting with aragonite suspended in dilute MgCl2 solutions (from the direction of undersaturation). The average values of KA from the six runs were in excellent agreement; for the negative logarithm of KA, PKA, they yield a value of 8.95±0.05. One run was made at 51° C starting with aragonite suspended in dilute MgCl2 solution; the value of pKA at 51°C is 8.61±0.05. No X-ray detectable calcite was found at the conclusion of any of the runs, including a dolomite dissolution run at 90°C (D-10) that was sampled over a period of 10,268 h and toward the end had a concentration of approximately 0.002 molal total dissolved magnesium.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Siebert, R.M., Hostetler, P.B., and Christ, C.L., 1974, Activity-product constants of aragonite at 90° and 51°C: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 4, p. 447-455.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"447","endPage":"455","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402940,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402939,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue4/report.pdf","size":"19104 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Siebert, R. M.","contributorId":147019,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Siebert","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13719,"text":"Department of Geology, University of Missouri","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":845657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hostetler, P. B.","contributorId":107849,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hostetler","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":13719,"text":"Department of Geology, University of Missouri","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":845658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Christ, C. L.","contributorId":270138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christ","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70232477,"text":"70232477 - 1974 - Energy dispersive spectrometry for quantitative mineralogical analyses: An ancillary system on an electron microphobe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-05T13:52:33.858457","indexId":"70232477","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-01T08:37:58","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Energy dispersive spectrometry for quantitative mineralogical analyses: An ancillary system on an electron microphobe","docAbstract":"Investigation of the Li-drifted Si-semiconductor X-ray detector for quantitative elemental analysis of some common rock-forming minerals shows that amounts of certain major elements having K spectra in the energy range of about 1.74 (Si) to 8.64 (Zn) kiloelectronvolts may be accurately determined, if spectral interferences are absent. Elements in major concentrations between 0.5 and 1.00 percent may be analyzed quantitatively without corrections of K spectra X-ray intensities when reference standards of similar composition are used and significant K spectra interferences between two adjacent elements are absent. Elemental concentrations less than about 0.5 weight percent cannot be precisely determined from raw X-ray intensity data owing to high and variable spectral background. Data show that spectral background corrections are feasible because spectral background is a linear function for the light-element oxides and silicates. Simultaneous quantitative elemental analysis, with both the energy dispersive spectrometer and the conventional wavelength dispersive spectrometers on the electron microprobe, is feasible.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Desborough, G.A., and Heidel, R.H., 1974, Energy dispersive spectrometry for quantitative mineralogical analyses: An ancillary system on an electron microphobe: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 4, p. 441-446.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"441","endPage":"446","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402938,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402937,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue4/report.pdf","size":"19104 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Desborough, George A.","contributorId":101661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desborough","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heidel, Robert H.","contributorId":77647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heidel","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}