Radon measurement were made in several small, turbulent mountain streams in the Wasatch Mountains near Salt Lake City and Ogden, Utah, to determine the relationship between the distribution of radon and its geologic environment.
\nIn this area, the distribution of radon in streams can be sued to locate points where relatively large amounts of radon-bearing ground water enter the stream, although other evidence of spring activity may be lacking. These points of influence ground water are marked by abrupt increases (as much as two orders of magnitude within a distance of 50 feet) in the radon content of the stream waters.
\nThe excess radon in the stream water is then rapidly lost to the atmosphere through stream turbulence. The rate of radon dissipation is an exponential function, of different slopes, with respect to distance of streamflow, and depend upon the rate and volume of streamflow, and the gradient and nature of the stream channel.
\nThe higher radon concentration can be generally related to specific stratigraphic horizons in several different drainage area. Thus, lithologic units which act as the primary aquifers can be identifies. In one area, thrust faults were found to control he influx of ground water into the stream.
\nEstimates, based on radon concentration in stream and related spring waters, can also be made of the major increments of addition of ground water to streamflow where conventional methods such as stream gaging are not practical.
\nThe radon in the waters studied was found to be almost completely unsupported by radium in solution.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei619","collaboration":"This report concerns work done on behalf of the Division of Research of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"Rogers, A., 1956, The physical behavior and geologic control of radon in mountain streams: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 619, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei619.","productDescription":"44 p.","numberOfPages":"45","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290055,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290054,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0619/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","city":"Ogden;Salt Lake City","otherGeospatial":"Wasatch Mountains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.151,40.5021 ], [ -112.151,41.3868 ], [ -111.2973,41.3868 ], [ -111.2973,40.5021 ], [ -112.151,40.5021 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53a94c87e4b0f1f8e2fa8681","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rogers, Allen S.","contributorId":66553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"Allen S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":40011,"text":"b1033 - 1956 - Geophysical abstracts 160-163 January-December 1955","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":47354,"text":"b1033A - 1955 - Geophysical abstracts 160, January-March 1955","indexId":"b1033A","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Geophysical abstracts 160, January-March 1955"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":40011,"text":"b1033 - 1956 - Geophysical abstracts 160-163 January-December 1955","indexId":"b1033","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"title":"Geophysical abstracts 160-163 January-December 1955"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":47355,"text":"b1033B - 1955 - Geophysical abstracts 161, April-June 1955","indexId":"b1033B","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Geophysical abstracts 161, April-June 1955"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":40011,"text":"b1033 - 1956 - Geophysical abstracts 160-163 January-December 1955","indexId":"b1033","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"title":"Geophysical abstracts 160-163 January-December 1955"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":47356,"text":"b1033C - 1955 - Geophysical abstracts 162, July-September 1955","indexId":"b1033C","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Geophysical abstracts 162, July-September 1955"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":40011,"text":"b1033 - 1956 - Geophysical abstracts 160-163 January-December 1955","indexId":"b1033","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"title":"Geophysical abstracts 160-163 January-December 1955"},"id":3},{"subject":{"id":47357,"text":"b1033D - 1956 - Geophysical abstracts 163, October-December 1955","indexId":"b1033D","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Geophysical abstracts 163, October-December 1955"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":40011,"text":"b1033 - 1956 - Geophysical abstracts 160-163 January-December 1955","indexId":"b1033","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"title":"Geophysical abstracts 160-163 January-December 1955"},"id":4}],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-30T10:06:14","indexId":"b1033","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T10:04:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1033","title":"Geophysical abstracts 160-163 January-December 1955","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b1033","usgsCitation":"U.S. Government Printing Office, 1956, Geophysical abstracts 160-163 January-December 1955: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1033, iii, 340 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1033.","productDescription":"iii, 340 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289179,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b286efe4b07b8813a554b3"} ,{"id":70098413,"text":"tei432 - 1956 - Geology and ore deposits of the Chicago Creek area, Clear Creek County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-11T14:37:34","indexId":"tei432","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T09:56:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"432","title":"Geology and ore deposits of the Chicago Creek area, Clear Creek County, Colorado","docAbstract":"The Chicago Creek area, Clear Creek County, Colo., forms part of the Front Range mineral belt, which is a northeast-trending belt of coextensive porphyry intrusive rocks and hydrothermal veins of Tertiary age. More than $4.5 million worth of gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, and uranium was produced from the mines in the area between 1859 and 1954. This investigation was made by the Geological survey on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.
