Petrologic observations on Kīlauea's lavas include abundant microprobe analyses of glasses, which show the range of melts available in Kīlauea's summit reservoir over time. During the past two centuries, compositions of melts erupted within the caldera have been limited to MgO = 6.3–7.5 wt%. Extracaldera lavas of the 1959, 1971, and 1974 eruptions contain melts with up to 10.2, 8.9, and 9.2 wt% MgO, respectively, and the 1924 tephra contains juvenile Pele's tears with up to 9.1 wt% MgO. Melt compositions from explosive deposits at Kīlauea, including the Keanakāko‘i (A.D. 1500–1800), Kulanaokuaiki (A.D. 400–1000), and Pāhala (10–25 ka) tephra units, show large ranges of MgO contents. The range of melt MgO is 6.5–11.0 wt% for the Keanakāko‘i; the Kulanaokuaiki extends to 12.5% MgO and the Pāhala Ash includes rare shards with 13–14.5% MgO. The frequency distributions for MgO in the Keanakāko‘i and Kulanaokuaiki glasses are bimodal, suggesting preferential magma storage at two different depths. Kīlauea's summit reservoir contains melts ranging from 6.5 to at least 11.0 wt% MgO, and such melts were available for sampling near instantaneously and repeatedly over centuries. More magnesian melts are inferred to have risen directly from greater depth.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hawaiian volcanoes: From source to surface","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"conferenceTitle":"AGU Chapman Conference","conferenceDate":"August 20-24, 2012","conferenceLocation":"Waikoloa, Hawai'i","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1002/9781118872079.ch7","usgsCitation":"Helz, R., Clague, D.A., Mastin, L.G., and Rose, T.R., 2015, Evidence for large compositional ranges in coeval melts erupted from Kīlauea's summit reservoir, chap. 7 of Hawaiian volcanoes: From source to surface: Geophysical Monograph, v. 208, p. 125-145, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118872079.ch7.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"145","ipdsId":"IP-045434","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472261,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118872079.ch7","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":339778,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kīlauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.27217864990232,\n 19.43195295046888\n ],\n [\n -155.2943229675293,\n 19.425153718960157\n ],\n [\n -155.30960083007812,\n 19.41317342829991\n ],\n [\n -155.29912948608396,\n 19.391477141932167\n ],\n [\n -155.27441024780273,\n 19.39261060164696\n ],\n [\n -155.24368286132812,\n 19.40119225476861\n ],\n [\n -155.23492813110352,\n 19.410097265263875\n ],\n [\n -155.24282455444336,\n 19.418192306194864\n ],\n [\n -155.2562141418457,\n 19.427905823139497\n ],\n [\n -155.26565551757812,\n 19.43227671629882\n ],\n [\n -155.269775390625,\n 19.43243859897175\n ],\n [\n -155.27217864990232,\n 19.43195295046888\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"208","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-02-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f5d442e4b0f2e20545e41f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Carey, Rebecca","contributorId":121557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carey","given":"Rebecca","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692125,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayol, Valerie","contributorId":121509,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cayol","given":"Valerie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692126,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poland, Michael P. 0000-0001-5240-6123 mpoland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":127857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael","email":"mpoland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":692127,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weis, Dominique","contributorId":121531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weis","given":"Dominique","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692128,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Helz, Rosalind T. 0000-0003-1550-0684","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-0684","contributorId":66181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helz","given":"Rosalind T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clague, David A.","contributorId":77105,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clague","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mastin, Larry G. 0000-0002-4795-1992 lgmastin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4795-1992","contributorId":555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"Larry","email":"lgmastin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rose, Timothy R.","contributorId":31275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70142998,"text":"70142998 - 2015 - Wide-ranging phylogeographic structure of invasive red lionfish in the Western Atlantic and Greater Caribbean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-22T18:37:58","indexId":"70142998","displayToPublicDate":"2015-02-26T13:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2660,"text":"Marine Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wide-ranging phylogeographic structure of invasive red lionfish in the Western Atlantic and Greater Caribbean","docAbstract":"The red lionfish (Pterois volitans) is an invasive predatory marine fish that has rapidly expanded its presence in the Western Hemisphere. We collected 214 invasive red lionfish samples from nine countries and territories, including seven unpublished locations. To more comprehensively evaluate connectivity, we compiled our d-loop sequence data with 846 published sequences, resulting in 1,060 samples from 14 locations. We found low nucleotide diversity (π = 0.003) and moderate haplotype diversity (h = 0.59). Using haplotype population pairwise ΦST tests, we analyzed possible phylogeographic breaks that were previously proposed based on other reef organisms. We found support for the Bahamas/Turks/Caicos versus Caribbean break (ΦST = 0.12) but not for the Northwestern Caribbean, Eastern Caribbean, or US East Coast versus Bahamas breaks. The Northern Region had higher variation and more haplotypes, supporting introductions of at least five haplotypes to the region. Our wide-ranging samples showed that a lower-frequency haplotype in the Northern Region dominated the Southern Region and suggested multiple introductions, possibly to the south. We tested multiple scenarios of phylogeographic structure with analyses of molecular variance and found support for a Northern and Southern Region split at the Bahamas/Turks/Caicos versus Caribbean break (percentage of variation among regions = 8.49 %). We found that Puerto Rico clustered with the Southern Region more strongly than with the Northern Region, as opposed to previous reports. We also found the rare haplotype H03 for the first time in the southern Caribbean (Panama), indicating that either secondary releases occurred or that the low-frequency haplotypes have had time to disperse to extreme southern Caribbean locations.
In northwestern California, the Franciscan subduction complex has been subdivided into seven major tectonostratigraphic units. We report U-Pb ages of ≈2400 detrital zircon grains from 26 sandstone samples from 5 of these units. Here, we tabulate each unit's interpreted predominant sediment source areas and depositional age range, ordered from the oldest to the youngest unit. (1) Yolla Bolly terrane: nearby Sierra Nevada batholith (SNB); ca. 118 to 98 Ma. Rare fossils had indicated that this unit was mostly 151-137 Ma, but it is mostly much younger. (2) Central Belt: SND; ca. 103 too 53 Ma (but poorly constrained), again mostly younger than previously thought. (3) Yager terrane: distant Idaho batholith (IB); ca. 52 to 50 Ma. Much of the Yager's detritus was shed during major core complex extension and erosion in Idaho that started 53 Ma. An eocene Princeton River-Princeton submarine canyon system transported this detritus to the Great Valley forearc basin and thence to the Franciscan trench. (4) Coastal terrane: mostly IB, ±SNB, ±nearby Cascade arc, ±Nevada Cenozoic ignimbrite belt; 52 to <32 Ma. (5) King Range terrane: dominated by IB and SNB zircons; parts 16-14 Ma based on microfossils. Overall, some Franciscan units are younger than previously thought, making them more compatible with models for the growth of subduction complexes by positive accretion. From ca. 118 to 70 Ma, Franciscan sediments were sourced mainly from the nearby Sierra Nevada region and were isolated from southwestern US and Mexican sources. From 53 to 49 Ma, the Franciscan was sourced from both Idaho and the Sierra Nevada. By 37-32 Ma, input from Idaho had ceased. The influx from Idaho probably reflects major tectonism in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, plus development of a through-going Princeton River to California, rather than radical changes in the subduction system at the Franciscan trench itself.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geological Institute","publisherLocation":"Silver Spring, MD","doi":"10.1080/00206814.2015.1008060","collaboration":"Stanford University, UC Santa Cruz","usgsCitation":"Dimitru, T., Ernst, W.G., Hourigan, J.K., and McLaughlin, R.J., 2015, Detrital zircon U-Pb reconnaissance of the Franciscan subduction complex in northwestern California: International Geology Review, p. 1-35, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2015.1008060.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"35","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060941","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472280,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Detrital_zircon_U_8211_Pb_reconnaissance_of_the_Franciscan_subduction_complex_in_northwestern_California/1305626","text":"External Repository"},{"id":298107,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 38.25543637637947\n ],\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -121.17919921875001,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -121.17919921875001,\n 38.25543637637947\n ],\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 38.25543637637947\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-02-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54ec5d3ee4b02d776a67daa0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dimitru, Trevor","contributorId":139288,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dimitru","given":"Trevor","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6705,"text":"Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Menlo Park CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":540670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ernst, W. Gary","contributorId":139289,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ernst","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gary","affiliations":[{"id":6705,"text":"Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Menlo Park CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":540671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hourigan, Jeremy K.","contributorId":99023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hourigan","given":"Jeremy","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McLaughlin, Robert J. 0000-0002-4390-2288 rjmcl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4390-2288","contributorId":1428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"Robert","email":"rjmcl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":540669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70139972,"text":"70139972 - 2015 - Desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) are selective herbivores that track the flowering phenology of their preferred food plants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-02-03T11:54:02","indexId":"70139972","displayToPublicDate":"2015-02-03T12:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) are selective herbivores that track the flowering phenology of their preferred food plants","docAbstract":"Previous studies of desert tortoise foraging ecology in the western Mojave Desert suggest that these animals are selective herbivores, which alter their diet according to the temporal availability of preferred food plants. These studies, however, did not estimate availability of potential food plants by taking into account the spatial and temporal variability in ephemeral plant abundance that occurs within the spring season. In this study, we observed 18 free-ranging adult tortoises take 35,388 bites during the spring foraging season. We also estimated the relative abundance of potential food plants by stratifying our sampling across different phenological periods of the 3-month long spring season and by different habitats and microhabitats. This methodology allowed us to conduct statistical tests comparing tortoise diet against plant abundance. Our results show that tortoises choose food plants non-randomly throughout the foraging season, a finding that corroborates the hypothesis that desert tortoises rely on key plants during different phenological periods of spring. Moreover, tortoises only consumed plants in a succulent state until the last few weeks of spring, at which time most annuals and herbaceous perennials had dried and most tortoises had ceased foraging. Many species of food plants—including several frequently eaten species—were not detected in our plant surveys, yet tortoises located these rare plants in their home ranges. Over 50% of bites consumed were in the group of undetected species. Interestingly, tortoises focused heavily on several leguminous species, which could be nutritious foods owing to their presumably high nitrogen contents. We suggest that herbaceous perennials, which were rare on our study area but represented ~30% of tortoise diet, may be important in sustaining tortoise populations during droughts when native annuals are absent. These findings highlight the vulnerability of desert tortoises to climate change if such changes alter the availability of their preferred food plants.
","language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0116716","usgsCitation":"Jennings, B.W., and Berry, K.H., 2015, Desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) are selective herbivores that track the flowering phenology of their preferred food plants: PLoS ONE, v. 10, no. 1, e0116716; 32 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116716.","productDescription":"e0116716; 32 p.","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052913","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472291,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116716","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":297719,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Kern County","otherGeospatial":"Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.267822265625,\n 35.263561862152095\n ],\n [\n -118.267822265625,\n 35.8356283888737\n ],\n [\n -117.49877929687499,\n 35.8356283888737\n ],\n [\n -117.49877929687499,\n 35.263561862152095\n ],\n [\n -118.267822265625,\n 35.263561862152095\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-01-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2a65e4b08de9379b3039","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jennings, Bryan W.","contributorId":139019,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jennings","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":12615,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":539747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berry, Kristin H. 0000-0003-1591-8394 kristin_berry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1591-8394","contributorId":437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"Kristin","email":"kristin_berry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70135239,"text":"sir20145223 - 2015 - Geomorphology and flood-plain vegetation of the Sprague and lower Sycan Rivers, Klamath Basin, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-24T15:35:34","indexId":"sir20145223","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-30T16:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5223","title":"Geomorphology and flood-plain vegetation of the Sprague and lower Sycan Rivers, Klamath Basin, Oregon","docAbstract":"This study provides information on channel and flood-plain processes and historical trends to guide effective restoration and monitoring strategies for the Sprague River Basin, a primary tributary (via the lower Williamson River) of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. The study area covered the lower, alluvial segments of the Sprague River system, including the lower parts of the Sycan River, North Fork Sprague River, South Fork Sprague River, and the entire main-stem Sprague River between the confluence of the North Fork Sprague and the South Fork Sprague Rivers and its confluence with the Williamson River at Chiloquin, Oregon. The study included mapping and stratigraphic analysis of flood-plain deposits and flanking features; evaluation of historical records, maps and photographs; mapping and analysis of flood-plain and channel characteristics (including morphologic and vegetation conditions); and a 2006 survey of depositional features left by high flows during the winter and spring of 2005–06.
