The Upper Great Lakes connecting channels are the St. Marys, St. Clair and Detroit Rivers, and Lake St. Clair. The effect of ground water on the connecting channels is largely unknown, and the controls on its movement and quality are undefined. Geologic, hydrologic, and environmental conditions near the channels have been examined.for this investigation. Included in the study area is a 50-mile reach of channel beginning at Whitefish Bay and extending to Neebish Island, and a 90-mile reach of channel between Port Huron and Pointe Mouillee in Lake Erie.
Glacial deposits, which transmit most ground water to the channels, range from less than 100 feet in thickness in the southern part of the St. Clair-Detroit River area to more than 250 feet in thickness in the northern part. Marine seismic surveys were used at some locations to determine the thickness of deposits. Glacial deposits in the St. Marys River area range from less than 10 feet to more than 300 feet in thickness. Permeable bedrock in the southern reach of the Detroit River area and throughout most of the St. Marys River area may contribute substantial amounts of water to the channels. Total ground-water discharge to the channels, by area, is estimated as follows! St. Marys area, 76 cubic feet per second; St. Clair area, 11 cubic feet per second; Lake St. Clair area, 46 cubic feet per second; and Detroit area, 54 cubic feet per second.
Analyses of water from 31 wells, 25 of which were installed by the U.S. Geological Survey, were made for organic compounds, trace metals, and other substances. Volatile hydrocarbons, and base neutral, acid extractable, and chlorinated neutral compounds were not detectable in water at most locations. Concentrations of trace metals, however, were higher than common in natural waters at some locations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri884232","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Gillespie, J., and Dumouchelle, D., 1989, Ground-water flow and quality near the Upper Great Lakes connecting channels, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4232, Report: vii, 82 p.; 5 Plates: 20.96 x 17.54 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884232.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 82 p.; 5 Plates: 20.96 x 17.54 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393248,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4232/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":466035,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47127.htm","text":"St. Mary's study area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":119851,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4232/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":466034,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47126.htm","text":"St. Clair - Detroit River study area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56180,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4232/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56182,"rank":7,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4232/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56181,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4232/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":393249,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4232/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":393250,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4232/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Michigan, Ontario","otherGeospatial":"St. Clair-Detroit River, St Mary's River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.52743301912491,\n 46.58073968434181\n ],\n [\n -84.47845376209919,\n 46.42266829090466\n ],\n [\n -84.32261067156153,\n 46.478360354740786\n ],\n [\n -84.2704509432996,\n 46.158506855332746\n ],\n [\n -83.84373605369098,\n 45.971058144663715\n ],\n [\n -83.70814876101491,\n 46.045604714566025\n ],\n [\n -83.7660333375008,\n 46.29435340425064\n ],\n [\n -84.0452787119742,\n 46.548376135783485\n ],\n [\n -84.52743301912491,\n 46.58073968434181\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.18852630080252,\n 41.976867533683816\n ],\n [\n -83.09036888055267,\n 42.037648241533645\n ],\n [\n -82.97585189026181,\n 42.32858698636622\n ],\n [\n -82.73874504974451,\n 42.271013827921465\n ],\n [\n -82.40326693880598,\n 42.32057261831909\n ],\n [\n -82.419626508847,\n 42.485619629262374\n ],\n [\n -82.53414349913862,\n 42.582059682339064\n ],\n [\n -82.32146908859792,\n 43.02615686235137\n ],\n [\n -82.46870521897232,\n 43.05007127689956\n ],\n [\n -82.58322220926318,\n 42.70240029179044\n ],\n [\n -82.78771683478337,\n 42.72043130569506\n ],\n [\n -82.95131253519952,\n 42.50974360366189\n ],\n [\n -82.9676721052413,\n 42.40111243646069\n ],\n [\n -83.20488587084428,\n 42.32253941978951\n ],\n [\n -83.25396458096883,\n 42.061944263799404\n ],\n [\n -83.18852630080252,\n 41.976867533683816\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cdaf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gillespie, J.L.","contributorId":67927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillespie","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dumouchelle, D.H.","contributorId":83144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumouchelle","given":"D.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":14405,"text":"ofr8953 - 1989 - An analytical technique for screening purgeable volatile organic compounds in water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:03","indexId":"ofr8953","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-53","title":"An analytical technique for screening purgeable volatile organic compounds in water","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nCopies can be purchased from U.S. Geological Survey, Books and Open-File Reports,","doi":"10.3133/ofr8953","usgsCitation":"Kammer, J.A., and Gibs, J., 1989, An analytical technique for screening purgeable volatile organic compounds in water: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-53, iv, 13 p. ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8953.","productDescription":"iv, 13 p. ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147457,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0053/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":43088,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0053/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6857fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kammer, James A.","contributorId":20759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kammer","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gibs, Jacob jgibs@usgs.gov","contributorId":1729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibs","given":"Jacob","email":"jgibs@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":169398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30296,"text":"wri884111 - 1989 - Quality of water from public-supply wells in principal aquifers of Illinois, 1984-87","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:55","indexId":"wri884111","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4111","title":"Quality of water from public-supply wells in principal aquifers of Illinois, 1984-87","docAbstract":"The quality of water from public-supply wells that tap the principal aquifers in Illinois are summarized. Water quality data collected during the study included inorganic and volatile organic constituents in 2,756 samples and soluble organic constituents in 330 samples from 2,080 public supply wells. Water quality differs among the aquifers as well as within each aquifer. Groundwater quality generally is suitable for most domestic uses; however, concentrations of iron, dissolved solids , and manganese commonly exceed the States 's general-use and public--and food-processing water supply standards. Water from some wells also contains concentrations of barium, chloride, fluoride, and sulfates that exceed those State standards. Most of these conditions are considered to be the result of natural processes. Volatile organic compounds occurred in more than 300 of the 2,756 samples collected. The sand and gravel aquifers generally are the most susceptible to human-induced contamination; 172 of the 1,047 samples from these aquifers indicate the presence of at least one volatile organic compound. Soluble organic compounds analyzed for included more than 30 pesticides, herbicides, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's). Of the 330 wells sampled, water from only 8 wells had quantifiable concentrations of soluble organic compounds. Water from five wells contained metolachlor, atrazine, alachlor, cyanazine, and metribuzin. Water from three wells contained detectable levels of PCB's. The presence of these soluble organics appears to be limited to wells located near sources of potential contamination. Soluble organic compounds were detected only in wells located near sources of potential contamination. Soluble organic compounds were detected only in wells open to the sand and gravel aquifers. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri884111","usgsCitation":"Voelker, D.C., 1989, Quality of water from public-supply wells in principal aquifers of Illinois, 1984-87: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4111, v, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884111.","productDescription":"v, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2451,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=WRIR&number=88-4111","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159751,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4111/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59085,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4111/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6862a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Voelker, David C. dvoelker@usgs.gov","contributorId":278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voelker","given":"David","email":"dvoelker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26927,"text":"wri864142 - 1989 - Relation between land use and ground-water quality in the upper glacial aquifer in Nassau and Suffolk Counties, Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:34","indexId":"wri864142","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4142","title":"Relation between land use and ground-water quality in the upper glacial aquifer in Nassau and Suffolk Counties, Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"The chemical quality of groundwater in the upper glacial (water-table) aquifer beneath the 10 types of land-use areas of Nassau and Suffolk Counties, NY was examined to evaluate the effect of human activities on groundwater. The highest median chloride and total dissolved-solids concentrations were found in wells in high-density residential areas (more than five dwellings/acre), and the highest median nitrate, sulfate, and calcium concentrations were found in wells in agricultural and high density residential areas. Relatively low median concentrations of inorganic chemical constituents were found in wells in undeveloped and low-density residential areas (1 or fewer/acre): volatile organic compounds were rarely detected in these same areas. The highest concentrations and most frequent detection of volatile organic compounds were in industrial and commercial areas. The most commonly detected volatile organic compounds were 1,1,1-trichloroethane (24% of wells), tetrachloroethylene (20%), trichloroethylene (18%), chloroform (9%), and 1,2-dichloroethylene (5%). The spatial distributions of trichloroethylene, chloroform and other volatile organic compounds in the upper glacial aquifer are directly correlated with population density in the two-county area. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri864142","usgsCitation":"Eckhardt, D., Flipse, W., and Oaksford, E., 1989, Relation between land use and ground-water quality in the upper glacial aquifer in Nassau and Suffolk Counties, Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4142, v, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864142.","productDescription":"v, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158290,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4142/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55817,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4142/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55818,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4142/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634d21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eckhardt, D. A.","contributorId":99591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eckhardt","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flipse, W.J. Jr.","contributorId":98733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flipse","given":"W.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oaksford, E. T.","contributorId":64284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oaksford","given":"E. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":20281,"text":"ofr89238 - 1989 - Hydrogeologic and chemical data for the O-Field area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:40","indexId":"ofr89238","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-238","title":"Hydrogeologic and chemical data for the O-Field area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","docAbstract":"O-Field, located at the Edgewood area of Aberdeen Proving Ground , Maryland, was periodically used for disposal of munitions, waste chemicals, and chemical-warfare agents from World War II through the 1950' s. This report includes various physical, geologic, chemical, and hydrologic data obtained from well-core, groundwater, surface water, and bottom-sediment sampling sites at and near the O-Field disposal area. The data are presented in tables and hydrographs. Three site-location maps are also included. Well-core data include lithologic logs for 11 well- cluster sites, grain-size distributions, various chemical characteristics, and confining unit characteristics. Groundwater data include groundwater chemistry, method blanks for volatile organic carbon, available data on volatile and base/neutral organics, and compilation of corresponding method blanks, chemical-warfare agents, explosive-related products, radionuclides, herbicides, and groundwater levels. Surface-water data include field-measured characteristics; concentrations of various inorganic constituents including arsenic; selected organic constituents with method blanks; detection limits of organics; and a compilation of information on corresponding acids, volatiles, and semivolatiles. Bottom- sediment data include inorganic properties and constituents; organic chemistry; detection limits for organic chemicals; a compilation of information on acids, volatiles, and semivolatiles; and method blanks corresponding to acids, volatiles, and semivolatiles. A set of 15 water- level hydrographs for the period March 1986 through September 1987 also is included in the report. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr89238","usgsCitation":"Nemoff, P., and Vroblesky, D., 1989, Hydrogeologic and chemical data for the O-Field area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-238, vii, 70 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89238.","productDescription":"vii, 70 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152333,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0238/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49816,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0238/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628cf5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nemoff, P.R.","contributorId":37767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nemoff","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vroblesky, D.A.","contributorId":101691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26231,"text":"wri884211 - 1989 - Relation of ground-water quality to land use in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania-Camden, New Jersey area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-29T18:40:14.749232","indexId":"wri884211","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4211","title":"Relation of ground-water quality to land use in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania-Camden, New Jersey area","docAbstract":"The distributions of common dissolved constituents, trace metals, and volatile organic compounds in ground water near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Camden, New Jersey, are influenced by local geology and land use. Many common dissolved constituents are more concentrated in ground water beneath urban and industrial areas than in water beneath suburban and undeveloped and agricultural areas. Industrial and urban land uses commonly are situated in the outcrop of the aquifer where vulnerability of ground water to contamination is increased by the lack of overlying confining strata. Ground water beneath undeveloped and agricultural lands is least affected by trace metal or volatile organic contamination, but differences in water quality as related to other land-use categories are less clear and vary according to the chemical constituent considered.