\n
\n
The bedrock in the area is Precambrian and consists of igneous rocks, some of which have been metamorphosed , and metasedimentary rocks. The metasedimentary rocks include biotite-quartz-plagioclase gneiss that is locally garnetiferous, sillimanitic biotite-quartz gneiss, amphibolite, and lime-silicate gneiss. Rocks that may be metasedimentary or meta-igneous are quartz monzonite gneiss and granite gneiss and pegmatite. The granite gneiss and pegmatite locally form a migmatite with the biotitic metasedimentary rocks. These older rocks have been intruded by granodiorite, quartz, and granite pegmatite. During Tertiary time the Precambrian rocks were invaded by dikes and plugs of quartz monzonite porphyry, alaskite porphyry, granite porphyry, monzonite porphyry, bostonite and garnetiferous bostonite porphyry, quartz bostonite porphyry, trachytic granite porphyry, and biotite-quartz latite-porphyry.
\nSolifluction debris of Wisconsin age forms sheets filling some of the high basins, covering some of the steep slopes, and filling parts of some of the valleys; talus and talus slides of Wisconsin age rest of or are mixed with solifluction debris in some of the high basins. Recent and/or Pleistocene alluvium is present along valley flats of the larger streams and gulches.
\nTwo periods of Precambrian folding can be recognized in the area. The older folding crumpled the metasedimentary rocks into a series of upright and overturned north-northeast plunging anticlines and synclines. Quartz monzonite gneiss, granite gneiss and pegmatite, granodiorite, and quartz diorite and associated hornblendite are metamorphosed during this period. The second period of folding appears to have been the reflection at depth of faulting nearer the surface; it resulted in crushing as well as some folding of the already folded rocks into terrace and monoclinal folds that plunge gently east-northeast. The biotite-muscovite granite, which is the youngest major Precambrian rock unit, is both concordant (phacolithic) and crosscutting along the older fold system and has been fractured by the younger fold system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei432","collaboration":"This report concerns work done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"Harrison, J.E., and Wells, J.D., 1956, Geology and ore deposits of the Chicago Creek area, Clear Creek County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 432, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei432.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":285841,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0432/report.pdf"},{"id":284139,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tei432.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Clear Creek County","otherGeospatial":"Chicago Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.927057,39.564453 ], [ -105.927057,39.852061 ], [ -105.394554,39.852061 ], [ -105.394554,39.564453 ], [ -105.927057,39.564453 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5355946ee4b0120853e8bfd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harrison, J. E.","contributorId":54532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wells, J. D.","contributorId":58647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":71461,"text":"tei427 - 1956 - Preliminary study of radioactive limonite localities in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-11T14:18:06","indexId":"tei427","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T09:40:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"427","title":"Preliminary study of radioactive limonite localities in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming","docAbstract":"Nine radioactive limonite localities of different types were sampled during the spring and fall of 1953 in an effort to establish criteria for differentiating limonite outcrops associated with uranium or thorium deposits from limonite outcrops not associated with such deposits. The samples were analyzed for uranium and thorium by standard chemical methods, for equivalent uranium by the radiometric method, and for a number of common metals by semiquantitative geochemical methods. Correlation coefficients were then calculated for each of the metals with respect to equivalent uranium, and to uranium where present, for all of the samples from each locality. The correlation coefficients may indicate a significant association between uranium or thorium and certain metals. Occurrences of specific that are interpreted as significant very considerably for different uranium localities but are more consistent for the thorium localities.