\nAnalyses focused on the channel and flood plain within an area defined as the “geomorphic flood plain,” an area encompassing active fluvial and riparian processes. The geomorphic flood plain was subdivided into 13 valley segments of distinct fluvial environments on the basis of valley form and major tributary junctions: nine segments span the 136.1 kilometers of main-stem Sprague River, two segments for the lower Sycan River, and one segment for each part of the South Fork Sprague and North Fork Sprague Rivers within the study area. Segment characteristics range from steep and narrow canyons to low-gradient reaches with expansive flood plains. The wide flood-plain valley segments are broadly similar; most contain a sinuous, low-gradient channel that migrates slowly across the valley bottom. The narrow valley segments include the steep, boulder-and-cobble-bed reaches at downstream and upstream ends of the study area as well as other confined valley segments that have similar gradients and substrates as adjacent unconfined valley segments, but much lower sinuosities. Although the geologic setting of the expansive South Fork valley segment resulted in historical conditions of sinuous and poorly defined channels and wet meadows, flanking levees now narrowly confine the channelized South Fork Sprague River for much of its length.
\nStratigraphic analyses show that before the Mazama eruption of 7,700 calendar years before present, wetlands and low flood plains flanked the main rivers of the study area. The eruption, however, covered much of the northern basin with sand- and granule-size pumice clasts, transforming channels by increasing bed-material transport and promoting bar formation and channel migration, particularly for the Sycan and North Fork Sprague Rivers, and for the Sprague River downstream of the Sycan River confluence. The South Fork Sprague River, which had much less Mazama pumice deposited in its watershed, remained a wet-meadow fluvial system until historical channelization and diking.
\nThe analysis of historical maps and aerial photographs covering the geomorphic flood plain show changes in sinuosity, migration rates, and vegetation conditions since the 1800s. Most quantitative information is for the period between 1940 and 2000. The decrease in sinuosity since 1940 for nearly all the unconfined reaches resulted partly from decreased migration rates, but mostly from several cutoffs and avulsions formed between 1940 and 1975. The river shortening and steepening possibly resulted from (1) flood-plain confinement by levees, dikes, roads, and railroads leading to deeper and faster overbank flow, thereby promoting erosion of new flood-plain channels; and (2) flood-plain disturbances such as trails, ditches, and vegetation manipulation or eradication that locally concentrated overbank flow and decreased surface resistance to channel erosion.
\nThe most evident vegetation change has been the loss of short woody vegetation adjacent to the river channels: only one-half the near-channel area covered by short woody vegetation in 1940 was similarly covered in 2000. Woody vegetation removal in the 1950s and 1960s and continuing grazing and trampling by livestock probably are the main reasons for the decrease in short woody vegetation from the dense riparian corridors of willows (Salix sp.) and other riparian shrubs noted in the early 20th century.
\nThe alluvial corridor of the South Fork Sprague River, compared to other Sprague River Basin rivers, has been the most substantially transformed since first historical observations. The present channel is incised, straightened, and separated from the rarely inundated flood plain by levees.
\nDespite these effects of human disturbances, many of the fundamental physical processes forming the Sprague River fluvial systems over the last several thousand years still function. In particular, flows are unregulated, sediment transport processes are active, and overbank flooding allows for floodplain deposition and erosion. Therefore, restoration of many of the native physical conditions and processes is possible without substantial physical manipulation of current conditions for much of the Sprague River study area. An exception is the South Fork Sprague River, where historical trends are not likely to reverse until it attains a more natural channel and flood-plain geometry and the channel aggrades to the extent that overbank flow becomes common.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145223","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University of Oregon and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"O'Connor, J., McDowell, P.F., Lind, P., Rasmussen, C.G., and Keith, M., 2015, Geomorphology and flood-plain vegetation of the Sprague and lower Sycan Rivers, Klamath Basin, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5223, Report: xi, 121 p.; 1 Plate: 34.11 x 20.80 inches; 8 Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145223.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 121 p.; 1 Plate: 34.11 x 20.80 inches; 8 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"138","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-052624","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297653,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5223/downloads/sir2014-5223_appendixd.xlsx","text":"Appendix D","size":"10 kB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":297652,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5223/downloads/sir2014-5223_appendixa.xlsx","text":"Appendix A","size":"12 kB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":297654,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5223/downloads/sir2014-5223_appendixe.xlsx","text":"Appendix E","size":"12 kB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":297655,"rank":9,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5223/downloads/sir2014-5223_appendixf.xlsx","text":"Appendix F","size":"21 kB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":297656,"rank":10,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5223/downloads/sir2014-5223_appendixg.xlsx","text":"Appendix G","size":"31 kB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":297657,"rank":11,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5223/downloads/sir2014-5223_appendixh.xlsx","text":"Appendix H","size":"27 kB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":297647,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5223/"},{"id":297651,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5223/downloads/sir2014-5223_appendixc.xlsx","text":"Appendix C","size":"10 kB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":297648,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5223/downloads/sir2014-5223_plate01.pdf","size":"14.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":297649,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5223/pdf/sir2014-5223.pdf","size":"8.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":297650,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5223/downloads/sir2014-5223_appendixb.xlsx","text":"Appendix B","size":"13 kB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":297658,"rank":12,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145223.jpg"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Sprague River, Sycan River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.11303710937499,\n 42.30575300304638\n ],\n [\n -122.11303710937499,\n 43.520671902437606\n ],\n [\n -119.4268798828125,\n 43.520671902437606\n ],\n [\n -119.4268798828125,\n 42.30575300304638\n ],\n [\n -122.11303710937499,\n 42.30575300304638\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2a83e4b08de9379b30b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O'Connor, James E. oconnor@usgs.gov","contributorId":138997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Connor","given":"James E.","email":"oconnor@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":539638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDowell, Patricia F.","contributorId":116892,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDowell","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6604,"text":"University of Oregon","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":539639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lind, Pollyanna","contributorId":119823,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lind","given":"Pollyanna","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6604,"text":"University of Oregon","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":539640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rasmussen, Christine G.","contributorId":118634,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":6604,"text":"University of Oregon","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":539641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Keith, Mackenzie K.","contributorId":16560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Mackenzie K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":539642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70139715,"text":"70139715 - 2015 - Quantification of eDNA shedding rates from invasive bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-04T16:19:11.920957","indexId":"70139715","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-30T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Quantification of eDNA shedding rates from invasive bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix","title":"Quantification of eDNA shedding rates from invasive bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix","docAbstract":"Wildlife managers can more easily mitigate the effects of invasive species if action takes place before a population becomes established. Such early detection requires sensitive survey tools that can detect low numbers of individuals. Due to their high sensitivity, environmental DNA (eDNA) surveys hold promise as an early detection method for aquatic invasive species. Quantification of eDNA amounts may also provide data on species abundance and timing of an organism’s presence, allowing managers to successfully combat the spread of ecologically damaging species. To better understand the link between eDNA and an organism’s presence, it is crucial to know how eDNA is shed into the environment. Our study used quantitative PCR (qPCR) and controlled laboratory experiments to measure the amount of eDNA that two species of invasive bigheaded carps (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) shed into the water. We first measured how much eDNA a single fish sheds and the variability of these measurements. Then, in a series of manipulative lab experiments, we studied how temperature, biomass (grams of fish), and diet affect the shedding rate of eDNA by these fish. We found that eDNA amounts exhibit a positive relationship with fish biomass, and that feeding could increase the amount of eDNA shed by ten-fold, whereas water temperature did not have an effect. Our results demonstrate that quantification of eDNA may be useful for predicting carp density, as well as densities of other rare or invasive species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2014.11.020","usgsCitation":"Klymus, K.E., Richter, C.A., Chapman, D., and Paukert, C.P., 2015, Quantification of eDNA shedding rates from invasive bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix: Biological Conservation, v. 183, p. 77-84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.11.020.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"84","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-053423","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297640,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"183","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2aa5e4b08de9379b3165","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2014.11.020","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.11.020","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Klymus Katy E., Richter Catherine A., Chapman Duane C., Paukert Craig","journalName":"Biological Conservation","publicationDate":"3/2015","auditedOn":"1/11/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klymus, Katy E. 0000-0002-8843-6241 kklymus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8843-6241","contributorId":5043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klymus","given":"Katy","email":"kklymus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richter, Cathy A. 0000-0001-7322-4206 crichter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7322-4206","contributorId":1878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richter","given":"Cathy","email":"crichter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapman, Duane 0000-0002-1086-8853 dchapman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1086-8853","contributorId":1291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"Duane","email":"dchapman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Paukert, Craig P. 0000-0002-9369-8545 cpaukert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-8545","contributorId":879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paukert","given":"Craig","email":"cpaukert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70139713,"text":"70139713 - 2015 - Geographically isolated wetlands: Rethinking a misnomer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T12:07:02","indexId":"70139713","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-30T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geographically isolated wetlands: Rethinking a misnomer","docAbstract":"We explore the category “geographically isolated wetlands” (GIWs; i.e., wetlands completely surrounded by uplands at the local scale) as used in the wetland sciences. As currently used, the GIW category (1) hampers scientific efforts by obscuring important hydrological and ecological differences among multiple wetland functional types, (2) aggregates wetlands in a manner not reflective of regulatory and management information needs, (3) implies wetlands so described are in some way “isolated,” an often incorrect implication, (4) is inconsistent with more broadly used and accepted concepts of “geographic isolation,” and (5) has injected unnecessary confusion into scientific investigations and discussions. Instead, we suggest other wetland classification systems offer more informative alternatives. For example, hydrogeomorphic (HGM) classes based on well-established scientific definitions account for wetland functional diversity thereby facilitating explorations into questions of connectivity without an a priori designation of “isolation.” Additionally, an HGM-type approach could be used in combination with terms reflective of current regulatory or policymaking needs. For those rare cases in which the condition of being surrounded by uplands is the relevant distinguishing characteristic, use of terminology that does not unnecessarily imply isolation (e.g., “upland embedded wetlands”) would help alleviate much confusion caused by the “geographically isolated wetlands” misnomer.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s13157-015-0631-9","usgsCitation":"Mushet, D.M., Calhoun, A.J., Alexander, L., Cohen, M.J., DeKeyser, E., Fowler, L.G., Lane, C., Lang, M.W., Rains, M.C., and Walls, S.C., 2015, Geographically isolated wetlands: Rethinking a misnomer: Wetlands, v. 35, no. 3, p. 423-431, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-015-0631-9.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"423","endPage":"431","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056247","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472316,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-015-0631-9","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":297639,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-01-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2a7ee4b08de9379b30a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mushet, David M. 0000-0002-5910-2744 dmushet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5910-2744","contributorId":1299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mushet","given":"David","email":"dmushet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calhoun, Aram J.K.","contributorId":93829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calhoun","given":"Aram","email":"","middleInitial":"J.K.","affiliations":[{"id":7063,"text":"University of Maine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":539574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alexander, Laurie C.","contributorId":138989,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alexander","given":"Laurie C.","affiliations":[{"id":6914,"text":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":539608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cohen, Matthew J.","contributorId":138990,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cohen","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":539609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"DeKeyser, Edward S.","contributorId":138601,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DeKeyser","given":"Edward S.","affiliations":[{"id":12459,"text":"NDSU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":539575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fowler, Laurie G.","contributorId":21199,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fowler","given":"Laurie","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":539576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lane, Charles R.","contributorId":138991,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lane","given":"Charles R.","affiliations":[{"id":6914,"text":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":539610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lang, Megan W.","contributorId":131150,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lang","given":"Megan","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":7264,"text":"USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Beltsville, MD 20705","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":539577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Rains, Mark C.","contributorId":138983,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rains","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":12607,"text":"Univ of South florida, School of Geosciences, Tampa FL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":539578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Walls, Susan C. 0000-0001-7391-9155 swalls@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7391-9155","contributorId":138952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walls","given":"Susan","email":"swalls@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70139572,"text":"70139572 - 2015 - Direct and indirect effects of environmental variability on growth and survivorship of pre-reproductive Joshua trees, Yucca brevifolia Engelm (Agavaceae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-18T09:15:43","indexId":"70139572","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":724,"text":"American Journal of Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Direct and indirect effects of environmental variability on growth and survivorship of pre-reproductive Joshua trees, Yucca brevifolia Engelm (Agavaceae)","docAbstract":"• Premise of study: Accurate demographic information about long-lived plant species is important for understanding responses to large-scale disturbances, including climate change. It is challenging to obtain these data from desert perennial plants because seedling establishment is exceptionally rare, and estimates of survival are lacking for their vulnerable early stages. Desert wildfires, urbanization, and climate change influence the persistence of the long-lived Yucca brevifolia. Quantitative demographic attributes are crucial for understanding how populations will respond to disturbances and where populations will recede or advance under future climate scenarios.
