Concurrent changes in climate, atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition, and increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) affect ecosystems in complex ways. The DayCent-Chem model was used to investigate the combined effects of these human-caused drivers of change over the period 1980–2075 at seven forested montane and two alpine watersheds in the United States. Net ecosystem production (NEP) increased linearly with increasing N deposition for six out of seven forested watersheds; warming directly increased NEP at only two of these sites. Warming reduced soil organic carbon storage at all sites by increasing heterotrophic respiration. At most sites, warming together with high N deposition increased nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions enough to negate the greenhouse benefit of soil carbon sequestration alone, though there was a net greenhouse gas sink across nearly all sites mainly due to the effect of CO2 fertilization and associated sequestration by plants. Over the simulation period, an increase in atmospheric CO2 from 350 to 600 ppm was the main driver of change in net ecosystem greenhouse gas sequestration at all forested sites and one of two alpine sites, but an additional increase in CO2 from 600 to 760 ppm produced smaller effects. Warming either increased or decreased net greenhouse gas sequestration, depending on the site. The N contribution to net ecosystem greenhouse gas sequestration averaged across forest sites was only 5–7 % and was negligible for the alpine. Stream nitrate (NO3−) fluxes increased sharply with N-loading, primarily at three watersheds where initial N deposition values were high relative to terrestrial N uptake capacity. The simulated results displayed fewer synergistic responses to warming, N-loading, and CO2 fertilization than expected. Overall, simulations with DayCent-Chem suggest individual site characteristics and historical patterns of N deposition are important determinants of forest or alpine ecosystem responses to global change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10533-014-9950-9","usgsCitation":"Hartman, M.D., Baron, J., Ewing, H.A., and Weathers, K., 2014, Combined global change effects on ecosystem processesin nine U.S. topographically complex areas: Biogeochemistry, v. 119, no. 1, p. 85-108, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-014-9950-9.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"108","ipdsId":"IP-071832","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341157,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"119","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-01-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5915495fe4b01a342e691301","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hartman, Melannie D.","contributorId":98836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartman","given":"Melannie","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baron, Jill S. 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":174080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill S.","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":694871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ewing, Holly A.","contributorId":191962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ewing","given":"Holly","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":33413,"text":"Bates College","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":694874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weathers, Kathleen","contributorId":191961,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weathers","given":"Kathleen","affiliations":[{"id":7188,"text":"Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":694873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70189677,"text":"70189677 - 2014 - 1.13 – Emerging contaminants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-19T16:21:53","indexId":"70189677","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"1.13 – Emerging contaminants","docAbstract":"Since the Industrial Revolution, a diversity of large-scale chemical innovations has impacted aquatic systems in urban environments. Beginning in the 1990s, there has been a growing scientific interest and public awareness of the effects of the chemicals used in domestic, commercial, industrial, and agricultural applications, referred to in this article as ‘emerging contaminants’ (ECs), on ecosystem and human health. The growing global population and its increasing demands on water supplies in conjunction with climate-induced changes in hydrologic regimes place stress on freshwater resources, resulting in a greater reliance on reuse of reclaimed municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents to meet human and environmental needs. WWTP effluents are a major source of ECs, and it is important to have an understanding of the chemical composition of the reclaimed water, because many ECs are biologically active and the effects of chronic exposure to low concentration complex mixtures are unknown. Several classes of ECs that have been shown to be widespread in the aquatic environment are discussed in this chapter, including surfactants, complexing agents, fragrances, antimicrobials, industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, natural and synthetic estrogens, and disinfection byproducts. All of these compounds are biologically active via a variety of modes of action, and can occur in aquatic systems at concentrations ranging from <0.001 to >100 μg l−1.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Comprehensive water quality and purification","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-382182-9.00015-3","usgsCitation":"Barber, L.B., 2014, 1.13 – Emerging contaminants, chap. of Comprehensive water quality and purification, v. 1, p. 245-266, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-382182-9.00015-3.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"266","ipdsId":"IP-042295","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344083,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59706fbce4b0d1f9f065a903","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barber, Larry B. 0000-0002-0561-0831 lbbarber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0561-0831","contributorId":921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"Larry","email":"lbbarber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70189207,"text":"70189207 - 2014 - Evaluation of statistically downscaled GCM output as input for hydrological and stream temperature simulation in the Apalachicola–Chattahoochee–Flint River Basin (1961–99)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-05T16:20:39","indexId":"70189207","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1421,"text":"Earth Interactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of statistically downscaled GCM output as input for hydrological and stream temperature simulation in the Apalachicola–Chattahoochee–Flint River Basin (1961–99)","docAbstract":"The accuracy of statistically downscaled general circulation model (GCM) simulations of daily surface climate for historical conditions (1961–99) and the implications when they are used to drive hydrologic and stream temperature models were assessed for the Apalachicola–Chattahoochee–Flint River basin (ACFB). The ACFB is a 50 000 km2 basin located in the southeastern United States. Three GCMs were statistically downscaled, using an asynchronous regional regression model (ARRM), to ⅛° grids of daily precipitation and minimum and maximum air temperature. These ARRM-based climate datasets were used as input to the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS), a deterministic, distributed-parameter, physical-process watershed model used to simulate and evaluate the effects of various combinations of climate and land use on watershed response. The ACFB was divided into 258 hydrologic response units (HRUs) in which the components of flow (groundwater, subsurface, and surface) are computed in response to climate, land surface, and subsurface characteristics of the basin. Daily simulations of flow components from PRMS were used with the climate to simulate in-stream water temperatures using the Stream Network Temperature (SNTemp) model, a mechanistic, one-dimensional heat transport model for branched stream networks.
The climate, hydrology, and stream temperature for historical conditions were evaluated by comparing model outputs produced from historical climate forcings developed from gridded station data (GSD) versus those produced from the three statistically downscaled GCMs using the ARRM methodology. The PRMS and SNTemp models were forced with the GSD and the outputs produced were treated as “truth.” This allowed for a spatial comparison by HRU of the GSD-based output with ARRM-based output. Distributional similarities between GSD- and ARRM-based model outputs were compared using the two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) test in combination with descriptive metrics such as the mean and variance and an evaluation of rare and sustained events. In general, precipitation and streamflow quantities were negatively biased in the downscaled GCM outputs, and results indicate that the downscaled GCM simulations consistently underestimate the largest precipitation events relative to the GSD. The KS test results indicate that ARRM-based air temperatures are similar to GSD at the daily time step for the majority of the ACFB, with perhaps subweekly averaging for stream temperature. Depending on GCM and spatial location, ARRM-based precipitation and streamflow requires averaging of up to 30 days to become similar to the GSD-based output.