\n
\n
Samples taken from radioactive outcrops in the vicinity of uranium or thorium deposits can be quickly analyzed by geochemical methods for various elements. Correlation coefficients can then be determined for the various elements with respect to uranium or thorium; if any significant correlations are obtained, the elements showing such correlation may be indicators of uranium or thorium. Soil samples of covered areas in the vicinity of the radioactive outcrop may then be analyzed for the indicator elements and any resulting anomalies used as a guide for prospecting where the depth of overburden is too great to allow the use of radiation-detecting instruments.
\nCorrelation coefficients of the associated indicator elements, used in conjunction with petrographic evidence, may also be useful in interpreting the origin and paragenesis of radioactive deposits.
\nChanges in color of limonite stains on the outcrop may also be a useful guide to ore in some areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei427","collaboration":"This report concerns work done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"Lovering, T., and Beroni, E., 1956, Preliminary study of radioactive limonite localities in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 427, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei427.","productDescription":"61 p.","numberOfPages":"62","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":285831,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0427/report.pdf"},{"id":284136,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tei427.PNG"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado;Utah;Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.0,38.0 ], [ -110.0,43.0 ], [ -104.0,43.0 ], [ -104.0,38.0 ], [ -110.0,38.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5355952be4b0120853e8c15b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lovering, T.G.","contributorId":55014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovering","given":"T.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beroni, E.P.","contributorId":13222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beroni","given":"E.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2618,"text":"wsp1360B - 1956 - Ground water in northeastern Louisville, Kentucky with reference to induced infiltration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-27T15:31:54.450981","indexId":"wsp1360B","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1360","chapter":"B","title":"Ground water in northeastern Louisville, Kentucky with reference to induced infiltration","docAbstract":"In cooperation with the city of Louisville, Ky., the U. S. Geological Survey made a detailed investigation during the period February 1945 to March 1947 of the ground-water resources of a 3-square-mile area along the Ohio River north-east of Louisville. Test drilling shows that the principal aquifer consists of about 80 feet of glacial-outwash sands and gravels lying in an old river channel which was cut into rocks of Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian age.
The total ground-water storage in the area is estimated as 7 billion gallons. The ground-water levels are affected by changes in river elevation, by rainfall, and by the effects of pumping in the downtown part of Louisville 3 miles to the southwest. In the northeastern part of the area the flow of ground water, as defined by contour maps, is toward the river, and in the southwestern part of the area it is from the river toward the downtown area of overpumping.
Ground water in the area has an average temperature of 56° F. The water, which is moderately hard, is suitable for domestic and industrial uses.
Analysis of a pumping test made during the investigation proves that infiltration supplies can be developed. Studies to determine the degree of connection between the river and aquifer were made on the basis of chemical analyses, sections showing temperature distribution in the aquifer during the pumping test, shapes of water-level profiles in the test area, and shapes of time-drawdown curves for a number of observation wells. Quantitative studies to evaluate the hydrologic constants of the aquifer were made by both graphical and mathematical methods. The transmissibility was determined as 121,000 gpd/ft in the test area; the distance to the line source, 400 feet; and the coefficient of storage, 0.0003. A comparison of river-level fluctuations and water-level fluctuations in observation wells shows that conditions along the 6.4-mile reach of river are not greatly different from those at the site of the pumping test.