\n• Methods: We measured survival in a cohort of 53 pre-reproductive Y. brevifolia at Yucca Flat, Nevada, USA, for 22 yr and recorded their growth, nurse-plant relationships, and herbivory.
\n• Key results: Herbivory by black-tailed jackrabbits (Lepus californicus) caused severe losses of plants during the first and second years (45% and 31%, respectively). Surviving plants experienced <2.5% annual mortality. Survival for the population was 19% over 22 yr. Plants <25 cm in height had lower life expectancy. Average growth rate (± SD) for plants that survived to the last census was 3.12 ± 1.96 cm yr−1, and growth rates were positively associated with precipitation. Thirty-year-old Y. brevifolia had not yet reproduced.
\n• Conclusions: A rare establishment event for Y. brevifolia during 1983–1984, triggered by above-average summer rainfall, provided a unique opportunity to track early survival and growth. Infrequent but acute episodes of herbivory during drought influenced demography for decades. Variability in survival among young Y. brevifolia indicates that size-dependent demographic variables will improve forecasts for this long-lived desert species under predicted regional climate change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Botanical Society of America","doi":"10.3732/ajb.1400257","usgsCitation":"Esque, T., Medica, P.A., Shryock, D.F., Defalco, L., Webb, R., and Hunter, R., 2015, Direct and indirect effects of environmental variability on growth and survivorship of pre-reproductive Joshua trees, Yucca brevifolia Engelm (Agavaceae): American Journal of Botany, v. 102, no. 1, p. 85-91, https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1400257.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"91","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-053990","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1400257","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":297605,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Flat","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.41015624999999,\n 34.95799531086792\n ],\n [\n -120.41015624999999,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -114.08203125,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -114.08203125,\n 34.95799531086792\n ],\n [\n -120.41015624999999,\n 34.95799531086792\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"102","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2a6ae4b08de9379b304a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Esque, Todd C. tesque@usgs.gov","contributorId":127766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esque","given":"Todd C.","email":"tesque@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":539449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medica, Phil A. 0000-0002-5901-8841 pmedica@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5901-8841","contributorId":3226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medica","given":"Phil","email":"pmedica@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shryock, Daniel F. dshryock@usgs.gov","contributorId":5139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shryock","given":"Daniel","email":"dshryock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Defalco, Lesley A. ldefalco@usgs.gov","contributorId":2458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Defalco","given":"Lesley A.","email":"ldefalco@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":539452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Webb, Robert H. rhwebb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"Robert H.","email":"rhwebb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12625,"text":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":539453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hunter, Richard B.","contributorId":138962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hunter","given":"Richard B.","affiliations":[{"id":12595,"text":"Salisbury University, Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury, MD","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":539454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70155167,"text":"70155167 - 2015 - Convergent evolution of the genomes of marine mammals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-16T10:16:14","indexId":"70155167","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-26T01:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3904,"text":"Nature Genetics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Convergent evolution of the genomes of marine mammals","docAbstract":"Marine mammals from different mammalian orders share several phenotypic traits adapted to the aquatic environment and therefore represent a classic example of convergent evolution. To investigate convergent evolution at the genomic level, we sequenced and performed de novo assembly of the genomes of three species of marine mammals (the killer whale, walrus and manatee) from three mammalian orders that share independently evolved phenotypic adaptations to a marine existence. Our comparative genomic analyses found that convergent amino acid substitutions were widespread throughout the genome and that a subset of these substitutions were in genes evolving under positive selection and putatively associated with a marine phenotype. However, we found higher levels of convergent amino acid substitutions in a control set of terrestrial sister taxa to the marine mammals. Our results suggest that, whereas convergent molecular evolution is relatively common, adaptive molecular convergence linked to phenotypic convergence is comparatively rare.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1038/ng.3198","usgsCitation":"Foote, A.D., Liu, Y., Thomas, G.W., Vinar, T., Alfoldi, J., Deng, J., Dugan, S., van Elk, C.E., Hunter, M., Joshi, V., Khan, Z., Kovar, C., Lee, S.L., Lindblad-Toh, K., Mancia, A., Nielsen, R., Qin, X., Qu, J., Raney, B.J., Vijay, N., Wolf, J.B., Hahn, M.W., Muzny, D.M., Worley, K.C., Gilbert, M.T., and Gibbs, R.A., 2015, Convergent evolution of the genomes of marine mammals: Nature Genetics, v. 47, no. 3, p. 272-275, https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3198.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"272","endPage":"275","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061793","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472323,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3198","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":308172,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-01-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55fa92b5e4b05d6c4e501a78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foote, Andrew D.","contributorId":145654,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foote","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16185,"text":"Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, Yue","contributorId":145655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"Yue","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16186,"text":"Dept of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, Gregg W.C.","contributorId":145656,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thomas","given":"Gregg","email":"","middleInitial":"W.C.","affiliations":[{"id":16187,"text":"Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vinar, Tomas","contributorId":145657,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vinar","given":"Tomas","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16188,"text":"School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Alfoldi, Jessica","contributorId":145658,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alfoldi","given":"Jessica","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16189,"text":"6Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Deng, Jixin","contributorId":145659,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Deng","given":"Jixin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16187,"text":"Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dugan, Shannon","contributorId":145660,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dugan","given":"Shannon","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16187,"text":"Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"van Elk, Cornelis E.","contributorId":145661,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"van Elk","given":"Cornelis","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":16190,"text":"Cambridge Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hunter, Margaret 0000-0002-4760-9302 mhunter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4760-9302","contributorId":140627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunter","given":"Margaret","email":"mhunter@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Joshi, Vandita","contributorId":145662,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Joshi","given":"Vandita","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16187,"text":"Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Khan, Ziad","contributorId":145663,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Khan","given":"Ziad","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16187,"text":"Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Kovar, Christie","contributorId":145664,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kovar","given":"Christie","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16187,"text":"Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Lee, Sandra L.","contributorId":145665,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lee","given":"Sandra","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":16187,"text":"Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin","contributorId":145666,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lindblad-Toh","given":"Kerstin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16191,"text":"Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Mancia, Annalaura","contributorId":145667,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mancia","given":"Annalaura","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16192,"text":"Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Science Center, Medical University of South Carolina","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Nielsen, Rasmus","contributorId":145668,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nielsen","given":"Rasmus","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16193,"text":"Center for Theoretical Evolutionary Genomics, University of California","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Qin, Xiang","contributorId":145669,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Qin","given":"Xiang","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16187,"text":"Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Qu, Jiaxin","contributorId":145670,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Qu","given":"Jiaxin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16187,"text":"Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Raney, Brian J.","contributorId":145671,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Raney","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16194,"text":"Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Vijay, Nagarjun","contributorId":145672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vijay","given":"Nagarjun","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16186,"text":"Dept of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Wolf, Jochen B. W.","contributorId":145673,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wolf","given":"Jochen","email":"","middleInitial":"B. W.","affiliations":[{"id":16186,"text":"Dept of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Hahn, Matthew W.","contributorId":145674,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hahn","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":16188,"text":"School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Muzny, Donna M.","contributorId":145675,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Muzny","given":"Donna","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16187,"text":"Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Worley, Kim C.","contributorId":145676,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Worley","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":16187,"text":"Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Gilbert, M. Thomas P.","contributorId":145677,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gilbert","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas P.","affiliations":[{"id":16185,"text":"Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Gibbs, Richard A.","contributorId":145678,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gibbs","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":16187,"text":"Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26}]}} ,{"id":70141794,"text":"70141794 - 2015 - Large-scale dam removal on the Elwha River, Washington, USA: source-to-sink sediment budget and synthesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-01T14:29:19.223252","indexId":"70141794","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-23T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-scale dam removal on the Elwha River, Washington, USA: source-to-sink sediment budget and synthesis","docAbstract":"Understanding landscape responses to sediment supply changes constitutes a fundamental part of many problems in geomorphology, but opportunities to study such processes at field scales are rare. The phased removal of two large dams on the Elwha River, Washington, exposed 21 ± 3 million m3, or ~ 30 million tonnes (t), of sediment that had been deposited in the two former reservoirs, allowing a comprehensive investigation of watershed and coastal responses to a substantial increase in sediment supply. Here we provide a source-to-sink sediment budget of this sediment release during the first two years of the project (September 2011–September 2013) and synthesize the geomorphic changes that occurred to downstream fluvial and coastal landforms. Owing to the phased removal of each dam, the release of sediment to the river was a function of the amount of dam structure removed, the progradation of reservoir delta sediments, exposure of more cohesive lakebed sediment, and the hydrologic conditions of the river. The greatest downstream geomorphic effects were observed after water bodies of both reservoirs were fully drained and fine (silt and clay) and coarse (sand and gravel) sediments were spilling past the former dam sites. After both dams were spilling fine and coarse sediments, river suspended-sediment concentrations were commonly several thousand mg/L with ~ 50% sand during moderate and high river flow. At the same time, a sand and gravel sediment wave dispersed down the river channel, filling channel pools and floodplain channels, aggrading much of the river channel by ~ 1 m, reducing river channel sediment grain sizes by ~ 16-fold, and depositing ~ 2.2 million m3 of sand and gravel on the seafloor offshore of the river mouth. The total sediment budget during the first two years revealed that the vast majority (~ 90%) of the sediment released from the former reservoirs to the river passed through the fluvial system and was discharged to the coastal waters, where slightly less than half of the sediment was deposited in the river-mouth delta. Although most of the measured fluvial and coastal deposition was sand-sized and coarser (> 0.063 mm), significant mud deposition was observed in and around the mainstem river channel and on the seafloor. Woody debris, ranging from millimeter-size particles to old-growth trees and stumps, was also introduced to fluvial and coastal landforms during the dam removals. At the end of our two-year study, Elwha Dam was completely removed, Glines Canyon Dam had been 75% removed (full removal was completed 2014), and ~ 65% of the combined reservoir sediment masses—including ~ 8 Mt of fine-grained and ~ 12 Mt of coarse-grained sediment—remained within the former reservoirs. Reservoir sediment will continue to be released to the Elwha River following our two-year study owing to a ~ 16 m base level drop during the final removal of Glines Canyon Dam and to erosion from floods with larger magnitudes than occurred during our study. Comparisons with a geomorphic synthesis of small dam removals suggest that the rate of sediment erosion as a percent of storage was greater in the Elwha River during the first two years of the project than in the other systems. Comparisons with other Pacific Northwest dam removals suggest that these steep, high-energy rivers have enough stream power to export volumes of sediment deposited over several decades in only months to a few years. These results should assist with predicting and characterizing landscape responses to future dam removals and other perturbations to fluvial and coastal sediment budgets.