\r\n\r\n Only about 20 percent of all water samples contained detectable concentrations of trace metals or volatile organic compounds; as a result, determinations of relations between water quality and land use are difficult. Variations in detection limits further complicated data interpretation. The proportion of water samples in which concentrations of constituents were below detection compared to water samples in which concentrations were present in detectable amounts is the most useful statistic in determining relations based on trace-metal or volatile organic-compound data. Iron and Manganese concentrations are elevated in water throughout the Coastal Plain aquifer in Pennsylvania, but the elevated concentrations cannot be adequately explained on the basis of land use alone.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884211","usgsCitation":"Blickwedel, R.S., and Wood, C.R., 1989, Relation of ground-water quality to land use in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania-Camden, New Jersey area: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4211, vi, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884211.","productDescription":"vi, 58 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":405825,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47110.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":55030,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4211/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158087,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4211/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey, Pennsylvania","city":"Camden, Philadelphia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.42938232421875,\n 39.70296052957233\n ],\n [\n -74.84161376953125,\n 39.70296052957233\n ],\n [\n -74.84161376953125,\n 40.143189742924406\n ],\n [\n -75.42938232421875,\n 40.143189742924406\n ],\n [\n -75.42938232421875,\n 39.70296052957233\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606740","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blickwedel, Ray S.","contributorId":23984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blickwedel","given":"Ray","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wood, C. R.","contributorId":100386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":14259,"text":"ofr89401 - 1989 - Compilation of geohydrologic data collected as part of the areal appraisal of ground-water resources near Branson, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:45","indexId":"ofr89401","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-401","title":"Compilation of geohydrologic data collected as part of the areal appraisal of ground-water resources near Branson, Missouri","docAbstract":"A rapidly developing retirement community and tourist industry in the Branson, Missouri area has created an increased demand for potable water, especially in the summer months. The rapid pace of residential and business expansion has created concerns regarding the future groundwater availability and quality. Water levels measured in the Ozark aquifer during the summer of 1988 and March 1989 show water levels increasing in 22 wells, decreasing in 2 wells, and remaining the same in 1 well. The water level increases ranged from 1 to 111 ft. These measurements and similar measurements during the summer of 1989 will be used to calibrate a three-dimensional model of groundwater flow in the Branson area and estimate the long-term effect of large groundwater withdrawals during the summer tourist season. A reconnaissance of water quality in 34 wells that are open to the Ozark aquifer shows specific conductance ranging from 347 to 841 microsiemens/cm at 25 C and no fecal coliform bacteria present in any well. Chloride and nitrate concentrations in all wells were well below the Missouri Department of Natural Resources recommended maximum concentrations of 250 mg/L and 10 mg/L, respectively. Analysis of 5 water samples for 33 volatile organic compounds failed to detect any concentrations in excess of the detection limits. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr89401","usgsCitation":"Imes, J., 1989, Compilation of geohydrologic data collected as part of the areal appraisal of ground-water resources near Branson, Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-401, v, 24 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89401.","productDescription":"v, 24 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146304,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0401/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":42940,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0401/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1de4b07f02db6a984e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Imes, J. L.","contributorId":61428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Imes","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25599,"text":"wri894035 - 1989 - Hydrologic environments and water-quality characteristics at four landfills in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, 1980-86","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T09:47:21","indexId":"wri894035","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4035","title":"Hydrologic environments and water-quality characteristics at four landfills in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, 1980-86","docAbstract":"A water-quality study was conducted during 1980-86 at four landfills in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. Each landfill has a three-layered hydrogeologic system typical of the Piedmont, consisting of (1) the regolith; (2) a transition zone; and (3) unweathered, fractured crystalline bedrock. As much as 7.6 inches per year of rainfall enters the ground-water system and has the potential to generate leachate within landfill cells. Ground water and leachate discharge to tributaries within the landfill sites or to streams adjacent to them.\r\n\r\nWater-quality samples were collected from 53 monitoring wells and 20 surface-water sites. Samples were analyzed for selected physical and biological characteristics, major inorganic ions, nutrients, trace elements, and organic compounds. Selected indicators of water quality, including specific conductance; hardness; and concentrations of chloride, manganese, dissolved solids, total organic carbon, and specific organic compounds were analyzed to determine the effects of each landfill on ground- and surface-water quality.\r\n\r\nIncreases in concentrations of inorganic constituents above background levels were detected in ground water downgradient of the landfills. The increases were generally greatest in samples from wells in close proximity to the older landfill cells. In general, the increases in concentrations in downgradient wells were greater for calcium, magnesium, and chloride than for other major ions. Manganese exhibited the largest relative increase in concentration between upgradient and downgradient wells of any constituent, and manganese concentration data were effective in defining areas with extensive anaerobic biological activity.\r\n\r\nDifferences between upgradient and downgradient concentrations of total organic carbon and specific organic compounds generally were not as apparent. The most frequently identified organic contaminants were the herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. Chlorofluoromethanes were identified in three of four ground-water samples analyzed for volatile organic compounds.\r\n\r\nLandfills affected the water quality of several smaller streams but did not noticeably affect larger ones. Apparent effects on water quality were greatest at the oldest landfill, located on Statesville Road, where waste is in cells that are partly below the water table.