It is estimated that under adverse temperature and river-stage conditions infiltration supplies could be developed to the extent of 280 million gpd in the entire 6.4-mile reach investigated; at average river-water temperature (59° F) about 400 million gpd could be developed. Diagrams were drawn showing the estimated yield of wells of different radii, at various distances from the river, and at various spacings. In making the computations allowance was made for screen losses, dewatering of the aquifer, partial penetration of wells, location wells, eccentricity of large wells, and interference among wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1360B","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the city of Louisville","usgsCitation":"Rorabaugh, M.I., 1956, Ground water in northeastern Louisville, Kentucky with reference to induced infiltration: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1360, Report: v, 69 p.; 17 Plates: 8 x 23.81 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1360B.","productDescription":"Report: v, 69 p.; 17 Plates: 8 x 23.81 inches or smaller","startPage":"101","endPage":"169","numberOfPages":"73","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416093,"rank":20,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24337.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":28927,"rank":19,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-17.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28926,"rank":18,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-16.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28925,"rank":17,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-15.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28924,"rank":16,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-14.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28923,"rank":15,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138850,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28917,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28916,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28914,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28911,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-18.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28920,"rank":12,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":279835,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/report.pdf"},{"id":28912,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28913,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28915,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28918,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28919,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28921,"rank":13,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28922,"rank":14,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","city":"Louisville","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -85.948441,37.9971 ], [ -85.948441,38.38051 ], [ -85.4051,38.38051 ], [ -85.4051,37.9971 ], [ -85.948441,37.9971 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66db38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rorabaugh, M. I.","contributorId":28221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rorabaugh","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2002332,"text":"2002332 - 1956 - The early life history of the lake trout in Lake Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T16:11:07.299929","indexId":"2002332","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesTitle":{"id":406,"text":"Miscellaneous Public","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":9}},"seriesNumber":"10","title":"The early life history of the lake trout in Lake Superior","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"State of Michigan, Dept. of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Eschmeyer, P.H., 1956, The early life history of the lake trout in Lake Superior: Miscellaneous Public 10, 31 p.","productDescription":"31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197752,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Superior","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.320068359375,\n 46.50973514453876\n ],\n [\n -84.35028076171875,\n 46.534303278597505\n ],\n [\n -84.4189453125,\n 46.53052428878426\n ],\n [\n -84.4793701171875,\n 46.49650154751426\n ],\n [\n -84.52606201171875,\n 46.51918574163987\n ],\n [\n -84.5562744140625,\n 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The major side reaction and its chloro product were unexpected; a unique displacement of fluorine ortho to the diazonium group was observed. Replacement of the diazo group with chlorine was the predicted side reaction which proved to be minor. Conditions causing the side reactions and the isolation and identification of the products are described.","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ja01592a073","issn":"00027863","usgsCitation":"Finger, G.C., and Oesterling, R., 1956, Aromatic fluorine compounds. VI. Displacement of aryl fluorine in diazonium salts: Journal of the American Chemical Society, v. 78, no. 11, p. 2593-2596, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01592a073.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"2593","endPage":"2596","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218745,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed80e4b0c8380cd49848","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finger, G. C.","contributorId":89277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finger","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oesterling, R.E.","contributorId":25282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oesterling","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010477,"text":"70010477 - 1956 - Abundances of the elements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:21","indexId":"70010477","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3285,"text":"Reviews of Modern Physics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Abundances of the elements","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Reviews of Modern Physics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1103/RevModPhys.28.53","issn":"00346861","usgsCitation":"Suess, H.E., and Urey, H.C., 1956, Abundances of the elements: Reviews of Modern Physics, v. 28, no. 1, p. 53-74, https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.28.53.","startPage":"53","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":204924,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.28.53"},{"id":219146,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1956-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e662e4b0c8380cd473ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Suess, H. E.","contributorId":69292,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Suess","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Urey, H. C.","contributorId":44284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Urey","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000307,"text":"1000307 - 1956 - Status of sea lamprey control","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:13","indexId":"1000307","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3788,"text":"Wisconsin Conservation Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Status of sea lamprey control","docAbstract":"Four experiments involving 873 bob-white quail (Colinus virginianus) chicks were conducted at the Patuxent Research Refuge, Laurel, Maryland. A comparison was made of calcium: phosphorus ratios of 1:1, 15:1, 1%: 1, 2:1, 2+:1,and 2%: 1in diets with phosphorus levels of 0.52, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.25 percent. The results indicate that the optimum level of phosphorus for growth is in the neighborhood of 0.75 per cent, and that of calcium is about 1.00 per cent, making a ratio of 1 1/3: 1....Although the greatest efficiency of feed utilization occurred on the phosphorus level of 0.52 per cent, the liveweight and bone-ash of the birds at the end of ten weeks were significantly lower than they were on the levels of 0.75 and 1.00 per cent, phosphorus. Bone-ash of birds on a Ca: P ratio of 1:1was significantly lower than that on any of the other five ratios, regardless of phosphorus level....There was a significant reverse correlation between the Ca: P ratio of the diet and the storage of vitamin A in the liver. Storage was especially low on the ratio of 2 2/3: 1....The low and high levels of calcium and phosphorus considered in these studies are abnormal, the low level especially being hard to obtain with common feedstuffs, if the protein requirements of the birds are met. Nevertheless, even on such levels, results were not disastrous. The growth of quail in the wild happens during a season when the birds have access to the minerals of the soil and in the abundant animal matter (mostly insects), as well as to minerals in plant material. Therefore, seemingly, calcium and phosphorus need not be critical nutrients for growing quail in the wild. ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wisconsin Conservation Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Moffett, J.W., 1956, Status of sea lamprey control: Wisconsin Conservation Bulletin, v. 21, no. 4, p. 14-17.","productDescription":"p. 14-17","startPage":"14","endPage":"17","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130446,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a1dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moffett, James W.","contributorId":94245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moffett","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014483,"text":"1014483 - 1956 - Experimental induction of blue-sac disease","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-20T15:24:09.404877","indexId":"1014483","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental induction of blue-sac disease","docAbstract":"Blue‐sac disease, an abnormal condition of sac fry, has been recognized for nearly 90 years. At least 23 postulated causes have been advanced, but reports of consistently reproducible results have not been found in literature. Methods whereby blue‐sac disease was induced at will are described. Closed‐system incubation, whereby metabolic wastes accumulated, resulted in incidences of blue‐sac disease roughly proportional to the period of holding and to ammonia concentrations which developed. Blue‐sac disease was also induced by adding synthetic nitrogen compounds to water used for incubating eggs and fry.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1956)86[61:EIOBD]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wolf, K., 1956, Experimental induction of blue-sac disease: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 86, no. 1, p. 61-70, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1956)86[61:EIOBD]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"70","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131641,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f929b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolf, K.","contributorId":16344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185482,"text":"70185482 - 1956 - Data and understanding","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-22T14:03:02","indexId":"70185482","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Data and understanding","docAbstract":"In the year 1534 when Cabeza de Vaca escaped from the aborigines of southern Texas by whom he had been enslaved for six years, he made his way on foot from the vicinity of Galveston to the west coast of Mexico. Although his Relación was not printed until 1542, the verbal report of Cabeza de Vaca gave impetus to the growing interest in exploration of New Spain. Estevanico, the black, one of de Vaca's companions, served as guide to Fray Marcos de Niza on the first Spanish reconnaissance to reach the village of Zuni in New Mexico.
The earliest Spanish exploring parties hoped to find riches, but expected to acquire, at the least, facts. These \"gentlemen of high quality,\" as Castaneda called them, wanted to see for themselves whether the cities of Cibola had streets of silver. Hearsay was not enough. Rumor was to be replaced by first-hand knowledge.
Without discounting the hope for personal gain, these men presumably were fired with some further intellectual and spiritual motivation, among which must have been the desire for facts about these parts where we are assembled. Inscription Rock, only a few miles west of Albuquerque, bears illuminating tidbits of history. Don Diego de Vargas, says the carved inscription of 1692, came here \"A su costa\"—at his own expense.
We are attempting to survey and correlate some of the facts which people have gained about the nature of semi-arid lands. We are better off than the early Spanish explorers, for in the intervening period data and information have been accumulated in scope and in detail beyond the imagination of our predecessors. We have available excellent maps, knowledge of the soils and of the rocks, both at the surface and below the ground, measurements of precipitation, descriptions of the vegetation, data on the flow of streams, experience in the use, if not the husbandry, of the land.
It is true that for the purposes of our complex civilization, the need for additional data has far outstripped the programs of fact-finding. But it appears that an indefinite expansion of the collection of routine measurements would still leave something lacking. I draw the distinction between measurement data and understanding; between the collection of facts and knowledge of processes and interrelationships. Although we have a wealth of data, our understanding of the semi-arid environment is poor.