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.01.010","usgsCitation":"Warrick, J., Bountry, J.A., East, A., Magirl, C.S., Randle, T.J., Gelfenbaum, G.R., Ritchie, A.C., Pess, G.R., Leung, V., and Duda, J., 2015, Large-scale dam removal on the Elwha River, Washington, USA: source-to-sink sediment budget and synthesis: Geomorphology, v. 246, no. 1, p. 729-750, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.01.010.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"729","endPage":"750","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059114","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":29789,"text":"John Wesley Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298085,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Elwha River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.60580444335938,\n 47.923704717745686\n ],\n [\n -123.60580444335938,\n 48.16058943132621\n ],\n [\n -123.51104736328125,\n 48.16058943132621\n ],\n [\n -123.51104736328125,\n 47.923704717745686\n ],\n [\n -123.60580444335938,\n 47.923704717745686\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"246","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54ec5d43e4b02d776a67daab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warrick, Jonathan A. 0000-0002-0205-3814 jwarrick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0205-3814","contributorId":139314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warrick","given":"Jonathan A.","email":"jwarrick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":541097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bountry, Jennifer A.","contributorId":30114,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bountry","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":7183,"text":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":541098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"East, Amy E. aeast@usgs.gov","contributorId":2472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"East","given":"Amy E.","email":"aeast@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":541099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Magirl, Christopher S. 0000-0002-9922-6549 magirl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9922-6549","contributorId":1822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magirl","given":"Christopher","email":"magirl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":541100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Randle, Timothy J.","contributorId":90994,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Randle","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":7183,"text":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":541101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gelfenbaum, Guy R. 0000-0003-1291-6107 ggelfenbaum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1291-6107","contributorId":742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"Guy","email":"ggelfenbaum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":541102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ritchie, Andrew C. aritchie@usgs.gov","contributorId":4984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritchie","given":"Andrew","email":"aritchie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":541103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pess, George R.","contributorId":13501,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pess","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6578,"text":"National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA 98112, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":541104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Leung, Vivian","contributorId":139406,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leung","given":"Vivian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":541105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Duda, Jeff J. jduda@usgs.gov","contributorId":139318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"Jeff J.","email":"jduda@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":541106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70145996,"text":"70145996 - 2015 - Core-satellite species hypothesis and native versus exotic species in secondary succession","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-10T15:14:08","indexId":"70145996","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3086,"text":"Plant Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Core-satellite species hypothesis and native versus exotic species in secondary succession","docAbstract":"A number of hypotheses exist to explain species’ distributions in a landscape, but these hypotheses are not frequently utilized to explain the differences in native and exotic species distributions. The core-satellite species (CSS) hypothesis predicts species occupancy will be bimodally distributed, i.e., many species will be common and many species will be rare, but does not explicitly consider exotic species distributions. The parallel dynamics (PD) hypothesis predicts that regional occurrence patterns of exotic species will be similar to native species. Together, the CSS and PD hypotheses may increase our understanding of exotic species’ distribution relative to natives. We selected an old field undergoing secondary succession to study the CSS and PD hypotheses in conjunction with each other. The ratio of exotic to native species (richness and abundance) was observed through 17 years of secondary succession. We predicted species would be bimodally distributed and that exotic:native species ratios would remain steady or decrease through time under frequent disturbance. In contrast to the CSS and PD hypotheses, native species occupancies were not bimodally distributed at the site, but exotic species were. The exotic:native species ratios for both richness (E:Nrichness) and abundance (E:Ncover) generally decreased or remained constant throughout supporting the PD hypothesis. Our results suggest exotic species exhibit metapopulation structure in old field landscapes, but that metapopulation structures of native species are disrupted, perhaps because these species are dispersal limited in the fragmented landscape.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11258-015-0446-z","usgsCitation":"Martinez, K.A., Gibson, D.J., and Middleton, B.A., 2015, Core-satellite species hypothesis and native versus exotic species in secondary succession: Plant Ecology, v. 216, no. 3, p. 419-427, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-015-0446-z.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"419","endPage":"427","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059474","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299587,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","county":"Jackson County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.16260361671448,\n 37.627751648720604\n ],\n [\n -89.16260361671448,\n 37.62947655503113\n ],\n [\n -89.16013598442078,\n 37.62947655503113\n ],\n [\n -89.16013598442078,\n 37.627751648720604\n ],\n [\n -89.16260361671448,\n 37.627751648720604\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"216","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-01-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5528f42de4b026915857cb0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martinez, Kelsey A.","contributorId":140173,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martinez","given":"Kelsey","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5082,"text":"Syracuse University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gibson, David J.","contributorId":140174,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gibson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13212,"text":"Southern Illinois University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Middleton, Beth A. 0000-0002-1220-2326 middletonb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-2326","contributorId":2029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"Beth","email":"middletonb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70141670,"text":"70141670 - 2015 - Implications of scale-independent habitat specialization on persistence of a rare small mammal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-07T12:10:14","indexId":"70141670","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T16:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3871,"text":"Global Ecology and Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implications of scale-independent habitat specialization on persistence of a rare small mammal","docAbstract":"We assessed the habitat use patterns of the Amargosa vole Microtus californicus scirpensis , an endangered rodent endemic to wetland vegetation along a 3.5 km stretch of the Amargosa River in the Mojave Desert, USA. Our goals were to: (1) quantify the vole’s abundance, occupancy rates and habitat selection patterns along gradients of vegetation cover and spatial scale; (2) identify the processes that likely had the greatest influence on its habitat selection patterns. We trapped voles monthly in six 1 ha grids from January to May 2012 and measured habitat structure at subgrid (View the MathML source225m2) and trap (View the MathML source1m2) scales in winter and spring seasons. Regardless of scale, analyses of density, occupancy and vegetation structure consistently indicated that voles occurred in patches of bulrush (Schoenoplectus americanus ; Cyperaceae) where cover >50%. The majority of evidence indicates the vole's habitat selectivity is likely driven by bulrush providing protection from intense predation. However, a combination of selective habitat use and limited movement resulted in a high proportion of apparently suitable bulrush patches being unoccupied. This suggests the Amargosa vole's habitat selection behavior confers individual benefits but may not allow the overall population to persist in a changing environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2014.10.003","usgsCitation":"Cleaver, M., Klinger, R.C., Anderson, S., Maier, P.A., and Clark, J., 2015, Implications of scale-independent habitat specialization on persistence of a rare small mammal: Global Ecology and Conservation, v. 3, p. 100-114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2014.10.003.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"100","endPage":"114","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051481","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2014.10.003","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":298648,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55095030e4b02e76d757e620","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cleaver, Michael","contributorId":139379,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cleaver","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12456,"text":"former USGS scientist","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":540962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klinger, Robert C. 0000-0003-3193-3199 rcklinger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3193-3199","contributorId":5395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klinger","given":"Robert","email":"rcklinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":540960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Steven","contributorId":80589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Steven","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maier, Paul A. 0000-0003-0851-8827 pmaier@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0851-8827","contributorId":5467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maier","given":"Paul","email":"pmaier@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":540961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clark, Jonathan","contributorId":139380,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clark","given":"Jonathan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12456,"text":"former USGS scientist","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":540964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70154936,"text":"70154936 - 2015 - Effects of regulated river flows on habitat suitability for the robust redhorse","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-07-20T11:10:20","indexId":"70154936","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of regulated river flows on habitat suitability for the robust redhorse","docAbstract":"The Robust Redhorse Moxostoma robustum is a rare and imperiled fish, with wild populations occurring in three drainages from North Carolina to Georgia. Hydroelectric dams have altered the species’ habitat and restricted its range. An augmented minimum-flow regime that will affect Robust Redhorse habitat was recently prescribed for Blewett Falls Dam, a hydroelectric facility on the Pee Dee River, North Carolina. Our objective was to quantify suitable spawning and nonspawning habitat under current and proposed minimum-flow regimes. We implanted radio transmitters into 27 adult Robust Redhorses and relocated the fish from spring 2008 to summer 2009, and we described habitat at 15 spawning capture locations. Nonspawning habitat consisted of deep, slow-moving pools (mean depth D 2.3 m; mean velocity D 0.23 m/s), bedrock and sand substrates, and boulders or coarse woody debris as cover. Spawning habitat was characterized as shallower, faster-moving water (mean depth D 0.84 m; mean velocity D 0.61 m/s) with gravel and cobble as substrates and boulders as cover associated with shoals. Telemetry relocations revealed two behavioral subgroups: a resident subgroup (linear range [mean § SE] D 7.9 § 3.7 river kilometers [rkm]) that remained near spawning areas in the Piedmont region throughout the year; and a migratory subgroup (linear range D 64.3 § 8.4 rkm) that migrated extensively downstream into the Coastal Plain region. Spawning and nonspawning habitat suitability indices were developed based on field microhabitat measurements and were applied to model suitable available habitat (weighted usable area) for current and proposed augmented minimum flows. Suitable habitat (both spawning and nonspawning) increased for each proposed seasonal minimum flow relative to former minimum flows, with substantial increases for spawning sites. Our results contribute to an understanding of how regulated flows affect available habitats for imperiled species. Flow managers can use these findings to regulate discharge more effectively and to create and maintain important habitats during critical periods for priority species.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","doi":"10.1080/00028487.2015.1042557","usgsCitation":"Fisk, J.M., Kwak, T.J., and Heise, R.J., 2015, Effects of regulated river flows on habitat suitability for the robust redhorse: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 144, p. 792-806, https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2015.1042557.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"792","endPage":"806","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060804","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305830,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"144","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-06-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55ae1bade4b066a249242282","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisk, J. M. III","contributorId":141230,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fisk","given":"J.