Evaluation of the model skill for historical conditions suggests some guidelines for use of future projections; while it seems correct to place greater confidence in evaluation metrics which perform well historically, this does not necessarily mean those metrics will accurately reflect model outputs for future climatic conditions. Results from this study indicate no “best” overall model, but the breadth of analysis can be used to give the product users an indication of the applicability of the results to address their particular problem. Since results for historical conditions indicate that model outputs can have significant biases associated with them, the range in future projections examined in terms of change relative to historical conditions for each individual GCM may be more appropriate.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/2013EI000554.1","usgsCitation":"Hay, L.E., LaFontaine, J.H., and Markstrom, S.L., 2014, Evaluation of statistically downscaled GCM output as input for hydrological and stream temperature simulation in the Apalachicola–Chattahoochee–Flint River Basin (1961–99): Earth Interactions, v. 18, p. 1-32, https://doi.org/10.1175/2013EI000554.1.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"32","ipdsId":"IP-052922","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/2013ei000554.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":343366,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Apalachicola–Chattahoochee–Flint River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.60546875,\n 29.6594160549124\n ],\n [\n -83.7158203125,\n 29.6594160549124\n ],\n [\n -83.7158203125,\n 34.470335121217474\n ],\n [\n -85.60546875,\n 34.470335121217474\n ],\n [\n -85.60546875,\n 29.6594160549124\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-04-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"595dfab7e4b0d1f9f056a7a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hay, Lauren E. 0000-0003-3763-4595 lhay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3763-4595","contributorId":1287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"Lauren","email":"lhay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LaFontaine, Jacob H. 0000-0003-4923-2630 jlafonta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4923-2630","contributorId":2258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaFontaine","given":"Jacob","email":"jlafonta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Markstrom, Steven L. 0000-0001-7630-9547 markstro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7630-9547","contributorId":146553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markstrom","given":"Steven","email":"markstro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187359,"text":"70187359 - 2014 - The temperature-productivity squeeze: Constraints on brook trout growth along an Appalachian river continuum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-04T12:34:08","indexId":"70187359","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The temperature-productivity squeeze: Constraints on brook trout growth along an Appalachian river continuum","docAbstract":"We tested the hypothesis that brook trout growth rates are controlled by a complex interaction of food availability, water temperature, and competitor density. We quantified trout diet, growth, and consumption in small headwater tributaries characterized as cold with low food and high trout density, larger tributaries characterized as cold with moderate food and moderate trout density, and large main stems characterized as warm with high food and low trout density. Brook trout consumption was highest in the main stem where diets shifted from insects in headwaters to fishes and crayfish in larger streams. Despite high water temperatures, trout growth rates also were consistently highest in the main stem, likely due to competitively dominant trout monopolizing thermal refugia. Temporal changes in trout density had a direct negative effect on brook trout growth rates. Our results suggest that competition for food constrains brook trout growth in small streams, but access to thermal refugia in productive main stem habitats enables dominant trout to supplement growth at a watershed scale. Brook trout conservation in this region should seek to relieve the “temperature-productivity squeeze,” whereby brook trout productivity is constrained by access to habitats that provide both suitable water temperature and sufficient prey.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10750-013-1794-0","usgsCitation":"Petty, J.T., Thorne, D., Huntsman, B.M., and Mazik, P.M., 2014, The temperature-productivity squeeze: Constraints on brook trout growth along an Appalachian river continuum: Hydrobiologia, v. 727, no. 1, p. 151-166, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-013-1794-0.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"151","endPage":"166","ipdsId":"IP-042627","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340823,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Upper Shaver's Fork","volume":"727","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-12-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"590c3dcbe4b0e541a038dd2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petty, J. Todd","contributorId":166749,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petty","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Todd","affiliations":[{"id":24497,"text":"West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":693608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thorne, David","contributorId":191765,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thorne","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24498,"text":"West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, Point Pleasant, WV","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":25281,"text":"West Virginia University, WV","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":694167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huntsman, Brock M. 0000-0003-4090-1949","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4090-1949","contributorId":166748,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huntsman","given":"Brock","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":24497,"text":"West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":694168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mazik, Patricia M. 0000-0002-8046-5929 pmazik@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8046-5929","contributorId":2318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mazik","given":"Patricia","email":"pmazik@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":694169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70189202,"text":"70189202 - 2014 - Distributed Evaluation of Local Sensitivity Analysis (DELSA), with application to hydrologic models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-05T16:57:14","indexId":"70189202","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distributed Evaluation of Local Sensitivity Analysis (DELSA), with application to hydrologic models","docAbstract":"This paper presents a hybrid local-global sensitivity analysis method termed the Distributed Evaluation of Local Sensitivity Analysis (DELSA), which is used here to identify important and unimportant parameters and evaluate how model parameter importance changes as parameter values change. DELSA uses derivative-based “local” methods to obtain the distribution of parameter sensitivity across the parameter space, which promotes consideration of sensitivity analysis results in the context of simulated dynamics. This work presents DELSA, discusses how it relates to existing methods, and uses two hydrologic test cases to compare its performance with the popular global, variance-based Sobol' method. The first test case is a simple nonlinear reservoir model with two parameters. The second test case involves five alternative “bucket-style” hydrologic models with up to 14 parameters applied to a medium-sized catchment (200 km2) in the Belgian Ardennes. Results show that in both examples, Sobol' and DELSA identify similar important and unimportant parameters, with DELSA enabling more detailed insight at much lower computational cost. For example, in the real-world problem the time delay in runoff is the most important parameter in all models, but DELSA shows that for about 20% of parameter sets it is not important at all and alternative mechanisms and parameters dominate. Moreover, the time delay was identified as important in regions producing poor model fits, whereas other parameters were identified as more important in regions of the parameter space producing better model fits. The ability to understand how parameter importance varies through parameter space is critical to inform decisions about, for example, additional data collection and model development. The ability to perform such analyses with modest computational requirements provides exciting opportunities to evaluate complicated models as well as many alternative models.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1002/2013WR014063","usgsCitation":"Rakovec, O., Hill, M.C., Clark, M., Weerts, A.H., Teuling, A.J., and Uijlenhoet, R., 2014, Distributed Evaluation of Local Sensitivity Analysis (DELSA), with application to hydrologic models: Water Resources Research, v. 50, no. 1, p. 409-426, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR014063.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"409","endPage":"426","ipdsId":"IP-053395","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1808/19328","text":"External Repository"},{"id":343373,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-01-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"595dfab7e4b0d1f9f056a7aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rakovec, O.","contributorId":194218,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rakovec","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, M.P.","contributorId":194219,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clark","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weerts, A. H.","contributorId":194220,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weerts","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Teuling, A. J.","contributorId":138517,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Teuling","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6920,"text":"Wageningen University, The Netherlands","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":703471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Uijlenhoet, R.","contributorId":138518,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Uijlenhoet","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6920,"text":"Wageningen University, The Netherlands","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":703472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70188873,"text":"70188873 - 2014 - Geophysical investigations of the geologic and hydrothermal framework of the Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Area, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T12:56:36","indexId":"70188873","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Geophysical investigations of the geologic and hydrothermal framework of the Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Area, Alaska","docAbstract":"Pilgrim Hot Springs, located on the Seward Peninsula in west-central Alaska, is characterized by hot springs, surrounding thawed regions, and elevated lake temperatures. The area is of interest because of its potential for providing renewable energy for Nome and nearby rural communities. We performed ground and airborne geophysical investigations of the Pilgrim Springs geothermal area to identify areas indicative of high heat flow and saline geothermal fluids, and to map key structures controlling hydrothermal fluid flow. Studies included ground gravity and magnetic measurements, as well as an airborne magnetic and frequency-domain electromagnetic (EM) survey. The structural and conceptual framework developed from this study provides critical information for future development of this resource and is relevant more generally to our understanding of geothermal systems in active extensional basins.
Potential field data reveal the Pilgrim area displays a complex geophysical fabric reflecting a network of intersecting fault and fracture sets ranging from inherited basement structures to Tertiary faults. Resistivity models derived from the airborne EM data reveal resistivity anomalies in the upper 100 m of the subsurface that suggest elevated temperatures and the presence of saline fluids. A northwest trending fabric across the northeastern portion of the survey area parallels structures to the east that may be related to accommodation between the two major mountain ranges south (Kigluaik) and east (Bendeleben) of Pilgrim Springs. The area from the springs southward to the range front, however, is characterized by east-west trending, range-front-parallel anomalies likely caused by late Cenozoic structures associated with north-south extension that formed the basin. The area around the springs (~10 km2 ) is coincident with a circular magnetic high punctuated by several east-west trending magnetic lows, the most prominent occurring directly over the springs. These features possibly result from hydrothermal alteration imposed by fluids migrating along intra-basin faults related to recent north-south extension.
The Pilgrim River valley is characterized by a NE-elongate gravity low that reveals a basin extending to depths of ~300 m beneath Pilgrim Springs and deepening to ~800 m to the southwest. The margins of the gravity low are sharply defined by northeasttrending gradients that probably reflect the edges of fault-bounded structural blocks. The southeastern edge of the low, which lies very close to the springs, also corresponds with prominent NE-striking anomalies seen in magnetic and resistivity models. Together, these features define a structure we refer to as the Northeast Fault. The location of the hot springs appears to be related to the intersection of the Northeast Fault with a N-oriented structure marked by the abrupt western edge of a resistivity low surrounding the hot springs. While the hot springs represent the primary outflow of geothermal fluids, additional outflow extends from the springs northeast along the Northeast fault to another thaw zone that we interpret to be a secondary region of concentrated upflow of geothermal fluids.
The Northeast Fault apparently controls shallow geothermal fluid flow, and may also provide an important pathway conveying deep fluids to the shallow subsurface. We suggest that geothermal fluids may derive from a reservoir residing beneath the sediment basin southwest of the springs. If so, the shape of the basin, which narrows and shallows towards the springs, may funnel fluids beneath the springs where they intersect the Northeast Fault allowing them to reach the surface.