Understanding the physical and biologic processes operating in an environment is important for living in and with the land. As an example, let us look briefly at the interrelation of the water and sediment in ephemeral streams, and the problem of valley trenching or arroyo cutting.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The future of arid lands: Papers and recommendations from the International Arid Lands Meetings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International Arid Lands Meetings","conferenceDate":"April 26 - May 4, 1955","conferenceLocation":"Albuquerque, NM","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1002/aic.690030425","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., 1956, Data and understanding, in The future of arid lands: Papers and recommendations from the International Arid Lands Meetings, v. 43, Albuquerque, NM, April 26 - May 4, 1955, p. 114-120, https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030425.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"114","endPage":"120","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338080,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-06-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d66e4b0236b68f98f9a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"White, Gilbert F.","contributorId":189688,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Gilbert","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685700,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":34617,"text":"b1032B - 1956 - Geology and ore deposits of the Freeland-Lamartine district, Clear Creek County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-09T19:32:02.207915","indexId":"b1032B","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1032","chapter":"B","title":"Geology and ore deposits of the Freeland-Lamartine district, Clear Creek County, Colorado","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1032B","usgsCitation":"Harrison, J.E., and Wells, J.D., 1956, Geology and ore deposits of the Freeland-Lamartine district, Clear Creek County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1032, Report: v, 95 p.; 10 Plates: 39.00 x 27.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1032B.","productDescription":"Report: v, 95 p.; 10 Plates: 39.00 x 27.00 inches or smaller","startPage":"33","endPage":"127","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":62514,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1032b/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":62510,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1032b/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":62515,"rank":12,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1032b/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":62509,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1032b/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":62508,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1032b/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":109198,"rank":13,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20621.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"20621"},{"id":62513,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1032b/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":62516,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1032b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":62512,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1032b/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":62511,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1032b/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":62506,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1032b/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":166928,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1032b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":62507,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1032b/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Clear Creek County","otherGeospatial":"Freeland-Lamartine district","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.642,\n 39.75\n ],\n [\n -105.642,\n 39.725\n ],\n [\n -105.581,\n 39.725\n ],\n [\n -105.581,\n 39.75\n ],\n [\n -105.642,\n 39.75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4214","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harrison, Jack Edward","contributorId":49778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":213269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wells, John David","contributorId":96244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":213270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185489,"text":"70185489 - 1956 - Land use and sediment yield","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-22T14:22:18","indexId":"70185489","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Land use and sediment yield","docAbstract":"When the vegetal cover is removed from a land surface, the rate of removal of the soil material, at least initially, increases rapidly. So well known is this principle that it hardly needs restatement.
If attention is focused on any individual drainage basin in its natural state, large or small, and inquiry is made as to the rate of denudation, a quantitative answer is not easily obtained. The possible error in any computation of rate of sediment production from any given drainage basin is considerable. Significant variations are found in sediment yields from closely adjacent watersheds which appear to be generally similar. To make a quantitative evaluation of the change in the rate of denudation when the natural vegetation is disturbed is, therefore, even more difficult. Considering the fact that \"soil conservation\" has been promoted to the status of a science, our lack of ability to answer what is apparently so simple a question may seem surprising. Let us look at some of the reasons.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Man’s role in changing the face of the Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Man's role in changing the face of the Earth: Second annual Wenner-Gren Symposium","conferenceDate":"June 16-22, 1955","conferenceLocation":"Princeton, NJ","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","publisherLocation":"Chicago, IL","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., 1956, Land use and sediment yield, in Man’s role in changing the face of the Earth, Princeton, NJ, June 16-22, 1955, p. 639-647.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"639","endPage":"647","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338086,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d66e4b0236b68f98f98","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Thomas, William L. Jr.","contributorId":189691,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thomas","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685718,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185477,"text":"70185477 - 1956 - Floods in relation to the river channel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-22T13:39:11","indexId":"70185477","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5272,"text":"Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Floods in relation to the river channel","docAbstract":"Among the rivers studied by us two broad types may be distinguished. Channels in the semi-arid areas scour at high discharges so that the bed lowers nearly as much as the water surface rises. Detailed data on the middle reaches of the Rio Grande in New Mexico during the spring floods of 1948 and 1952 indicate that the bed aggrades to nearly its pre-flood level as the flood recedes. Channel banks may move rapidly by undercutting during periods of scour and levees are liable to failure not from overtopping but by undercutting.