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kwak, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0616-137X tkwak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0616-137X","contributorId":834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwak","given":"Thomas","email":"tkwak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heise, R. J.","contributorId":141231,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heise","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70155156,"text":"70155156 - 2015 - Microsatellite variation and rare alleles in a bottlenecked Hawaiian Islands endemic: implications for reintroductions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-14T14:03:13","indexId":"70155156","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1497,"text":"Endangered Species Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microsatellite variation and rare alleles in a bottlenecked Hawaiian Islands endemic: implications for reintroductions","docAbstract":"Conservation of genetic biodiversity in endangered wildlife populations is an important challenge to address since the loss of alleles and genetic drift may influence future adaptability. Reintroduction aims to re-establish species to restored or protected ecosystems; however, moving a subset of individuals may result in loss of gene variants during the management-induced bottleneck (i.e. translocation). The endangered Laysan teal Anas laysanensis was once widespread across the Hawaiian archipelago, but became isolated on Laysan Island (415 ha) from the mid-1800s until 2004 when a translocation to Midway Atoll (596 ha) was undertaken to reduce extinction risks. We compared genetic diversity and quantified variation at microsatellite loci sampled from 230 individuals from the wild populations at Laysan (1999 to 2009) and Midway (2007 to 2010; n = 133 Laysan, n = 96 Midway birds). We identified polymorphic markers by screening nuclear microsatellites (N = 83). Low nuclear variation was detected, consistent with the species’ insular isolation and historical bottleneck. Six of 83 microsatellites were polymorphic. We found limited but similar estimates of allelic richness (2.58 alleles per locus) and heterozygosity within populations. However, 2 rare alleles found in the Laysan source population were not present in Midway’s reintroduced population, and a unique allele was discovered in an individual on Midway. Differentiation between island populations was low (FST = 0.6%), but statistically significant. Our results indicate that genetic drift had little effect on offspring generations 3 to 6 yr post-release and demonstrate the utility of using known founder events to help quantify genetic capture during translocations and to inform management decisions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","publisherLocation":"Oldendorf, Germany","doi":"10.3354/esr00681","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, M.H., Pearce, J.M., Lavretsky, P., Seixas, P.P., and Courtot, K., 2015, Microsatellite variation and rare alleles in a bottlenecked Hawaiian Islands endemic: implications for reintroductions: Endangered Species Research, v. 28, no. 2, p. 117-122, https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00681.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"122","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066113","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472372,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00681","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":438727,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F72Z13JP","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Laysan Teal (Anas laysanensis) Microsatellite DNA Data, Laysan Island 1999-2009, Midway Atoll 2007-2010"},{"id":306282,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55bc9c2ee4b033ef52100f34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, Michelle H. 0000-0001-7253-8158 mreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7253-8158","contributorId":3871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Michelle","email":"mreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pearce, John M. 0000-0002-8503-5485 jpearce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-5485","contributorId":181766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearce","given":"John","email":"jpearce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lavretsky, Philip","contributorId":60542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lavretsky","given":"Philip","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Seixas, Pedro P.","contributorId":140003,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seixas","given":"Pedro","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":13349,"text":"Centro de Reprodução Anatideos, PORTUGAL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Courtot, Karen 0000-0002-8849-4054 kcourtot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8849-4054","contributorId":140002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Courtot","given":"Karen","email":"kcourtot@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70145309,"text":"70145309 - 2015 - Fluid inclusion chemistry of adularia-sericite epithermal Au-Ag deposits of the southern Hauraki Goldfield, New Zealand","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-07T09:58:56","indexId":"70145309","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid inclusion chemistry of adularia-sericite epithermal Au-Ag deposits of the southern Hauraki Goldfield, New Zealand","docAbstract":"Microthermometry, laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), and Raman spectroscopy have been used to determine the temperature, apparent salinity, and composition of individual fluid inclusions in adularia-sericite Au-Ag epithermal veins from the Karangahake, Martha, Favona, and Waitekauri deposits, southern Hauraki goldfield, New Zealand. Quartz veins contain colloform to crustiform bands that alternate with coarse-grained quartz and amethyst. The ore mineralization occurs only in colloform to crustiform bands.
\nAnalyses of individual fluid inclusions by LA-ICP-MS identify Na as the most abundant cation, together with variable concentrations of K, Ca, Rb, Sr, Sb, and As. Rare inclusions have detectable Li, Al, and Ba concentrations, although recorded Al concentrations with values up to 231 ppm in Al-free quartz may reflect an accidentally captured mineral phase rather than fluid itself. The Na content ranges from ~260 to 10,200 ppm for inclusions in quartz and ~9,700 to 13,700 ppm for inclusions in amethyst. Antimony is the second most commonly detected element in both quartz- and amethyst-hosted inclusions; this element is also detected in the host mineral. Concentrations of Sb and As range from 0.3 to 988 ppm and from 3.33 to 418 ppm, respectively, and are most commonly detected in inclusions from the Karangahake and Martha deposits. The poor correlation between the Na content with either Sb or As suggests that Sb and As were transported as neutral hydroxyl complexes of Sb(OH)3 and As(OH)3. Both Au and Ag occur at concentrations that are less than their respective detection limits (ppm).
\nGeochemical modeling of the microthermometric and LA-ICP-MS data obtained from individual fluid inclusions suggests that fluids responsible for the quartz deposition were neutral to alkaline and that adiabatic boiling is the most effective mechanism for both gold and silica precipitation. The presence of single-phase vapor-only fluid inclusions in some mineralized samples indicates that local flashing may have contributed to deposition of Au and Ag.
\nAssuming adiabatic boiling under hydrostatic pressure, samples from the Karangahake deposit (Maria vein) were deposited from low-salinity fluids (<3.9 wt % NaCl equiv) at temperatures between 225° and 262°C and at depths of 270 to 575 m below the former water table. The average deep reservoir fluid temperature estimated from the Na/K geothermometer is 287°C, and the steam loss during boiling ranges between 8 and 17%.
\nFluid inclusions in quartz from the Martha deposit trapped dilute fluids with salinity less than 1.7 wt % NaCl equiv. The coexisting liquid-rich (homogenization temperature, Th = 189°–225°C) and vapor-rich inclusions (Th = 205°–243°C) suggest formation at depths of 200 to 400 m below the water table. According to the Na/K geothermometer, the deep reservoir fluid temperature was near 295°C, and the steam loss during boiling ranged between 15 and 23%. Pseudosecondary inclusions in amethyst display salinity around 4.0 wt % NaCl equiv and homogenization temperatures between 218° and 241°C. Secondary inclusions are slightly more dilute (3.2–4.2 wt % NaCl equiv), with homogenization temperatures between 213° and 242°C.
\nFluid inclusions in quartz from the Waitekauri deposit homogenize from 210° to 265°C and contain less than 1.2 wt % NaCl equiv. A thin quartz vein that occurs between the Jubilee and Scotia deposits contains coexisting liquid- and vapor-rich inclusions; their homogenization temperatures indicate a formation depth of 300 m below the former water table. The calculated deep reservoir fluid temperature is around 283°C and the steam loss is estimated to be between 13 and 18%.
\nLA-ICP-MS analyses show that in some cases different fluid inclusion assemblages (FIAs) within a single sample trapped fluids with variable chemistries. These differences likely reflect modification of a single parent fluid through mineral dissolution and precipitation, water/rock interactions, boiling and vapor loss, conductive cooling, and mixing.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","publisherLocation":"Lancaster, PA","doi":"10.2113/econgeo.110.3.763","usgsCitation":"Simpson, M.P., Strmic Palinkas, S., Mauk, J.L., and Bodnar, R.J., 2015, Fluid inclusion chemistry of adularia-sericite epithermal Au-Ag deposits of the southern Hauraki Goldfield, New Zealand: Economic Geology, v. 110, no. 3, p. 763-786, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.110.3.763.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"763","endPage":"786","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055202","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299449,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"New Zealand","volume":"110","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-02-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5524ffabe4b027f0aee3d472","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpson, Mark P.","contributorId":140072,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Simpson","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":13376,"text":"The University of Auckland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Strmic Palinkas, Sabina","contributorId":140073,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Strmic Palinkas","given":"Sabina","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13376,"text":"The University of Auckland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mauk, Jeffrey L. 0000-0002-6244-2774 jmauk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6244-2774","contributorId":4101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mauk","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jmauk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bodnar, Robert J.","contributorId":61540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodnar","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70148465,"text":"70148465 - 2015 - Bursting the bubble of melt inclusions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-09T09:13:03","indexId":"70148465","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T10:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bursting the bubble of melt inclusions","docAbstract":"Most silicate melt inclusions (MI) contain bubbles, whose significance has been alternately calculated, pondered, and ignored, but rarely if ever directly explored. Moore et al. (2015) analyze the bubbles, as well as their host glasses, and conclude that they often hold the preponderance of CO2 in the MI. Their findings entreat future researchers to account for the presence of bubbles in MI when calculating volatile budgets, saturation pressures, and eruptive flux.
","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Society of America","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.2138/am-2015-5254","usgsCitation":"Lowenstern, J.B., 2015, Bursting the bubble of melt inclusions: American Mineralogist, v. 100, no. 4, p. 672-673, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2015-5254.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"672","endPage":"673","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060700","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472382,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2015-5254","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":301086,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"100","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55780e29e4b032353cbeb6f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lowenstern, Jacob B. 0000-0003-0464-7779 jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0464-7779","contributorId":2755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"Jacob","email":"jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70155195,"text":"70155195 - 2015 - Potential nitrogen critical loads for northern Great Plains grassland vegetation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-16T11:39:34","indexId":"70155195","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":53,"text":"Natural Resource Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"NPS/NGPN/NRR - 2015/989","title":"Potential nitrogen critical loads for northern Great Plains grassland vegetation","docAbstract":"The National Park Service is concerned that increasing atmospheric nitrogen deposition caused by fossil fuel combustion and agricultural activities could adversely affect the northern Great Plains (NGP) ecosystems in its trust. The critical load concept facilitates communication between scientists and policy makers or land managers by translating the complex effects of air pollution on ecosystems into concrete numbers that can be used to inform air quality targets. A critical load is the exposure level below which significant harmful effects on sensitive elements of the environment do not occur. A recent review of the literature suggested that the nitrogen critical load for Great Plains vegetation is 10-25 kg N/ha/yr. For comparison, current atmospheric nitrogen deposition in NGP National Park Service (NPS) units ranges from ~4 kg N/ha/yr in the west to ~13 kg N/ha/yr in the east. The suggested critical load, however, was derived from studies far outside of the NGP, and from experiments investigating nitrogen loads substantially higher than current atmospheric deposition in the region.
Therefore, to better determine the nitrogen critical load for sensitive elements in NGP parks, we conducted a four-year field experiment in three northern Great Plains vegetation types at Badlands and Wind Cave National Parks. The vegetation types were chosen because of their importance in NGP parks, their expected sensitivity to nitrogen addition, and to span a range of natural fertility. In the experiment, we added nitrogen at rates ranging from below current atmospheric deposition (2.5 kg N/ha/yr) to far above those levels but commensurate with earlier experiments (100 kg N/ha/yr). We measured the response of a variety of vegetation and soil characteristics shown to be sensitive to nitrogen addition in other studies, including plant biomass production, plant tissue nitrogen concentration, plant species richness and composition, non-native species abundance, and soil inorganic nitrogen concentration. To determine critical loads for the NGP plant communities in our experiment, we followed the NPS’s precautionary principle in assuming that it is better to be cautious than to let harm occur to the environment. Thus, the critical loads we derived are the lowest nitrogen level that any of our data suggest has a measureable effect on any of the response variables measured.