An alternative pathway for reservoir fluids to reach intermediate to shallow depths may be afforded by the main Kigluaik range front fault that coincides with a resistivity anomaly possibly resulting from fluid flow and associated hydrothermal mineralization occurring within the fault zone.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings, Thirty-Ninth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Thirty-Ninth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering","conferenceDate":"February 24-26, 2014","conferenceLocation":"Stanford, CA","language":"English","publisher":"Stanford University","usgsCitation":"Glen, J.M., McPhee, D., and Bedrosian, P.A., 2014, Geophysical investigations of the geologic and hydrothermal framework of the Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Area, Alaska, in Proceedings, Thirty-Ninth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford, CA, February 24-26, 2014, 9 p.","productDescription":"9 p.","ipdsId":"IP-054930","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342971,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59536eaee4b062508e3c7aad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glen, Jonathan M.G. 0000-0002-3502-3355 jglen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3502-3355","contributorId":176530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glen","given":"Jonathan","email":"jglen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.G.","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":700769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McPhee, Darcy 0000-0002-5177-3068 dmcphee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5177-3068","contributorId":2621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McPhee","given":"Darcy","email":"dmcphee@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":412,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":700770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bedrosian, Paul A. 0000-0002-6786-1038 pbedrosian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6786-1038","contributorId":839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedrosian","given":"Paul","email":"pbedrosian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":700771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70189100,"text":"70189100 - 2014 - Segmentation of plate coupling, fate of subduction fluids, and modes of arc magmatism in Cascadia, inferred from magnetotelluric resistivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-29T16:14:18","indexId":"70189100","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1757,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Segmentation of plate coupling, fate of subduction fluids, and modes of arc magmatism in Cascadia, inferred from magnetotelluric resistivity","docAbstract":"Five magnetotelluric (MT) profiles have been acquired across the Cascadia subduction system and transformed using 2-D and 3-D nonlinear inversion to yield electrical resistivity cross sections to depths of ∼200 km. Distinct changes in plate coupling, subduction fluid evolution, and modes of arc magmatism along the length of Cascadia are clearly expressed in the resistivity structure. Relatively high resistivities under the coasts of northern and southern Cascadia correlate with elevated degrees of inferred plate locking, and suggest fluid- and sediment-deficient conditions. In contrast, the north-central Oregon coastal structure is quite conductive from the plate interface to shallow depths offshore, correlating with poor plate locking and the possible presence of subducted sediments. Low-resistivity fluidized zones develop at slab depths of 35–40 km starting ∼100 km west of the arc on all profiles, and are interpreted to represent prograde metamorphic fluid release from the subducting slab. The fluids rise to forearc Moho levels, and sometimes shallower, as the arc is approached. The zones begin close to clusters of low-frequency earthquakes, suggesting fluid controls on the transition to steady sliding. Under the northern and southern Cascadia arc segments, low upper mantle resistivities are consistent with flux melting above the slab plus possible deep convective backarc upwelling toward the arc. In central Cascadia, extensional deformation is interpreted to segregate upper mantle melts leading to underplating and low resistivities at Moho to lower crustal levels below the arc and nearby backarc. The low- to high-temperature mantle wedge transition lies slightly trenchward of the arc.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1002/2014GC005509","usgsCitation":"Wannamaker, P.E., Evans, R.L., Bedrosian, P.A., Unsworth, M.J., Maris, V., and McGary, R.S., 2014, Segmentation of plate coupling, fate of subduction fluids, and modes of arc magmatism in Cascadia, inferred from magnetotelluric resistivity: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 15, no. 11, p. 4230-4253, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GC005509.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"4230","endPage":"4253","ipdsId":"IP-058396","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473310,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gc005509","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":343185,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -128,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 50\n ],\n [\n -128,\n 50\n ],\n [\n -128,\n 40\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-11-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"595611c1e4b0d1f9f05067a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wannamaker, Philip E.","contributorId":194004,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wannamaker","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, Rob L.","contributorId":194005,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Evans","given":"Rob","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bedrosian, Paul A. 0000-0002-6786-1038 pbedrosian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6786-1038","contributorId":839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedrosian","given":"Paul","email":"pbedrosian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":702870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Unsworth, Martyn J.","contributorId":147764,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Unsworth","given":"Martyn","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16927,"text":"Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":702873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Maris, Virginie","contributorId":194006,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maris","given":"Virginie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McGary, R. Shane","contributorId":194007,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McGary","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Shane","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70189095,"text":"70189095 - 2014 - Multielevation calibration of frequency-domain electromagnetic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-29T14:58:22","indexId":"70189095","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multielevation calibration of frequency-domain electromagnetic data","docAbstract":"Systematic calibration errors must be taken into account because they can substantially impact the accuracy of inverted subsurface resistivity models derived from frequency-domain electromagnetic data, resulting in potentially misleading interpretations. We have developed an approach that uses data acquired at multiple elevations over the same location to assess calibration errors. A significant advantage is that this method does not require prior knowledge of subsurface properties from borehole or ground geophysical data (though these can be readily incorporated if available), and is, therefore, well suited to remote areas. The multielevation data were used to solve for calibration parameters and a single subsurface resistivity model that are self consistent over all elevations. The deterministic and Bayesian formulations of the multielevation approach illustrate parameter sensitivity and uncertainty using synthetic- and field-data examples. Multiplicative calibration errors (gain and phase) were found to be better resolved at high frequencies and when data were acquired over a relatively conductive area, whereas additive errors (bias) were reasonably resolved over conductive and resistive areas at all frequencies. The Bayesian approach outperformed the deterministic approach when estimating calibration parameters using multielevation data at a single location; however, joint analysis of multielevation data at multiple locations using the deterministic algorithm yielded the most accurate estimates of calibration parameters. Inversion results using calibration-corrected data revealed marked improvement in misfit, lending added confidence to the interpretation of these models.
The determination of near‐surface (vadose zone and slightly below) fault locations and geometries is important because assessment of ground rupture, strong shaking, geologic slip rates, and rupture histories occurs at shallow depths. However, seismic imaging of fault zones at shallow depths can be difficult due to near‐surface complexities, such as weathering, groundwater saturation, massive (nonlayered) rocks, and vertically layered strata. Combined P‐ and S‐wave seismic‐refraction tomography data can overcome many of the near‐surface, fault‐zone seismic‐imaging problems because of differences in the responses of elastic (bulk and shear) moduli of P and S waves to shallow‐depth, fault‐zone properties. We show that high‐resolution refraction tomography images of P‐ to S‐wave velocity ratios (VP/VS) can reliably identify near‐surface faults. We demonstrate this method using tomography images of the San Andreas fault (SAF) surface‐rupture zone associated with the 18 April 1906 ∼M 7.9 San Francisco earthquake on the San Francisco peninsula in California. There, the SAF cuts through Franciscan mélange, which consists of an incoherent assemblage of greywacke, chert, greenstone, and serpentinite. A near‐vertical zone (∼75° northeast dip) of high P‐wave velocities (up to 3000 m/s), low S‐wave velocities (∼150–600 m/s), high VP/VS ratios (4–8.8), and high Poisson’s ratios (0.44–0.49) characterizes the main surface‐rupture zone to a depth of about 20 m and is consistent with nearby trench observations. We suggest that the combined VP/VSimaging approach can reliably identify most near‐surface fault zones in locations where many other seismic methods cannot be applied.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120130294","usgsCitation":"Catchings, R.D., Rymer, M.J., Goldman, M.R., Sickler, R.R., and Criley, C.J., 2014, A method and example of seismically imaging near‐surface fault zones in geologically complex areas using Vp, Vs, and their ratios: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 104, no. 4, p. 1989-2006, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120130294.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1989","endPage":"2006","ipdsId":"IP-046000","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333800,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-07-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588876dbe4b05ccb964baad9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Catchings, Rufus D. 0000-0002-5191-6102 catching@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5191-6102","contributorId":1519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Catchings","given":"Rufus","email":"catching@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":660207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rymer, Michael J. mrymer@usgs.gov","contributorId":1522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rymer","given":"Michael","email":"mrymer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":660210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldman, Mark R. 0000-0002-0802-829X goldman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0802-829X","contributorId":1521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldman","given":"Mark","email":"goldman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":660209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sickler, Robert R. 0000-0002-9141-625X rsickler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9141-625X","contributorId":3235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sickler","given":"Robert","email":"rsickler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":660211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Criley, Coyn J. 0000-0002-0227-0165 ccriley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0227-0165","contributorId":3312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Criley","given":"Coyn","email":"ccriley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":660208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70189089,"text":"70189089 - 2014 - Mapping saltwater intrusion in the Biscayne Aquifer, Miami-Dade County, Florida using transient electromagnetic sounding","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-06T11:03:19","indexId":"70189089","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3928,"text":"Journal of Environmental & Engineering Geophysics","printIssn":"1083-1363","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping saltwater intrusion in the Biscayne Aquifer, Miami-Dade County, Florida using transient electromagnetic sounding","docAbstract":"Saltwater intrusion in southern Florida poses a potential threat to the public drinking-water supply that is typically monitored using water samples and electromagnetic induction logs collected from a network of wells. Transient electromagnetic (TEM) soundings are a complementary addition to the monitoring program because of their ease of use, low cost, and ability to fill in data gaps between wells. TEM soundings have been used to map saltwater intrusion in the Biscayne aquifer over a large part of south Florida including eastern Miami-Dade County and the Everglades. These two areas are very different with one being urban and the other undeveloped. Each poses different conditions that affect data collection and data quality. In the developed areas, finding sites large enough to make soundings is difficult. The presence of underground pipes further restricts useable locations. Electromagnetic noise, which reduces data quality, is also an issue. In the Everglades, access to field sites is difficult and working in water-covered terrain is challenging. Nonetheless, TEM soundings are an effective tool for mapping saltwater intrusion. Direct estimates of water quality can be obtained from the inverted TEM data using a formation factor determined for the Biscayne aquifer. This formation factor is remarkably constant over Miami-Dade County owing to the uniformity of the aquifer and the absence of clay. Thirty-six TEM soundings were collected in the Model Land area of southeast Miami-Dade County to aid in calibration of a helicopter electromagnetic (HEM) survey. The soundings and HEM survey revealed an area of saltwater intrusion aligned with canals and drainage ditches along U.S. Highway 1 and the Card Sound Road. These canals and ditches likely reduced freshwater levels through unregulated drainage and provided pathways for seawater to flow at least 12.4 km inland.