In Connecticut, a sub-humid area, the repetitive processes of scour and fill in the semi-arid region were not demonstrated by the great floods of 1955. In a few reaches fresh sand was deposited over gravel beds subsequently to be removed by lower flows. Boulders four to six feet in diameter were moved in places over undisturbed beds of one-inch gravel. Channel widening occurred primarily in rivers in narrow valleys which confined the flow within the channel. Scour and deposition on flood plains adjacent to the rivers was irregular. Most deposits could be traced to local sources. In general, flood waters modified but did not vastly alter the prevailing configuration of the channel and structure of the flood plain.
","conferenceTitle":"Symposium Darcy: Floods","conferenceDate":"September 20-26, 1956","conferenceLocation":"Dijon, France","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Hydrological Sciences","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., and Wolman, M.G., 1956, Floods in relation to the river channel: Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, p. 85-98.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"98","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338073,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338071,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://iahs.info/Publications-News/","text":"Publisher's Website","linkHelpText":"Back issues of this publication are available using the search function"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d66e4b0236b68f98f9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolman, M. Gordon","contributorId":85163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gordon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":14397,"text":"ofr5669 - 1956 - Preliminary report on the geology and deposits of monazite, thorite, and niobium-bearing rutile of the Mineral Hill district, Lemhi County, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-03T19:35:33.941884","indexId":"ofr5669","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"56-69","title":"Preliminary report on the geology and deposits of monazite, thorite, and niobium-bearing rutile of the Mineral Hill district, Lemhi County, Idaho","docAbstract":"Deposits of minerals containing niobium (columbium), thorium, and rare earths occur in the Mineral Hill district, 30 miles northwest of Salmon, Lemhi County, Idaho. Monazite, thorite, allanite, and niobium-bearing rutile form deposits in metamorphic limestone layers less than 8 feet thick. The known deposits are small, irregular, and typically located in or near small folds. Minor faults are common.
Monazite generally is coarsely crystalline and contains less than one percent thorium. Rutile forms massive lumps up to 3 inches across; it contains between 5 and 10 percent niobium. Rutile occurs in the northwestern half of the district, thorite in the central and southeastern parts. Monazite occurs in all deposits. Allanite is locally abundant and contains several percent thorium. Magnetite and ilmenite are also locally abundant.
A major thrust fault trending northwest across the map-area separates moderately folded quartzite and phyllitic rocks of Belt age, on the northeast, from more intensely metamorphosed and folded rocks on the southwest. The more metamorphosed rocks include amphibolite, porphyroblastic feldspar gneiss, quartzite, and limestone, all probably of sedimentary origin, and probably also of Belt (late Precambrian) age. The only rocks of definite igneous origin are rhyolite dikes of probable Tertiary age.
The more metamorphosed rocks were formed by metasomatic metamorphism acting on clastic sediments, probably of Belt age, although they may be older than Belt. Metamorphism doubtless was part of the episode of emplacement of the Idaho batholith, but the history of that episode is not well understood.
The rare-element deposits show no evidence of fracture-controlled hydrothermal introduction, such as special fracture systems, veining, and gangue material. They may, however, be of hydrothermal type. More likely they are metamorphic segregations or secretions, deposited in favorable stratigraphic and structural positions during regional metamorphism.