Badlands sparse vegetation, a low-productivity plant community that is an important part of the scenery at Badlands National Park and provides habitat for rare plant species, was the most sensitive of the three vegetation types. More aspects of this vegetation type responded to nitrogen addition, and at lower levels, than at the other two sites. Our data suggest that nitrogen deposition levels of 4- 6 kg N/ha/yr may increase biomass production, and consequently the amount of dead plant material on the ground in this plant community. Slightly higher critical loads are suggested for the two more productive vegetation types more characteristic of most NGP grasslands: 6-10 kg N/ha/yr for biomass production, grass tissue nitrogen concentration, or non-native species (especially annual brome grasses) cover. Highly variable results among years, as well as inconsistent responses to an increasing dose of nitrogen within sites, complicated the derivation of critical loads in this experiment, however. A less precautionary approach to deriving critical loads yielded higher values of 10-38 kg N/ha/yr.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. National Park Service","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Symstad, A., Smith, A.T., Newton, W.E., and Knapp, A., 2015, Potential nitrogen critical loads for northern Great Plains grassland vegetation: Natural Resource Report NPS/NGPN/NRR - 2015/989, viii, 59 p.","productDescription":"viii, 59 p.","numberOfPages":"72","ipdsId":"IP-064923","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305827,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/Reference/Profile/2222974"},{"id":341347,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Northern Great Plains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.218017578125,\n 49.001843917978526\n ],\n [\n -104.26025390625,\n 48.99463598353405\n ],\n [\n -104.26025390625,\n 46.98025235521883\n ],\n [\n -104.34814453125,\n 45.19752230305682\n ],\n [\n -104.501953125,\n 43.40504748787035\n ],\n [\n -104.67773437499999,\n 41.72213058512578\n ],\n [\n -104.26025390625,\n 40.613952441166596\n ],\n [\n -103.35937499999999,\n 39.9434364619742\n ],\n [\n -102.0849609375,\n 39.690280594818034\n ],\n [\n -101.5576171875,\n 39.9434364619742\n ],\n [\n -96.50390625,\n 42.47209690919285\n ],\n [\n -96.65771484375,\n 42.71473218539458\n ],\n [\n -96.52587890625,\n 42.97250158602597\n ],\n [\n -96.48193359375,\n 43.16512263158296\n ],\n [\n -96.48193359375,\n 43.5326204268101\n ],\n [\n -96.45996093749999,\n 43.76315996157264\n ],\n [\n -96.43798828125,\n 45.127804527473224\n ],\n [\n -96.50390625,\n 45.38301927899065\n ],\n [\n -96.690673828125,\n 45.43700828867391\n ],\n [\n -96.85546875,\n 45.598665689820635\n ],\n [\n -96.78955078125,\n 45.644768217751924\n ],\n [\n -96.580810546875,\n 45.84410779560204\n ],\n [\n -96.580810546875,\n 46.01222384063236\n ],\n [\n -96.56982421875,\n 46.28622391806706\n ],\n [\n -96.800537109375,\n 46.649436163350245\n ],\n [\n -96.767578125,\n 46.94276208682137\n ],\n [\n -96.8115234375,\n 46.98025235521883\n ],\n [\n -96.800537109375,\n 47.24194882163242\n ],\n [\n -96.822509765625,\n 47.60616304386874\n ],\n [\n -97.108154296875,\n 48.085418575511966\n ],\n [\n -97.119140625,\n 48.494767515307295\n ],\n [\n -97.13012695312499,\n 48.80686346108517\n ],\n [\n -97.218017578125,\n 49.001843917978526\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"591c0fcbe4b0a7fdb43ddefa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Symstad, Amy J. 0000-0003-4231-2873 asymstad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4231-2873","contributorId":2611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Symstad","given":"Amy J.","email":"asymstad@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":565044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Anine T.","contributorId":145711,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Anine","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":6737,"text":"Colorado State University, Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, and Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Newton, Wesley E. 0000-0002-1377-043X wnewton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1377-043X","contributorId":3661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newton","given":"Wesley","email":"wnewton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Knapp, Alan K.","contributorId":139807,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knapp","given":"Alan K.","affiliations":[{"id":13277,"text":"Graduate Degree Program in Ecology and Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70188036,"text":"70188036 - 2015 - Automated integration of lidar into the LANDFIRE product suite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-28T16:22:27","indexId":"70188036","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3251,"text":"Remote Sensing Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Automated integration of lidar into the LANDFIRE product suite","docAbstract":"Accurate information about three-dimensional canopy structure and wildland fuel across the landscape is necessary for fire behaviour modelling system predictions. Remotely sensed data are invaluable for assessing these canopy characteristics over large areas; lidar data, in particular, are uniquely suited for quantifying three-dimensional canopy structure. Although lidar data are increasingly available, they have rarely been applied to wildland fuels mapping efforts, mostly due to two issues. First, the Landscape Fire and Resource Planning Tools (LANDFIRE) program, which has become the default source of large-scale fire behaviour modelling inputs for the US, does not currently incorporate lidar data into the vegetation and fuel mapping process because spatially continuous lidar data are not available at the national scale. Second, while lidar data are available for many land management units across the US, these data are underutilized for fire behaviour applications. This is partly due to a lack of local personnel trained to process and analyse lidar data. This investigation addresses these issues by developing the Creating Hybrid Structure from LANDFIRE/lidar Combinations (CHISLIC) tool. CHISLIC allows individuals to automatically generate a suite of vegetation structure and wildland fuel parameters from lidar data and infuse them into existing LANDFIRE data sets. CHISLIC will become available for wider distribution to the public through a partnership with the U.S. Forest Service’s Wildland Fire Assessment System (WFAS) and may be incorporated into the Wildland Fire Decision Support System (WFDSS) with additional design and testing. WFAS and WFDSS are the primary systems used to support tactical and strategic wildland fire management decisions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Frances","doi":"10.1080/2150704X.2015.1029086","usgsCitation":"Peterson, B., Nelson, K., Seielstad, C., Stoker, J.M., Jolly, W.M., and Parsons, R., 2015, Automated integration of lidar into the LANDFIRE product suite: Remote Sensing Letters, v. 6, no. 3, p. 247-256, https://doi.org/10.1080/2150704X.2015.1029086.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"256","ipdsId":"IP-057258","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341894,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-03-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"592e84bee4b092b266f10d5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, Birgit 0000-0002-4356-1540 bpeterson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4356-1540","contributorId":192353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Birgit","email":"bpeterson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, Kurtis 0000-0003-4911-4511 knelson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4911-4511","contributorId":3602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Kurtis","email":"knelson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seielstad, Carl","contributorId":192354,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seielstad","given":"Carl","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stoker, Jason M. 0000-0003-2455-0931 jstoker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2455-0931","contributorId":3021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoker","given":"Jason","email":"jstoker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jolly, W. Matt","contributorId":192355,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jolly","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Matt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Parsons, Russell","contributorId":192356,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parsons","given":"Russell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70148044,"text":"70148044 - 2015 - The Snowmastodon Project: A view of the Last Interglacial Period from high in the Colorado Rockies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-28T09:37:03","indexId":"70148044","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The Snowmastodon Project: A view of the Last Interglacial Period from high in the Colorado Rockies","docAbstract":"In North America, terrestrial records of biodiversity and climate change that span the Last Interglacial Period [or Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 5] are rare. In 2010-11, construction at Ziegler Reservoir near Snowmass Village, Colorado revealed a lacustrine/wetland sedimentary sequence that preserved evidence of past plant communities between ~140 and 55 ka, including all of MIS 5. At an elevation of 2705 m, the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site (ZRFS) also contained thousands of well-preserved bones and teeth of Pleistocene megafauna, including mastodons, mammoths, ground sloths, horses, camels, deer, bison, black bear, coyotes, and bighorn sheep. In addition, the site contained more than 26,000 bones from at least 30 species of small animals, including salamanders, otters, muskrats, minks, rabbits, beavers, frogs, lizards, snakes, fish, and birds. The combination of macro- and micro-vertebrates, invertebrates, terrestrial and aquatic plant macrofossils, a detailed pollen record, and a robust, directly dated stratigraphic framework, shows that high-elevation ecosystems in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado are climatically sensitive and varied dramatically throughout MIS 5.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mojave Miocene: 15 Million Years of History—2015 Desert Symposium Field Guide and Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"California State University","usgsCitation":"Pigati, J., 2015, The Snowmastodon Project: A view of the Last Interglacial Period from high in the Colorado Rockies, in Mojave Miocene: 15 Million Years of History—2015 Desert Symposium Field Guide and Proceedings, p. 310-318.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"310","endPage":"318","ipdsId":"IP-062773","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340586,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"590454a8e4b022cee40dc25a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pigati, Jeffery S. jpigati@usgs.gov","contributorId":140289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pigati","given":"Jeffery S.","email":"jpigati@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":546936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70187035,"text":"70187035 - 2015 - An ignimbrite caldera from the bottom up: Exhumed floor and fill of the resurgent Bonanza caldera, Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-19T16:07:56","indexId":"70187035","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1820,"text":"Geosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An ignimbrite caldera from the bottom up: Exhumed floor and fill of the resurgent Bonanza caldera, Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field, Colorado","docAbstract":"Among large ignimbrites, the Bonanza Tuff and its source caldera in the Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field display diverse depositional and structural features that provide special insights concerning eruptive processes and caldera development. In contrast to the nested loci for successive ignimbrite eruptions at many large multicyclic calderas elsewhere, Bonanza caldera is an areally isolated structure that formed in response to a single ignimbrite eruption. The adjacent Marshall caldera, the nonresurgent lava-filled source for the 33.9-Ma Thorn Ranch Tuff, is the immediate precursor for Bonanza, but projected structural boundaries of two calderas are largely or entirely separate even though the western topographic rim of Bonanza impinges on the older caldera. Bonanza, source of a compositionally complex regional ignimbrite sheet erupted at 33.12 ± 0.03 Ma, is a much larger caldera system than previously recognized. It is a subequant structure ∼20 km in diameter that subsided at least 3.5 km during explosive eruption of ∼1000 km3 of magma, then resurgently domed its floor a similar distance vertically. Among its features: (1) varied exposure levels of an intact caldera due to rugged present-day topography—from Paleozoic and Precambrian basement rocks that are intruded by resurgent plutons, upward through precaldera volcanic floor, to a single thickly ponded intracaldera ignimbrite (Bonanza Tuff), interleaved landslide breccia, and overlying postcollapse lavas; (2) large compositional gradients in the Bonanza ignimbrite (silicic andesite to rhyolite ignimbrite; 60%–76% SiO2); (3) multiple alternations of mafic and silicic zones within a single ignimbrite, rather than simple upward gradation to more mafic compositions; (4) compositional contrasts between outflow sectors of the ignimbrite (mainly crystal-poor rhyolite to east, crystal-rich dacite to west); (5) similarly large compositional diversity among postcollapse caldera-fill lavas and resurgent intrusions; (6) brief time span for the entire caldera cycle (33.12 to ca. 33.03 Ma); (7) an exceptionally steep-sided resurgent dome, with dips of 40°–50° on west and 70°–80° on northeast flanks. Some near-original caldera morphology has been erosionally exhumed and remains defined by present-day landforms (western topographic rim, resurgent core, and ring-fault valley), while tilting and deep erosion provide three-dimensional exposures of intracaldera fill, floor, and resurgent structures. The absence of Plinian-fall deposits beneath proximal ignimbrites at Bonanza and other calderas in the region is interpreted as evidence for early initiation of pyroclastic flows, rather than lack of a high eruption column. Although the absence of a Plinian deposit beneath some ignimbrites elsewhere has been interpreted to indicate that abrupt rapid foundering of the magma-body roof initiated the eruption, initial caldera collapse began at Bonanza only after several hundred kilometers of rhyolitic tuff had erupted, as indicated by the minor volume of this composition in the basal intracaldera ignimbrite. Caldera-filling ignimbrite has been largely stripped from the southern and eastern flank of the Bonanza dome, exposing large areas of caldera-floor as a structurally coherent domed plate, bounded by ring faults with locations that are geometrically closely constrained even though largely concealed beneath valley alluvium. The structurally coherent floor at Bonanza contrasts with fault-disrupted floors at some well-exposed multicyclic calderas where successive ignimbrite eruptions caused recurrent subsidence. Floor rocks at Bonanza are intensely brecciated within ∼100 m inboard of ring faults, probably due to compression and crushing of the subsiding floor in proximity to steep inward-dipping faults. Upper levels of the floor are locally penetrated by dike-like crack fills of intracaldera ignimbrite, interpreted as dilatant fracture fills rather than ignimbrite vents. The resurgence geometry at Bonanza has implications for intracaldera-ignimbrite volume; this parameter may have been overestimated at some young calderas elsewhere, with bearing on outflow-intracaldera ratios and times of initial caldera collapse. Such features at Bonanza provide insights for interpreting calderas universally, with respect to processes of caldera collapse and resurgence, inception of subsidence in relation to progression of the ignimbrite eruption, complications with characterizing structural versus topographic margins of calderas, contrasts between intra- versus extracaldera ignimbrite, and limitations in assessing volumes of large caldera-forming eruptions. Bonanza provides a rare site where intact caldera margins and floor are exhumed and exposed, providing valuable perspectives for understanding younger similar calderas in some of the world’s most active and dangerous silicic provinces.