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri894035","usgsCitation":"Cardinell, A., Barnes, C., Eddins, W., and Coble, R.W., 1989, Hydrologic environments and water-quality characteristics at four landfills in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, 1980-86: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4035, vi, 79 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894035.","productDescription":"vi, 79 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":54343,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4035/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124307,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4035/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Mecklenburg County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-81.9447,35.9585],[-81.9383,35.9523],[-81.9329,35.9442],[-81.9274,35.9293],[-81.9256,35.9253],[-81.9169,35.9154],[-81.9133,35.9078],[-81.9137,35.9014],[-81.9099,35.8856],[-81.9109,35.8806],[-81.919,35.8641],[-81.9215,35.8527],[-81.9309,35.8403],[-81.942,35.8342],[-81.957,35.8204],[-81.9785,35.8187],[-81.9907,35.8076],[-81.9335,35.7663],[-81.8971,35.7406],[-81.8695,35.7215],[-81.8248,35.581],[-81.8326,35.5782],[-81.8425,35.5667],[-81.8477,35.548],[-81.8481,35.5389],[-81.9016,35.5349],[-81.9726,35.5265],[-81.9783,35.5268],[-81.9876,35.5357],[-81.9993,35.5519],[-82.0039,35.5536],[-82.0089,35.5522],[-82.0228,35.5415],[-82.034,35.5372],[-82.0973,35.5361],[-82.1563,35.5255],[-82.1706,35.5316],[-82.2206,35.5575],[-82.2421,35.5607],[-82.2519,35.5637],[-82.2674,35.5747],[-82.2918,35.5938],[-82.2913,35.5979],[-82.2865,35.6048],[-82.2815,35.6108],[-82.2765,35.6132],[-82.2686,35.6151],[-82.2653,35.6165],[-82.2654,35.6188],[-82.2747,35.6282],[-82.2732,35.635],[-82.2837,35.6439],[-82.2881,35.661],[-82.2828,35.672],[-82.2846,35.6765],[-82.2934,35.685],[-82.2936,35.6909],[-82.2865,35.7006],[-82.2765,35.7066],[-82.2622,35.7015],[-82.2354,35.7165],[-82.2163,35.7219],[-82.1925,35.74],[-82.1878,35.7542],[-82.1749,35.7607],[-82.1579,35.7792],[-82.1574,35.782],[-82.1649,35.7873],[-82.165,35.7913],[-82.1574,35.8024],[-82.149,35.8071],[-82.1452,35.8148],[-82.1331,35.8251],[-82.1206,35.8271],[-82.1191,35.8335],[-82.1084,35.8368],[-82.1007,35.8442],[-82.0996,35.8483],[-82.0992,35.852],[-82.0958,35.8525],[-82.085,35.8509],[-82.0708,35.852],[-82.0607,35.8549],[-82.0488,35.8565],[-82.0331,35.8645],[-82.0289,35.8786],[-82.0245,35.8841],[-82.0195,35.886],[-82.0115,35.8853],[-82.0023,35.8818],[-81.9988,35.8778],[-81.9892,35.8779],[-81.9864,35.8798],[-81.9882,35.8843],[-81.9792,35.8885],[-81.9815,35.9103],[-81.9704,35.92],[-81.9643,35.9269],[-81.9582,35.9306],[-81.9657,35.9369],[-81.9642,35.9432],[-81.9447,35.9585]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"McDowell\",\"state\":\"NC\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606d2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cardinell, A.P.","contributorId":59033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cardinell","given":"A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, C.R.","contributorId":85625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eddins, W.H.","contributorId":47796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eddins","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coble, R. W.","contributorId":49380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coble","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":26749,"text":"wri884210 - 1989 - Water quality in Reedy Fork and Buffalo Creek basins in the Greensboro area, North Carolina, 1986-87","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-25T09:34:12","indexId":"wri884210","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4210","title":"Water quality in Reedy Fork and Buffalo Creek basins in the Greensboro area, North Carolina, 1986-87","docAbstract":"Water and bottom-sediment samples were collected from April 1986 through September 1987 at 19 sites in Guilford County and the City of Greensboro, North Carolina. Sampling locations included 13 stream sites, two lakes that supply the City of Greensboro with drinking water, two City of Greensboro finished drinking-water filtration plants, and effluent from the two municipal wastewater plants prior to outfall into receiving streams. Water sampling consisted of six surveys during various stages of steady ground-water flow at all sites and high-flow-event sampling during two storms at six sites. Bottom-sediment samples were collected at three sites during two routine sampling surveys.\r\n\r\nA summary of nearly 22, 000 separate chemical or physical analyses of water samples or bottom sediment is presented and discussed as individual values, ranges of values, or median values with respect to the locations of sampling sites, streamflow conditions, or other information bearing on water-quality conditions under discussion. The results include discussions of general water-quality indicators; major ion, nutrient, and trace-element concentrations; acid and base/neutral extractable organic compounds; volatile organic compounds; and organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides detected at each sampling site. Loadings of selected constituents are also estimated on a yearly and daily basis.\r\n\r\nThe quality of the raw and finished water, municipal effluents, and streams in the Greensboro area are characterized by using State and Federal water-quality standards. Inorganic constituents most commonly found in excess of standards were iron, copper, zinc, arsenic, phosphorus, manganese, cyanide, and mercury. Relatively few organic compounds were detected; however, those consistently reported were phthalate, thihalomethane, organophosphorus pesticide, benzol, and phenolic compounds.\r\n\r\nSelected inorganic, physical, and total organic carbon data are used in a Wilcoxon test for two independent variables to statistically compare water-quality characteristics in selected rural, semideveloped and urban basins. During low-flow sampling, the constituents that differed significantly among all sites were calcium, magnesium, and chloride. During low flows, concentrations of orthophosphate, fluoride, sulfate, and TOC differed at the urban site from the rural and semideveloped and urban sites. There were no significant differences among sites in concentrations of sodium, suspended sediment, nickel, zinc, copper, and mercury during low flows. The Wilcoxon test performed on high-flow data indicated that concentrations of TOC, chloride, sulfate, suspended sediment, and nickel were not significantly different among the sites.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri884210","usgsCitation":"Davenport, M., 1989, Water quality in Reedy Fork and Buffalo Creek basins in the Greensboro area, North Carolina, 1986-87: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4210, vii, 81 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884210.","productDescription":"vii, 81 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158450,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4210/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55625,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4210/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","city":"Greensboro","otherGeospatial":"Buffalo Creek basin, Reedy Fork basin ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.518798828125,\n 35.808904044068626\n ],\n [\n -80.5517578125,\n 36.146746777814364\n ],\n [\n -80.4254150390625,\n 36.25756282630298\n ],\n [\n -80.2386474609375,\n 36.35495110643483\n ],\n [\n -79.98596191406249,\n 36.4477991295848\n ],\n [\n -79.6234130859375,\n 36.38149043210595\n ],\n [\n -79.0960693359375,\n 36.19995805932895\n ],\n [\n -78.6236572265625,\n 35.572448615622804\n ],\n [\n -77.5689697265625,\n 34.4069096565206\n ],\n [\n -77.706298828125,\n 34.27083595165\n ],\n [\n -77.7557373046875,\n 34.21180215769026\n ],\n [\n -77.8326416015625,\n 34.125447565116126\n ],\n [\n -77.882080078125,\n 34.025347738147936\n ],\n [\n -77.904052734375,\n 33.89321737944089\n ],\n [\n -77.947998046875,\n 33.815666308702774\n ],\n [\n -78.057861328125,\n 33.8430453147447\n ],\n [\n -78.1512451171875,\n 33.87497640410958\n ],\n [\n -78.31054687499999,\n 33.897777013859475\n ],\n [\n -78.3929443359375,\n 33.86129311351553\n ],\n [\n -78.475341796875,\n 33.86129311351553\n ],\n [\n -80.518798828125,\n 35.808904044068626\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4908e4b07f02db56a678","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davenport, M.S.","contributorId":23553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davenport","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015118,"text":"70015118 - 1989 - Screening of ground water samples for volatile organic compounds using a portable gas chromatograph","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-29T17:20:18.789736","indexId":"70015118","displayToPublicDate":"1989-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1863,"text":"Ground Water Monitoring Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Screening of ground water samples for volatile organic compounds using a portable gas chromatograph","docAbstract":"A portable gas chromatograph was used to screen 32 ground water samples for volatile organic compounds. Seven screened samples were positive; four of the seven samples had volatile organic substances identified by second-column confirmation. Four of the seven positive, screened samples also tested positive in laboratory analyses of duplicate samples. No volatile organic compounds were detected in laboratory analyses of samples that headspace screening indicated to be negative. Samples that contained volatile organic compounds, as identified by laboratory analysis, and that contained a volatile organic compound present in a standard of selected compounds were correctly identified by using the portable gas chromatograph. Comparisons of screened-sample data with laboratory data indicate the ability to detect selected volatile organic compounds at concentrations of about 1 microgram per liter in the headspace of water samples by use of a portable gas chromatograph.