","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental and Engineering Geophysical","doi":"10.2113/JEEG19.1.33","usgsCitation":"Fitterman, D.V., 2014, Mapping saltwater intrusion in the Biscayne Aquifer, Miami-Dade County, Florida using transient electromagnetic sounding: Journal of Environmental & Engineering Geophysics, v. 19, no. 1, p. 33-43, https://doi.org/10.2113/JEEG19.1.33.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"43","ipdsId":"IP-044880","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343166,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Miami-Dade County","otherGeospatial":"Biscayne Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.243896484375,\n 25.088086383542663\n ],\n [\n -80.0848388671875,\n 25.088086383542663\n ],\n [\n -80.0848388671875,\n 25.958044673317843\n ],\n [\n -81.243896484375,\n 25.958044673317843\n ],\n [\n -81.243896484375,\n 25.088086383542663\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"595611c2e4b0d1f9f05067b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitterman, David V. dfitterman@usgs.gov","contributorId":1106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitterman","given":"David","email":"dfitterman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":702815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70189135,"text":"70189135 - 2014 - Carbonate rocks of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska: Their correlation and paleogeographic significance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-07T21:00:10","indexId":"70189135","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbonate rocks of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska: Their correlation and paleogeographic significance","docAbstract":"Paleozoic carbonate strata deposited in shallow platform to off-platform settings occur across the Seward Peninsula and range from unmetamorphosed Ordovician–Devonian(?) rocks of the York succession in the west to highly deformed and metamorphosed Cambrian–Devonian units of the Nome Complex in the east. Faunal and lithologic correlations indicate that early Paleozoic strata in the two areas formed as part of a single carbonate platform.\n\nThe York succession makes up part of the York terrane and consists of Ordovician, lesser Silurian, and limited, possibly Devonian rocks. Shallow-water facies predominate, but subordinate graptolitic shale and calcareous turbidites accumulated in deeper water, intraplatform basin environments, chiefly during the Middle Ordovician. Lower Ordovician strata are mainly lime mudstone and peloid-intraclast grainstone deposited in a deepening upward regime; noncarbonate detritus is abundant in lower parts of the section. Upper Ordovician and Silurian rocks include carbonate mudstone, skeletal wackestone, and coral-stromatoporoid biostromes that are commonly dolomitic and accumulated in warm, shallow to very shallow settings with locally restricted circulation.\n\nThe rest of the York terrane is mainly Ordovician and older, variously deformed and metamorphosed carbonate and siliciclastic rocks intruded by early Cambrian (and younger?) metagabbros. Older (Neoproterozoic–Cambrian) parts of these units are chiefly turbidites and may have been basement for the carbonate platform facies of the York succession; younger, shallow- and deep-water strata likely represent previously unrecognized parts of the York succession and its offshore equivalents. Intensely deformed and altered Mississippian carbonate strata crop out in a small area at the western edge of the terrane.\n\nMetacarbonate rocks form all or part of several units within the blueschist- and greenschist-facies Nome Complex. The Layered sequence includes mafic meta¬igneous rocks and associated calcareous metaturbidites of Ordovician age as well as shallow-water Silurian dolostones. Scattered metacarbonate rocks are chiefly Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian dolostones that formed in shallow, warm-water settings with locally restricted circulation and marbles of less constrained Paleozoic age. Carbonate metaturbidites occur on the northeast and southeast coasts and yield mainly Silurian and lesser Ordovician and Devonian conodonts; the northern succession also includes debris flows with meter-scale clasts and an argillite interval with Late Ordovician graptolites and lenses of radiolarian chert. Mafic igneous rocks at least partly of Early Devonian age are common in the southern succession.\n\nCarbonate rocks on Seward Peninsula experienced a range of deformational and thermal histories equivalent to those documented in the Brooks Range. Conodont color alteration indices (CAIs) from Seward Peninsula, like those from the Brooks Range, define distinct thermal provinces that likely reflect structural burial. Penetratively deformed high-pressure metamorphic rocks of the Nome Complex (CAIs ≥5) correspond to rocks of the Schist belt in the southern Brooks Range; both record subduction during early stages of the Jurassic–Cretaceous Brooks Range orogeny. Weakly metamorphosed to unmetamorphosed strata of the York terrane (CAIs mainly 2–5), like Brooks Range rocks in the Central belt and structural allochthons to the north, experienced moderate to shallow burial during the main phase of the Brooks Range orogeny. The nature of the contact between the York terrane and the Nome Complex is uncertain; it may be a thrust fault, an extensional surface, or a thrust fault later reactivated as an extensional fault.\n\nLithofacies and biofacies data indicate that, in spite of their divergent Mesozoic histories, rocks of the York terrane and protoliths of the Nome Complex formed as part of the same lower Paleozoic carbonate platform. Stratigraphies in both","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2014.2506(03)","usgsCitation":"Dumoulin, J.A., Harris, A., and Repetski, J.E., 2014, Carbonate rocks of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska: Their correlation and paleogeographic significance: GSA Special Papers, v. 506, p. 59-110, https://doi.org/10.1130/2014.2506(03).","productDescription":"52 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"110","ipdsId":"IP-046076","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343246,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"506","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59576338e4b0d1f9f051b544","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, Alta aharris@usgs.gov","contributorId":148394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Alta","email":"aharris@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Repetski, John E. 0000-0002-2298-7120 jrepetski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-7120","contributorId":2596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repetski","given":"John","email":"jrepetski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187145,"text":"70187145 - 2014 - A hydrogeomorphic river network model predicts where and why hyporheic exchange is important in large basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-25T10:59:11","indexId":"70187145","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A hydrogeomorphic river network model predicts where and why hyporheic exchange is important in large basins","docAbstract":"Hyporheic exchange has been hypothesized to have basin-scale consequences; however, predictions throughout river networks are limited by available geomorphic and hydrogeologic data and by models that can analyze and aggregate hyporheic exchange flows across large spatial scales. We developed a parsimonious but physically based model of hyporheic flow for application in large river basins: Networks with EXchange and Subsurface Storage (NEXSS). We applied NEXSS across a broad range of geomorphic diversity in river reaches and synthetic river networks. NEXSS demonstrates that vertical exchange beneath submerged bed forms rather than lateral exchange through meanders dominates hyporheic fluxes and turnover rates along river corridors. Per kilometer, low-order streams have a biogeochemical potential at least 2 orders of magnitude larger than higher-order streams. However, when biogeochemical potential is examined per average length of each stream order, low- and high-order streams were often found to be comparable. As a result, the hyporheic zone's intrinsic potential for biogeochemical transformations is comparable across different stream orders, but the greater river miles and larger total streambed area of lower order streams result in the highest cumulative impact from low-order streams. Lateral exchange through meander banks may be important in some cases but generally only in large rivers.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1002/2014GL061099","usgsCitation":"Gomez-Velez, J., and Harvey, J., 2014, A hydrogeomorphic river network model predicts where and why hyporheic exchange is important in large basins: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 41, no. 18, p. 6403-6412, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061099.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"6403","endPage":"6412","ipdsId":"IP-059472","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473314,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl061099","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":340245,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"18","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-09-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59006065e4b0e85db3a5ddef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gomez-Velez, Jesus D. jgomezvelez@usgs.gov","contributorId":191320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomez-Velez","given":"Jesus D.","email":"jgomezvelez@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":692743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harvey, Judson 0000-0002-2654-9873 jwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":140228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Judson","email":"jwharvey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":692744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70189782,"text":"70189782 - 2014 - CyberShake-derived ground-motion prediction models for the Los Angeles region with application to earthquake early warning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-26T11:02:38","indexId":"70189782","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"CyberShake-derived ground-motion prediction models for the Los Angeles region with application to earthquake early warning","docAbstract":"Real-time applications such as earthquake early warning (EEW) typically use empirical ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) along with event magnitude and source-to-site distances to estimate expected shaking levels. In this simplified approach, effects due to finite-fault geometry, directivity and site and basin response are often generalized, which may lead to a significant under- or overestimation of shaking from large earthquakes (M > 6.5) in some locations. For enhanced site-specific ground-motion predictions considering 