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/GES01184.1","usgsCitation":"Lipman, P.W., Zimmerer, M.J., and McIntosh, W.C., 2015, An ignimbrite caldera from the bottom up: Exhumed floor and fill of the resurgent Bonanza caldera, Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field, Colorado: Geosphere, v. 11, no. 6, p. 1902-1947, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES01184.1.","productDescription":"46 p.","startPage":"1902","endPage":"1947","ipdsId":"IP-062954","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472420,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges01184.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":340001,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -104,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -104,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -108,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -108,\n 40\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-10-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f877bbe4b0b7ea54521c30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lipman, Peter W. 0000-0001-9175-6118 plipman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9175-6118","contributorId":3486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"Peter","email":"plipman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zimmerer, Matthew J.","contributorId":191162,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zimmerer","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McIntosh, William C.","contributorId":191163,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McIntosh","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159515,"text":"ofr20131280Q - 2015 - Mineral potential for incompatible element deposits hosted in pegmatites, alkaline rocks, and carbonatites in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania (phase V, deliverable 87)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70159515,"text":"ofr20131280Q - 2015 - Mineral potential for incompatible element deposits hosted in pegmatites, alkaline rocks, and carbonatites in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania (phase V, deliverable 87)","indexId":"ofr20131280Q","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"chapter":"Q","title":"Mineral potential for incompatible element deposits hosted in pegmatites, alkaline rocks, and carbonatites in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania (phase V, deliverable 87)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70160523,"text":"ofr20131280 - 2015 - Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V","indexId":"ofr20131280","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70160523,"text":"ofr20131280 - 2015 - Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V","indexId":"ofr20131280","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-08T16:57:37.820127","indexId":"ofr20131280Q","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1280","chapter":"Q","title":"Mineral potential for incompatible element deposits hosted in pegmatites, alkaline rocks, and carbonatites in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania (phase V, deliverable 87)","docAbstract":"Review of PRISM-I documents and the National inventory of mineral occurrences suggests that resources of U, Th, Nb, Ta, Be, rare earth elements (REEs) and fluorite are known in Mauritania and have been exploited in the past at the Bou Naga alkaline complex. Several different deposit types are indicated by the available data. Pegmatitic veins are recorded in several areas of the Archean and Paleoproterozoic portions of the Rgueïbat Shield and are prospective for resources of Li, Be, Nb, Ta, U, Th, and REEs. Over 150 beryl pegmatites are known in the Khnefissat and Inkebden areas of the Chami greenstone belt, and additional concentrations of pegmatites are known in the Guelb Nich Sud area of the Sebkhet Nich greenstone belt and in the northeastern part of the Amsaga Complex. Due to the small size of these deposits, they are unlikely to be economic unless additional value can be gained by processing contained minerals for their industrial uses.
\nPotential for incompatible element deposits associated with alkaline granites, syenites, and phonolites of the Tigsmat el Khadra Complex exists in the Paleoproterozoic portion of the Rgueïbat Shield in northern and northeastern Mauritania. The small alkaline complex at Tabatanet is associated with a magnetic and radiometric anomaly and consists of a probable vein-type deposit that extends for 500 m. The hyperalkaline granite at Tigsmat may have REE enrichments in associated placers but appears to be of low potential. Two other areas at el Mrhader and at el Hajar have indications of potential based on geophysics and high scintillometer readings. All of these prospects and past mining at Bou Naga indicate potential for mineralization related to alkaline igneous rocks.
\nA third major possibility for U, Th, REE, and other incompatible elements exists in association with carbonatite complexes, known to be present in Mauritania. Deposits of this type can host a wide array of valuable metals and industrial minerals (for example, Phalabora carbonatite complex, South Africa; Hicks Dome carbonatite complex and associated fluorite deposits of the Illinois-Kentucky Fluorspar District of the U.S. Midcontinent) and are most common in cratonic areas that have undergone rifting. PRISM-I studies suggest the presence of a carbonatite at Guelb er Richat and a coincident high thorium geophysical anomaly. The co-location of Guelb er Richat on prominent ENE trending structures with two separate swarms of kimberlite intrusions suggest that this structure is seated in the sub-Taoudeni cratonic basement and could localize the emplacement of additional carbonatite (and kimberlite) bodies.
\nUSGS review of PRISM-I data suggests that there is abundant documentation of the Bou Naga alkaline complex and to a lesser degree, the Guelb er Richat carbonatite complex, but that all other occurrences of U, Th, REE, and associated elements are poorly described, and poorly understood (Taylor, 2007)
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Second projet de renforcement institutionnel du secteur minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) (Open File Report 2013-1280)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131280Q","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania","usgsCitation":"Taylor, C.D., and Giles, S.A., 2015, Mineral potential for incompatible element deposits hosted in pegmatites, alkaline rocks, and carbonatites in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania (phase V, deliverable 87): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1280, viii, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131280Q.","productDescription":"viii, 41 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052718","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319150,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131280Q.PNG"},{"id":319149,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1280/Final_Reports_English/deliverable_87-REE_Carbonatites-chapter_Q.pdf","text":"Chapter Q","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Mauritania","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-12.17075,14.61683],[-12.83066,15.30369],[-13.43574,16.03938],[-14.09952,16.3043],[-14.57735,16.59826],[-15.13574,16.58728],[-15.62367,16.36934],[-16.12069,16.45566],[-16.4631,16.13504],[-16.54971,16.67389],[-16.27055,17.16696],[-16.14635,18.10848],[-16.25688,19.09672],[-16.37765,19.59382],[-16.27784,20.09252],[-16.53632,20.56787],[-17.06342,20.99975],[-16.84519,21.33332],[-12.9291,21.32707],[-13.11875,22.77122],[-12.87422,23.28483],[-11.93722,23.37459],[-11.96942,25.93335],[-8.68729,25.88106],[-8.6844,27.39574],[-4.92334,24.97457],[-6.45379,24.95659],[-5.97113,20.64083],[-5.48852,16.3251],[-5.31528,16.20185],[-5.53774,15.50169],[-9.55024,15.4865],[-9.70026,15.26411],[-10.08685,15.33049],[-10.65079,15.13275],[-11.3491,15.41126],[-11.66608,15.38821],[-11.83421,14.7991],[-12.17075,14.61683]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Mauritania\"}}]}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f26ccee4b0f59b85decce1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, Cliff D. 0000-0001-6376-6298 ctaylor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6376-6298","contributorId":1283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Cliff","email":"ctaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Giles, Stuart A. 0000-0002-8696-5078 sgiles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8696-5078","contributorId":1233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giles","given":"Stuart","email":"sgiles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70191253,"text":"70191253 - 2015 - Hydrothermal, biogenic, and seawater components in metalliferous black shales of the Brooks Range, Alaska: Synsedimentary metal enrichment in a carbonate ramp setting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-07T21:01:00","indexId":"70191253","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrothermal, biogenic, and seawater components in metalliferous black shales of the Brooks Range, Alaska: Synsedimentary metal enrichment in a carbonate ramp setting","docAbstract":"Trace element and Os isotope data for Lisburne Group metalliferous black shales of Middle Mississippian (early Chesterian) age in the Brooks Range of northern Alaska suggest that metals were sourced chiefly from local seawater (including biogenic detritus) but also from externally derived hydrothermal fluids. These black shales are interbedded with phosphorites and limestones in sequences 3 to 35 m thick; deposition occurred mainly on a carbonate ramp during intermittent upwelling under varying redox conditions, from suboxic to anoxic to sulfidic. Deposition of the black shales at ~335 Ma was broadly contemporaneous with sulfide mineralization in the Red Dog and Drenchwater Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, which formed in a distal marginal basin.
Relative to the composition of average black shale, the metalliferous black shales (n = 29) display large average enrichment factors (>10) for Zn (10.1), Cd (11.0), and Ag (20.1). Small enrichments (>2–<10) are shown by V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Pd, Pt, U, Se, Y, and all rare earth elements except Ce, Nd, and Sm. A detailed stratigraphic profile over 23 m in the Skimo Creek area (central Brooks Range) indicates that samples from at and near the top of the section, which accumulated during a period of major upwelling and is broadly correlative with the stratigraphic levels of the Red Dog and Drenchwater Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, have the highest Zn/TOC (total organic carbon), Cu/TOC, and Tl/TOC ratios for calculated marine fractions (no detrital component) of these three metals.
Average authigenic (detrital-free) contents of Mo, V, U, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb, Ge, Re, Se, As, Sb, Tl, Pd, and Au show enrichment factors of 4.3 × 103 to 1.2 × 106 relative to modern seawater. Such moderate enrichments, which are common in other metalliferous black shales, suggest wholly marine sources (seawater and biogenic material) for these metals, given similar trends for enrichment factors in organic-rich sediments of modern upwelling zones on the Namibian, Peruvian, and Chilean shelves. The largest enrichment factors for Zn and Ag are much higher (1.4 × 107 and 2.9 × 107, respectively), consistent with an appreciable hydrothermal component. Other metals such as Cu, Pb, and Tl that are concentrated in several black shale samples, and are locally abundant in the Red Dog and Drenchwater Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, may have a partly hydrothermal origin but this cannot be fully established with the available data. Enrichments in Cr (up to 7.8 × 106) are attributed to marine and not hydrothermal processes. The presence in some samples of large enrichments in Eu (up to 6.1 × 107) relative to modern seawater and of small positive Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* up to 1.12) are considered unrelated to hydrothermal activity, instead being linked to early diagenetic processes within sulfidic pore fluids.
Initial Os isotope ratios (187Os/188Os) calculated for a paleontologically based depositional age of 335 Ma reveal moderately unradiogenic values of 0.24 to 0.88 for four samples of metalliferous black shale. A proxy for the ratio of coeval early Chesterian seawater is provided by initial (187Os/188Os)335 Ma ratios of four unaltered black shales of the coeval Kuna Formation that average 1.08, nearly identical to the initial ratio of 1.06 for modern seawater. Evaluation of possible sources of unradiogenic Os in the metalliferous black shales suggests that the most likely source was mafic igneous rocks that were leached by externally derived hydrothermal fluids. This unradiogenic Os is interpreted to have been leached by deeply circulating hydrothermal fluids in the Kuna basin, followed by venting of the fluids into overlying seawater.