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.1989.tb01160.x","usgsCitation":"Buchmiller, R.C., 1989, Screening of ground water samples for volatile organic compounds using a portable gas chromatograph: Ground Water Monitoring Review, v. 9, no. 3, p. 126-130, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1989.tb01160.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"126","endPage":"130","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224188,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b87b1e4b08c986b3165f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buchmiller, Robert C.","contributorId":72372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchmiller","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":16021,"text":"ofr87217 - 1989 - Selected ground-water data, Chester County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-04T18:30:02.633611","indexId":"ofr87217","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-217","title":"Selected ground-water data, Chester County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data for Chester County, Pennsylvania are given for 3,010 wells and 32 springs. Water levels are given for 48 observation wells measured monthly during 1936-86. Chemical analyses of ground water are given for major ions, physical properties, nutrients, metals and other trace constituents, volatile organic compounds, acid organic compounds, base-neutral organic compounds, organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated napthalenes, organophosphorous insecticides, organic acid herbicides, triazine herbicides, other organic compounds, and radionuclides.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr87217","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., 1989, Selected ground-water data, Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-217, Report: iv, 198 p.; 2 Plates: 46.88 x 29.11 inches and 57.39 x 32.02 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87217.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 198 p.; 2 Plates: 46.88 x 29.11 inches and 57.39 x 32.02 inches","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415179,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17162.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":44964,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0217/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":147946,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0217/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44963,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0217/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44962,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0217/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Chester 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Ronald A. rasloto@usgs.gov","contributorId":424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"Ronald","email":"rasloto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":172107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015305,"text":"70015305 - 1989 - Depositional environments and tectonic controls on the coal-bearing Lower to Middle Jurassic Yan'an Formation, southern Ordos Basin, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-24T12:13:14.906925","indexId":"70015305","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Depositional environments and tectonic controls on the coal-bearing Lower to Middle Jurassic Yan'an Formation, southern Ordos Basin, China","docAbstract":"The Ordos Basin of north-central China is well known for vast energy resources. This nonmarine interior basin developed on the North China-Korean platform following the Late Triassic Indochina orogeny and, for a time, contained a large freshwater lake prior to being uplifted into its present form at the close of the Mesozoic. Lower to Middle Jurassic coal occurs in the fluviolacustrine Yan'an Formation along the southern margin of the basin in the Huanglong coalfield. In the northeast part of the field, the formation ranges from 0 to 180 m in thickness and is divided into five fining-upward members, each representing a regressive-transgressive lacustrine cycle. Low-sulfur, high-volatile bituminous coal is complexly distributed in the lowest member of the Yan'an Formation. Deposition of this member was influenced by two tectonic events that controlled coal occurrence. First, regional uplifts were produced by the Late Triassic Indochina orogeny and left as highlands on the pre-Yan'an, Triassic land surface; in the lowest member, coal beds thin toward and pinch out against these highlands. Second, syndepositional tectonism of the Jurassic through Cretaceous Yanshan orogeny created a series of northeast-trending folds that were topographically expressed as evolving highs and lows. Swamps and resulting peat accumulation preferentially occupied the subsiding paleodepressions. Because of the tectonic influence on peat accumulation, coal beds thin and merge toward anticlines and thicken and split toward synclines. In addition, coal quality is documented to be less variable along a northeast trend than along a northwest trend.
A rank series consisting of twelve vitrinite concentrates and companion whole-coal samples from mined coal beds in the eastern United States, England, and Australia were analyzed for C, H, N, O, ash, and 47 trace and minor elements by standard elemental, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and direct-current-arc spectrographic (DCAS) techniques. The reflectance of vitrinite, atomic H:C and O:C, and ash-free carbon data were used to determine ranks that range from high-volatile C bituminous coal to meta-anthracite. A van Krevelen (atomic H:C vs. O:C) diagram of the vitrinite concentrates shows a smooth curve having its lowest point at H:C = 0.18 and O:C = 0.01. This improves the van Krevelen diagram by the addition of our vitrinite concentrate from meta-anthracite from the Narragansett basin of New England.
Boron content (400–450 ppm) in two Illinois basin vitrinite concentrates was about an order of magnitude higher than B contents in other concentrates analyzed. We attribute this to marine origin or hydrothermal activity. The alkaline-earth elements Ca, Mg and Ba (DCAS) have higher concentrations in our vitrinite concentrates from bituminous coals of the Appalachian basin, than they do in vitrinite concentrates from the marine-roofed bituminous coals of the Illinois basin; therefore, a nonmarine origin for these alkaline-earth elements is postulated for the Appalachian basin coals. An ion-exchange mechanism due to high concentrations of these elements as ions in diagenetic water, but probably not recent ground water, may be responsible for the relatively high values of these elements in Appalachian concentrates. Higher concentrations of Ni and Cr in one of the English vitrinite concentrates and of Zr in the Australian concentrate probably indicate organic association and detrital influence, respectively.
Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a known component of some volcanic gases and volcanic-related hydrothermal systems. It has recently been discovered in superheated steam in exploited geothermal systems, usually as a result of HCl-induced corrosion of well casing and steam gathering systems. Evaluation of four geothermal systems (Tatun, Taiwan; Krafla, Iceland; Larderello, Italy and The Geysers, USA) which produce CI-bearing steam provides evidence for the presence of Cl as HCl and the natural reservoir conditions which can produce HCl-bearing steam. Theoretical calculations defining the physical and chemical conditions of the reservoir liquid which can produce HCl-bearing steam are presented. The main factors are pH, temperature and Cl concentration. Lower pH, higher temperature and higher chlorinity allow more HCl to be volatilized with steam. In order to reach the surface in steam, the HCl cannot contact liquid water in which it is more soluble, essentially limiting transport to superheated steam. Temperature, pH and Cl concentration of reservoir liquids in each of the geothermal systems evaluated combine differently to produce HCl-bearing steam.