3-D wave-propagation effects, we develop support vector regression (SVR) models from the SCEC CyberShake low-frequency (<0.5 Hz) and broad-band (0–10 Hz) data sets. CyberShake encompasses 3-D wave-propagation simulations of >415 000 finite-fault rupture scenarios (6.5 ≤ M ≤ 8.5) for southern California defined in UCERF 2.0. We use CyberShake to demonstrate the application of synthetic waveform data to EEW as a ‘proof of concept’, being aware that these simulations are not yet fully validated and might not appropriately sample the range of rupture uncertainty. Our regression models predict the maximum and the temporal evolution of instrumental intensity (MMI) at 71 selected test sites using only the hypocentre, magnitude and rupture ratio, which characterizes uni- and bilateral rupture propagation. Our regression approach is completely data-driven (where here the CyberShake simulations are considered data) and does not enforce pre-defined functional forms or dependencies among input parameters. The models were established from a subset (∼20 per cent) of CyberShake simulations, but can explain MMI values of all >400 k rupture scenarios with a standard deviation of about 0.4 intensity units. We apply our models to determine threshold magnitudes (and warning times) for various active faults in southern California that earthquakes need to exceed to cause at least ‘moderate’, ‘strong’ or ‘very strong’ shaking in the Los Angeles (LA) basin. These thresholds are used to construct a simple and robust EEW algorithm: to declare a warning, the algorithm only needs to locate the earthquake and to verify that the corresponding magnitude threshold is exceeded. The models predict that a relatively moderate M6.5–7 earthquake along the Palos Verdes, Newport-Inglewood/Rose Canyon, Elsinore or San Jacinto faults with a rupture propagating towards LA could cause ‘very strong’ to ‘severe’ shaking in the LA basin; however, warning times for these events could exceed 30 s.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/gji/ggu198","usgsCitation":"Bose, M., Graves, R., Gill, D., Callaghan, S., and Maechling, P.J., 2014, CyberShake-derived ground-motion prediction models for the Los Angeles region with application to earthquake early warning: Geophysical Journal International, v. 198, no. 3, p. 1438-1457, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu198.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1438","endPage":"1457","ipdsId":"IP-054646","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473293,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu198","text":"External Repository"},{"id":344321,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Los Angeles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 33\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"198","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-07-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5979aa58e4b0ec1a488b8c3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bose, Maren","contributorId":195135,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bose","given":"Maren","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":706331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graves, Robert 0000-0001-9758-453X rwgraves@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9758-453X","contributorId":140738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graves","given":"Robert","email":"rwgraves@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":706330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gill, David","contributorId":195159,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gill","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":706332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Callaghan, Scott","contributorId":195136,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Callaghan","given":"Scott","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":706333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Maechling, Phillip J.","contributorId":117072,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maechling","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":706334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70191008,"text":"70191008 - 2014 - Integrating research tools to support the management of social-ecological systems under climate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-20T14:52:32","indexId":"70191008","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1468,"text":"Ecology and Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrating research tools to support the management of social-ecological systems under climate change","docAbstract":"Developing resource management strategies in the face of climate change is complicated by the considerable uncertainty associated with projections of climate and its impacts and by the complex interactions between social and ecological variables. The broad, interconnected nature of this challenge has resulted in calls for analytical frameworks that integrate research tools and can support natural resource management decision making in the face of uncertainty and complex interactions. We respond to this call by first reviewing three methods that have proven useful for climate change research, but whose application and development have been largely isolated: species distribution modeling, scenario planning, and simulation modeling. Species distribution models provide data-driven estimates of the future distributions of species of interest, but they face several limitations and their output alone is not sufficient to guide complex decisions for how best to manage resources given social and economic considerations along with dynamic and uncertain future conditions. Researchers and managers are increasingly exploring potential futures of social-ecological systems through scenario planning, but this process often lacks quantitative response modeling and validation procedures. Simulation models are well placed to provide added rigor to scenario planning because of their ability to reproduce complex system dynamics, but the scenarios and management options explored in simulations are often not developed by stakeholders, and there is not a clear consensus on how to include climate model outputs. We see these strengths and weaknesses as complementarities and offer an analytical framework for integrating these three tools. We then describe the ways in which this framework can help shift climate change research from useful to usable.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecology and Society","doi":"10.5751/ES-06813-190341","usgsCitation":"Miller, B.W., and Morisette, J.T., 2014, Integrating research tools to support the management of social-ecological systems under climate change: Ecology and Society, v. 19, no. 3, p. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-06813-190341.","productDescription":"Article 41; 12 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","ipdsId":"IP-056771","costCenters":[{"id":477,"text":"North Central Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5751/es-06813-190341","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":345942,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59c37e3be4b091459a631706","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Brian W. 0000-0003-1716-1161","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1716-1161","contributorId":196603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":36940,"text":"National Climate Adaptation Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":710905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morisette, Jeffrey T. 0000-0002-0483-0082 morisettej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0483-0082","contributorId":307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morisette","given":"Jeffrey","email":"morisettej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":569,"text":"Southwest Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":477,"text":"North Central Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":710904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185705,"text":"70185705 - 2014 - Resolving terrestrial ecosystem processes along a subgrid topographic gradient for an earth-system model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-28T09:58:08","indexId":"70185705","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1928,"text":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resolving terrestrial ecosystem processes along a subgrid topographic gradient for an earth-system model","docAbstract":"Soil moisture is a crucial control on surface water and energy fluxes, vegetation, and soil carbon cycling. Earth-system models (ESMs) generally represent an areal-average soil-moisture state in gridcells at scales of 50–200 km and as a result are not able to capture the nonlinear effects of topographically-controlled subgrid heterogeneity in soil moisture, in particular where wetlands are present. We addressed this deficiency by building a subgrid representation of hillslope-scale topographic gradients, TiHy (Tiled-hillslope Hydrology), into the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) land model (LM3). LM3-TiHy models one or more representative hillslope geometries for each gridcell by discretizing them into land model tiles hydrologically coupled along an upland-to-lowland gradient. Each tile has its own surface fluxes, vegetation, and vertically-resolved state variables for soil physics and biogeochemistry. LM3-TiHy simulates a gradient in soil moisture and water-table depth between uplands and lowlands in each gridcell. Three hillslope hydrological regimes appear in non-permafrost regions in the model: wet and poorly-drained, wet and well-drained, and dry; with large, small, and zero wetland area predicted, respectively. Compared to the untiled LM3 in stand-alone experiments, LM3-TiHy simulates similar surface energy and water fluxes in the gridcell-mean. However, in marginally wet regions around the globe, LM3-TiHy simulates shallow groundwater in lowlands, leading to higher evapotranspiration, lower surface temperature, and higher leaf area compared to uplands in the same gridcells. Moreover, more than four-fold larger soil carbon concentrations are simulated globally in lowlands as compared with uplands. We compared water-table depths to those simulated by a recent global model-observational synthesis, and we compared wetland and inundated areas diagnosed from the model to observational datasets. The comparisons demonstrate that LM3-TiHy has the capability to represent some of the controls of these hydrological variables, but also that improvement in parameterization and input datasets are needed for more realistic simulations. We found large sensitivity in model-diagnosed wetland and inundated area to the depth of conductive soil and the parameterization of macroporosity. With improved parameterization and inclusion of peatland biogeochemical processes, the model could provide a new approach to investigating the vulnerability of Boreal peatland carbon to climate change in ESMs.