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1956 - Geology of the Stanford-Hobson area, central Montana","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":47347,"text":"b1027J - 1956 - Geology of the Stanford-Hobson area, central Montana","indexId":"b1027J","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"chapter":"J","title":"Geology of the Stanford-Hobson area, central Montana"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33207,"text":"b1027 - 1956 - Contributions to economic geology, 1955","indexId":"b1027","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to economic geology, 1955"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33207,"text":"b1027 - 1956 - Contributions to economic geology, 1955","indexId":"b1027","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to economic geology, 1955"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-09T22:09:36.992568","indexId":"b1027J","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1027","chapter":"J","title":"Geology of the Stanford-Hobson area, central Montana","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to economic geology, 1955 (Bulletin 1027)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1027J","usgsCitation":"Vine, J.D., 1956, Geology of the Stanford-Hobson area, central Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1027, Report: iv, 66 p.; 4 Plates: 46.43 x 35.82 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1027J.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 66 p.; 4 Plates: 46.43 x 35.82 inches or smaller","startPage":"405","endPage":"470","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":109165,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20582.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"20582"},{"id":171939,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1027j/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":99952,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1027j/plate-46.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99953,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1027j/plate-47.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99951,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1027j/plate-45_south.pdf","text":"Plate 45 South","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99950,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1027j/plate-45_north.pdf","text":"Plate 45 North","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99949,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1027j/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Stanford-Hobson area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.5,\n 47.358\n ],\n [\n -110.5,\n 46.68\n ],\n [\n -109.667,\n 46.68\n ],\n [\n -109.667,\n 47.358\n ],\n [\n -110.5,\n 47.358\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db68627e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vine, J. 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Observations on lampreys reared from metamorphosis to maturity were made at the Fish and Wildlife Service Laboratory at Hammond Bay, Michigan. Most of the experimental lampreys were mature and ripe after 14 to 18 months of parasitic life. They exhibited signs of irreversible physical degeneration which precedes death. Three specimens were immature after 14, 18, and 26 months in aquariums, thus indicating that under certain conditions, lampreys may extend their parasitic phase. The feeding activity, growth, and shrinkage in size of aquarium specimens were considered typical of lampreys in the Great Lakes, although the wild lampreys achieve greater average size. Female lampreys made more attacks, fed more, killed more fish, and grew larger than males. They also shrank proportionately more in length and weight as they approached sexual maturity, but their terminal average size was slightly larger than that of males. It is estimated that the average fish-kill by a wild lamprey exceeds, and could be approximately double, the 18.5 pounds of fish killed by a laboratory lamprey. The rate and extent of fish destruction depended on the size, sex, and stage in the parasitic phase of the lampreys, and on the species and size of the fish. There was an increase in the number of fish killed as the lampreys grew, and the fish were killed more quickly. Attacks made by experimental lampreys at any stage of their parasitic phase up to full maturity, and on any part of a prey fish except fins, usually resulted in death to the host. Some fish which survived lamprey attacks succumbed to fungus infections of the wounds. A small number of trout recovered from attacks, and their wounds healed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"Fishery Bulletin of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, v. 57, Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Parker, P.S., and Lennon, R.E., 1956, Biology of the sea lamprey in its parasitic phase: Research Report 44, 32 p.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"32","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178232,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267222,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015086578658"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a48e4b07f02db62311f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parker, Phillip S.","contributorId":74450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lennon, Robert E.","contributorId":14341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lennon","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000100,"text":"1000100 - 1956 - Validity of age determination from scales, and growth of marked Lake Michigan lake trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-20T22:03:07","indexId":"1000100","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1664,"text":"Fishery Bulletin of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Validity of age determination from scales, and growth of marked Lake Michigan lake trout","docAbstract":"Abstract has not been submitted","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fishery Bulletin of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Cable, L.E., 1956, Validity of age determination from scales, and growth of marked Lake Michigan lake trout: Fishery Bulletin of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, v. 57, no. 107, p. 1-59.","productDescription":"p. 1-59","startPage":"1","endPage":"59","numberOfPages":"58","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128575,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269834,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3254939"}],"volume":"57","issue":"107","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602ce6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cable, Louella E.","contributorId":99919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cable","given":"Louella","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010479,"text":"70010479 - 1956 - Multiple-unit fusion rack","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-20T16:55:05.147334","indexId":"70010479","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiple-unit fusion rack","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac60110a048","usgsCitation":"Marranzino, A., and Wood, W.H., 1956, Multiple-unit fusion rack: Analytical Chemistry, v. 28, no. 2, p. 273-274, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60110a048.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"274","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219148,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a608fe4b0c8380cd71541","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marranzino, A. P.","contributorId":61798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marranzino","given":"A. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wood, W. H.","contributorId":77294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}