Organic liquids inadvertently spilled and then distributed in the unsaturated zone can pose a long-term threat to ground water. Many of these substances have significant volatility, and thereby establish a premise for contaminant removal from the unsaturated zone by inducing advective air-phase transport with wells screened in the unsaturated zone. In order to focus attention on the rates of mass transfer from liquid to vapour phases, sand columns were partially saturated with gasoline and vented under steady air-flow conditions. The ability of an equilibrium-based transport model to predict the hydrocarbon vapor flux from the columns implies an efficient rate of local phase transfer for reasonably high air-phase velocities. Thus the success of venting remediations will depend primarily on the ability to induce an air-flow field in a heterogeneous unsaturated zone that will intersect the distributed contaminant. To analyze this aspect of the technique, a mathematical model was developed to predict radially symmetric air flow induced by venting from a single well. This model allows for in-situ determinations of air-phase permeability, which is the fundamental design parameter, and for the analysis of the limitations of a single well design. A successful application of the technique at a site once contaminated by gasoline supports the optimism derived from the experimental and modeliing phases of this study, and illustrates the well construction and field methods used to document the volatile contaminant recovery.
Coal beds are considered to be a major source of nonassociated gas in the Rocky Mountain basins of the United States. In the San Juan basin of northwestern New Mexico and southwestern Colorado, significant quantities of natural gas are being produced from coal beds of the Upper Cretaceous Fruitland Formation and from adjacent sandstone reservoirs. Analysis of gas samples from the various gas-producing intervals provided a means of determining their origin and of evaluating coal beds as source rocks.
The rank of coal beds in the Fruitland Formation in the central part of the San Juan basin, where major gas production occurs, increases to the northeast and ranges from high-volatile B bituminous coal to medium-volatile bituminous coal (Rm values range from 0.70 to 1.45%). On the basis of chemical, isotopic and coal-rank data, the gases are interpreted to be thermogenic. Gases from the coal beds show little isotopic variation (δ13C1 values range −43.6 to −40.5 ppt), are chemically dry (C1/C1–5 values are > 0.99), and contain significant amounts of CO2 (as much as 6%). These gases are interpreted to have resulted from devolatilization of the humic-type bituminous coal that is composed mainly of vitrinite. The primary products of this process are CH4, CO2 and H2O.
The coal-generated, methane-rich gas is usually contained in the coal beds of the Fruitland Formation, and has not been expelled and has not migrated into the adjacent sandstone reservoirs. In addition, the coal-bed reservoirs produce a distinctive bicarbonate-type connate water and have higher reservoir pressures than adjacent sandstones. The combination of these factors indicates that coal beds are a closed reservoir system created by the gases, waters, and associated pressures in the micropore coal structure.
In contrast, gases produced from overlying sandstones in the Fruitland Formation and underlying Pictured Cliffs Sandstone have a wider range of isotopic values (δ13C1 values range from −43.5 to −38.5 ppt), are chemically wetter (C1/C1–5 values range from 0.85 to 0.95), and contain less CO2 (< 2%). These gases are interpreted to have been derived from type III kerogen dispersed in marine shales of the underlying Lewis Shale and nonmarine shales of the Fruitland Formation.
In the underlying Upper Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone and Tocito Sandstone Lentil of the Mancos Shale, another gas type is produced. This gas is associated with oil at intermediate stages of thermal maturity and is isotopically lighter and chemically wetter at the intermediate stage of thermal maturity as compared with gases derived from dispersed type III kerogen and coal; this gas type is interpreted to have been generated from type II kerogen.
Organic matter contained in coal beds and carbonaceous shales of the Fruitland Formation has hydrogen indexes from Rock-Eval pyrolysis between 100 and 350, and atomic H:C ratios between 0.8 and 1.2. Oxygen indexes and atomic O:C values are less than 24 and 0.3, respectively. Extractable hydrocarbon yields are as high as 7,000 ppm. These values indicate that the coal beds and carbonaceous shales have good potential for the generation of liquid hydrocarbons. Voids in the coal filled with a fluorescent material that is probably bitumen is evidence that liquid hydrocarbon generation has taken place. Preliminary oil-source rock correlations based on gas chromatography and stable carbon isotope ratios of C15+ hydrocarbons indicate that the coals and (or) carbonaceous shales in the Fruitland Formation may be the source of minor amounts of condensate produced from the coal beds at relatively low levelsof thermal maturity (Rm=0.7).
Preliminary results from New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Florida, Nebraska, and Colorado indicate that regional ground-water quality has been affected by human activities. The frequencies of detection of volatile organic compounds and some trace elements were larger in ground water underlying urban or industrial areas in comparison to undeveloped areas. Ground water in agricultural areas generally had larger concentrations of nitrate and an increased frequency of detection of pesticides. Effects of human activities on water quality increased as the intensity of urbanization or irrigation increased. Ground-water pumpage, waste-water discharges into a stream that is hydraulically connected to an alluvial aquifer, and consumptive use of ground water affected the ground-water quality in one study area to a greater extent than land-use practices.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1989.tb00444.x","usgsCitation":"Cain, D., Helsel, D., and Ragone, S., 1989, Preliminary evaluations of regional ground-water quality in relation to land use: Ground Water, v. 27, no. 2, p. 230-244, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1989.tb00444.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"230","endPage":"244","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224378,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a841be4b0c8380cd7c2de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cain, D.","contributorId":31912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helsel, D.R.","contributorId":57448,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Helsel","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7242,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":371228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ragone, S.E.","contributorId":10425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ragone","given":"S.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015639,"text":"70015639 - 1989 - The geology, botany and chemistry of selected peat-forming environments from temperate and tropical latitudes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-23T00:57:19.511895","indexId":"70015639","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The geology, botany and chemistry of selected peat-forming environments from temperate and tropical latitudes","docAbstract":"Peat has been studied in several geologic settings: (1) glaciated terrain in cold temperate Maine and Minnesota, U.S.A.; (2) an island in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Maine, where sea level is rising; (3) the warm temperate U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains, where sea level has changed often; and (4) the tropical coast of Sarawak, Malaysia, and the tropical delta of the Batang Hari River, Sumatra, Indonesia. Most of these deposits are domed (ombrotrophic or partly ombrotrophic) bogs in which peat accumulation continued above the surface of the surrounding soil. However, the bogs of the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains are comparatively not as domed, and many have almost level surfaces.
In some bogs, aquatic or semi-aquatic plant materials accumulated, replaced water in the depressions, and formed a surface on which marsh or swamp vegetation could subsequently live, die, and accumulate. In others, the plant materials accumulated initially on level silt or sand surfaces supporting marshes or swamps. As the peat dome formed, plants growing on it changed from luxuriant ones near the base of the dome, where nutrients were brought into the bog by surface and ground water, to stunted ones at the top of the dome, where the raised bogs are fed by nutrient-poor precipitation.