","language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","doi":"10.5194/hessd-11-8443-2014","usgsCitation":"Subin, Z., Milly, P., Sulman, B.N., Malyshev, S., and Shevliakova, E., 2014, Resolving terrestrial ecosystem processes along a subgrid topographic gradient for an earth-system model: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, v. 11, p. 8443-8492, https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-8443-2014.","productDescription":"50 p.","startPage":"8443","endPage":"8492","ipdsId":"IP-056981","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473315,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-8443-2014","text":"External Repository"},{"id":338439,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7631e4b0ee37af29e4a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Subin, Z M","contributorId":189918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Subin","given":"Z M","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milly, Paul C.D. 0000-0003-4389-3139 cmilly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4389-3139","contributorId":2119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"Paul C.D.","email":"cmilly@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":686472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sulman, B N","contributorId":189919,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sulman","given":"B","email":"","middleInitial":"N","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Malyshev, Sergey","contributorId":189177,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Malyshev","given":"Sergey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shevliakova, E","contributorId":189920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shevliakova","given":"E","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70188054,"text":"70188054 - 2014 - Earth observation based assessment of the water production and water consumption of Nile Basin agro-ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-31T16:11:56","indexId":"70188054","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3250,"text":"Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earth observation based assessment of the water production and water consumption of Nile Basin agro-ecosystems","docAbstract":"The increasing competition for water resources requires a better understanding of flows, fluxes, stocks, and the services and benefits related to water consumption. This paper explains how public domain Earth Observation data based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Second Generation Meteosat (MSG), Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) and various altimeter measurements can be used to estimate net water production (rainfall (P) > evapotranspiration (ET)) and net water consumption (ET > P) of Nile Basin agro-ecosystems. Rainfall data from TRMM and the Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWS-NET) RainFall Estimates (RFE) products were used in conjunction with actual evapotranspiration from the Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) and ETLook models. Water flows laterally between net water production and net water consumption areas as a result of runoff and withdrawals. This lateral flow between the 15 sub-basins of the Nile was estimated, and partitioned into stream flow and non-stream flow using the discharge data. A series of essential water metrics necessary for successful integrated water management are explained and computed. Net water withdrawal estimates (natural and humanly instigated) were assumed to be the difference between net rainfall (Pnet) and actual evapotranspiration (ET) and some first estimates of withdrawals—without flow meters—are provided. Groundwater-dependent ecosystems withdraw large volumes of groundwater, which exceed water withdrawals for the irrigation sector. There is a strong need for the development of more open-access Earth Observation databases, especially for information related to actual ET. The fluxes, flows and storage changes presented form the basis for a global framework to describe monthly and annual water accounts in ungauged river basins.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/rs61110306","usgsCitation":"Bastiaanssen, W., Karimi, P., Rebelo, L., Duan, Z., Senay, G., Muthuwatte, L., and Smakhtin, V., 2014, Earth observation based assessment of the water production and water consumption of Nile Basin agro-ecosystems: Remote Sensing, v. 6, no. 11, p. 10306-10334, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs61110306.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"10306","endPage":"10334","ipdsId":"IP-057431","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473300,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs61110306","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":341872,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Nile Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 23.818359375,\n -3.688855143147035\n ],\n [\n 37.6171875,\n -3.688855143147035\n ],\n [\n 37.6171875,\n 31.57853542647338\n ],\n [\n 23.818359375,\n 31.57853542647338\n ],\n [\n 23.818359375,\n -3.688855143147035\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-10-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"592e84c6e4b092b266f10da3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bastiaanssen, Wim","contributorId":192421,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bastiaanssen","given":"Wim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karimi, Poolad","contributorId":192422,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karimi","given":"Poolad","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rebelo, Lisa-Maria","contributorId":192423,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rebelo","given":"Lisa-Maria","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Duan, Zheng","contributorId":192424,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duan","given":"Zheng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Senay, Gabriel B. 0000-0002-8810-8539 senay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":166812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"Gabriel","email":"senay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Muthuwatte, Lal","contributorId":192425,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Muthuwatte","given":"Lal","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Smakhtin, Vladimir","contributorId":192426,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smakhtin","given":"Vladimir","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70117792,"text":"70117792 - 2014 - Predicting Impacts of tropical cyclones and sea-Level rise on beach mouse habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-16T16:27:23","indexId":"70117792","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting Impacts of tropical cyclones and sea-Level rise on beach mouse habitat","docAbstract":"Alabama beach mouse (ABM) (Peromyscus polionotus ammobates) is an important component of the coastal dune ecosystem along the Gulf of Mexico. Due to habitat loss and degradation, ABM is federally listed as an endangered species. In this study, we examined the impacts of storm surge and wind waves, which are induced by hurricanes and sea-level rise (SLR), on the ABM habitat on Fort Morgan Peninsula, Alabama, using advanced storm surge and wind wave models and spatial analysis tools in geographic information systems (GIS). Statistical analyses of the long-term historical data enabled us to predict the extreme values of winds, wind waves, and water levels in the study area at different return periods. We developed a series of nested domains for both wave and surge modeling and validated the models using field observations of surge hydrographs and high watermarks of Hurricane Ivan (2004). We then developed wave atlases and flood maps corresponding to the extreme wind, surge and waves without SLR and with a 0.5 m of SLR by coupling the wave and surge prediction models. The flood maps were then merged with a map of ABM habitat to determine the extent and location of habitat impacted by the 100-year storm with and without SLR. Simulation results indicate that more than 82% of ABM habitat would be inundated in such an extreme storm event, especially under SLR, making ABM populations more vulnerable to future storm damage. These results have aided biologists, community planners, and other stakeholders in the identification, restoration and protection of key beach mouse habitat in Alabama. Methods outlined in this paper could also be used to assist in the conservation and recovery of imperiled coastal species elsewhere.
","doi":"10.2112/SI68-002.1","usgsCitation":"Chen, Q., Wang, H., Wang, L., Tawes, R., and Rollman, D., 2014, Predicting Impacts of tropical cyclones and sea-Level rise on beach mouse habitat: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 68, p. 12-19, https://doi.org/10.2112/SI68-002.1.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"12","endPage":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057038","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297361,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama","otherGeospatial":"Fort Morgan Peninsula","volume":"68","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c29e4b08de9379b3679","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, Q. 0000-0002-6540-8758","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6540-8758","contributorId":56532,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chen","given":"Q.","affiliations":[{"id":38331,"text":"Northeastern University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":519117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, Hongqing 0000-0002-2977-7732 wangh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2977-7732","contributorId":4421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Hongqing","email":"wangh@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":519116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, Lixia","contributorId":118439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Lixia","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5115,"text":"Louisiana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":519120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tawes, Robert","contributorId":116795,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tawes","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":519118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rollman, Drew","contributorId":117214,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rollman","given":"Drew","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":519119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70100896,"text":"70100896 - 2014 - Modeling the hydrogeophysical response of lake talik evolution ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-28T11:39:28","indexId":"70100896","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Modeling the hydrogeophysical response of lake talik evolution ","docAbstract":"Geophysical methods provide valuable information about subsurface permafrost and its relation to dynamic hydrologic systems. Airborne electromagnetic data from interior Alaska are used to map the distribution of permafrost, geological features, surface water, and groundwater. To validate and gain further insight into these field datasets, we also explore the geophysical response to hydrologic simulations of permafrost evolution by implementing a physical property relationship that connects geology, temperature, and ice saturation to changes in electrical properties.
Potential for large prairie remnants to provide habitat for grassland-obligate wildlife may be compromised by nonsustainable range-management practices. In 1979–1980, high nesting densities of 3 species of hawks in the genus Buteo—Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis), Red-tailed Hawk (B. jamaicensis), and Swainson's Hawk (B. swainsoni)—were documented on the Zumwalt Prairie and surrounding agricultural areas (34,361 ha) in northeastern Oregon, USA. This area has been managed primarily as livestock summer range since it was homesteaded. Unlike in other prairie remnants, land management on the Zumwalt Prairie was consistent over the past several decades; thus, we predicted that territory occupancy of these 3 species would be stable. We also predicted that territory occupancy would be positively related to local availability of nesting structures within territories. We evaluated these hypotheses using a historical dataset, current survey and habitat data, and occupancy models. In support of our predictions, territory occupancy of all 3 species has not changed over the study period of ∼25 yr, which suggests that local range-management practices are not negatively affecting these taxa. Probability of Ferruginous Hawk occupancy increased with increasing area of aspen, an important nest structure for this species in grasslands. Probability of Swainson's Hawk occupancy increased with increasing area of large shrubs, and probability of Red-tailed Hawk occupancy was weakly associated with area of conifers. In the study area, large shrubs and conifers are commonly used as nesting structures by Swainson's Hawks and Red-tailed Hawks, respectively. Availability of these woody species is changing (increases in conifers and large shrubs, and decline in aspen) throughout the west, and these changes may result in declines in Ferruginous Hawk occupancy and increases in Swainson's Hawk and Red-tailed Hawk occupancy in the future.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1650/CONDOR-12-174.1","usgsCitation":"Kennedy, P.L., Bartuszevige, A.M., Houle, M., Humphrey, A.B., Dugger, K.M., and Williams, J., 2014, Stable occupancy by breeding hawks (Buteo spp.) over 25 years on a privately managed bunchgrass prairie in northeastern Oregon, USA: The Condor, v. 116, no. 3, p. 435-445, https://doi.org/10.1650/CONDOR-12-174.1.