We propose that metal-bearing hydrothermal fluids that formed Zn-Pb-Ag deposits such as Red Dog or Drenchwater vented into seawater in a marginal basin, were carried by upwelling currents onto the margins of a shallow-water carbonate platform, and were then deposited in organic-rich muds, together with seawater- and biogenically derived components, by syngenetic sedimentary processes. Metal concentration in the black shales was promoted by high biologic productivity, sorption onto organic matter, diffusion across redox boundaries, a low sedimentation rate, and availability of H2S in bottom waters and pore fluids.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/econgeo.110.3.653","usgsCitation":"Slack, J.F., Selby, D., and Dumoulin, J.A., 2015, Hydrothermal, biogenic, and seawater components in metalliferous black shales of the Brooks Range, Alaska: Synsedimentary metal enrichment in a carbonate ramp setting: Economic Geology, v. 110, no. 3, p. 653-675, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.110.3.653.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"653","endPage":"675","ipdsId":"IP-053916","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":346337,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Brooks Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -167.2998046875,\n 66.87834504307976\n ],\n [\n -141,\n 66.87834504307976\n ],\n [\n -141,\n 71.71888229713917\n ],\n [\n -167.2998046875,\n 71.71888229713917\n ],\n [\n -167.2998046875,\n 66.87834504307976\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"110","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-02-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59d3502ae4b05fe04cc34d73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, John F. 0000-0001-6600-3130 jfslack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6600-3130","contributorId":1032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"John","email":"jfslack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":711689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Selby, David","contributorId":193460,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Selby","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":711690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":711691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70141607,"text":"70141607 - 2015 - Preface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-13T17:07:42","indexId":"70141607","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5198,"text":"Geological Society of America Special Papers ","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preface","docAbstract":"This book grew out of a topical session on “Central Virginia Earthquakes of 2011: Geology, Geophysics, and Significance for Seismic Hazards in Eastern North America” at the 2012 The Geological Society of America (GSA) Annual Meeting in Charlotte, North Carolina (USA). It also benefitted from related sessions at other meetings. The goal of this volume, The 2011 Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake, and Its Significance for Seismic Hazards in Eastern North America, is to bring together as much information as possible on lessons learned from this rare event. Chapters encompass a wide range of geoscience, engineering, and related studies of this earthquake and its effects from the epicentral area in central Virginia to Washington, D.C., and beyond. The intended audience is a broad spectrum of geoscientists, engineers, and decision makers interested in understanding earthquakes and seismic hazards in eastern North America and other intraplate settings. Chapters by Berti et al. (21), Chapman (2), Costain (8), Davenport et al. (15), Green et al. (9), Heller and Carter (10), Horton et al. (14), Hughes et al. (19), Powars et al. (23), Pratt et al. (16), Roeloffs et al. (7), Shah et al. (17), Stephenson et al. (3), Walsh et al. (18), and Wells et al. (12) are expansions of presentations at the 2012 GSA meeting. The volume also contains chapters from recent studies that were not presented at the GSA meeting, including those by Bobyarchick (22), Burton et al. (20), Dreiling and Mooney (5), Li et al. (11), McNamara et al. (4), Pollitz and Mooney (6), and Shahidi et al. (13). Following an overview and synthesis by the volume editors (1), chapters are arranged under the topical headings “Seismology and Regional Effects,” “Earthquake Damage, Geotechnical, and Engineering Investigations,” “Aftershocks, Geophysical Imaging, and Modeling,” “Geologic Investigations—Epicentral Area,” and “Geologic Investigations— Central Virginia Seismic Zone and Nearby Faults.”
We thank the authors for their contributions and the many scientists and engineers who contributed time and expertise in reviewing manuscripts to substantially improve the quality of the volume. These reviewers include Gail Atkinson, Christopher Bailey, Richard Berquist, Kimberly Blisniuk, Paul Bodin, Aaron Bradshaw, Clive Collins, Ariel Conn, Randy Cox, Haitham Dawood, James Dewey, John Ebel, David Fenster, Alexander Gates, Kathleen Haller, Gregory Hancock, Robert Hatcher, William Henika, Paul Hsieh, Steven Jaumé, Jeffrey Kimball, Charles Langston, Jongwon Lee, Andrea Llenos, John McBride, Scott Olson, Michael Oskin, Brent Owens, Gilles Peltzer, Mark Quigley, Dhananjay Ravat, David Saftner, Arthur Snoke, Jamison Steidl, Kevin Stewart, Alice Stieve, Danielle Sumy, Ertugrul Taciroglu, Roy Van Arsdale, Mason Walters, Chiyuen Wang, Yang Wang, Richard Whittecar, Lorraine Wolf, Clint Wood, Liam Wotherspoon, and some anonymous reviewers.
Lake deposystems are commonly associated with retroarc mountain belts in the geological record. These deposystems are poorly characterized in modern retroarcs, placing limits on our ability to interpret environmental signals from ancient deposits. To address this problem, we have synthesized our existing knowledge about the distribution, morphometrics, and sedimentary geochemical characteristics of tectonically formed lakes in the central Andean retroarc. Large, active mountain belts such as the Andes frequently create an excess of sediment, to the point that modeling and observational data both suggest their adjacent retroarc basins will be rapidly overfilled by sediments. Lake formation, requiring topographic closure, demands special conditions such as topographic isolation and arid climatic conditions to reduce sediment generation, and bedrock lithologies that yield little siliciclastic sediment.
Lacustrine deposition in the modern Andean retroarc has different characteristics in the six major morphotectonic zones discussed. (1) High-elevation hinterland basins of the arid Puna-Altiplano Plateau frequently contain underfilled and balanced-filled lakes that are potentially long-lived and display relatively rapid sedimentation rates. (2) Lakes are rare in piggyback basins, although a transition zone exists where basins that originally formed as piggybacks are transferred to the hinterland through forward propagation of the thrust belt. Here, lakes are moderately abundant and long-lived and display somewhat lower sedimentation rates than in the hinterland. (3) Wedge-top and (4) foredeep deposystems of the Andean retroarc are generally overfilled, and lakes are small and ephemeral. (5) Semihumid Andean back-bulge basins contain abundant small lakes, which are moderately long-lived because of underfilling by sediment and low sedimentation rates. (6) Broken foreland lakes are common, typically underfilled, large, and long-lived playa or shallow systems.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geodynamic of a cordilleran orogenic system: The central Andes of Argentina and northern Chile ","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2015.1212(16)","usgsCitation":"Cohen, A.S., McGlue, M., Ellis, G.S., Zani, H., Swarzenski, P.W., Assine, M.L., and Silva, A., 2015, Lake formation, characteristics and evolution in retroarc deposystems: A synthesis of data from the modern Andean orogen and its associated basins, chap. of Geodynamic of a cordilleran orogenic system: The central Andes of Argentina and northern Chile , v. 212, p. 309-335, https://doi.org/10.1130/2015.1212(16).","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"309","endPage":"335","ipdsId":"IP-043891","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488780,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11449/227914","text":"External Repository"},{"id":355704,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Andes Mountains","volume":"212","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b6fcc80e4b0f5d57878ece3","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"DeCelles, Peter G.","contributorId":16318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeCelles","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740145,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ducea, Mihai N.","contributorId":86913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ducea","given":"Mihai N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740146,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carrapa, Barbara","contributorId":9958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrapa","given":"Barbara","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740147,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kapp, Paul","contributorId":79402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kapp","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740148,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Cohen, Andrew S.","contributorId":138496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cohen","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":6624,"text":"University of Arizona, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":740141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGlue, Michael M.","contributorId":118649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGlue","given":"Michael M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":518193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellis, Geoffrey S. 0000-0003-4519-3320 gsellis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4519-3320","contributorId":1058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gsellis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":518192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zani, Hiran","contributorId":29119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zani","given":"Hiran","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swarzenski, Peter W. 0000-0003-0116-0578 pswarzen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0116-0578","contributorId":1070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"Peter","email":"pswarzen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":518194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Assine, Mario L.","contributorId":102618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Assine","given":"Mario","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Silva, Aguinaldo","contributorId":15750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silva","given":"Aguinaldo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70188439,"text":"70188439 - 2015 - Cenozoic stratigraphy and structure of the Chesapeake Bay region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-10T12:02:09","indexId":"70188439","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5369,"text":"GSA Field Guides","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":15}},"title":"Cenozoic stratigraphy and structure of the Chesapeake Bay region","docAbstract":"The Salisbury embayment is a broad tectonic downwarp that is filled by generally seaward-thickening, wedge-shaped deposits of the central Atlantic Coastal Plain. Our two-day field trip will take us to the western side of this embayment from the Fall Zone in Washington, D.C., to some of the bluffs along Aquia Creek and the Potomac River in Virginia, and then to the Calvert Cliffs on the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay. We will see fluvial-deltaic Cretaceous deposits of the Potomac Formation. We will then focus on Cenozoic marine deposits. Transgressive and highstand deposits are stacked upon each other with unconformities separating them; rarely are regressive or lowstand deposits preserved. The Paleocene and Eocene shallow shelf deposits consist of glauconitic, silty sands that contain varying amounts of marine shells. The Miocene shallow shelf deposits consist of diatomaceous silts and silty and shelly sands. The lithology, thickness, dip, preservation, and distribution of the succession of coastal plain sediments that were deposited in our field-trip area are, to a great extent, structurally controlled. Surficial and subsurface mapping using numerous continuous cores, auger holes, water-well data, and seismic surveys has documented some folds and numerous high-angle reverse and normal faults that offset Cretaceous and Cenozoic deposits. Many of these structures are rooted in early Mesozoic and/or Paleozoic NE-trending regional tectonic fault systems that underlie the Atlantic Coastal Plain. On Day 1, we will focus on two fault systems (stops 1–2; Stafford fault system and the Skinkers Neck–Brandywine fault system and their constituent fault zones and faults). We will then see (stops 3–5) a few of the remaining exposures of largely unlithified marine Paleocene and Eocene strata along the Virginia side of the Potomac River including the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum boundary clay. These exposures are capped by fluvial-estuarine Pleistocene terrace deposits. On Day 2, we will see (stops 6–9) the classic Miocene section along the ~25 miles (~40 km) of Calvert Cliffs in Maryland, including a possible fault and structural warping. Cores from nearby test holes will also be shown to supplement outcrops.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2015.0040(07)","usgsCitation":"Powars, D.S., Edwards, L.E., Kidwell, S.M., and Schindler, J.S., 2015, Cenozoic stratigraphy and structure of the Chesapeake Bay region: GSA Field Guides, v. 40, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.1130/2015.0040(07).","productDescription":"59 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"229","ipdsId":"IP-066988","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342354,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","volume":"40","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"593d0539e4b0764e6c61b65a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powars, David S. 0000-0002-6787-8964 dspowars@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6787-8964","contributorId":1181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powars","given":"David","email":"dspowars@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":697752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":697753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kidwell, Susan M.","contributorId":18003,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kidwell","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":33013,"text":"Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":697754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schindler, J. Stephen 0000-0001-9550-5957 sschindl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9550-5957","contributorId":3270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schindler","given":"J.","email":"sschindl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Stephen","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":697755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}