The physical and chemical changes that take place in the sequence of environments from the pond stage of deposit development, through the grassy marsh stage, through the forested swamp stage, and finally through the heath dome stage can be measured in terms of acidity and ash, volatile matter, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen contents, as well as in the kind and distribution of trace elements. The organic and inorganic contents of the deposits relate to geomorphology, and geomorphology relates to their settings. As models of coal formation, some domed peat deposits may help in solving problems of distribution and character of ancient coal beds. But clearly not all peat deposits are precursors of coal. Most Holocene peat deposits are subject to destruction by erosion, fire and decomposition through microbial and chemical oxidation before burial. The best environments for coal precursors have biomass accumulation, a continuously rising water table within the mass, and minimum influx of clay and silt until preservation by burial. The most suitable settings for future economic coal deposits are domed bogs that accumulate thick, widespread peat having low ash and low sulfur contents.
The ombrotrophic peat deposits of tropical Sarawak and Sumatra are thick and extensive, contain low-ash and low-sulfur peat, and have high heating values. They are considered to be the best tropical coal analogs because of their extent and chances of preservation; the base of the peat is below adjacent river levels, and chemical and structural conditions are favorable for accumulation.
Closed-system microcosms were used to study factors affecting the fate of selenium (Se) in aquatic systems. Distribution and bioaccumulation of Se varied among sediment types and Se species. A mixture of dissolved 75Se species (selenate, selenite and selenomethionine) was sorbed more rapidly to fine-textured, highly organic pond sediments than to sandy riverine sediments. Sulfate did not affect the distribution and bioaccumulation of 75Se over the range 80–180 mg SO4 liter−1. When each Se species was labeled separately, selenomethionine was lost from the water column more rapidly than selenate or selenite. Selenium lost from the water column accumulated primarily in sediments, but volatilization was also an important pathway for loss of Se added as selenomethionine. Loss rates of dissolved Se residues were more rapid than rates reported from mesocosm and field studies, suggesting that sediment: water interactions are more important in microcosms than in larger test systems. Daphnids accumulated highest concentrations of Se, followed by periphyton and macrophytes. Selenium added as selenomethionine was bioaccumulated preferentially compared to that added as selenite or selenate. Organoselenium compounds such as selenomethione may thus contribute disproportionately to Se bioaccumulation and toxicity in aquatic organisms.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0269-7491(89)90091-2","usgsCitation":"Besser, J.M., Huckins, J.N., Little, E.E., and La Point, T.W., 1989, Distribution and bioaccumulation of selenium in aquatic microcosms: Environmental Pollution, v. 62, no. 1, p. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(89)90091-2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331123,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"582ecff5e4b04d580bd43554","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Besser, John M. 0000-0002-9464-2244 jbesser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9464-2244","contributorId":2073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Besser","given":"John","email":"jbesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":654067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huckins, James N.","contributorId":83454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huckins","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":654068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Little, Edward E. 0000-0003-0034-3639 elittle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0034-3639","contributorId":1746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"Edward","email":"elittle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":654069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"La Point, Thomas W.","contributorId":114142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"La Point","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":30241,"text":"wri884224 - 1989 - Ground-water contamination at an inactive coal and oil gasification plant site, Gas Works Park, Seattle, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-11T19:51:41.319353","indexId":"wri884224","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4224","title":"Ground-water contamination at an inactive coal and oil gasification plant site, Gas Works Park, Seattle, Washington","docAbstract":"Gas Works Park, in Seattle, Washington, is located on the site of a coal and oil gasification plant that ceased operation in 1956. During operation, many types of wastes, including coal, tar, and oil, accumulated on site. The park soil is presently (1986) contaminated with compounds such as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, trace metals, and cyanide. Analyses of water samples from a network of observation wells in the park indicate that these compounds are also present in the groundwater. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds were identified in groundwater samples in concentrations as large as 200 mg/L. Concentrations of organic compounds were largest where groundwater was in contact with a nonaqueous phase liquid in the soil. Concentrations in groundwater were much smaller where no nonaqueous phase liquid was present, even if the groundwater was in contact with contaminated soils. This condition is attributed to weathering processes at the site, such as dissolution, volatilization, and biodegradation. Soluble, volatile, low-molecular-weight organic compounds are preferentially dissolved from the nonaqueous phase liquid into the groundwater. Where no nonaqueous phase liquid is present, only stained soils containing relatively insoluble, high-molecular-weight compounds remain; therefore, contaminant concentrations in the groundwater are much smaller. Concentrations of organic contaminants in the soils may still remain large. Values of specific conductance were as large as 5,280 microsiemens/cm, well above a background of 242 microsiemens/cm, suggesting large concentrations of minerals in the groundwater. Trace metal concentrations, however , were generally < 0.010 mg/L, and below limits of US EPA drinking water standards. Cyanide was present in groundwater samples from throughout the park, ranging in concentration from 0.01 to 8.6 mg/L.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884224","usgsCitation":"Turney, G.L., and Goerlitz, D., 1989, Ground-water contamination at an inactive coal and oil gasification plant site, Gas Works Park, Seattle, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4224, iv, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884224.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415595,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47120.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":59018,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4224/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123550,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4224/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Seattle","otherGeospatial":"Gas Works Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.3387400465412,\n 47.64726213325696\n ],\n [\n -122.3387400465412,\n 47.64411681110258\n ],\n [\n -122.33190186800769,\n 47.64411681110258\n ],\n [\n -122.33190186800769,\n 47.64726213325696\n ],\n [\n -122.3387400465412,\n 47.64726213325696\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699a06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turney, G. L.","contributorId":95070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turney","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goerlitz, D.F.","contributorId":8445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goerlitz","given":"D.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29508,"text":"wri874045 - 1988 - Evaluation of available data on the geohydrology, soil chemistry, and ground-water chemistry of Gas Works Park and surrounding region, Seattle, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:57","indexId":"wri874045","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4045","title":"Evaluation of available data on the geohydrology, soil chemistry, and ground-water chemistry of Gas Works Park and surrounding region, Seattle, Washington","docAbstract":"Gas Works Park, in Seattle, Washington, is located at the site of an abandon gasification plant on Lake Union. Wastes deposited during 50 years of plant operations (1906-1956) have extended the shore line 100 ft and left the park soil contaminated with a number of hazardous material. Soil contaminants include polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls, pesticides, volatile organic compounds, cyanide, and metals. PAHs and metals have been detected in Lake Union sediments. Maximum total PAH concentrations exceeded 100 million micrograms/kilogram in some places in the soils of the park at 6-inch depths and in some lake sediments. Other contaminants present are much lower in concentrations. The park is on glacial drift overlain by gasification waste materials and clean fill. Waste materials include sand and gravels, mixed with lampblack, oil, bricks, and other industrial wastes. Groundwater flows through the soils and waste toward Lake Union. Vertical groundwater movement is uncertain, but is assumed to be upward near Lake Union. Concentrations of most soil contaminants are probably low in the groundwater and in Lake Union due to the low solubilities and high sorptive characteristics of these contaminants. However, no water quality data are available to confirm this premise. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874045","usgsCitation":"Sabol, M.A., Turney, G.L., and Ryals, G., 1988, Evaluation of available data on the geohydrology, soil chemistry, and ground-water chemistry of Gas Works Park and surrounding region, Seattle, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4045, v, 49 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874045.","productDescription":"v, 49 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124260,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4045/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58351,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4045/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58352,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4045/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae7dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sabol, M. A.","contributorId":36178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sabol","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turney, G. L.","contributorId":95070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turney","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryals, G.N.","contributorId":47374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryals","given":"G.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":4032,"text":"cir996 - 1988 - A modification of the U.S. Geological Survey one-sixth order semiquantitative spectrographic method for the analysis of geologic materials that improves limits of determination of some volatile to moderately volatile elements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:21","indexId":"cir996","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"996","title":"A modification of the U.S. Geological Survey one-sixth order semiquantitative spectrographic method for the analysis of geologic materials that improves limits of determination of some volatile to moderately volatile elements","docAbstract":"A modification of the one-sixth order semi-quantitative emission spectrographic method for the analysis of 30 elements in geologic materials (Grimes and Marranzino 1968) improves the limits of determination of some volatile to moderately volatile elements. The modification uses a compound-pendulum-mounted filter to regulate the amount of emitted light passing into the spectrograph. One hundred percent transmission of emitted light is allowed during the initial 20 seconds of the burn, then continually reduced to 40 percent over the next 32 seconds using the pendulum-mounted filter, and followed by an additional 68 seconds of burn time. The reduction of light transmission during the latter part of the burn decreases spectral background and the line emission of less volatile elements commonly responsible for problem-causing interferences. The sensitivity of the method for some geochemically important trace elements commonly determined in mineral exploration (Ag, As, Au, Be, Bi, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Sb, Sn, and Zn) is improved up to five-fold under ideal conditions without compromising precision or accuracy","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir996","usgsCitation":"Detra, D., and Cooley, E.F., 1988, A modification of the U.S. Geological Survey one-sixth order semiquantitative spectrographic method for the analysis of geologic materials that improves limits of determination of some volatile to moderately volatile elements: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 996, iii, 22 p. :ill. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir996.","productDescription":"iii, 22 p. :ill. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124729,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1988/0996/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31124,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1988/0996/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adeb8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Detra, D.E.","contributorId":72358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Detra","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooley, Elmo F.","contributorId":71950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"Elmo","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2569,"text":"wsp2342 - 1988 - Volatilization of benzene and eight alkyl-substituted benzene compounds from water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:29","indexId":"wsp2342","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2342","title":"Volatilization of benzene and eight alkyl-substituted benzene compounds from water","docAbstract":"Predicting the fate of organic compounds in streams and rivers often requires knowledge of the volatilization characteristics of the compounds. The reference-substance concept, involving laboratory-determined ratios of the liquid-film coefficients for volatilization of the organic compounds to the liquid-film coefficient for oxygen absorption, is used to predict liquid-film coefficients for streams and rivers. In the absence of experimental data, two procedures have been used for estimating these liquid-film coefficient ratios. These procedures, based on the molecular-diffusion coefficient and on the molecular weight, have been widely used but never extensively evaluated. \r\n\r\nLiquid-film coefficients for the volatilization of benzene and eight alkyl-substituted benzene compounds (toluene through n-octylbenzene) from water were measured in a constant-temperature, stirred water bath. Liquid-film coefficients for oxygen absorption were measured simultaneously. A range of water mixing conditions was used with a water temperature of 298.2 K. \r\n\r\nThe ratios of the liquid-film coefficients for volatilization to the liquid-film coefficient for oxygen absorption for all of the organic compounds were independent of mixing conditions in the water. Experimental ratios ranged from 0.606 for benzene to 0.357 for n-octylbenzene. \r\n\r\nThe molecular-diffusion-coefficient procedure accurately predicted the ratios for ethylbenzene through n-pentylbenzene with a power dependence of 0.566 on the molecular-diffusion coefficient, in agreement with published values. Predicted ratios for benzene and toluene were slightly larger than the experimental ratios. These differences were attributed to possible interactions between the molecules of these compounds and the water molecules and to benzene-benzene interactions that form dimers. Because these interactions also are likely to occur in natural waters, it was concluded that the experimental ratios are more correct than the predicted ratios for application purposes in the reference-substance concept. Predicted ratios for n-hexylbenzene, n-heptylbenzene, and n-octylbenzene were larger than the experimental ratios. These differences were attributed to a sorption-desorption process between these compounds and the surfaces of the constant-temperature water bath. Other experimental problems associated with preparing water solutions of these slightly soluble compounds also may have contributed to the differences. Because these processes are not part of the true volatilization process, it was concluded that the predicted ratios for these three compounds are probably more correct than the experimental ratios for application purposes in the reference-substance concept. Any model of the fate of these compounds in streams and rivers would have to include terms accounting for sorption processes, however.\r\n\r\nThe molecular-weight procedure accurately predicted the ratios for ethylbenzene through n-pentylbenzene, but only if the power dependence on the molecular weight was decreased from the commonly used -0.500 to -0.427. Deviations for the low- and high-molecular-weight compounds were similar to those observed for the molecular-diffusion-coefficient procedure.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2342","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., and Tai, D.Y., 1988, Volatilization of benzene and eight alkyl-substituted benzene compounds from water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2342, vi, 24 p. : ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2342.","productDescription":"vi, 24 p. : ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138589,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2342/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28838,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2342/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a0bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tai, D. Y.","contributorId":59778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tai","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}