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"435","endPage":"445","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-042226","costCenters":[{"id":517,"text":"Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325089,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"579dd03be4b0589fa1cbde45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kennedy, Patricia L.","contributorId":172826,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bartuszevige, Anne M.","contributorId":172827,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartuszevige","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Houle, Marcy","contributorId":172828,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Houle","given":"Marcy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Humphrey, Ann B.","contributorId":172829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Humphrey","given":"Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dugger, Katie M. 0000-0002-4148-246X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4148-246X","contributorId":36037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dugger","given":"Katie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":517,"text":"Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":518124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Williams, John","contributorId":23842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70127907,"text":"70127907 - 2014 - \"Report a Landslide” A website to engage the public in identifying geologic hazards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-21T17:07:20","indexId":"70127907","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"\"Report a Landslide” A website to engage the public in identifying geologic hazards","docAbstract":"Direct observation by people is the most practical way of identifying, locating, and describing most damaging landslides. In an effort to increase public awareness of landslide hazards and encourage public participation in collecting basic data about landslides, the USGS recently launched a website called “Report a landslide.” The website is modeled in part after the highly successful USGS website “Did you feel it?” which has been used for several years to gather data from the public about intensity of felt earthquakes. The new “Report a landslide” website encourages visitors to report where and when they observed a landslide and to classify the landslide by movement type. Interested users also can report information about damage and casualties, dimensions, and simple geological observations, and can submit photographs of the landslide. Once a user submits a report, the location of the reported landslide appears on a map, and the location is linked to a summary of submitted data. Photos are reviewed prior to posting on the event page. By adding existing USGS data from historical landslides and promoting the website in the wake of large, regional landslide events, we hope to generate widespread awareness and interest in the website. The “Report a landslide” site has great potential for eventually creating a nationwide source of basic landslide data.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Landslide science for a safer geoenvironment, Vol.1: The International Programme on Landslides (IPL)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-04999-1_8","usgsCitation":"Baum, R.L., Highland, L.M., Lyttle, P.T., Fee, J., Martinez, E., and Wald, L.A., 2014, \"Report a Landslide” A website to engage the public in identifying geologic hazards, in Landslide science for a safer geoenvironment, Vol.1: The International Programme on Landslides (IPL), p. 95-100, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04999-1_8.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"100","ipdsId":"IP-049597","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339730,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-04-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f1e0cae4b08144348b7e1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baum, Rex L. 0000-0001-5337-1970 baum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5337-1970","contributorId":1288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baum","given":"Rex","email":"baum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":519666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Highland, Lynn M. highland@usgs.gov","contributorId":1292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Highland","given":"Lynn","email":"highland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":519667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lyttle, Peter T. plyttle@usgs.gov","contributorId":293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyttle","given":"Peter","email":"plyttle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":519663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fee, Jeremy jmfee@usgs.gov","contributorId":3775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fee","given":"Jeremy","email":"jmfee@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":519668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Martinez, Eric emartinez@usgs.gov","contributorId":1111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinez","given":"Eric","email":"emartinez@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":519665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wald, Lisa A. 0000-0002-5467-0523 lisa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5467-0523","contributorId":449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"Lisa","email":"lisa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":519664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70100631,"text":"70100631 - 2014 - Use of multi-sensor active fire detections to map fires in the United States: the future of monitoring trends in burn severity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-21T16:02:42","indexId":"70100631","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Use of multi-sensor active fire detections to map fires in the United States: the future of monitoring trends in burn severity","docAbstract":"The effort to utilize satellite-based MODIS, AVHRR, and GOES fire detections from the Hazard Monitoring System (HMS) to identify undocumented fires in Florida and improve the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (MTBS) mapping process has yielded promising results. This method was augmented using regression tree models to identify burned/not-burned pixels (BnB) in every Landsat scene (1984–2012) in Worldwide Referencing System 2 Path/Rows 16/40, 17/39, and 1839. The burned area delineations were combined with the HMS detections to create burned area polygons attributed with their date of fire detection. Within our study area, we processed 88,000 HMS points (2003–2012) and 1,800 Landsat scenes to identify approximately 300,000 burned area polygons. Six percent of these burned area polygons were larger than the 500-acre MTBS minimum size threshold. From this study, we conclude that the process can significantly improve understanding of fire occurrence and improve the efficiency and timeliness of assessing its impacts upon the landscape.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings: Wildland fire in the Appalachians: Discussions among managers and scientists. General Technical Report SRS-199","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"USDA Forest Service","publisherLocation":"Asheville, NC","usgsCitation":"Picotte, J.J., Coan, M., and Howard, S.M., 2014, Use of multi-sensor active fire detections to map fires in the United States: the future of monitoring trends in burn severity, in Proceedings: Wildland fire in the Appalachians: Discussions among managers and scientists. General Technical Report SRS-199, p. 155-161.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"161","ipdsId":"IP-053728","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340098,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":340097,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/gtr/gtr_srs199/gtr_srs199.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58fb1a4fe4b0c3010a8087d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Picotte, Joshua J. 0000-0002-4021-4623 jpicotte@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4021-4623","contributorId":4626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Picotte","given":"Joshua","email":"jpicotte@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":518668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coan, Michael mcoan@usgs.gov","contributorId":5398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coan","given":"Michael","email":"mcoan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":692439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howard, Stephen M. 0000-0001-5255-5882 smhoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5255-5882","contributorId":3483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Stephen","email":"smhoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70055517,"text":"70055517 - 2014 - Shale hydrocarbon reservoirs: Some influences of tectonics and paleogeography during deposition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-12T17:40:09.690694","indexId":"70055517","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"2","title":"Shale hydrocarbon reservoirs: Some influences of tectonics and paleogeography during deposition","docAbstract":"Continuous hydrocarbon accumulations in shale reservoirs appear to be characterized by common paleotectonic and paleogeographic histories and are limited to specific intervals of geologic time. In addition, most North American self-sourced shale correlates with geologic time periods of calcitic seas and greenhouse conditions and with evolutionary turnover of marine metazoans. More knowledge about the relations among these controls on deposition is needed, but conceptual modeling suggests that integrating tectonic histories, paleogeographic reconstructions, and eustatic curves may be a useful means by which to better understand shale plays already in development stages and potentially identify new organic-carbon-rich shale targets suitable for continuous resource development.
\nUpwelling and anoxic waters are commonly cited to explain the accumulation and preservation, respectively, of marine organic carbon. In addition, and perhaps alternatively, the broad correlation of self-sourced shale with macroevolutionary trends in land plants and marine metazoans suggests that reduced consumption of organic matter by benthos during periods of high terrestrial and marine organic productivity was responsible.
\nFundamental to any of the processes that acted during deposition, however, was active tectonism. Basin type can often distinguish self-sourced shale plays from other types of hydrocarbon source rocks. The deposition of North American self-sourced shale was associated with the assembly and subsequent fragmentation of Pangea. Flooded foreland basins along collisional margins were the predominant depositional settings during the Paleozoic, whereas deposition in semirestricted basins was responsible along the rifted passive margin of the U.S. Gulf Coast during the Mesozoic. Tectonism during deposition of self-sourced shale, such as the Upper Jurassic Haynesville Formation, confined (re)cycling of organic materials to relatively closed systems, which promoted uncommonly thick accumulations of organic matter.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology of the Haynesville gas shale in east Texas and west Louisiana","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"AAPG","doi":"10.1306/13441842M1053597","usgsCitation":"Eoff, J., 2014, Shale hydrocarbon reservoirs: Some influences of tectonics and paleogeography during deposition, chap. 2 of Geology of the Haynesville gas shale in east Texas and west Louisiana, p. 5-24, https://doi.org/10.1306/13441842M1053597.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"24","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-038324","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324750,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57779434e4b07dd077c90622","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eoff, Jennifer D","contributorId":118140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eoff","given":"Jennifer D","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":518272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70100005,"text":"70100005 - 2014 - Ground-motion site effects from multimethod shear-wave velocity characterization at 16 seismograph stations deployed for aftershocks of the August 2011 Mineral, Virginia earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-26T13:17:44","indexId":"70100005","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground-motion site effects from multimethod shear-wave velocity characterization at 16 seismograph stations deployed for aftershocks of the August 2011 Mineral, Virginia earthquake","docAbstract":"We characterize shear-wave velocity versus depth (Vs profile) at 16 portable seismograph sites through the epicentral region of the 2011 Mw 5.8 Mineral (Virginia, USA) earthquake to investigate ground-motion site effects in the area. We used a multimethod acquisition and analysis approach, where active-source horizontal shear (SH) wave reflection and refraction as well as active-source multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) and passive-source refraction microtremor (ReMi) Rayleigh wave dispersion were interpreted separately. The time-averaged shear-wave velocity to a depth of 30 m (Vs30), interpreted bedrock depth, and site resonant frequency were estimated from the best-fit Vs profile of each method at each location for analysis. Using the median Vs30 value (270–715 m/s) as representative of a given site, we estimate that all 16 sites are National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) site class C or D. Based on a comparison of simplified mapped surface geology to median Vs30 at our sites, we do not see clear evidence for using surface geologic units as a proxy for Vs30 in the epicentral region, although this may primarily be because the units are similar in age (Paleozoic) and may have similar bulk seismic properties. We compare resonant frequencies calculated from ambient noise horizontal:vertical spectral ratios (HVSR) at available sites to predicted site frequencies (generally between 1.9 and 7.6 Hz) derived from the median bedrock depth and average Vs to bedrock. Robust linear regression of HVSR to both site frequency and Vs30 demonstrate moderate correlation to each, and thus both appear to be generally representative of site response in this region. Based on Kendall tau rank correlation testing, we find that Vs30 and the site frequency calculated from average Vs to median interpreted bedrock depth can both be considered reliable predictors of weak-motion site effects in the epicentral region.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2015.2509(03)","usgsCitation":"Stephenson, W.J., Odum, J., McNamara, D.E., Williams, R., and Angster, S.J., 2014, Ground-motion site effects from multimethod shear-wave velocity characterization at 16 seismograph stations deployed for aftershocks of the August 2011 Mineral, Virginia earthquake: GSA Special Papers, v. 509, p. 47-65, https://doi.org/10.1130/2015.2509(03).","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"47","endPage":"65","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055883","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297529,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.529296875,\n 36.63316209558658\n ],\n [\n -75.7177734375,\n 36.5978891330702\n ],\n [\n -76.552734375,\n 38.736946065676\n ],\n [\n -78.046875,\n 39.62261494094297\n ],\n [\n -82.529296875,\n 36.63316209558658\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"509","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2bb6e4b08de9379b3499","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stephenson, William J. 0000-0001-8699-0786 wstephens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8699-0786","contributorId":695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"William","email":"wstephens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":518648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Odum, Jackson K. 0000-0003-4697-2430 odum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4697-2430","contributorId":1365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"Jackson K.","email":"odum@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":518650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McNamara, Daniel E. 0000-0001-6860-0350 mcnamara@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6860-0350","contributorId":402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNamara","given":"Daniel","email":"mcnamara@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":518647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, Robert A. rawilliams@usgs.gov","contributorId":1357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Robert A.","email":"rawilliams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":301,"text":"Geologic Hazards Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":518649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Angster, Stephen J","contributorId":116743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angster","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":518651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70161758,"text":"70161758 - 2014 - Estimating structural collapse fragility of generic building typologies using expert judgment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-13T16:26:50.090642","indexId":"70161758","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Estimating structural collapse fragility of generic building typologies using expert judgment","docAbstract":"The structured expert elicitation process proposed by Cooke (1991), \nhereafter referred to as Cooke’s approach, is applied for the first time \nin the realm of structural collapse-fragility assessment for selected generic \nconstruction types. Cooke’s approach works on the principle of objective \ncalibration scoring of judgments coupled with hypothesis testing used in classical\n statistics. The performance-based scoring system reflects the combined \nmeasure of an expert’s informativeness about variables in the problem area \nunder consideration, and their ability to enumerate, in a statistically accurate \nway through expressing their true beliefs, the quantitative uncertainties \nassociated with their assessments. We summarize the findings of an expert \nelicitation workshop in which a dozen earthquake-engineering professionals\n from around the world were engaged to estimate seismic collapse fragility for\n generic construction types. Development of seismic collapse fragility \nfunctions was accomplished by combining their judgments using weights \nderived from Cooke’s method. Although substantial effort was needed to\n elicit the inputs of these experts successfully, we anticipate that the elicitation\n strategy described here will gain momentum in a wide variety of earthquake \nseismology and engineering hazard and risk analyses where physical model \nand data limitations are inherent and objective professional judgment can fill \ngaps.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Safety, reliability, risk, and life-cycle performance of structures and infrastructures","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"1th International Conference on Structural Safety and Reliability (ICOSSAR2013)","conferenceDate":"June 16-20, 2013","conferenceLocation":"New York, NY","language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","doi":"10.1201/b16387-130","isbn":"9781138000865","usgsCitation":"Jaiswal, K., Perkins, D., Wald, D., Aspinall, W.P., and Kiremidjian, A.S., 2014, Estimating structural collapse fragility of generic building typologies using expert judgment, in Safety, reliability, risk, and life-cycle performance of structures and infrastructures, New York, NY, June 16-20, 2013, p. 879-886, https://doi.org/10.1201/b16387-130.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"879","endPage":"886","ipdsId":"IP-045829","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340113,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-01-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58fdbd18e4b0074928294487","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Deodatis, George","contributorId":191242,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Deodatis","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692458,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellingwood, Bruce R.","contributorId":44446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellingwood","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692459,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frangopol, Dan M.","contributorId":191243,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Frangopol","given":"Dan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692460,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Jaiswal, Kishor S. kjaiswal@usgs.gov","contributorId":145925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaiswal","given":"Kishor S.","email":"kjaiswal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":692461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wald, D.J. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":43809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Perkins, D.","contributorId":83589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aspinall, W. P.","contributorId":82077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aspinall","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kiremidjian, Anne S.","contributorId":60649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kiremidjian","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70159455,"text":"70159455 - 2014 - Metals, organic compounds, and nutrients in Long Island Sound: sources, magnitudes, trends, and impacts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-08T13:35:18","indexId":"70159455","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Metals, organic compounds, and nutrients in Long Island Sound: sources, magnitudes, trends, and impacts","docAbstract":"Long Island Sound (LIS) is a relatively shallow estuary with a mean depth of 20 m (maximum depth 49 m) and a unique hydrology and history of pollutant loading. Those factors have contributed to a wide variety of contamination problems in its muddy sediments, aquatic life and water column. The LIS sediments are contaminated with a host of legacy and more recently released toxic compounds and elements related to past and present wastewater discharges and runoff. These include non-point and storm water runoff and groundwater discharges, whose character has changed over the years along with the evolution of its watershed and industrial history. Major impacts have resulted from the copious amounts of nutrients discharged into LIS through atmospheric deposition (N), domestic and industrial waste water flows, fertilizer releases, and urban runoff. All these sources and their effects are in essence the result of human presence and activities in the watershed, and the severity of pollutant loading and their impacts generally scales with total population in the watersheds surrounding LIS. Environmental legislation passed since the mid-to late 1900s (e.g., Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act) has had a beneficial effect, however, and contaminant loadings for many toxic organic and inorganic chemicals and nutrients have diminished over the last few decades (O’Shea and Brosnan 2000; Trench, et al, 2012; O’Connor and Lauenstein 2006; USEPA 2007). Major strides have been made in reducing the inflow of nutrients into LIS, but cultural eutrophication is still an ongoing problem and nutrient control efforts will need to continue. Nonetheless, LIS is still a heavily human impacted estuary (an ‘Urban Estuary’, as described for San Francisco Bay by Conomos, 1979), and severe changes in water quality and sediment toxicity as well as ecosystem shifts have been witnessed over the relatively short period since European colonization in the early 1600s (Koppelman et al., 1976).\nThe main rivers that discharge into LIS are the East River in the west, the Housatonic and Connecticut rivers on the north, and the Thames River at the northeastern end of LIS, with the Quinnipiac and several other smaller rivers also coming in from Connecticut. The East River is a tidal strait that connects LIS with New York Harbor through the heart of the New York City metropolitan region. The Housatonic, Quinnipiac, Connecticut and Thames river basins drain agricultural, urban and industrial lands in a watershed that extends from Connecticut north to Canada. The Sound receives contaminants from many sources within and outside its contributing watershed, including direct discharges from coastal industries, wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), urban runoff, and atmospheric deposition. New England has a long history of industrial activity, with factories that once crowded its riverbanks and shores now having succumbed to economic forces that drove manufacturing overseas. Relict deposits with legacy pollutants in upland sediments persist and combine with modern runoff sources from an increasingly densely populated watershed, and continue to be a source of contaminants for LIS. While toxic exposure from legacy and active sources has diminished over the years as wastewater treatment has improved and industries closed or moved away, pockets of contamination still have consequences for many embayments and coves, particularly near urbanized areas of western LIS. \nLoading of nutrients and carbon have been of recent concern in LIS because of the extensive impacts observed since the mid-1980s. Excess nutrients not only create inhospitable conditions for higher forms of aquatic life through reduced oxygen levels and disrupting trophic dynamics, but also by altering the local biogeochemistry. As a result, the release of toxic substances into the water column may be enhanced in hypoxic waters, thus exerting a toxic effect or enhancing incorporation of toxic pollutants into the food we","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Long Island Sound","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4614-6126-5","usgsCitation":"Mullaney, J.R., Varekamp, J., MCElroy, A., and Brsslin, V., 2014, Metals, organic compounds, and nutrients in Long Island Sound: sources, magnitudes, trends, and impacts, chap. of Long Island Sound, p. 203-283, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6126-5.","productDescription":"81 p. ","startPage":"203","endPage":"283","ipdsId":"IP-039513","costCenters":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328402,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":310828,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.springer.com/us/book/9781461461258"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57d28baee4b0571647d0f938","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mullaney, John R. 0000-0003-4936-5046 jmullane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4936-5046","contributorId":1957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullaney","given":"John","email":"jmullane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Varekamp, J.C.","contributorId":56006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varekamp","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"MCElroy, A.E.","contributorId":149545,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MCElroy","given":"A.E.","affiliations":[{"id":17767,"text":"SUNY Stoneybrook","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Brsslin, V.T.","contributorId":149544,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brsslin","given":"V.T.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17766,"text":"Southern Connecticut Univ.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ]}